Electric circuits lab

Report of the second session:

Friday 12 February 2016

Faculty of engineering

Prepared by: Charbel Hanna Mansour

Presented to: Dr. MARIE RITA HOJEIJ

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Objectives:

-Verify current divider

-Verify voltage divider

Materials:

5VDC source

2 resistors of 1 kΩ

1 resistor of 2.2 kΩ

1 resistor of 2 kΩ

1 resistor of 3.3 kΩ

-a breadboard

-a multi-meter (used first as a voltmeter then used as an ammeter)

4 alligator clips wire

4 banana test clip

Theoretical study:

R3 and R4 are in parallel: their equivalent resistor is: R eq1=1000x2000/ (1000+2000) =666.67Ω

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R1, R2, Req1 and R5 are in series:

R eq= R1+R2+Req1+R5=1000+2200+666.67+3300=7166.67Ω

The voltage across the equivalent resistor is 5V.

So i=5/ R eq=5/7166.67=0.697mA

Then the current through R1 and R2 is: i1=i2=i= 0.697mA

The current through R3 is: i3=R4/ (R3+R4) i =0.465mA

The current through R4 is: i4=R3/ (R3+R4) i=0.232 mA

The current through R5 is: i5=i3+i4=0.465+0.232=0.697mA (by using Kirchhoff’s Current Law)

Let R be the equivalent resistor of R 2, R3, R4, R5 then R=6166.67Ω

By applying voltage divider between R1 and R:

The voltage across R1 is: VR1= R1/ (R1+R).V=0.698V

The voltage across R is: VR= R/ (R1+R).V=4.302V

The voltage across R2 is: V2=R2i2=2200x0.697x10-3=1.53V

The voltage across R3 is equal to: V3=R3i3=1000x0.465x10-3=0.465V

The voltage across R4 is equal to the voltage across R3:V4=0.465V

The voltage across R5 is equal to: V5=VR-V2-V3 =4.302-1.53-0.465=2.307V

Practical study:

We use a breadboard to connect resistors then we connect the generator of 5V to the circuit.

The multi-meter used as a voltmeter (adjusted to 20V) gives us the voltage across each resistor. The
voltmeter and the resistor should be in parallel.

The voltage across R1 is 0.70V

The voltage across R2 is 1.54V

The voltage across R3 is 0.47V

The voltage across R4 is 0.47V

The voltage across R5 is 2.33V.

The multi-meter used as an ammeter gives us the current in different branches in the circuit. The
ammeter should be placed in series with the resistor.

The current between R1 and R2 is 0.71mA.

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The current between R2 and R3 is 0.47mA

The current between R2 and R4 is 0.23 mA

The current between (R3, R4) and R5 is 0.71mA

Simulation using P Spice:

This image represents the circuit after choosing bias point as an analysis type.

The voltage across R1 is 5.000-4.302=0.698V

The voltage across R2 is 4.302-2.767=1.535V

The voltage across R3 is the same as the voltage across R4 and it is equal to 2.767-2.302=0.465V

The voltage across R5 is 2.302 V

Conclusion: The results obtained in the theoretical study and in P Spice are the same. But we can find a
difference between them and the results obtained in the practical study.

Calculation of errors between the theoretical study and the practical study:

Element Error concerning the voltage: Error concerning the current

|Vtheoretical-Vpractical|/Vtheoretical x100 | itheoretical – ipractical|/itheoretical x100
R1 |0.698-0.70|/0.698x100=0.286% |0.697-0.71|/0.697x100=1.8%

R2 |1.53-1.54|/1.53x100=0.654% |0.697-0.71|/0.697x100=1.8%

R3 |0.465-0.47|/0.465x100=1% |0.465-0.47|/0.465x100=1%

R4 |0.465-0.47|/0.465x100=1% |0.232-0.23|/0.232x100=0.86%

R5 |2.307-2.33|/2.307x100=1% |0.697-0.71|/0.697x100=1.8%

All the errors are less than 5% which is acceptable.