ARCHITECTURAL \\ TECHNICAL RESEARCH PAPER

TRA-DIGITAL HYBRID
Using digital fabrications to create a hybrid design for developing countries

1
 NADIA REMMERSWAAL
4115996

Architectural Engineering Graduation Studio

Delft University of Technology
Department of Architecture

// June 2014

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During my research I was greatly aided by my research tutors:
Monique Smit, my architecture tutor, has been a source of knowledge of Indo-
nesian culture and a great guide during our time in Indonesia. Despite us getting
lost often in Bandung, this always led to more interesting places.
Marcel Bilow, my building technology tutor, thank you for your endless enthusi-
asm and great idea’s during my graduation project. I experienced Marcels tutor-
ing philosophy as such: there are never any unsolvable problems, only opportu-
nities and improvement. Thank you for seeing the potential of this technology in
this project.
Pieter Stoutjesdijk, my research tutor, thank you for all your help in my academic
challenges. For completely revising my technical research report on a Sunday
night, despite it being three times the required length, and making it so much
better. But also for CNC milling my 1:1 model, on material that was less than ide-
al, and on a CNC mill that was less than cooperative at quite an inopportune time.
My thanks extends also all the people who supported my research in Bandung
Indonesia. In our first trip to Bandung we were greatly helped by Setianingtyas
Permatasari (Ayya) an ITB student who volunteered to help us with translating,
arranging meetings in Bandung and arranging for her friends Prathito Andy
Wisambodhi and Fauzan Wassil to help us in the Kampung.
During my second trip in Bandung I was assisted by Kania Thea Pradipta, an ITB
Architecture student, she was a great help in translating and helping me navigate
the city of Bandung.
Ramalis Sobandi, a woman of many talents, thank you for connecting me with
local architects, showing me local architecture and changing my mind-set on
kampungs in Indonesia.
Last but certainly not least I would like to thank KIVI NIRIA
for funding my second research trip to Indonesia.
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4
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS P. 3

A. RESEARCH ARCHITECTURE BANDUNG P. 6
+ VALUES KAMPUNG P. 8
+ PRIVACY ZONING P. 10
+ INCREMENTAL EXPANSION P. 12
+ TYPOLOGY KAMPUNG HOUSING P. 14
+ RESEARCH INCOME SHOPS KAMPUNG P. 16
+ ELABORATION HOUSE B P. 20
+ CATALOGUE EXTERNAL ELEMENTS P. 22
- Roofs
- Floors
- Stairs
- Facades
- Windows
+ LOCATION /ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION P. 24
- Site
- Housing matrix

B.
RESEARCH INCREMENTAL BUILDING SYSTEM P. 34
+ INTERVIEWS CONSTRUCTION TEAMS KAMPUNG P. 36
+ COST CALCULATION SYSTEM FORMWORK P. 48
+ DESIGN SYSTEM FORMWORK P. 50
- How does it work P. 50
- CNC milled elements P. 52
- Cost calculation matrix P. 54

C. MODEL MAKING P. 56
+ 1:1 / 1:7 / 1:50 / 1:100 P. 58

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6
A. RESEARCH ARCHITECTURE BANDUNG

+ VALUES KAMPUNG
+ PRIVACY ZONING
+ INCREMENTAL EXPANSION
+ TYPOLOGY KAMPUNG HOUSING
+ RESEARCH INCOME SHOPS KAMPUNG
+ ELABORATION HOUSE B
+ CATALOGUE EXTERNAL ELEMENTS
- Roofs
- Floors
- Stairs
- Facades
- Windows
+ LOCATION /ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION
- Site
- Housing matrix

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PROBLEMS \\ VALUES KAMPUNG
// PRIORITIZED ACCORDING TO THE DIGITAL RESEARCH

It is quite easy to pick out obvious problems in the kampung, overcrowd-

ing and poor quality were the first problems that came to mind when SELF-BUILD POVERTY OVERCROWDED
navigating the kampungs. What took slightly longer was to find the
strengths of these areas. It requires a very different mind-set to realise
there is great value in these area’s compared to the western ways of
building.
The kampung are a great source of economic activity and know a very
tight knit community. They are more than just housing areas. This is very
important to take into account when designing for these areas.

LIMITED HIGHT POOR QUALITY UNSAFE CONSTRUCTION

Fig A1. Visualisation problems Indonesian kampungs (own ill.)

Fig A2. Visualisation most important values Indonesia (own ill.) Fig A1.

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES FOOD STALLS ATTACHED
Workshops TO THE HOUSE
Hairdressers
etc.

FOOD STALL COMPLEX COMMUNITY MEETING SPACE

Corridor as a place to
Go, Sit, Meet

Fig A1.

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PRIVACY ZONING
// PRIVACY ZONING AND EXPANSION IMPLICATIONS

The Indonesians know quite a specific zoning system with regards to

privacy. During our time in Indonesia it became clear that once you step
into the kampung it is similar to stepping into someone’s backyard. The
very small kampung streets are considered private property. People use
this space not only as social meeting space, but also to expand their
houses and shops. Almost all houses have some sort of partially covered
outside space to hang their laundry, sit with neighboors or be outside
when the monsoon hits. The first room in the house is usual the fami-
ly room with utility spaces further in the back. Bedrooms are either at
perpendicular to the living room, when the house is sufficiently broad,
but usual the more private rooms like the bedrooms are situated in the
back of the house.

Fig A3. Visualisation privacy zoning kampung Indonesia (own ill.)

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1. Bedrooms

2. Family room
Utility spaces

3. Reception room

4. Porch/Balcony

5. Semi-private-public
inbetween space

6. Street/Walkway

7. Kampung Entrance

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 TYPE A - HORIZONTAL EXPANSION

TYPE B - VERTICAL EXPANSION

INCREMENTAL EXPANSION
// ARGUMENTATION EXPANSION, VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL

During our time in the kampung it was clear most of the space available
was build upon. The Indonesian population had two ways of expanding,
vertically and horizontally. The research as visualized on the right is
based on the article ‘Considerations on Typology of Kampung House
(red..)’ by Shuji Funo. What was most important for my research was
the realization that local building knowledge was often not sufficient for
TYPE C - COMBINATION
building over two storeys high. The expansion was therefore halted at
this level while in the kampung much more building space is needed.
This is one of the key elements in my final building system design.

Fig A4. Visualisation incremental expansion methods kampung Indonesia (own ill.
based on data from ‘Considerations on Typology of Kampung House (red..)’ by
Shuji Funo)

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1: FAMILY
1:EXPANSION
FAMILY EXPANSION 2: BUSINESS
2: BUSINESS
VENTURES
VENTURES 3: BOTH BUSINESS AS FAMILY EXPANSION

A-1 A-1 A-2 A-2 A-3

- BACK GARDEN
- BACKORGARDEN OR FRONT EXPANSION:
FRONT EXPANSION: GROUND FLOOR:
TERRACE TRANS
TERRACE TRANS - WARUNG/TOKO/WARTEL
- WARUNG/TOKO/WARTEL - DINING ROOM
FORMED INTOFORMED
KITCHEN
INTO KITCHEN - HAIRDRESSER
- HAIRDRESSER - BEDROOMS
- ADDITION -OF
ADDITION
WASHING OF WASHING - WORKSHOP- WORKSHOP - MORE UTILITY SPACES
ROOM ROOM - GARAGE - GARAGE
- ADDITION -OF
ADDITION
TOILETSOF/ TOILETS / - STORAGE -SPACE
STORAGE SPACE 1ST FLOOR
SHOWER SHOWER - RENTAL ROOMS
- EXPANSION- EXPANSION
OF THE OF THE BACK EXPANSION
BACK EXPANSION - RENTAL TOILETS
HOUSE WITH HOUSE
EXTRAWITH EXTRA - RENTAL TOILETS
- RENTAL TOILETS
BEDROOMSBEDROOMS
INSIDE ANDINSIDE AND - RENTAL ROOMS
- RENTAL ROOMS
UTILITY SPACES
UTILITY
PLACED
SPACES PLACED
FURTHER IN FURTHER
THE BACKIN THE BACK

B-1 B-1 B-2 B-2 B-3

- EXTRA FLOOR
- EXTRA
BUILD
FLOOR BUILD - RENTAL ROOMS
- RENTAL ROOMS - RENTAL ROOMS
OFTEN OF WOODEN
OFTEN OF WOODEN UPSTAIRS UPSTAIRS UPSTAIRS, SEPERATE
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION - PLACEMENT
- PLACEMENT
OF BED- OF BED- STAIRCASE VIA
- USED FOR:- USED FOR: ROOMS UPSTAIRS
ROOMSAND
UPSTAIRS AND OUTSIDE
EXTRA BEDROOMS
EXTRA BEDROOMS NEW SHOP NEW
STORE
SHOP STORE - EXTRA FAMILY
STORAGE STORAGE DOWNSTAIRSDOWNSTAIRS BEDROOMS UPSTAIRS
LIVING AREALIVING AREA
BALCONY BALCONY

C-1 C-1 C-2 C-2 C-3

C-1 C-1 C-1

- EXTENSION
- EXTENSION
OF GUEST OF GUEST - RENTAL ROOMS
- RENTAL
BOTHROOMS BOTH GROUND FLOOR:
AREA AREA UPSTAIRS AND
UPSTAIRS
DOWN-AND DOWN- - DINING ROOM
- EXTRA BEDROOMS
- EXTRA BEDROOMS STAIRS STAIRS - BEDROOMS
- EXTRA DINING
- EXTRA
ROOM
DINING ROOM - RENTAL TOILETS
- RENTALIN TOILETS
THE IN THE - MORE UTILITY SPACES
BACK BACK - TOILETS AND BATH-
- WASHING -SPACES
WASHING SPACES ROOM RENTALS
RENTAL HOUSING
RENTAL HOUSING
1ST FLOOR
- RENTAL ROOMS

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TYPOLOGY KAMPUNG HOUSING
// RESEARCH INTO MOST USED TYPOLOGIES

Both from research in Indonesia, as from articles like that of Shuji Funo:
‘Considerations on Typology of Kampung House (red..)’ and ‘Typology of
the Kampung house and its transformations (red..) ‘ a composition of
existing typologies of the Indonesian Kampung was drafted:
- Type A - Apartment blocks with one room, no kitchen or private
bathroom. Service areas are shared.
- Type B - Apartment blocks with private service blocks
- Type C - Privately owned housing with only one room and
kitchen, service areas like toilets and washing spaces are
communal in the kampung
- Type D - Privately owned housing with own kitchen and washing
areas, often long and narrow.
- Type E - Family housing with both wide and long floor plans,
bedrooms often situated in the side of the house.
Fig A5. Visualisation typology kampung housing Indonesia (own ill.)

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 E
YPE
T
PEB D
TY YPE
T
C
EA YPE
P T
TY

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FIELD RESEARCH •
RESEARCH INCOME SHOP OWNERS
// EIGHT SHOP OWNERS INTERVIEWED

For the local community a safer way of building is not high on the list
of priorities. It is therefore essential to find a different argumentation
to convince them of using a different building system. In my system
there are two reasons why they should use this system to (re)build their
houses. The first being an emotional one: when build up over two stories
high, there is more room for the family, children will not have to be sent
away to live in a different kampung, as is now often the case.
The second reason is an econimical one; when there is more space,
more money can be earned with the house by turning the ground floor
into a shop, workshop or to use the top floors to rent out rooms. The
extension of the house would be paid from the revenues of the economic
activities. To calculate how long the repayment period would be it was
essential to research how big the revenues from shops were.

Fig A6. Photo warung shop Kampung Dago Pojok (own ill.)
Fig A7. Photo’s shops & shop owners. kampung Cigondewah & Dago Pojok (own Ill.)

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17
 WATER SHOP GROCERY SHOP BIRDS SHOP GROCERY SHOP

// Kampung Dago Pojok // Kampung Cigondewah // Kampung Dago Pojok // Kampung Cigondewah
// Ibu Dian (32 y/o) // Ibu Ai (54 y/o) // Pak Pakedi (35 y/o) // Ibu Tia (32 y/o)
Family owns water shop She is a widow who inherited the House was abandoned, his Family owns grocery store
Sels water bottles / gasstoves shop from her husband. She family fixed it up and has been Lives behind the shop with her
Gasstove service supports 6 children + grand- selling birds there ever since. husband and two children.
Does not live next to the shop children with the shop and also The family is eight people, two // Monthly income from shop
// Monthly income from shop rents out rooms brothers and their family. IDR 1.500.000
IDR 3.000.000 // Monthly income from shop // Monthly income from shop
IDR 1.500.000 IDR 700.000

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 ANIMAL STORE GROCERY SHOP GROCERIES SHOP MATERIALS SHOP

// Kampung Cigondewah // Kampung Dago Pojok // Kampung Cigondewah // Kampung Dago Pojok
// Pak Ayep (32 y/o) // Ibu Masran (42 y/o) // Pak Sanjaya (38 y/o) // Pak Nagreh (32 y/o)
Rents the shop and does not live Owns the house, lives with her Family owns grocery store Family owns materials store
there. Has been renting it for 2 family in the back, one husband, He has a side business of renting // Monthly income from shop
years, is supporting his family of wife and four children. out cars (revenue 1.000.000 p/m) IDR 4.000.000
four. House was bought for 40.000.000 // Monthly income from shop
// Monthly income from shop // Monthly income from shop IDR 2 / 3.000.000
IDR 2.000.000 IDR 2.000.000

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 Fig. A14
PHASE I // 1ST FLOOR -
‘THE RESIDENTIAL’

I.1 Outside living space

I.2 Guest room + Living room
I.3 Bedroom no. 1 (4 m2)
I.4 Bedroom no.2 (4 m2)
I.5 Service area (kitchen + bathroom)

Fig. A15
ELABORATION HOUSE B PHASE II // 2nd FLOOR - ‘THE SHOP’

II.1 Semi public/private space

// EXPLODED VIEW HOUSE DURING PHASES II.2 Porch for shop
II.3 Food shop: revenues IDR 2.000.000 p/m
II.4 Living room/guest area + stairs
In the visuals on the right the economic revenues gained by applying the II.5 Service area (kitchen + bathroom)
researched building system are combined with a spatial organisation. II.6 Private open space - laundry room
As seen in Fig. A16, the first year gaines no extra revenues, the house II.7 Bedroom no. 1 (12 m2)
is simply torn down and replaced by a similar size building, which will II.8 Bedroom no. 2 (7m2)
serve as foundation for the upper floor to be build upon. In the second
year more space is made by adding an extra floor, so a shop can be real-
ised on the ground floor. Revenues made by this shope can be put aside Fig A16.
to save up for one extra floor, or if required, two extra floors. PHASE III // 3rd FLOOR -
If in total four floors are realised, the total term of repayment will be 10 ‘THE RENTAL’
years. This is taking into account only the revenues earned by the shop
and rented spaces in the house. The house will therefore in a sense ‘pay III.1 Private entrance rental rooms
for itself’. III.2 Kitchen area rental rooms
III.3 Rental room no. 1 (7 m2)
III.4 Rental room no. 2 (7 m2)
III.5 Rental room no. 3 (9 m2)
Revenues: 1.750.000 p/m
20
 HOUSE B - FASE II

5
III.

4
HOUSE B - FASE I III.

3
III.

2
III.
1
III.

II.
8

II.
7

II.
6

II.
5

II.
4

II.
3

II.
2
II.
1

Fig A14. Fig A15. Fig A16.

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 TRA-DIGITAL HUB
BANDUNG

CATALOGUE EXTERNAL ELEMENTS

HU C
CN
B
// INTEGRATION EXTERNAL ELEMENTS TO BUILDING SYSTEM

In this research a building system for purely the frame of the building
was researched. The reasoning here was when there is a very sound
frame, the construction imidiately becomes more safe. There are how-
ever of course other building elements that make up a house. Facades,
roofs, floors and stairs are not always easy to construct. While this is not
completely part of the scope of this research, I made a catalogue of pos-
sible elements that could be sold within the CNC hub. As seen in Fig. A8
there is one hub in the city of Bandung where the system is rented out. RETURN
The building system could be made in such a way it would fit perfectly
with current roofing systems, facade materials and floor widths. Stairs
could also be poored in CNC milled moulds and both windows and doors
could be made by CNC milling.

Fig A8. How does it work? (own ill.)

Fig A9. External elements building system (own ill.)
Fig A10. Create your own house recepy (own Ill.)
Fig A8.

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 CREATE YOUR OWN HOUSE
RENT CNC BEAM:
FORMWORK 400.000 IDR (€ 28,-)
SYSTEM

CONCRETE FRAME
RENT CNC COLUMN:
300.000 IDR (€ 21,-)

6.000
RENT SCAFFOLDING
15.000 IDR (€ 1,-) PER
MONTH/PIECE

REINFORCEMENT
BAMBOO BUY PER M1:
REINFORCEMENT 30.000 IDR (€ 1,75)

BASE
3.000

GIVE IN CALCULATE
PLOT SIZE CONSTRUCTION

BUY PER ROOF

AND CHOOSE IF

DESIGN
ROOFS
YOU WANT TO
REUSE FOR EACH
PHASE
(ONLY THE WOOD
+ LIGHT STEEL)
LIGHT STEEL WOODEN ROOF SYSTEM DO IT YOURSELF
IDR 150.000 (€10,5)/M2 IDR 225.000 (€15,75)/M2 IDR ? (€ ?)/M2

USE THE HUB FOR

DETAILING CON-

FLOORS
NECTIONS, ALSO
FOR STEEL
U-SHOES FOR THE

FIND
WOODEN FLOORS
WOODEN FLOOR,
CHICKEN WIRE STEEL SHEETS (2.10x0.80) KAMPER BANJAH WOOD DO IT YOURSELF
IDR 27.000 (€2)/M2 IDR 55.000 (€3,85)/SHEET IDR 6.500.000 (€ 455)/M3 IDR ? (€ ?)/M2

FORMWORK
CONCRETE FOR

STAIRS
RENT, WOODEN
STAIRS FOR SALE

PICK
IN THE HUB.

CONCRETE FORMWORK WOODEN STAIRS DO IT YOURSELF

IDR 250.000 (€17,5)/M2 IDR 350.000 (€24,5)/M2 IDR ? (€ ?)/M2

USE THE HUB FOR

DETAILING,

FACADES
POSSIBLY FORM-

CHOOSE WORK FOR CREA-

TIVE BRICKS

WINDOWS & USE THE HUB FOR

WINDOWS

DOORS CNC MILLING OF

DOORS &

DOORS/WINDOWS
OR CONNECT
WITH SECOND
HAND STORES

Fig A9. Fig A10.

23
 LOCATION

AVA
J
G
UN
ND
BA

LOCATION
LOCATION/ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION
// RESEARCH INTO MOST USED TYPOLOGIES NT
RE
Y CE
CIT

The integration of the building system in the local architecture could

be done in any place in Bandung. Since the kampung Cigondewah was
AVA
already chosen by the group of students researching Bandung this was
J
also my chosen location. Within Cigondewah a location was chosen next
to the municipal road. Here, five houses were chosen, at random, to
H
analyse. In theANDhousing matrix is shown how much the houses change WA
G
UN
DE
B ON
over time. Each phase of the incremental way of building is shown in the CIG

matrix, also the building costs, revenues made by in-house shops and
rented rooms, and the calculated repayment period.

E IT Y
S IT C
NG
Fig A11. Chosen location: Java - Bandung - Cigondewah (own ill.)
Fig A12. Chosen site - Chosen site transformed by building system (own ill.) N DU
Fig A13. Housing matrix (own ill.)
Fig A11.
BA
24

AH
 T E
SI

A H
E W
O ND
CI G

25
 IT E
S

H T
G
HI
EY
OR
ST
2
UM
XIM
A
M

Fig A12.

26
27
 D

B
C

O N
ATI
C
IFI
S
E N
CH D
AN
GED UAL
SIT
UAT AD
IO N GR

Fig A12.

28
29
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30
 OR M ,6 M S
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IGH

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// 1 RE STOR // 1 TING TORY
HO 3,5 NT 62 :
US M2 ING Y: M2
OT E 1 F SPA
SI AM CE
3,2 ZE 31 ILY GR // 4
2 M2
RE M ,8 M GR OUND
YH 2 OC
IGH ER FLO
YS O
TOR R:
E/ 3 RD
/1 3,5
M2 RE + 4 TF
GR NT S
FAM OUND ING TORY +3
ILY SPA : CO 00 %
F CE
SPA LOOR 2 ND // ST
CO ORE
M
CE : FAM +3 RD S M2
84 NS
// 3
2 ILY TOR TR SP
M2 SPA Y: RE UC
CE 3 RD V E TI
// 2 NU
7 4 TH STOR ES R ID
M2 STO Y ( E
GR RY 30 M 2NT/M
GR OUND TOT (30 O
FAM OCER FLO AL M 2) ) ≈ 1.0 NTH
≈1 5
ILY Y ST OR: ≈2
. . 050 0.00
SPA OR
CE E // TOT ≈ 2 100.0 .00
AL 5.2 0 0
// 5 13 M TER 00. 0 (€1
1 M2 2
M 000 47)
+2 R E ( € / M
GR CO 00 % PAY 1.7
FA OUN ST ME 64) ON
M NT / YE
MI
LY D FL 3 RD CO ORE ≈ A
RE STOR NS 15
SP OO
AC R NT TR SPAC YEA
ING Y: RE UC
E/ :
/2 VEN TIO E (27 RS
2 SPA UE N M2
M2 CE S IDR (40,5 )
// 3 ≈ 1 GRO 8 1 M2
2 M2 . C M ( )≈
TOT ≈ 3 500.0 ERY €5
GR AL 6.0 00 S H .67
00. (
PE OUN TER
MR 000 €105 OP: 0)
TS DF )/M
T ( €

PH
TO EPA 1.2
RE LOOR 3 RD YM 60) O N
// 2 : RE + 4 TF EN / YE TH

ASE 2 M2 NT S T≈ AR
ING TORY +3 6 Y EA
SPA : 00 RS
CE C OS % M
// 6 TC
4 M2 ON ORE S
STR PA
2 ND RE UC CE
2 ND FA +3 RD
MI
LY STOR
3 RD VENU
+ E
TIO (96
N
IDR (128 )
M2

PH
SH 4 T H S/
SP OP (45 M 2 M2
AC Y:
O 5
M 2) NTH 6 M ( )≈
ASE E/
/4
4 M2
TOT
TOT
AL

≈3
≈3
.07
0.0
≈1
.
≈ 1 70.0
.50
5
0.0
:

00
0 0 I R D(
€1
7.9
20)

AL
TER
6.8 0
40. 0 (€2
000 15)
IDR € 1
(€1 10) 31
3RD
MR ( 05)
E PAY € /
2.5 MON
+2 79)
CO 00 % ME
NT / YE TH
ST M ≈ A
 ILY F
SPA LOOR
CE :
// 8
1 M2

1 ST
FAM +2 ND S
ILY TOR
SPA Y:
CE
// 1
62
M2

3 RD
RE STOR
NT
ING Y:
SPA
CE
// 8
1 M2
1 ST
FAM +2 ND S
ILY TOR RE
SPA Y: 3 RD V
CE
// 8 4 TH ST
4 M2 STO
R
TOT
3 RD AL
3 RD RE + 4 TF ≈4
N S ≈4
RE STOR // 1 TING TORY TOT
AL 8
NT 62 :
ING Y: M2 TER
MR
SPA EPA
CE
// 4
2 M2
DF
LO
STO OR:
RE
// 1 3 RD
3 ,5 M 2 RE + 4 TF
NT S
ING TORY +3
SPA : CO 00 %
2 ND CE ST M
// 8 CO ORE
FAM +3 RD S 4 M2 NS
ILY TOR TR SPAC
RE UC
SPA Y:
CE 3 RD VENU TIO E (12
// 2 N 6 M2
7 4 TH STOR ES R IDR (168 )
M2 STO Y ( EN 336 M 2)≈
RY 3 0 T/ M(
TOT (30 M 2) ≈ MON €2
AL M 2) 1.0 T H: 3.5
≈ 5 0 00)
≈2 1 .05 . 000
.10 0.0
TOT
AL
≈2 0
5.2 .000 00 IRD (
TER 00. (€1 IRD €7
M 000 47) (€7 4)
+2 R ( € / 4)
CO 00 %
EPA 1.7 MON
ST Y M 6 4 )/Y H T
M EN
3 RD CO ORE T≈ EA
RE STOR 32 NS S 1 5Y R
NT TR PAC E
ING Y: RE UC E A R
VEN TIO (27 S
SPA UE N( M2
C S ID 4 0, )
 YS R
PAC Y:
E //
27
M2

REV TOT
EN AL
REP UES +2
CO 00 %
3 A Y M VS ST M
CO O
EN
RD
SP RE S T NS
NT ORY: T
TS
AC
E : +
ING RE
CO
ST 2 00 VEN
CO SPA %M UE
NS CE OR S
TR
UC
ES
P/A/
C3 ≈ 1 GRO
VEN TIO E2(1 . C
TO
UE
S
N(
3 2
M
62 2 TOT ≈ 3 500.0 E
RE I D 4 M2 6.0 0
00. 0 (
RY R M ) AL
RY (55 M 2NT/M 648 2
)≈
(59 O M (€ TER 000
M 2) ) ≈ 1.9 NTH: 45.
000 MR (
4.0
≈2
.06
25.
0 ) 3 RD EPA
00. 5.0 00 IR YM
8.0 000
00.
00 D
IRD (€1 RE + 4 TF EN
T≈
000 (€280 (€1 35) NT S
(€3 ) / M 45) ING TORY +3
AYM .36 ON SPA :
EN
T≈
0 )/Y H
EA
T
CE CO 00 %
R // ST M
15
YEA 64 CO ORE
RS M2 NS
TR SPAC
RE UC E (9
V E T I
3 D
R
+ NU O N ( 6M 2)
SH 4 H
T E S IDR 128
OP (45 /MO 256 M 2)≈
M 2) NTH M(
TOT ≈1 : €1
AL ≈1 . 5 7 7.9
.50 0 . 0 20)
M2 ≈3 0.0 0 0
TOT
.
≈ 3 070.0 00 IRD (€
AL 6.8 0 IDR 110
TER 40. 0 (€2 ( € )
MR 0 00 15) 1 0 5
(€2 / )
+2 EPA
Y .57 MON
CO 00 % ME
N T
9) /
Y
TH
ST M ≈1 E AR
CO ORE 0 Y
NS EA
TR SPAC RS
RE UC E 33
VEN TIO ( 44
UE N( M2
6 )
34
B. RESEARCH INCREMENTAL BUILDING SYSTEM

+ INTERVIEWS CONSTRUCTION TEAMS KAMPUNG

+ COST CALCULATION SYSTEM FORMWORK
+ DESIGN SYSTEM FORMWORK
- How does it work
- CNC milled elements
- Cost calculation matrix

35
INTERVIEWS CONSTRUCTION TEAMS //
//
Pak Nana (45 y/o)
Construction site
Leader construction (foreman)
Kampung Dago Pojok
// Project Student housing (4 floors with atrium)
// PROFESSIONAL / SEMI-PROFESSIONAL / INFORMAL
# PROFESSIONAL CONSTRUCTION SITE
For the second research trip to Indonesia the goal was to visit as much
construction sites as possible to asses not only local building knowl-
edge, but also research specific questions like: how to transport materi-
al in the kampung, what is the structure of a building team, what are the
price of building cost per m2, are there any kind of roof systems in the
kampung, prices of building material and so forth.

Many of these questions were answered in interviews with construction

leaders like Pak Nana, but also by interviewing Pak Apep, the foremen
of local architect Ramalis Sobandi. With him I discussed specifically my
building system and incorporated his tips and worries into my final de-
sign.

36
37
 - DINING ROOM
- BEDROOMS
- MORE UTILITY SPACES

1ST FLOOR
- RENTAL ROOMS
- RENTAL TOILETS

B-3

- RENTAL ROOMS
UPSTAIRS, SEPERATE
STAIRCASE VIA
OUTSIDE
- EXTRA FAMILY
BEDROOMS UPSTAIRS
// Pak Iwan (32 y/o) Carpenter (one of three)
// Construction site Kampung Dago Pojok
// Project Extension house (2 floors)

# SEMI - PROFESSIONAL CONSTRUCTION SITE

C-3

C-1

GROUND FLOOR:
- DINING ROOM
- BEDROOMS
- MORE UTILITY SPACES
- TOILETS AND BATH-
ROOM RENTALS

1ST FLOOR
- RENTAL ROOMS

38
39
// 1:
PakFAMILY EXPANSION
Thito (18 y/o) Son of owner 2: BUSINESS VENTURES
// Construction site Kampung Dago Pojok
// Project Extention house

#

A-1
INFORMAL CONSTRUCTION SITE A-2

- BACK GARDEN OR FRONT EXPANSION:

TERRACE TRANS - WARUNG/TOKO/WARTEL
FORMED INTO KITCHEN - HAIRDRESSER
- ADDITION OF WASHING - WORKSHOP
ROOM - GARAGE
- ADDITION OF TOILETS / - STORAGE SPACE
SHOWER
- EXPANSION OF THE BACK EXPANSION
HOUSE WITH EXTRA - RENTAL TOILETS
BEDROOMS INSIDE AND - RENTAL ROOMS
UTILITY SPACES PLACED
FURTHER IN THE BACK
40
41
 - DINING ROOM
- BEDROOMS
- MORE UTILITY SPACES

1ST FLOOR
- RENTAL ROOMS
- RENTAL TOILETS

B-3

- RENTAL ROOMS
UPSTAIRS, SEPERATE
STAIRCASE VIA
OUTSIDE
- EXTRA FAMILY
BEDROOMS UPSTAIRS
// Pak Isun (56 y/o) Construction worker (one of 3)
// Construction site Cigondewah
// Project Build new house behind existing house

# SEMI-PROFESSIONAL CONSTRUCTION SITE

C-3

C-1

GROUND FLOOR:
- DINING ROOM
- BEDROOMS
- MORE UTILITY SPACES
- TOILETS AND BATH-
ROOM RENTALS

1ST FLOOR
- RENTAL ROOMS

42
43
 2: BUSINESS VENTURES

A-2

FRONT EXPANSION:
- WARUNG/TOKO/WARTEL
- HAIRDRESSER
- WORKSHOP
- GARAGE
- STORAGE SPACE

BACK EXPANSION
- RENTAL TOILETS
- RENTAL ROOMS

// Pak Mamat (45 y/o) Brother of owner (bank clerk)

// Construction site Kampung Cigondewah
// Project Extention house to two floors

# B-2
INFORMAL CONSTRUCTION SITE

- RENTAL ROOMS
UPSTAIRS
- PLACEMENT OF BED-
ROOMS UPSTAIRS AND
NEW SHOP STORE
DOWNSTAIRS

44
C-2
45
 2: BUSINESS VENTURES

A-2

FRONT EXPANSION:
- WARUNG/TOKO/WARTEL
- HAIRDRESSER
- WORKSHOP
- GARAGE
- STORAGE SPACE

BACK EXPANSION
- RENTAL TOILETS
- RENTAL ROOMS

// Pak Omar (43 y/o) Construction leader (foreman)

// Construction site Kampung Braga
// Project Extention house to two floors

# B-2
SEMI-PROFESSIONAL CONSTRUCTION SITE

- RENTAL ROOMS
UPSTAIRS
- PLACEMENT OF BED-
ROOMS UPSTAIRS AND
NEW SHOP STORE
DOWNSTAIRS

46
C-2
47
COST CALCULATION SYSTEM FORMWORK
The cost calculation for the formwork consists of the sum of the follow-
ing factors:
- Material cost formwork
- Maintenence cost CNC mill
- Costs milling (electricity + labour)
- Rent CNC hub
- Labour workers CNC hub
Because certain factors are unsure I had to make a rough estimation for
some of these factors and make some assumptions for the other.
For the startup of the CNC hub I assume some government help is given
by funding the labour costs, maintenence of the CNC mill and overhead
costs of the CNC hub. This leaves the costs for the material to be paid in
terms by renting out the CNC milled formwork to possible house own-
ers. Current building practice in Indonesia is to use Albasia wood, also
known as Kaso. This wood is the cheapest option in Indonesia, after use
48
it is sold to garbage companies to be burned. Slightly better wood: Dolken is
used for crossbracing the scaffolding of the formwork. When in good condition
this wood is sold to furniture makers, or when in bad conditions it is sold to-
gether with the Albasia to be burned.
A quick comparison of the three materials available for milling the sys-
tem-formwork shows that cocosboard (by Goodhout) is the best option. Not
only is it very sustainable; it uses local cocos husk waste material to press high
quality board material, but it can also compete price-wise. Betonplex is very
strong and has a surface suited for multiple usage but can not compete price-
wise. Moso Bamboo boards is a very sustainable material, but has a rather
poreus surface and is therefore less suited for multiple usage, unless it is coat-
ed thoroughly.
MATERIALS FORMWORK INDONESIA CALCULATION MATERIAL FORMWORK - COCONUT HUSK
BOARD (CHB)

// ALBASIA / KASO
Local Indonesian formwork FORMWORK COLUMN
Unknown Kn/m2

€ 210,- per m3 3,8 m2 needed + 5% lost material

15.000 IDR/m2 (5 mm board) = 4 m2 material needed

Reusability = 1 times, burned after
4 m2 x 50.000 = 200.000
IDR/colom
The column can be reused five
// COCONUT HUSK BOARD (CHB)
times so the cost per column per
+/- 5.000 Kn/m2
time rented is:

€ 10,- per plaat (1.2 x 2.4 x 0.05 m)
200.000 / 5 = 40.000 IDR

50.000 IDR/M2

Boards of 1.20 x 2.40 m
Material for a similar sized col-
Reusability = 5 times
umn using Albasia wood is 60.000
IDR.

// BETONPLEX
+/- 4.500 Kn/m2 FORMWORK BEAM (3 M GRID)

€ 39,- per plaat (1.2 x 2.4 x 0.18 m)

190.000 IDR/m2 5 m2 needed + 5% lost material =

Boards of 1.20 x 2.40 m 5,3 m2 material needed
Reusability = 3-5 times
5.3 m2 x 50.000 = 265.000
IDR/beam
The 3 m beam can be reused five
// MOSO BAMBOO times so the cost per beam per
unknown Kn/m2 time rented is:

€ 39,- per plaat (1.2 x 2.4 x 0.18 m) 265.000 / 5 = 53.000 IDR

190.000 IDR/m2

Boards of 1.20 x 2.40 m Material for a similar sized beam
Reusability = 3-5 times using Albasia wood is 80.000 IDR.

49
 !
B LE
RIA
VA

,5 M
-4
0M
M
: 2,5 M
35 LE
S1 B
AY RIA
A LW VA

Fig B1.
DESIGN SYSTEM FORMWORK

The formwork system was designed in a way that it could provide for
most orthogonal floorplan shapes of the kampung. While the columns
were always 2.5 m, the length of the beams varies from 2.5 until 4.5.
When a longer beam is needed, for example 5 meters long, an extra
column is placed in between and two shorter beams are combined.
As seen in Fig. B2 the columns determine what kind of corner is poored
in concrete, L, T and + shaped corners could provide for all connections
neccary.
On the next page is shown not only the exploded view of the CNC milled
beams and columns, but also the recepy for the milled elements to send
to the CNC mill. Everything in grey is neccesary for the milled element,
everything in white can be considered extra stock.

Fig B1. Variable length beams formwork system (own ill.)

Fig B2 Variable shapes columns formwork system, dependend on corner shape (own ill.)
Fig B2.
Fig B3. Shape formwork system, 3 x3 x 2.5 measured (own ill.)

50
 STANDARD 2500
E
I ABL
R
VA

VA
RIA
BL
E
B LE
RI A
VA
Fig B3.

51
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Fig B4.
Fig B5.
Fig B6.
Exploded view assembly column formwork system (own ill.)
Exploded view assembly corner formwork system (own ill.)
Exploded view assembly beam formwork system (own ill.)

CNC MILLING
Fig B7. CNC recepy column formwork system (own ill.)
Fig B8. CNC recepy beam formwork system (own ill.)
Fig B9. Housing matrix construction + costs calculations (own ill.)

Fig B5.

Fig B4.

52
CNC MILLING RECEPY L COLUMN- REQUIRED # 44
CNC MILLING RECEPY 3-M BEAM REQUIRED # 34
 CNC MILLING RECEPY L COLUMN- REQUIRED # 44
CNC MILLING RECEPY 3-M BEAM REQUIRED # 34
SCALE 1:10 EXTRA STOCK SCALE 1:10 EXTRA STOCK

Fig B7. Fig B8.

53
 CO
TEM ST
SYS RE
NT
I NG IN
ILD G
BU BU
IL
N
TIO DI
NG
UC
STR SY
ST
N
CO C
+
T
└

4 OST - C OR NE
-
- C COR
EM
3 M ≈ O N R
1 M BE 3. RN ER =
CO ,5 M BE AM 900 ER = 6 4 x
ST B AM = .00
RE ≈ EA = 0I =3 x
TO N 8.8 M DR x
TA T P 00 = 9 (€
L .00
E
RE R 0I 10 x 27
3)
NT PH DR 3 x
CO AS (€ x
ST E: € 61
S: 6)
€ 889
└ 4.1
T -C 71
C
4 OST - C OR
3 M B ≈ OR NE
1 M E 3. N R
CO ,5 M BE AM 000 ER = 4
ST B AM = .00 = 6 x
RE ≈ EA = 0I
TO N 5 .20 M DR x
TA T P 0.0 = 5 (€
└ L
RE ER 00 6 x 21
T NT PH ID 2 x 0)
-C R x
C CO AS (€
3 OST - C OR S E: 3
2, M B ≈ OR NE TS € 64
CO 6 M E 1.8 NE R : € 57 )
ST B AM 00. R = 4 2.6 4
R ≈ EA = 00 = 2 x 60
TO EN 2.8 M 0I x
TA T P 00 = DR
L .00 4 (€
└ RE ER 0I x 12
T NT PH DR 3 x 6)
-C CO SA (€
C
4 OST - C OR ST E: € 19
3 M B ≈ OR NE S: 3 6)
3 M E 3. N R € 22
CO ,2 M BE AM 000 ER = 4 1.1
62
ST B AM = .00 = 6 x
RE ≈ EA = 0I x
TO N 4 . M D R
TA T P 0 00 =
.00 2 (€
└ L
RE ER 0I 4 x 21
T -C NT PH DR 4 x x 0)
CO CO S A (€
3 ST - C OR ST : € E 28
4, M B ≈ OR NE S: 0
CO 3 M E 1.8 NE R € 490 )
ST B AM 00. R = 4 2.2
R ≈ EA = 00 = 2 x 40
TO EN 2.8 M 0I x
TA T P 00 = D R
L .00 4 (€
RE ER 0I x 12
NT PH DR 3 x 6)
CO SA (€
ST E: € 19
S: 3 6 )
€ 22
1.1
62

Fig B9.

54
 IN

TO

└
T -C
CO
4 S - C OR
3 M B T≈ OR NE
1 M E 3. N R
CO ,5 M BE AM 000 ER = 4
A
ST B M = 00 = 6 x .
RE ≈ EA = 0I
TO N 5.2 M DR x
TA T P 00 = 5 (
L .00 x €2
└ RE ER 0I 6
x 10
T N PH D 2 )
CO -C TC A R x
OS SE ( €
3 S - C OR 36
2, M B T≈ OR NE TS : € 4)
CO 6 M E 1.8 NE R : € 57
ST B AM 00. R = 4 2.6 4
RE ≈ EA = 00 = 2 x 60
TO N 2.8 M 0I
TA T P 00 = DR x
L .00 4 (€
└ RE ER 0I x 12
NT HP DR x3 55
T A 6)
CO - C CO S ( €
4 S - C OR ST E: € 19
56
C. MODEL MAKING

+ 1:1
+ 1:7
+ 1:50
+ 1:100

57
C1. 1:50 // Travel model C2. 1:7 // Building system 1.0

58
C3. 1:7 // Building system C4. 1:7 // Building system - poored result

59
C5. 1:100 // Location model kampung Cigondewah C6. 1:1 // Building system - corner detail on
60
61
62
63
64
65
66