Ch.11,16, Web-Opening, Stability Handouts

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Plate girders, showing welded stiffeners in place, rocker bearings for vertical supports at the pier. (Photo by C. G.
Salmon)

A plate girder cross section can take several forms. The Fig below shows some
of the possibilities. The usual configuration is a single web with two equal
flanges, with all parts connected by welding. The box section, which has two
webs as well as two flanges, is a torsionally superior shape and can be used
when large unbraced lengths are necessary. Hybrid girders, in which the steel
in the flanges is of a higher strength than that in the web or webs, are
sometimes used.

Figure 11.1.3 Other types of welded plate girders.

Figure 11.1.2 Typical components of a welded plate girder.

Figure 11.1.1 Typical components of riveted plate girder.

AISC REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPORTIONS,
FLEXURAL AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF PLATE
GIRDERS

Figure 11.2.1 Limit states in flexure. (for doubly symmetric I-shaped sections)

SHEAR STRENGTH OF PLATE GIRDERS

Figure 11.8.2 Tension-field action.

Figure 11.7.1 Classical shear theory applied to plate girder web panel.

Figure 11.8.3 Tension-field in test plate girder. (From Ref. 11.3, Courtesy of Lehigh University)

Figure 11.10.1 Intermediate stiffener connection to flange.

Figure 11.11.1 Bearing stiffener effective cross-sections.

Figure 11.12.1 Effect of longitudinal stiffener on plate girder web stability.

Design sketch.

Figure 11.14.5 Cross-section (final) of bearing stiffener at interior support.

CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.11 Problems (Plate Girder)
P01: Using AISC-15th ed provisions and LRFD method, calculate the maximum live load the plate girder
shown can carry by checking the flexural strength. Determine if the girder has sufficient available shear
strength to support the end shear. Use transverse stiffeners as required. The girder is ASTM A1085 Gr.A.
P02: Verify the available shear strength and adequacy of the stiffener spacing without and with tension
field action for the built-up I-shaped girder by applying the provisions of the AISC Spec. The compression
flange is continuously braced. Use ASD and LRFD.
P03: Determine the available shear strength of a built-up I-shaped girder for the span and loading as
shown. The girder is ASTM A36 material. The compression flange is continuously braced. Determine if
the member has sufficient available shear strength to support the end shear, without and with tension
field action. Use transverse stiffeners, as required. Determine the stiffener spacings using AISC tabulated
values. Use ASD and LRFD.
P01: Using AISC-15th ed provisions and LRFD method, calculate the maximum live load the plate girder
shown can carry by checking the flexural strength. Determine if the girder has sufficient available shear
strength to support the end shear. Use transverse stiffeners as required. The girder is ASTM A1085 Gr.A.
P02: Verify the available shear strength and adequacy of the stiffener spacing without and with tension
field action for the built-up I-shaped girder by applying the provisions of the AISC Spec. The compression
flange is continuously braced. Use ASD and LRFD.
P03: Determine the available shear strength of a built-up I-shaped girder for the span and loading as
shown. The girder is ASTM A36 material. The compression flange is continuously braced. Determine if
the member has sufficient available shear strength to support the end shear, without and with tension
field action. Use transverse stiffeners, as required. Determine the stiffener spacings using AISC tabulated
values. Use ASD and LRFD.
Shear stud connectors on flanges of bridge girders to be embedded in the concrete slab in order to make steel section
and concrete slab act as a unit (i.e., compositely). (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

Figure 16.1.1 Conventional composite steel-concrete beam.

Figure 16.1.2 Composite section using formed steel deck. Steel beam supporting deck and slab may be parallel to
ribs of formed deck (as in b.) or perpendicular to the ribs. (AISC-I3.2c)(Adapted from AISC Commentary [1.14])

Figure 16.2.1 Comparison of deflected beams with and without composite action.

Figure 16.2.2 Strain variation in composite beams.

Figure 16.4.1 Actual and equivalent stress distribution over flange width.

Figure 16.4.2 Dimensions governing effective width bE on composite steel-concrete beams.

Figure 16.8.1 Shear connectors.

PNA location used in the AISC tables.

Figure 16.8.2 Shear variation for uniform loading and distribution of shear stress over the depth of a steel-concrete
composite section.

Figure 16.8.3 Force required from shear connectors at service load level.

Figure 16.8.4 Weak and strong stud positions [16.47]

Shored and unshored beams.

Crack control over beams and girders.

Shoring to allow some deflection and minimize ponding.

Ch.16 Problems (Composite steel-Concrete Construction)
A typical bay of a composite floor system is shown in Figure below. Select an appropriate ASTM A992 W -
shaped beam and determine the required number of 1/4-in.-diameter steel headed stud anchors. The
beam will not be shored during construction.
Ch.16 Problems (Composite steel-Concrete Construction)
Notes:
 AISC Design Guide 3 (West and Fisher, 2003) recommends an additional 10% of
the nominal slab weight be applied to account for concrete ponding due to
deflections resulting from the wet weight of the concrete during placement.
 wr =6in.(from deck manufacturer’s literature)
 AISC Design Guide 3 (West and Fisher, 2003) recommends deflections due to
concrete plus self-weight not exceed the minimum of L/360 or 1.0 in.
 Flexural strength can be determined using AISC Manual Table 3-19 or calculated
directly using the provisions of AISC Specification Chapter I.
 Fifty percent composite action is used to calculate a trial value of the
compression block depth.
 For live load deflection, using a 50% reduction in design live load as
recommended by AISC Design Guide 3.
 Conservatively assuming that all anchors are placed in the weak position.
Steel Beams with Web
Openings

Introduction:
Height limitations are often imposed on multistory

buildings based on zoning regulations, economic
requirements and esthetic considerations, including the
need to match the floor heights of existing buildings.
The ability to meet these restrictions is an important
consideration in the selection of a framing system and
is especially important when the framing sys-tem is
structural steel. Web openings can be used to pass
utilities through beams and, thus, help minimize story
height. A decrease in building height reduces both the
exterior surface and the interior volume of a building,
which lowers operational and maintenance costs, as
well as construction costs. On the negative side, web
openings can significantly reduce the shear and
bending capacity of steel or composite beams.

Web openings have been used for many years in
structural steel beams, predating the
development of straightforward design
procedures, because of necessity and/or
economic ad-vantage. Openings were often
reinforced, and composite beams were often
treated as noncomposite members at web
openings. Reinforcement schemes included the
use of both horizontal and vertical bars, or bars
completely around the periphery of the opening.
As design procedures were developed,
unreinforced and reinforced openings were often
approached as distinct problems, as were
composite and non-composite members.

AISC Steel Design Guide 2:
Design of Steel and Composite Beams
with Web Openings
This guide presents a unified approach to the

design of structural steel members with web
openings. The approach is based on strength
criteria rather than allowable stresses, because
at working loads, locally high stresses around
web openings have little connection with a
member's deflection or strength.

The procedures presented AISC Steel Design
Guide 2 are formulated to provide safe,
economical designs in terms of both the
completed structure and the designer's time.
The design expressions are applicable to
members with individual openings or multiple
openings spaced far enough apart so that the
openings do not interact. Castellated beams are
not included. For practical reasons, opening
depth is limited to 70 percent of member depth.
Steel yield strength is limited to 65 ksi and
sections must meet the AISC requirements for
compact sections (AISC 1986).

Example:
For the beam with opening shown, determine:
a. Moment and shear capacity at the opening section and check if web reinforcement is
required.
b. Try using 0.25inx 0.75 in reinforcement bar one side with E70xx electrodes (0.92
k/in) per 1/16in of weld when web reinforcement is required and recheck the beam
design.
Use AISC design guide2 /2015 LRFD Method.

MEMBER STABILITY BRACING
MEMBER STABILITY BRACING:
The governing limit states for column and beam design may include flexural, torsional and flexural-
torsional buckling for columns and lateral-torsional buckling for beams. In the absence of other
intermediate bracing, column unbraced lengths are defined between points of obviously adequate lateral
restraint, such as floor and roof diaphragms that are part of the building’s lateral force-resisting systems.
Similarly, beams are often braced against lateral-torsional buckling by relatively strong and stiff bracing
elements such as a continuously connected floor slab or roof diaphragm. However, at times, unbraced
lengths are bounded by elements that may or may not possess adequate strength and stiffness to provide
sufficient bracing. AISC Specification Appendix 6 provides equations for determining the required strength
and stiffness of braces that have not been included in the second-order analysis of the structural system.
It is not intended that the provisions of Appendix 6 apply to bracing that is part of the lateral force-resisting
system. Guidance for applying these provisions to stabilize trusses is provided in AISC Specification
Appendix 6 commentary.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Lateral column and beam bracing may be either panel or point while torsional beam bracing may be point
or continuous. The User Note in AISC Specification Appendix 6, Section 6.1 states “A panel brace
(formerly referred to as a relative brace) controls the angular deviation of a segment of the braced
member between braced points (that is, the lateral displacement of one end of the segment relative to the
other). A point brace (formerly referred to as a nodal brace) controls the movement at the braced point
without direct interaction with adjacent braced points. A continuous bracing system consists of bracing
that is attached along the entire member length.” Panel and point bracing systems are discussed further
in AISC Specification Commentary Appendix 6, Section 6.1. Examples of each bracing type are shown in
AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-A-6.1.
COLUMN BRACING:
The requirements in this section apply to bracing associated with the limit state of flexural buckling. For
columns that could experience torsional or flexural-torsional buckling, as addressed in AISC Specification
Section E4, the designer must ensure that sufficient bracing to resist the torsional component of buckling
is provided. See Helwig and Yura (1999).
Column braces may be panel or point. The type of bracing must be determined before the requirements
for strength and stiffness can be determined. The requirements are derived for an infinite number of
braces along the column and are thus conservative for most columns as explained in the Commentary.
Provision is made in this section for reducing the required brace stiffness for point bracing when the
column required strength is less than the available strength of the member. The Commentary also
provides an approach to reduce the requirements when a finite number of point braces are provided.

Ch.11,16, Web-Opening, Stability Handouts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ch.11,16, Web-Opening, Stability Handouts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Height limitations are often imposed on multistory

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

This guide presents a unified approach to the

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

For the beam with opening shown, determine:

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

MEMBER STABILITY BRACING:

You might also like