SECTION – C

Que.1 Explain types of operating system.

Ans. 1) serial processing: before 1950’s the programmers need to write programs
on punched cards. The punched cards read by card readers and executed using
computer machines. Then the output is taken on the printers. This process can be
programmed one after other serially.

2) Multi programming or multitasking

It is a technique to execute number of programs simultaneously by using a single
processor
OS
MEMORY JOB 1
PARTITIONS JOB 2
JOB 3
JOB 4
Here a group of jobs can be kept in a job pool. The OS picks one job and starts
executing it. After sometime the job may have to wait for some task. Such as I/O
operations. Due courses of time the OS starts executing the next job in the pool.
When that job needs to wait the OS switches to next job. When several jobs are
ready for process, then the system makes decision of selecting one job from them
called CPU scheduling.
When several jobs are ready to be brought to memory the n the OS selects a job
for its process called job scheduling.
The multiprogramming operating can be two types based on.
a) CPU bound: jobs which performs numerical calculations
b) I/O bound: jobs which perform I/O operations.
Advantages of multiprogramming operating system
Multiprogramming OS consist of following advantages:
a) A multiprogramming system is one in which there are multiple programs
ready to run in memory at the same time.
b) There is only one CPU and actually only program can be executed at any
given time on the CPU.
c) Multiprogramming makes efficient use of the CPU by overlapping the
demands for the CPU and its I/O devices from various users. It attempts to
increase CPU utilization by always having something for the CPU to execute.
 d) Once a program is allocated, the CPU continues to execute till it require
performing some I/o operation. The CPU is then allocated to some other
program.

2) Batch processing: we can batch as group of jobs. The operating system allows
user to form batches and allow him to input a sequence of batches to the
computer. Computer executes the jobs of each batch sequentially.
Execution

CPU
Job1 Job 1

Job2 Job 2

Job3

Job 3

Batch 1 batch 2

Batch and batch processing

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly.
Each user prepares his jobs on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it
to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are
batched together and run as a group.
The problem with batch operating system is as follows:
 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
 CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/o devices is slower
than the CPU.
 Difficult to provide the desired priority.

3) Time sharing or multitasking operating system:

It is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU scheduler selects a job
from the ready queue and the CPU start executing that job for a specific time
slice, when the time slot is expired, the CPU switches to another job for
execution. So it is called the time sharing operating system, So a time sharing
operating system users scheduling and multiprogramming both to provide each
user with a small portion of time.

CRT

CPU
CRT

CRT

TIME SHARING SYSTEM

Advantages of time sharing operating system:

a) Provide the advantage of quick response
b) Avoids duplication of software
c) Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages of time-sharing operating system:
a) Problem of reliability
b) Question of security and integrity of user programs
c) Problem of data communication

4) Distributed operating system

Distributed system uses multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors accordingly.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication
lines (such as high speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely
coupled system or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may
vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes,
computers, and so on.
The advantages of distributed system are as follows:
 With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the
resources available at another.
 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mails.
 Better service to the customer
 Reduction of the load on the host computer
 Reduction of delays in data processing.