MORES, MARY COLENE P.

BSMT 2G

MODULE 1 ENHANCEMENT QUESTIONS

CAUSE PATHOPHYSIOLO MANIFESTATION

(CAUSATIVE GIC MECHANISM (SIGNS &
AGENT) SYMPTOMS)

• Damage to the • Watery, usually non-

VIRAL • Can be caused villous brush bloody diarrhea —
GASTROENT by several border of the bloody diarrhea
ERITIS viruses: intestine, usually means you
caliciviruses, causing have a different,
rotaviruses, malabsorption of more severe
astroviruses, intestinal infection
or contents and • Abdominal cramps
adenoviruses. leading to an and pain
• The most osmotic diarrhea • Nausea, vomiting or
common way • the release of both
to develop toxins that bind • Occasional muscle
viral to specific aches or headache
gastroenteritis enterocyte • Low-grade fever
is through receptors and
contact with cause the release
an infected of chloride ions
person or by into the
ingesting intestinal lumen,
contaminated leading to
food or water secretory
diarrhea.
• In the human a. In general:
TOXOPLASM • Toxoplasma host, the o Body aches
OSIS gondii, a parasites form o Swollen lymph
protozoan tissue cysts, nodes
parasite most commonly o Headache
• Infection in skeletal o Fever
usually occurs muscle, o Fatigue
by eating myocardium, b. In people with
undercooked brain, and eyes; weakened immune
contaminated these cysts may systems:
meat, exposure remain in a o Headache
from infected dormant state o Confusion
cat feces, or o Poor coordination
 mother-to- throughout the o Seizures
child life of the host. o Lung problems
transmission • An enlarged that may
during liver and spleen resemble
pregnancy. and yellowing of tuberculosis or
the skin and Pneumocystis
whites of the jiroveci
eyes (jaundice) pneumonia, a
in babies common
opportunistic
infection that
occurs in people
with AIDS
o Blurred vision
caused by severe
inflammation of
your retina
(ocular
toxoplasmosis)
c. In babies
o Seizures
o An enlarged liver
and spleen
o Yellowing of the
skin and whites
of the eyes
(jaundice)
o Severe eye
infections
• A bacteria • Infection of the • Fever and chills
PNEUMOCOC space between
called • Cough
CAL membranes
Streptococcu • Rapid breathing or
PNEUMONIA that surround
s difficulty breathing
pneumoniae the lungs and • Shortness of breath
(pneumococc chest cavity • Chest pain
(empyema)
us)
• Inflammation of
• People with
the sac
pneumococc
surrounding the
al disease
heart
can spread
(pericarditis)
the bacteria
• Blockage of the
to others
airway that
when they
allows air into
cough or
the lungs
sneeze.
 (endobronchial
obstruction),
with collapse
within the lungs
(atelectasis) and
collection of pus
(abscess) in the
lungs
• When inhaled, • high fever (may
MEASLES • Measles is the virus infects spike to more than
caused by the respiratory 104°),
morbillivirus tract’s • cough,
• Measles is lymphocytes, • runny nose (coryza),
transmitted dendritic cells, and
from person and alveolar • red, watery eyes
to person by macrophages. It (conjunctivitis).
respiratory then spreads to • Tiny white spots
droplets, the adjacent (Koplik spots) may
small particle lymphoid tissue appear inside the
aerosols, and and mouth two to three
close contact. disseminates days after
throughout the symptoms begin.
bloodstream • Three to five days
resulting in after symptoms
viremia and begin, a rash breaks
spread to out. It usually
distant organs. begins as flat red
• Replication in spots that appear
nasopharynx on the face at the
and regional hairline and spread
lymph nodes downward to the
• Primary viremia neck, trunk, arms,
2-3 days after legs, and feet.
exposure, tiny
white spots
appear inside
the mouth
called Koplik
spots.
• Secondary
viremia 5-7
days after
exposure with
spread to
 tissues,
appearance of
flat red spots on
the skin
• Infection of • Fever
DENGUE • Caused by the immature • Headache
FEVER Dengue virus Langerhans • Retro-orbital pain
(DENV), a cells (epidermal • Severe myalgias:
member of the dendritic cells Especially of the
Flaviviridae [DC]) and lower back, arms,
family. There keratinocytes and legs
are four DENV • Mononuclear • Arthralgias:
serotypes, phagocytes may Usually of the
meaning that be the most
it is possible knees and
likely site of shoulders
to be infected viral infection
four times. • Nausea and
• Thrombocytope vomiting (diarrhea
• Dengue fever
nia is rare)
is spread
through • Hemorrhagic • Rash: A
mosquito tendencies, maculopapular or
bites. • relative macular confluent
leukopenia (low rash over the face,
platelet and thorax, and flexor
surfaces, with
white blood cell
islands of skin
count)
sparing
• Weakness, malaise,
and lethargy
• Altered taste
sensation
• Anorexia
• Sore throat
• Mild hemorrhagic
manifestations (eg,
petechiae, bleeding
gums, epistaxis,
menorrhagia,
hematuria)
• Lymphadenopathy
REFERENCES:
✓ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/
✓ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-
gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378847
✓ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/toxoplasmosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356249
✓ https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/symptoms-
complications.html
✓ https://www.cdc.gov/measles/symptoms/complications.html
✓ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/
✓ https://www.intechopen.com/books/dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-
perspective/dengue-fever-an-overview
✓ https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview#a1
✓ https://cmr.asm.org/content/22/4/564