CHAPTER 1

LESSON 1- Nature and Importance of Literature

Let’s Take Action

In your own understanding do we need to include world literature in the curriculum?
Why? (15 pts)

Answer: Yes, because one of the objectives of education is to develop the personality
and mode of being a student. Literature aids in the attaining of this goal. Formal studies
do not just aim to enhance technical knowledge in the profession but also caters to the
enablement of students to become mature in dealing with life. Students will not
completely learn about life by simply focusing on the mechanics of computer;
accounting, engineering, or the technical side of any vocation. Life could be learned in
the life of others. Thus teaches student how to live. It is literature that student learn
the art of living.

Self-Check
Identification: Identify the following. Write your answer on the line provided.
Letters (literra)1. Literature is literally acquaintance with _____.
To Arsenia Tan of University of Santo Tomas 2. He said that “Literature is life
which presents human experience”.
Robert Frost 3. Literature is performance in words that is according to whom?
Permanent Interest 4. Literature consists of writings which interpret the meanings of
nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the
author in artistic forms __________.
Soap Opera 5.Literature has now come alive in the Filipino television set through
Telenovelas which were the counterpart of __________ in radio.

Self- Reflect
In this lesson Nature and Essence of Literature, I learned that
Even how our world ill evolved literature will still it will continue to pass through the
generation to another. This helps each man understand life by reflecting on their own
and others by the help of literature also. By watching and reading up something in life
you can apply it to your own. This inspire us in life to be more open in everything and
show your creativity, while also developing skills that are important in today’s
generation. Through literature you can express yourself in different forms. And to better
understand the society where we live in through the literature.

Lesson 2- FORMS OF LITERATURE

Let’s Take Action

Make a short video of yourself telling a story or any poem. Share in class
(group chat account) its elements.
Self-Check
A. Identify the following questions. Write your answer on the line provided.
__Metrical Romance__1. It is the long narrative poetry.
___Fable__2. It is a story with an animal character that gives moral lesson.
___Haiku_3. It means, an attempt.
___Autibiography__4. It is written about the life of the author himself.
___Fiction__5. It is the product of imagination of the writer.
____Plot_6. It is the sequential order of event in the story.
__Rising Action__7. It is the point in the story that that problem begins.
__Diction___8. It is a choice of words.
___Man Vs Environment__9. It is a type of conflict that the problem is the storm.
__Third Person of View___10. If the narrator in the story has no part, and he is just
plainly narrating, what type of narrator he is?

B. Identify what figure of speech applied in the following sentences.

___ Metonymy __1. You are my life.
___Simile__2. I wandered lonely as a cloud.
______Simile __3. She has a figure like an hour glass.
___Apostrophe__4. The sun looked upon the ship all day.
___Hyperbole__5. She must have a weighted a ton.
___Irony__6. I will love you till the end of time.
__ Apostrophe____7. O Liberty! O Liberty! What crimes are committed in your name?
___Oxymoron__8. You are normally abnormal.
___ Apostrophe __9. Oh, mother I wish you were here to see the sight.
___Personification__10. Silence spoke to him with healing words.
Self- Reflect
In this lesson I have learned that …
Poetry is not just a poetry it is a form of expression. Writing it let us get out our
feelings and a thought on a certain subject while reading it encourages us to connect
and find meaning in our experiences. Poetry can have a positive impact on the social
and emotional learning as a human. It may offer us a new way of thinking.
It can affect all generations because it may passed from one to another, and
make people consider anything from loss to love, indeed it can does what little else can,
it can inspired and give us lessons. This speaks to the reader intimately and exclusively
giving you insights into the inner working of their minds, ideas, their love and hates. In
every word they make it has a hidden meaning for us to discover and learn from it. It
helps us understand and appreciate the world around us. Poetry’s strength lies in the
ability to shed sideways light on the world, so the truth sneaks up on you. It teaches us
how to live.
CHAPTER 2: GREEK LITERATURE
Lesson 1- Greek Literature

Let’s Take Action

Identify the following gods and goddess of the Greek.
______Hermes____1. god’s messenger
____Ares______2. god of war
_________Poseidon_3. god of the sea
_____Zeus_____4. Father of the gods and goddesses
____ Hephaestus ______5. god of fire
________Hera__6. Wife of Zeus
_____ Phoebus Apollo _____7. god of music and predictions
__________Zeus _____8. King of the gods and goddesses
______ Aphrodite ____9. goddess of love and beauty
_______ Hestia ___10. A virgin goddess, sister of Zeus

Self-Check
Discuss the contribution of the following Greeks.
1. Homer- Homer's most important contribution to Greek culture was to provide a
common set of values that enshrined the Greeks' own ideas about themselves.
His poems provided a fixed model of heroism, nobility and the good life to which
all Greeks, especially aristocrats, subscribed.
Homer's most important contribution to Greek culture was to provide a common
set of values that enshrined the Greeks' own ideas about themselves. His poems
provided a fixed model of heroism, nobility and the good life to which all Greeks,
especially aristocrats, subscribed. In his works, disgrace due to dishonor is the worst
that can happen to a hero, and a short life of glorious deeds is considered far superior
to a long life of peace and mediocrity, since by great deeds a man might become
immortal. His portrayal of the gods is also interesting since in many ways they are used
for comic relief, possessing far less dignity than their heroic mortal counterparts.

2. Sophocles- He wrote over 100 plays and was one of the three famous Greek
tragedians (along with Aeschylus and Euripides). He is credited with diverging
from the typical format of a tragedy: he increased the number of speaking
actors, increased the number of chorus members, and used painted scenery.
 Most Famous play: Antigone
 Won 24 contests, never placed lower than second
  Style: lots of emphasis on complex characters rather than chorus, the
protagonist falls victim to a crisis, which causes him to suffer and
understand himself better, very skilled (clear and logical).
 Contributions: added a third actor for plot sophistication, fixed chorus at
15 members, used painted scenery to develop setting.

3. Socrates- Socrates (c. 469–399 BC) is known as one of the founders of Western
philosophy, yet very few records survive about his life and work. Of the few
records we have, many refer to his rational thinking and the important
discoveries he made such as epistemology. He gave his name to the famous
Socratic method of questioning, also known as elenchus.

Perhaps the most famous quote by Socrates is, “The one thing I know is that I know
nothing.”

Socrates infiltrated the predominantly grim society of Greece with his mantra for
happiness. The country was churning amidst the devastating Peloponnesian Wars (c.
430-404) that produced citizens drenched in pessimism.

Demonology was the primary basis of the ancient time where people conceived

happiness as some elusive phenomenon, which was bestowed rarely by gods to whom
they favored. 

Socrates opined that the purpose of life is to give life a meaning. According to

him, we justified living by attributing to arête, the Greek word for virtuous
morale.  

Our purpose in life should be to attain our full potential through knowledge of
the Self. When asked about the goal of his life, he quoted that he wanted to become
better each day until he died. 

Perhaps one of the most loved quotes is that he knows that he knows nothing.
Although this contradicts his statement of attaining self-knowledge, he propounded
various ethical theories paradoxically. 

Ethics is our conscience; the yardstick by which we measure the good and the
bad. For Socrates, it was the way of life. 

As it is clear that before Socrates, only metaphysical questions hounded the

premise of ancient Athens, it was he who persisted that enquiring human realms should
be of paramount importance.
 According to him, philosophy should grope the relatively vague aspects of human
conduct and morality. He was an embodiment of righteousness and based his reasoning
on a high plane of ethics. 

4. Herodotus- Herodotus is undoubtedly the “Father of History.” Born in

Halicarnassus in Ionia in the 5th century B.C., he wrote “The Histories.” In this
text are found his “inquiries” which later became to modern scholars to mean
“facts of history.” He is best known for recounting, very objectively, the Greco-
Persian wars of the late 5th century. He is revered for his honesty as he explains
in his writing that he is not sure of the veracity of the supposed events and
scenes that occurred but is only writing down what he gathers from his
numerous travels through the Greek world.

Much of his biography remains uncertain. Gathering from his own works and accounts
of his travels, Herodotus must have come from a relatively wealthy family. It is believed
that he was exiled from Halicanassus by the tyrant Lygdamis and lived in Samos until
he returned to assist the removal of his foe. He spent time in Athens and even joined
the colony of Thurii. He was buried either in Thurii or in Pella, which is in the
Macedonian region.

Herodotus is most well known for his historical accounts. He is remembered as being
arguably the very first historian ever. He explicitly states in his introduction that he
wishes to preserve the events in order for the Greeks and the barbarians to receive
their due. Filled with digressions and seemingly insignificant tales such as that
of Kleobis and Biton, Herodotus includes a complete story with as much information as
he can gather. His best work was divided into nine books and each book was named for
a muse, Cloi being the first and the historian muse.

Herodotus maintains a very unique objective perspective during his retelling. In the first
six books, he recounts the growth of the Persian Empire, including the fall of the Lydian
king Croesus at the hands of Cyrus, the founder of the Persian Empire. In the last
three, the subject is the vengeance of the Persian ruler Xerxes who desires to avenge
the Persian defeat at the Battle of Marathon and finally annex Greece into his empire,
with very little success.

Although his accounts may not have all been historically factual, they do provide
readers with a look into the various historical situations at the time. It is from
Herodotus and his fellow authors that archaeology has been able to classify and better
understand findings and excavation sites. Much is owed, not only to Herodotus’ own
account of late fifth-century Greece, but to the rich legacy that he bestowed on the
future.
 5. Plato- Plato was the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in
philosophy. Plato is also considered the founder of Western political philosophy.
His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms known by pure reason, in
which Plato presents a solution to the problem of universals known as Platonism
(also ambiguously called either Platonic realism or Platonic idealism). He is also
the namesake of Platonic love and the Platonic solids.
His own most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been
along with Socrates, the pre-Socratics Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Parmenides, although
few of his predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these
figures today derives from Plato himself. Unlike the work of nearly all of his
contemporaries, Plato's entire body of work is believed to have survived intact for over
2,400 years. Although their popularity has fluctuated over the years, Plato's works have
never been without readers since the time they were written.

6. Aristotle- Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived and the
first genuine scientist in history. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of
philosophy and science, he invented the field of formal logic, and he identified
the various scientific disciplines and explored their relationships to each other.

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, who made

important contributions to logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology,
mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He was a student of Plato for twenty
years but is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.

Aristotle invented the logic of the categorical syllogism. He established linguistic

analysis as a science. He wrote extensively on Being (his Metaphysics) and Nature
(Physics). He wrote on literature, poetry, ethics, politics (which he conceived of as
being ethics in the large). His best work is on animal biology. Aristotle was a physician’s
son and did his share of slicing and dicing animals.

Charles Darwin considered Aristotle the best naturalist of ancient times. Coming from
Darwin that is very high praise.

Unfortunately Aristotle had the Greek disease of believing in the A Priori. As a result he
was remiss in developing experimental methodologies, which if he had would have
leaded him to correct his erroneous theories on motion and matter.

This had serious follow on consequences. Aristotle was such a dazzling intellect, that
people for 1800 years after his time tended to accept his conclusions uncritically. This
had the effect of delaying the development of experimentally based natural science
until the 16th or 17th centuries of the Common Era.

7. Alexander the Great- Alexander the Great's legacy is both far reaching and
profound. First, his father was able to unite the Greek city-states,
and Alexander destroyed the Persian Empire forever. More
importantly, Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture, also known as
Hellenism, across his empire. Although king of ancient Macedonia for less than
13 years, Alexander the Great changed the course of history. One of the
world's greatest military generals, he created a vast empire that stretched from
Macedonia to Egypt and from Greece to part of India. This allowed for Hellenistic
culture to become widespread. During his 13-year reign as the king of
Macedonia, Alexander created one of the largest empires of the ancient world,
stretching from Greece to northwestern India. Alexander the Great, a
Macedonian king, conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, the Middle East,
and parts of Asia in a remarkably short period of time.

Self- Reflect
In this lesson I learned that
Mythology plays an important role is because it becomes a foundation for a lot of
religions that are practiced. These particular myths are stories that tell us about battles
between good and evil. Every religion has stories like that, both ancient and modern.
They show how our ancestors thought and what they believed.

Because mythology is the oldest form of storytelling, it resonates with our deepest

selves, allowing us to explore the inner archetypal landscape of being human and our
connection to divinity. It is our common language. One thing you seem to be forgetting
regarding myths is they are extremely prevalent stories.

People still read myths and legends today because they often convey timeless and
universal themes, which are relevant both in the art of storytelling and in portraying the
human experience. Myths and legends also give insight into the values and perspectives
of long gone cultures. Their stories offer clues to how these people lived and what kind
of societies they inhabited. For this reason, myths and legends can also show what was
different about human life when these stories originated and what has stayed the same.
CHAPTER 3: EPIC
Lesson 1- Iliad

Let’s Take Action

Choose the best answer in the following underlined vocabulary. Encircle the
letter of your choice.
1. The other gods would not venture an opinion favoring one for fear of earning an
enmity of the other two.
A. envy B. hostility C. friendly D. entry
2. Zeus wanted to depopulate the earth, especially his demigod descendants.
A. Godlike B. female god C. male god D. angel
3. She bathed him in the river Styx making him invulnerable against any attack.
A. Harmful B. not valuable C. impossible to harm D. brave
4. Achilles was disguised as a girl.
A. Pretended B. showed C. disqualified D. disgraced
5. Paris abduction of Helen had several precedents.
A. Deduction B. marriage C. courting D. kidnapping
6. Precedents
A. President B. pattern C. percent D. presents
7. Paris thought that stealing a wife would have no retribution.
A. Enemy B. contribution C. punishment D. correction
8. The Acheans besiegedTroy for nine years.
A. Surrounded B. attacked C. destroyed D. befriended
9. He agreed and sent him Nestor along with other emissaries.
A. Representatives B. soldiers C. officers D. mariners
10.It was prophesied that Troy could not fall without Heracles’ bow.
A. Prepared B. proven C. foretold D. understood

Self-Check
Arrange the story into correct order by numbering 1-10.
__5___a. Helen was abducted to Troy.
___1__b. There was a plan of Zeus to depopulate the earth.
___8__c. The Greeks burned their camp and soiled for Tenedos.
___2__d. Eris threw a golden apple with the inscription “to the fairest”.
___9__e. The Trojan horse was left and taken inside the Troy.
___10__f. Soldiers in the Trojan Horse massacre the sleeping population and sucked
the city.
__6___g. Meneleus and the allied Greek force besieged Troy.
__3___h. Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena claimed to be the fairest.
__7___i. Hector was killed by Achilles.
__4___j. Paris chose Aphrodite to be the fairest and Aphrodite rewarded him Helen as
his wife.
Self- Reflect
In this lesson, I have learned that
I watch the Iliad in the movie and it’s very amazing movie and it is very
touching story because Hector sacrifice his life for his people to commit peace in his
place. The story reflects to us the important of being brave to all the trials that will
come to our life. Even though sometimes we lose hope to face the challenges in our life
but instead we need to trust our self and have a high self esteem in order that we can
get our dreams in life. The character of Hector is one who I appreciate most because
he had not afraid to die for his people. Because of his story Iliad, I realize that it is
important that we have to be brave and trust our self to face the challenges of my life.

Carry out reconciliation carefully. Hector, the prince of Troy and one of the
greatest warriors of antiquity, had successfully negotiated the agreement of peace with
the Greeks. However, he took his younger brother; Paris’s blundered lightly and ignored
it – which eventually brought about the Trojan War. No matter how hard one works to
reconcile with their opponents, a minor slip-up can destroy things in the blink of an eye.

There would be opportunists, everywhere. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae

and commander of the Greek armed forces in Trojan War, had perfectly identified the
opportunity to unite the Greek force to fight the Trojans and conquer Troy, by
exaggerating the humiliation his brother, Menelaus faced. There is a saying – where
two people are fighting over something, the third takes it all. Agamemnon never cared
about his brother’s insult; however he managed to take advantage of it by giving rise to
the Trojan War, as he wanted to destroy Troy for years.

Disregarding a mistake is more dangerous than making it. Hector was

informed of the elopement of Helen with Paris at the very early phase of their journey
to Troy, and he was well aware of the consequences. He could have discontinued the
journey and sent her back home; however his love for his stubborn brother could not
let him do that, and as a result he ended up endangering his country.      

You need to serve in order to lead. Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, had all
thequalities a true leader must possess. Unlike Achilles, he was cunning, diplomatic,
calm and influential. He was well aware of Agamemnon’s ill intentions of fighting the
war, but he remained quiet and served him until the end, which made him one of the
most celebrated heroes of Trojan War.
 High achievers have clear vision and conviction. Achilles, the star of the
Trojan War, was undoubtedly a badass leader and ferocious warrior, who bumped off
Hector, the lead defender of Troy and heir to the Trojan throne. Although Achilles was
nearly invincible, but he wasn’t probably the strongest Greek combatant; it was the
strength of his vision and conviction that made him fearless and powerful, and carried
him through the most obstacles during the war.
Never underestimate the power of your enemy. Having an outnumbered
army, Greeks underestimated the power of Trojans initially, which resulted in losing two
of their powerful kings and getting badly defeated in the very first day. You never
know, how stronger your enemy is, until you involve into a fight with them.
Irrational predictions may lead you to doom. One of the high priests of
Apollo once prophesied four years of drought, Trojans were prepared, the drought
actually came, and they had water to drink. Based on this successful prophecy of past,
Priam, the king of Troy, let him plan the War strategy and later decide to accept the
Trojan horse as a gift – which led to the destruction of Troy. Predictions must be
reasoned and should not be based on the one success you had in the past.
No one wins a War. Agamemnon fought for power, Achilles for glory, Hector
for his country, Paris for his love, Menelaus for revenge – Who did win? No one, Sun
Tzu, the great military leader & War strategist, rightly said – the supreme art of war is
to subdue the enemy without fighting. 

Lesson 2- Odyssey

Let’s Take Action

 Vocabulary: Match column A with column B

Column A Column B

___E_1. Boisterous a. medicine

__F___2. Fate b. to change move
__G___3. Sacrilege c. revenge
__D___4. Rebut d. disfigure
___I__5. Venerable e. noisy
__J___6. Reconcile f. destiny
__A _7. Potion g. disrespect or sacred
_B____8. Maneuver h. deny
_ C_9. Vendetta i. worthy of respect
___H__10. Mutilate j. reunite

Self-Check
I. Answer the following questions. Write the letter of your choice on the line
provided.

___D__1. How long had Odyssey been absent from his home?
A. 5 years B. 10 yrs C, 15 yrs D. 20 yrs
__B___2. How many years did Odyssey travel back to Ithaca after the Trojan war?
A. 5 yrs B. 10 yrs C. 15 yrs D. 20 yrs
___D__3. Which of the following is not true in the adventure of Odyssey?
A. He become captive of Calypso.
B. Their ship was driven off course by the storm.
C. They were captured by the Cyclops.
D. They encountered pirates in the sea.
__B___4. Who helped Odysseus to reach Ithaca?
A. Egyptian B. Phaeacians C. Greeks D. Cretans
___D_5. How old was Telemachus when Odyssey arrived in Ithaca?
A. 5 yrs B. 10 yrs C. 15 yrs D. 20 yrs
__A___6. Who among the goddesses helped Odysseus?
A. Athena B. Hera C. Aphrodite D. Penelope

__C___7. What competition was used in order for Odyssey to reveal himself and kill the
unruly suitors?
A. Swimming competition C. running competition
B. Archery competition D. chariot driving competition
__A___8. What appearance did Odyssey assumed to disguise himself?
A. A beggar C. a suitor
B. An old man D. a warrior
___B__9. The proof that Odyssey showed that made Penelope believed him was the
description of:
A. the dress gave her C. the house he built for him
B. the bed he built for them D. the ring he gave for her
Homer 10. Who is the known author of Odyssey?
A. Aristotle C. Plato
B. Plato D. Socrates

II. In a long size bond paper, draw the adventure of Odysseus. Give highlights the
main events of the story.

Self- Reflect
In this lesson, I have learned that

CHAPTER 4: FABLE
Lesson 1 Aesop
 Let’s Take Action
In a piece of bond paper, choose one fable and do the illustration of the story. Do it
like a comic strip with a balloon dialog.

Self-Check
Create your own fable. Choose your own animal character. Do not limit your
imagination.

Self- Reflect
In this lesson, I have learned
that____________________________________________________________________
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