Wireless Pers Commun (2018) 102:2955–2967

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5318-0

Study on the Ecological Farming Control System Based

on the Internet of Things

Xiaobo Min1 • Weihong Kuang2

Published online: 19 January 2018

 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract In order to control the rice field environment more accurately and monitor the
growth of rice and rice duck in real time, the Internet of things technology is applied to the
accurate data acquisition of farmland farming and livestock breeding. The duck in paddy
ecosystem mode for monitoring the feeding management by monitoring the growth
information of paddy rice and rice duck, the environment and using of automatic control
technology, intelligent decision-making and knowledge of agricultural biotechnology to
construct suitable for rice and rice duck life and offspring of environmental protection. At
the same time, in this paper, a comprehensive view on rice and rice duck two species and
field environment to design the system are made, breaking a single object in the current
research of the Internet of things, and through data collection and presentation of data from
the sensor module to achieve the collection and format conversion, conversion to data
collected comply with the protocol format data. Therefore, it can provide traceability data
for the quality and safety of rice and duck, and lay a solid foundation for the integration of
‘‘precision agriculture’’, ‘‘digital breeding’’ and ‘‘Internet of things’’.

Keywords Ecological breeding
Internet of things
Wireless sensor
Control

system

1 Introduction

The duck in paddy eco farming paddy fields large group model with the traditional duck.
First of all, the mode of planting rice for high yield and good quality as the central task to
support for the characteristics of wild ducks fed less. Secondly, the traditional rice duck

& Weihong Kuang

weihongkuang@aliyun.com
1
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2
College of Humanities, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China

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still stays in the pursuit of economic efficiency of the artificial management stage of an
original flavor. However, the way of combination of rice duck breeding and ecological
breeding is based on improving and forming a good ecological environment. It integrates
knowledge of Botany, crop cultivation, environmental science, animal behavior and other
disciplines, and the system knowledge integration is quite high. Therefore, in the imple-
mentation process of ecological planting and raising ducks in paddy field of agricultural
engineering, a fast and reliable high technical guidance means are needed for [1]. In recent
years, as a new generation of information technology, the ‘‘Internet of things’’ has become
the focus of the IT industry at home and abroad in the field of high and new technology and
in the society. Modern sensor technology can accurately monitor all kinds of information
related to agricultural production accurately, real-time and intelligently, which is very
important for guiding agricultural production in order to get information [2].
In rice cultivation, the use of chemical pesticides, herbicides can effectively control the
short-term rice pests, increase the rice yield. But the chemicals with toxicity, although can
effectively prevent pests, but also seriously polluted the environment of rice field, even
with the erosion of water and soil pollution of rivers and other human drinking water
environment [3, 4]. In addition, the excessive use of chemicals increases the chemical
residues in rice, which not only reduces the quality of rice, but also endangers human
health. It has become one of the main obstacles that restrict the economic development of
agricultural products.
Based on the above situation, higher demands are put forward for the development of
the country’s rural agriculture in the future. On the one hand, we must ensure that the
limited cultivated land resources are scientifically and rationally allocated and fully uti-
lized, as well as improve the level of science and technology in agriculture, and produce
agricultural products that meet the needs. On the other hand, we should take the rational
distribution and sustainable development of farmland water and soil resources and eco-
logical environment as the starting point, and produce with satisfactory quality and nui-
sance free agricultural products [5]. But, at present, the ecological agriculture and raising
ducks in paddy field is basically in a purely manual operation mode, resulting in the rice
duck ecological agriculture is small, the economic benefit is not [6].
The intelligent control system based on the technology of Internet of things can basi-
cally replace human labor and control and manage the process of rice and duck co breeding
more accurately. The automation of feeding and management of agriculture ecological
duck in paddy rice and rice duck are realized by monitoring the activity environment and
growth information of rice and duck improve production efficiency, to provide data on the
basis of traceable for the quality and safety of rice and duck [7, 8].

2 Theoretical Foundation and Related Technical Support

2.1 Internet of Things Technology

Since the concept of the Internet of things has been put forward, the connotation of the
Internet has been changing [9]. Initially, in 1999, the Auto-ID center of the United States
formally proposed the concept of the Internet of things, considering that the Internet of
things is a combination of RFID technology and the Internet. It took more than 10 years to
evolve into the definition of Internet of things, that is, Internet of things technology is a

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new technology to realize dialogue, communication and interaction among all objects in
the world.
The Internet of things (IOT) system actually contains two types of entities, people,
machines and things. By identifying intelligent equipment and transmitting communication
technology and equipment on the network, the intelligent management and control of can
be realized [10]. In general, as shown in Fig. 1, the information processing of the Internet
of things includes four processes, such as information perception and acquisition, repre-
sentation and organization, and service for specific applications.
Information perception and acquisition refers to the perception and acquisition of
various types of information through a variety of information sources. Information can be
sensors, RFID reader, and camera and so on. The core technology is wireless sensor
network. The Internet of things technology covers the following aspects: coding tech-
nology, analytical technology, identification technology, middleware technology and
security technology [11].

2.2 Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network automation realizes data acquisition, transmission and processing,
which corresponds to the three modern basic information technologies, namely sensor
technology, communication technology and computer electronic technology [12]. The
architecture of wireless sensor networks is the configuration of sensor nodes and the
communication scheme between each other. The structure of the wireless sensor network is
shown in Fig. 2.
In different applications, different functions of the sensor device are configured
according to the specific object needs [13]. The design of sensor nodes with different
functions is somewhat different, but the basic structure is quite different. As shown in
Fig. 3, sensor nodes are generally composed of sensing devices, signal transceiver mod-
ules, signal analysis and processing modules, power supply modules and other functional
units. In addition, other functional modules can be added to the sensor nodes, such as the
GPS positioning system, such as [14]. Generally speaking, there will be some specific
nodes in the entire wireless sensor network equipped with GPS positioning module, and
other nodes can be obtained by local location algorithm such as discrete gradient, so that
the physical location of all sensor nodes can be clearly identified [15].

2.3 Technical Support of Livestock and Poultry System Based on the Internet
of Things

Fine Aquaculture The following key links are included in the intelligent fine breeding
system of livestock and poultry based on the Internet of things. First, a specific

Information perception Representation and Information fusion Information

and acquisition organization and processing service provision

Information table
modeling

Fig. 1 The information processing process of the Internet of things

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Gateway

Internet, satellite

Monitoring center
Monitoring area

Sensor node

Fig. 2 The architecture of wireless sensor networks (WSN)

Power
Sensor Memory
management circuit

Signal conditioning Radio frequency

A/D converter Microprocessor
circuit module

Fig. 3 Sensor node structure diagram

identification number (RFID electronic logo with two-dimensional code) is assigned to

each animal and poultry, and a detailed individual basic file is set up. Then the data and
climate information of each individual are collected and recorded in real time through
various sensing devices, so as to automate the data acquisition. Finally, the data are
transmitted to the database of the management platform by wireless communication, such
as infrared, satellite communication, and so on. Farmers can implement the corresponding
measures according to the early warning of the knowledge decision support system and the
breeding and epidemic prevention programs which are automatically generated for the
individual.
Traceability, Prevention and Control of Diseases Traceability system for livestock and
poultry products is a system engineering for producers, regulators and consumers to query
and track information in livestock breeding, processing, transportation and other links,
combined with RFID electronic identification technology and Internet of things technol-
ogy. It has important significance in ensuring the safety of animal food and the quality
management system of animal food [16].
Livestock Remote Network Monitoring At present, according to the temperature and
humidity scale livestock monitoring method including artificial observation, off-line
measurement, and public wireless network monitoring using global positioning system,
including temperature and humidity measurement method using artificial detection and off-
line planning is often a lack of accuracy and real-time, wired network monitoring, complex
high cost of system maintenance, does not apply to a wide range of regional monitoring
occasions, and uses the global positioning system of public wireless network monitoring,
its production, operation and maintenance costs.

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3 System Analysis and Construction

3.1 System Structure and Function

System Structure The main function of this system is to guide and even replace the manual
labor of farmers in the process of rice duck breeding and ecological breeding based on
automation, intelligent computers and Internet of things technology. The system convert
the data to a specific format to a specific area through the data sensing device real-time
environmental data and rice growth status by the analysis of professional data management
platform and processing function module, making the corresponding decision, to guide
farmers to manage the paddy field and rice duck farming. The overall structure of the
system is shown in Fig. 4.
Based on the data acquisition module of wireless sensor network for farmland envi-
ronmental information (including water temperature, pH, concentration of C02 and light),
the growth of rice information (including rice quality, nutrient demand, pests and diseases)
and rice duck physiological growth information (including body temperature, pulse and
intake) collects the amount of information. As shown in Fig. 5, the information module
structure is complex.

3.2 System Requirement Analysis

Things from rice duck ecological planting and breeding control system receives the dis-
tribution in the paddy field acquisition based on information, and simple analysis and
processing of information, eventually presented to the user in the user interface and make
the corresponding decision. This can be raising ducks in paddy field control system is
divided into data acquisition, data visualization, data analysis and knowledge decision part,
communication part of the system.

RFID collects
temperature and Client
humidity

Knowledge
Data acquisition module
Decision System

Detection
Data warehouse
management platform

Data loading components Database

Fig. 4 Rice duck ecological management and control system

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Information module

Rice growth Farmland environmental Duck growth

information module information module information module

Rice Nutrient Diseases Soil Water Air Body

quality needs and insect layer layer Pulse
layer temperature

Structure PH Temperature Content ventilation Illumination

Fig. 5 Data collection partial information module structure diagram

The data receiving section receives information from the field environment information
collected from sensor nodes, crop growth information, and information on the growth
status of rice and ducks.
The data visualization part is mainly responsible for the information increase and
deletion, and the data analysis and processing results are displayed to the user in the form
of graphics and charts. Users’ vivid and clear results are given through the two-dimen-
sional table, pie chart, curve map, histogram and other visual forms of data. The system
communication part is mainly responsible for the efficient, unmistakable transmission and
interaction of information between systems. There are two modes of communication in this
system, one is the communication between the nodes of each sensor, and the two is the
communication between the converging node and the system.

3.3 System Software Environment

Software Environment System communication is based on TCP/IP protocol, server side

uses Tomcat 5.0.28 and more servers, Windows Server 2003 and above system, SQL
Server 2003 and above database, JDK 1.5 and above JAVA software development kit. As
shown in Fig. 6, it is a schematic diagram of the work of the control system, through which

Internet
Convergence node

Routing node
Client

Fig. 6 A schematic diagram of the work of the control system

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the principle of the detection system can be understood by its users. The components of the
control system and the technology selected include the following aspects: selection of
sensors, selection of communication protocols, monitoring mode of farmers’ information
and application mode of management platform, and communication mode of system.
Selection of Sensors The physiological and growth information of rice and rice duck in
this system is based on the EK series sensor developed by JENNIC, which is based on
JN5121 chip of British company. Users can use the jennic CodeBlocks and jennic Flash
Programmer applications provided by JENNI C to develop the system for two degrees.
The Choice of Communication Protocol When designing the wireless sensor network of
the control system, the selected network standard is the ZigBee protocol. ZigBee protocol
is suitable for node hardware requirements, low cost, low energy consumption and small
range of system development. Compared with other network protocols, it is more suit-
able for communication between wireless sensor nodes. According to the actual demand,
the universal RFID sensor and RFID sensor are adopted by the ZigBee protocol.

3.4 System Architecture of Peasant Household Intelligence Information

Management Platform

The design of software architecture directly affects the practicability and cost of software.
In the field of software engineering, the concept of system layering is widely adopted to
reduce the coupling degree between the modules of the system, which can improve the
translatability and reusability of the system module. The system is divided into several
independent aspects, which makes the division of software development more detailed, and
at the same time, it can satisfy multiple developers’ concurrent development of their
responsibility level, and improve the efficiency of system development.
Presentation Layer The presentation layer is a window that the user interacts directly
with the system. The design of the presentation layer is the direct embodiment of the
system’s easy operation, and directly affects the prospect of the system. The main func-
tions of the layer include two aspects: one is to receive data collected by the sensor device,
the other is to call the corresponding layer of the task layer to analyze and process the data,
and to return the output result and alternative plan to the page for users to see the reference.
The two is to accept the user’s request, such as query, insert, and so on, and return the
result of the user through system analysis. The system presentation layer is developed
based on the MVC mode. Model view controller (Model-View-Controller MVC) is a
software design pattern that emerged in the 80 s. Now it has been widely applied in various
systems software. The MVC pattern divides the software code into three parts: the Model
part, the Controller part, and the View section. The Model part includes the management
state objects in the application and task fields, all kinds of related logic, etc. it belongs to
the underlying model of the system. The Controller part is the middle layer, which acts as a
link, accepts the data from the View and interacts with the Model part. The View part is a
window, which is responsible for displaying the system processing result information,
accepting user input data information, and processing commands. The Struts framework is
a MVC framework based on JSP Model2Controller. In this framework, the Model part is
made up of EJB or JavaBean components that implement the business logic of the
application domain and the management state objects. The part is done by calling the
corresponding Action Servlet class and the Action class, and the View part is made up of a
set of JSP configuration files, showing the result of the program running. This system uses
the Struts framework based on MVC mode to develop the presentation layer, and is
configured through the corresponding files of the Struts framework. The data elements of

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the page are encapsulated by the Action Form class, and the tasks such as program
processing and page Jump are implemented by the Action class.
The Task Level The task layer is mainly responsible for specific tasks, the layer
transforms function. The presentation layer invokes the specific processing module of the
task layer to implement the function of the specific module in the presentation layer, and
the function of the task layer is supported by the data persistence layer. In this application,
the spring framework is used to complete the development of the task layer. The spring is
an open source framework created by Rod Johnson which it uses the basic JavaBean to
replace the complex EJB work, making the development process more simple.
Data Persistence Layer The data persistence layer is mainly responsible for interacting
with the underlying database and providing specific support to the task layer’s functional
implementation. The development of the data persistence layer is accomplished by the
HibernateDaoSupport class encapsulated in the spring framework. The spring framework
for JDBC is very lightweight object encapsulation, which can greatly simplify the program
coding, so that developers can use object-oriented programming idea to complete the
analysis and design of data persistence layer, and manipulate the underlying database.
More importantly, Hibernate can assume the persistence of the managed container in the
application of the J2EE architecture of the EJB and bear the heavy responsibility for data
persistence.
Domain Module Layer It is the crystallization of the idea of Object Relation Mapping
ORM. ORM uses objects to associate data tables, set up various objects together in the
module layer, and automatically persist the object to the underlying database. Domain
model objects can convert data from one form to another, and assume the tasks of data
communication and interaction between various layers of the system. The domain module
layer is a JavaBean component with Set/Get function method. It is used to define or
instantiate the business objects involved by the system, such as farmland, farmers, weather
and so on.

4 System Design and Implementation

4.1 Design and Implementation of Data Acquisition

The implementation of data acquisition is mainly about the rational layout of sensor nodes
and the building of wireless sensor network. This part needs to be implemented based on
specific environment and is easy to operate. This paper mainly introduces the software
design of routing nodes. Prior to the design of the routing node software, the configuration
of the node needs to be modified to complete the configuration of the IO port. After
configuring the IO port of the system, the main function is written. The flow diagram of the
main function is shown in Fig. 7.
The Zigbee protocol stack distinguishes the system event from the custom user time.
For example, the timing collection temperature in this article is a user - defined event.
Other events such as AF sending acknowledgement events and ZDO network state change
time are system events. The system events also include ZDO messages, ZDO_ CB_ MSG,
keyboard change (KEY_ CHANGE), AF cancellation, and AF_ INCOMING_ MSG_CMD
(AF_ INCOMING_ MSG_CMD). The data sent by the host to the specified node is
handled by the AF receiving message acknowledgement event (AF_ INCOMING_ MSG_

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Start

Judge the legitimacy of

Turn off the interrupt the address

Initiatize MAC
Initiation HAL

Initiatize operation
Measure the voltage system

Initialize onboard IO Interrupt enabled

Last onboard
Initiatize HAL initialization

Initialize HAL driver Interrupt enabled

Initialize End
NV memory

Fig. 7 Route node master function flow chart

CMD). The routing node is the most important node in this system. It is responsible for
detecting all the sensor data and sending it to the server for analysis and processing.

4.2 Design and Implementation of Farmers’ Information Monitoring

and Management System

The information and detection management system of farmers includes many object
information modules, such as user information, rice information, environmental weather
information, rice duck information and so on. All object information modules in this
system are developed from the bottom layer according to the order of domain module
layer, data persistence layer, task layer and presentation layer, because the subordinate
level often provides functional support for superior level. The development and processing
of rice duck information is taken as an example to explain the realization process of all the
object information and modules in this system.
Domain Module Layer In the scheme of domain module layer development based on
Hibernate component, domain model mainly includes POJO classes associated with data
tables and Hibernate mapping files that connect data tables to POJO classes.
Data Persistence Layer This layer mainly provides specific support for the corre-
sponding functional modules of the higher level task layer, and modifies and calls the
database through specific modules, so as to achieve data persistence.
Task Layer This layer plays a connecting role in the whole system application. It
processes user requests from the presentation layer through the corresponding processing
units, and calls the persistent layer module to complete the operations of data addition,
deletion, checking and modification.

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Presentation Layer This layer completes the interaction from task layer to data per-
sistence layer by obtaining user input data and sending commands, and completes the data
persistence operation.

4.3 Design and Implementation of Knowledge Decision

The overall design of the expert system decision module is shown in Fig. 8. The visual
monitoring platform collects the corresponding parameter information through the sensor
nodes laid on the farmland soil and air layer, and interacts with the computer control
platform through the collected data through the serial port communication. The monitoring
platform displays the letters, and displays them on the page in the form of polygonal map
and two-dimensional table. It enables users to get a clear and clear understanding of the
rice field environment, the physiological and growth status of rice and rice duck.
The realization process of the system early warning and decision function is as follows:
Querying farmland environment, rice and rice duck physiology through periodicity. If there
is abnormal information, the information is read from the database, the warning page is
popped out in the screen, and a reference ten thousand case is provided to the user through
knowledge decision. In the concrete implementation, the monitoring display page is
refreshed by timing, and the specific Action classes are triggered to read the corresponding
relational tables from the underlying database. And the data information in the relational
table is visualized in the form of graphics or charts. The graphics rendering in this system
is implemented by the open source component JfreeChart.

4.4 The Perfection of the System

Rice Duck Ecological Management Control System After years of research we constructed
from rice duck ecological planting and breeding control system, the control system is the
combination of network technology, information technology, animal science, plant science
in many fields of knowledge to master. The main contribution of this system is: first, the
Internet of things technology used in rice and ducks were incubated with ecological
management innovation. Secondly, the design and development system of various objects,
such as farmland environment, rice, and rice duck and so on, is considered. Thirdly, the

Expert decision-making module

Ecological farming Ecological farming

Model library
knowledge base database

Reasoning machine

Human-machine interface User

Fig. 8 General design diagram of expert decision-making module

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system integrates the intelligent knowledge decision model with the acquisition and
analysis of the object data, and realizes the combination of system technology and model
technology. Finally, the system is designed based on the protection of farmland ecological
environment and the goal of sustainable development of agriculture. It makes up for the
shortcoming of traditional agricultural production mode, which pays no attention to sac-
rificing the environment and pursuing the high yield of land unilaterally.
Rice duck ecological management control system should pay attention to the problems
in actual application: Duck in paddy ecological planting and breeding control system
through the practical application needs to be further improved and perfected. We believe
that in practical applications, the following aspects should be paid attention to:
First of all, the layout of sensor nodes should be arranged scientifically and reasonably
according to the situation in the field. The location and density of sensor nodes is the key to
determine the accuracy of data acquisition end information, and needs to be planned as a
whole. Secondly, the part of the system needs to be optimized. For example, the speed of
access to some pages needs to be improved. Again, the accuracy of data acquisition needs
to be improved. Finally, the system adaptability is improved. Although raising ducks in
paddy field ecological management control system as much as possible to consider a
variety of environmental and animal and plant information objects, but still can only
provide a general reference for farmland environment specific application needs further
refinement and localization. Therefore, in the actual production application, due to the
different varieties and environmental factors, it is necessary to adjust and modify the
system reasonably.

5 Conclusion

Duck in paddy ecological management is a set of social, economic and ecological benefits
in one of the more successful examples. With the continuous development of modern
agriculture, higher requirements for the rice field structure are put forward. The traditional
rice duck farming mode can no longer alleviate the pressure of the rice field environment.
This study adopts statistical methods, mathematical modeling and other methods, com-
bined with the research results of these directions in animal medicine, and gets relevant
environmental indicators that need to be collected. Meanwhile, according to the main
environmental factors extracted, appropriate monitoring sensors are chose and a wireless
self-organizing network system is designed by wireless communication technology. The
data acquisition module is mainly information collection and processing, which realizes the
collection and format conversion from sensor data. The collected data will be transformed
into data format that accords with protocol format and uploaded to the server side of
management platform. At the same time, the structure mode adopted by the system reads
data from the lower level data acquisition module, which provides farmers with data and
technology guidance, and sends data to the information platform at the next level. The
construction of the whole system is based on the economic and ecological benefits, and
based on the sustainable development of agriculture. In pursuit of economic benefits, we
should minimize the damage to the rice field environment. The input and use of the system
will greatly alleviate the pressure of the cultivated land, and the protection of the envi-
ronment of the paddy field is immeasurable.

Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the follow funds: (1) Yiyang City, Hunan Province 2017
annual philosophy and social science project issues (2017YS01) and (2017YS20); (2) Hunan City University

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2016 Teaching Reform Research Project (49); (3) Hunan City University Ideological and Political Education
Research Project (1303).

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Xiaobo Min Ph.D., Professor and doctoral tutor at Central South

University, mainly engaged in industrial wastewater treatment and
reuse, industrial solid waste resource and pollution control research.

Weihong Kuang graduated from Yunnan University for Nationalities

with a LL.M. degree in 2013 and is now a doctoral student in 2015 in
Ecology at the School of Metallurgy and Environment of Central South
University. She is a Lecturer in Humanities Institute of Hunan City
University. She is mainly engaged in ecology, urban ecology, eco-
logical agriculture and ecological civilization Other research.

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