NAME: Cynel B. Garciza INSTRUCTOR: C/M Verlo Carl B.

Delfin
YEAR & SECTION: BSMT Polaris 3A SUBJECT: Seamanship 3

1. Explain the need for the segregation of different cargoes?

The needed segregation of different cargoes with reference to dangerous goods, dry
cargo, wet cargo, clean cargo, dirty cargo, delicate cargo, and valuable cargo, e.g., bank notes,
or personal effects When carrying full loads of general cargo, segregation of the various types
presents some difficulty because incompatible cargoes cannot be stowed in the same
compartment or adjacent to each other. Before loading, a Cargo Stowage Plan should be made
so that such cargoes could be given their designated spaces.

The Stowage Factor of the cargoes should be known so that each kind could be given
just enough space for stowage and all available space is utilized. In bulk carriers when the
cargo consists of one or two kinds there is no problem because of enough space for stowing the
cargo. The definitions of terms related to the segregation of different types of cargoes are as
follows:

● Wet cargo refers to cargo in liquid form in containers such as canned milk and fruit juices,
paints, oils, among others so that if the container is damaged its contents would escape or drip.
The cargo should not be stowed on top of cargoes that could be damaged by leakage from wet
cargo. The cargo includes bagged goods such as flour, grains, animal feeds, cartons of paper
products, etc.

 ● Clean cargoes are items that do not leave any residue and not likely to leak, could not
cause any damage to other cargoes but are highly vulnerable to being contaminated.

 ● Delicate cargoes are those items that are highly susceptible to damage by being tainted by
bad odors of other cargoes. A cargo that is damaged by tainting apparently looks to be in good
condition but has absorbed the odors of other cargoes so that it does not have its normal smell
anymore. Examples of these are rice, flour, tea and cereals.

 ● Fragile cargoes are those merchandises that can easily be broken like glass items,
porcelain, china ware and marble slabs.

 ● Hygroscopic cargoes are cargoes that have the ability to absorb or give off moisture due
to temperature changes in the holds. Examples of these are grains, wood products and cotton
in bales.

 ● Odorous cargoes are those that give off fumes and likely taint certain vulnerable cargoes.
Examples are kerosene, turpentine, ammonia, greasy wool, crude rubber, etc. Some odorous
cargoes are also susceptible to taint themselves.

 ● Dry cargoes refer to the general class of items that cannot possibly leak and furthermore
can be damaged by leakage from the wet cargo. These include flour, feed, rice, paper products
and many more. 
● Dirty cargoes are those commodities that are exceptionally dusty and always tend to leave
a residue behind them. The residue will contaminate other cargoes. Examples are cement,
antimony ore, charcoal, and lamp black.

● Special cargoes are cargoes of high value such as jewelries that pilferage is tempting.

● Dangerous goods are those that are classified as dangerous cargoes in the IMDG Code.
They include all kinds of explosives, flammable, poisonous and corrosive substances.

The process of segregating different cargoes with reference to dangerous goods, dry
cargo, wet cargo, clean cargo, dirty cargo, delicate cargo, and valuable cargo, e.g., bank notes,
or personal effects. The term segregation pertains to the stowage of cargoes in separate parts
of the ship so that one cargo would not damage the other because of its inherent
characteristics. If stowed in the same cargo compartment certain procedures must be followed
in order to prevent damage. The wet cargoes must be kept away from the dry cargoes. Certain
areas of the ship must be specified for the stowage of wet items when the ship is laid out
during the planning stage of the cargo operation. Similarly, other areas will be specified for dry
cargoes, clean or dirty cargoes. Segregation of light and heavy cargoes is essential with respect
to their vertical positions. The heavy items must be given bottom stowage in the holds after
considering the ship's stability. 

Dirty and exceptionally dusty cargoes like cement and lamp black should be stowed in a
compartment away from delicate and clean cargoes. This should also be followed when it
comes to the stowage of odorous cargoes. Fragile cargoes should not be over stowed with
heavy cargo. The refrigerated cargoes must be given the stowage in spaces specially equipped
to handle them, and segregation among items under this category must also be given attention.
Ultimately, the stowage of any dangerous cargoes must be in accordance of the
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code.

2. Explain the separation between parcels of cargo for different ports of discharge is
required?

The separation between parcels of cargo for different consignees or different ports of
discharge. Separation refers to the use of materials to separate blocks of cargo by port and/or
consignee. Its purpose is to prevent mixture of cargoes of the same kind but for different
consignees with different shipping marks and for different ports of destination. If separation is
not performed, confusion may result and some cargo may be inadvertently left in the ship’s
hold. Usually, dunnage boards are used for separation but other materials such as sheets of
heavy paper or plastic mats, strips of rope yarn and burlap may also be used. There are many
shippers shipping the same type of cargo to the same destination. Hence, to retain the
identification of each consignment as described in the bills of lading they are kept separated
from the other.

Separations are also placed to prevent one cargo from chafing or damaging a more
fragile cargo. non-compatible cargoes need to be kept separate; hence there will be a need to
segregate dangerous cargoes, cargoes liable to contamination by odor tainting or fragile
cargoes as failure to observe such requirements could give rise to a most hazardous situation
involving toxics or flammable gas being given off as a by-product. Stowage of cargo and
distribution on board, as per discharge ports is important in order to control trim, list and
stresses of the vessel during various stages when cargo is discharged at subsequent ports. In
addition, in order to carry goods safely, the vessel must be seaworthy and the cargo spaces
must be in such a condition as not to damage cargo parcels by ships sweat, taint or cause any
other harmful factor. To this end the Chief Officer would cause a cargo plan to be constructed
to ensure that separation of cargoes is easily identifiable and that no contamination of products
could take place during the course of voyage.

3. Describe the use of port marking to separate parcels for discharge at different
ports?

The methods of separating adjacent parcels of cargo and the use of port markings to
separate parcels for discharge at different port. Separation of general cargo consisting of
miscellaneous containers such as parcels of cartons and cases destined for different ports but
stowed adjacent to each other is accomplished by the use of heavy paper appropriately marked
on the exterior of the port of destination. If the separation and markings are not properly
indicated, the stowage will result to over carriage of some cargo which means a cargo for
certain port is not discharged and will be carried up to the next port. It is prevented by having
an inspection of the hold at completion of discharge. Separation between cargoes of the same
kind and in bags but for different consignees is done by using strips of burlap or other light
material. Heavy paper may also be used for the same purpose. Dunnage boards widely
separated may also be used but caution must be taken that the bags are not damaged or
chafed and eventually causes the loss of the contents. Packaged or loose lumber for different
consignees or ports of discharge is separated by using strips of rope yarn laid athwartships, or
painting stripes across the stowed block. However, this method should not be used on
milled/finished or surface/clean lumber.

Wire, on the other hand, is employed for separating steel products such as pipes, rails
and structural parts. Paints and dunnage strips may be used for separating steel products for
the same purpose. Some cargoes do not need any separation method for they are different in
nature. Like for instance, if bags of flour are being discharged at one port and the adjacent
cargo for another port is bags of sugar, there is no possibility of mixing the flour and sugar.
This is known as a "natural separation". In some cases, shipments of lumber are marked at one
end of the lumber pieces with paint marks; different colors for different ports of discharge such
as red for port X, blue for port Y, and so forth.

The port or consignee markings being made on the cargoes constitute the certainty of
checking the completeness of cargo discharge at port. Port marks are the geometrical designs
placed on cargo in various colors in order that the next port of destination can be noted at a
glance without reading carefully all the printings upon the case. Port marking is the name given
to a system whereby each port of discharge is allocated a distinctive color mark, which is
stenciled or painted on to each package. These port marks are in the form of green circles, blue
diamonds, red crosses or other such markings. The check must also be made under the adverse
condition such as bad weather during daytime or nighttime. The assigned duty officer should
have known the estimated completion time of the discharging operation and personally attend
the hold at the time of the completion of cargo operation. If the cargoes are all well-marked
with correct port markings, the checking will be more certain. In some cases, the port markings
are placed on the respective cargo by a member of the shore gangs/dock workers at port.