Background and Review

0650420_ACs Course
Eng. Nada khatib
Department of communication and Electronics Engineering
Philadelphia University

Eng. Nada Khatib Background and Review 1

The Fourier Transform (Review)

 The Fourier transform for the nonperiodic signal g(t) is given by

the integral

 The inverse Fourier transform G(f) is given by

Eng. Nada Khatib Background and Review 2

The Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example:

 Solution:

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The Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example:

Solution:

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The Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example:

Solution:

AT

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The Fourier Transform (Review)

sin fT
G ( f )  AT
fT

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The Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example:
Solution:

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)

 Example:

Solution:

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example:

Sketch the spectrum of this signal

Solution:

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Properties of the Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example:

Solution:

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Energy and power
 Signal energy and power are both important parameters
in specifying a communication system.


E 
2
g (t ) dt


T /2

1
P g 2 (t ) dt
T T / 2

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Power Spectral density
 The normalized power of a waveform can be related to
its frequency domain description by the use of a
function called the power spectral density (PSD).
 The PSD is very useful in describing what is the power
content of signal in frequency domain.
 The area under the PSD function is the normalized
average power



2
P G ( f ) df


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Units of signal Enegy and Power
 The standard units of signal energy and power are the
joule and watt.
 However, it is often to use logarithmic scales to
describes signal power.

 The decibel power level with respect to 1 mW is dBm

Example: convert power level of 200mw to dBm

dBm  10 log (200 mw)  23 dBm
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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
Why?
1) A very large power ratio may be expressed in
decibels (dB) by a much smaller and therefore often
more convenient number
– 10 = 10 dB
– 100 = 20 dB
– 1000 = 30 dB
– 10 000 = 40 dB
2) If power ratios are to be multiplied, such
multiplication may be accomplished by the simpler
arithmetic operation of addition
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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
• Adding 3 dB means double the power, subtracting 3 dB
means halving the power
• Adding 10 dB means increase the power by a factor 10

14 10
25mw 10 mw
dBm dBm
17 20 100
50 mw dBm mw
dBm
100 20 30 1000
mw dBm dBm mw
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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
 A transmitter produces 50 W of power.

 A) Express the transmit power in dBm

 B) Express the transmit power in dBW

Solution

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Power Measurements (dB, dBm)
 A transmitter produces 100 W of power.

A) Express the transmit power in dBW

B) Express the transmit power in dBm

Solution:

A) 20dBW

B) 50dBm

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Bandwidth
 What is the meaning of Bandwidth?
 Signal Bandwidth
 It is the difference between the highest and the
lowest frequencies carried by the signal in
positive frequencies.

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Bandwidth
– Channel Bandwidth:
• Wireless: the frequency space reserved to transmission
• Wired: is the range of frequencies that it can transmit with
reasonable fidelity

Bandwidth of the channel must be equal or greater

than that of the signal bandwidth

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Bandwidth
 For band-limited signal, the bandwidth is well-defined
 When the signal is not band-limited, different
definitions exist:
 Def (1): Null-to-Null Bandwidth: A frequency at which the
spectrum is zero

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Bandwidth
 Def (2): 3dB Bandwidth

 Example: M(f) drop to 0.707 of the

peak value, which corresponds to
3dB difference in the log scale

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The Fourier Transform (Review)
 Example: Find the 3dB bamdwdith of
Solution:

1 1 1
( )  (2f ) 2  2a 2  a 2  a 2
a 2 a 2  (2f ) 2 a
f 
2
a
Then the 3-dB bandwidth equals BW 
2
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Transmission of Signals through Linear Systems
 The output of the linear time-invariant (LTI) system is given by

 Where
• h(t) is the impulse response of the system
• H(f) is the transfer function of the system

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Filters
 The ideals filters are:

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Ideal Low Pass Filter
 The ideal low-pass filters has a linear phase of slope –td,
which results in a time delay of td seconds.

sin[ 2B (t  t d )]
h(t )   2 B sinc(2 B (t  td )]
f B(t  t d )
H ( f )  rec( )
2B
 ( f )  2ft d

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Practical Filters
 In practical systems, the filters, usually, as shown in Fig. below:

 The gain of the filter can be expressed in decibels (dB):

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