Mastering Math M1B Unlocked

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MASTERING
MASTERING
Mastering Mathematics S.1B
MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
Secondary
Secondary
1B1B
Yeap Ban Har,
YeapPh.D.
Ban Har, Ph.D.
Choy Ban Heng,
Choy Ban
Ph.D.Heng, Ph.D.
Joseph YeoJoseph
Boon Wooi,
Yeo Boon
Ph.D.Wooi, Ph.D.
Teh Keng Seng
Teh Keng Seng
Work-Textbook
Mastering Mathematics
Secondary 1B Secondary
Subject Area: Mathematics

Based on Thailand’s newly revised curriculum of B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017)
1B
Authors
Yeap Ban Har, Ph.D. K
Asst. Prof. Choy Ban Heng, Ph.D. E
Joseph Yeo Boon Wooi, Ph.D. Y
Teh Keng Seng
Editors
Tipsuda Buakaew
Poranee Tatsanasaengsoon
Sathawut Anuraksakulwet
Kanjana Heenpooh
First published 2019
All rights reserved

ISBN: 885-86491-3666-4
Product code: 2116012
This Secondary Mathematics Series, adapted from the New Syllabus Mathematics series,
is published in collaboration with Shing Lee Publishers Pte Ltd, Singapore.
Preface
Mastering Mathematics is a series of Work-Textbooks written based on the B.E. 2560
(A.D. 2017) revised version of Thailand’s Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D.
2008). This series is adapted and developed from the New Syllabus Mathematics series
in collaboration with Shing Lee Publishers Pte Ltd, Singapore aiming to enhance skills
needed in the 21st Century, which include analytical skill, problem-solving skill, creativity,
ICT skills and collaboration skill. These skills help students to act on economic, social,
cultural and environmental changes potentially such that they are able to compete and live
harmoniously with the world community.
Key Features
K
Worked Example Exercise
E This shows students how to apply what they The questions are classified into three levels
Y
have learned to solved related problems and of difficulty–Basic, Intermediate and Advanced.
how to present their working clearly.
Practice Now Summary

At the end of each Worked Example, a
similar question will be provided for immediate At the end of each chapter, a succinct summary
practice. Where appropriate, this includes further of the key concepts is provided to help students
questions of progressive difficulty. consolidate what they have learned.
Similar Questions Review Exercise
A list of similar questions in the Exercise is This is included at the end of each chapter for
given here to help teachers choose questions the consolidation of learning of concepts.
that their students can do on their own.
Challenge Yourself
Optional problems are included at the end of each chapter to challenge and stretch high-ability
students to their fullest potential.
Active Learning Activities
Investigation Class Discussion

Activities are included to guide students to Questions are provided for students to discuss in
investigate and discover important mathematical class, with the teacher acting as the facilitator.
concepts so that they can construct their own The questions will assist students to learn new
knowledge meaningfully. knowledge, think mathematically, and enhance
their reasoning and oral communication skills.
Thinking Time Journal Writing

Key questions are also included at appropriate Opportunities are provided for students to
junctures to check if students have grasped reflect on their learning and to communicate
various concepts and to create opportunities for mathematically. It can also be used as a
them to further develop their thinking. formative assessment to provide feedback to
students to improve on their learning.
Performance Task K
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Mini projects are designed to develop research and presentation skills in the students.
Marginal Notes
ATTENTION PROBLEM SOLVING TIP INFORMATION
This contains important This guides students on how This includes information
information that students to approach a problem. that may be of interest to
should know. students.
RECALL JUST FOR FUN INTERNET RESOURCES
This contains certain This contains puzzles, This guides students to

mathematical concepts or fascinating facts and search on the Internet for
rules that students have interesting stories as valuable information or
learned previously. enrichment for students. interesting online games
for their independent and
self-directed learning.
Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 2
Ratios 2 Geometric Constructions 58

1.1 Ratios of Many Numbers 4 2.1 Introduction to Geometric Constructions 60
1.2 Proportions 17 2.2 Construction of Two-Dimensional
1.3 Real-Life Applications of Ratios, Geometric Figures using Basic
Proportions and Percentages 28 Geometric Constructions 87
Summary 51 Summary 98
Review Exercise 1 52 Review Exercise 2 101
Challenge Yourself 57 Challenge Yourself 105
Chapter 3 Chapter 4
Linear Equations 106 Statistics 174

in Two Variables 4.1 Introduction to Statistics 176
3.1 Ordered Pairs 108 4.2 Statistical Questions 177
K 3.2 Cartesian Coordinates 114 4.3 Data Collection 181
E
Y 3.3 Graphs of Linear Relationships 131 4.4 Display and Interpretation
3.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables 141 of Data 187
3.5 Real-Life Applications of Linear 4.5 Statistics in Real-World Contexts 213
Equations in Two Variables 156 Summary 227
Summary 166 Review Exercise 4 228
Review Exercise 3 168 Challenge Yourself 234
Challenge Yourself 173
Problems in Real-World Contexts 235

Learning Standard and Indicators Strand 1 Strand 2 Strand 3
Standard M 1.1 Standard M 1.2 Standard M 1.3 Standard M 2.1 Standard M 2.2 Standard M 3.1 Standard M 3.2
Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator
Chapter/Topic 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1
Chapter 1: Ratios
1.1 Ratios of Many Numbers ✓
1.2 Proportions ✓
1.3 Real-Life Applications of Ratios, Proportions

✓
and Percentages
Chapter 2: Geometric Constructions
✓
2.1 Introduction to Geometric Constructions
for Mastering Mathematics Secondary 1B
2.2 Construction of Two-Dimensional Geometric

✓
Figures using Basic Geometric Constructions
Chapter 3: Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.1 Ordered Pairs ✓ ✓
Table of Learning Standards and Indicators
3.2 Cartesian Coordinates ✓ ✓
3.3 Graphs of Linear Relationships ✓
Taught in other levels

3.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables

3.5 Real-Life Applications of Linear Equations in
✓ ✓
Two Variables
Chapter 4: Statistics
4.1 Introduction to Statistics
4.2 Statistical Questions ✓
4.3 Data Collection ✓
4.4 Display and Interpretation of Data ✓
4.5 Statistics in Real-World Contexts ✓

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2
Chapter 1
Ratios
The famous Vitruvian Man was created by the world-
renowned artist Leonardo da Vinci in 1487.
The drawing is sometimes called Proportions of Man
because it shows the ideal human proportions, which
follow the Golden Ratio.
Golden ratio is the ratio generally accepted as the most

fascinated ratio in the world. Therefore, there are many K
E
man-made structures, such as the Parthenon and the Y
Great Pyramid, whose dimensions are in the Golden Ratio.
This ratio even appears in nature, e.g.in Nautilus.
Indicator
• Understand and apply the concepts of ratio, proportion and
percentage to solve mathematical and real-world problems
(MA 1.1 G. 7/3)
Compulsory Details
• Ratios of many numbers
• Proportions
• Real-life applications of ratios, proportions and percentages
3
1.1 Ratios of Many Numbers
In primary school, we have learned how to solve problems involving ratios.
A ratio is used to compare two or more quantities of the same kind which are measured
in the same unit.
The ratio of a is to b, where a and b represent two quantities
of the same kind, and b 0, is written as a : b, or expressed
as a fraction as ab which is read as a to b.
1. Equivalent Ratios
× 3 ÷ 2
6 = 2 = 1
12 4 2
K 3 × ÷ 2
E
Y
We have learned in primary school that 12 , 24 and 126 are equivalent fractions.
These fractions can be expressed as ratios:
× 3 ÷ 2 ATTENTION
6 : 12 = 2 : 4 = 1 : 2 The order in which a ratio is

expressed is important.
× 3 ÷ 2
1 : 2, 2 : 4 and 6 : 12 are known as equivalent ratios. The simplest form is 1 : 2
Is 23 : 46 and 16 : 13 equivalent to 1 : 2?
23 : 46 = 23 46
23 : 23 (divide both parts by 23)
= 1:2
1 : 1 = 1 × 6 : 1 × 6 (multiply both parts by 6)
6 3 6 3
= 1:2
Therefore, 23 : 46 and 16 : 13 are equivalent to 1 : 2.
4
In general, a ratio is said to be in its simplest form a : b when a and b are integers
with no common factors (other than 1). We can find a ratio that is equivalent to the
given ratio by using the following principles:
1) Multiplication Principle
When multiplying both numbers in a ratio by the same integer that is not equal to 0,
we get a new ratio that is equivalent to the first ratio.
2) Division Principle
When dividing both numbers in a ratio by the same integer that is not equal to 0, we
get a new ratio that is equivalent to the first ratio.
Given that a : b and c are integers that is not equal to 0, we get

a : b = ab = ab ×× cc and a : b = ab = ba ÷÷ cc .
We can also express “23 : 46 is equivalent to 1 : 2” in the following manner.

Consider using cross-multiplication to 23 1
46 and 2 below, K
E
we get 23 × 2 = 46 and 1 × 46 = 46. Y
That is, 23 : 46 and 1 : 2 are equivalent ratios.
Therefore, we can check the equality of ratios by using the cross-multiplication method.
Given two ratios ab and dc , where a, b, c and d are positive integers,
if a × d = b × c then a : b and c : d are equivalent ratios. However,
if a × d c × b then a : b and c : d are unequal ratios.
Worked Example 1
1) Use the Multiplication Principle to find two equivalent ratios for the ratio 2 : 5.
2) Use the Division Principle to find two equivalent ratios for the ratio 15 : 45.
Solution:
1) 2 : 5 = 2 × 3 : 5 × 3 = 6 : 15 2) 15 : 45 = 15 ÷ 3 : 45 ÷ 3 = 5 : 15
2 : 5 = 2 × 4 : 5 × 4 = 8 : 20 15 : 45 = 15 ÷ 5 : 45 ÷ 5 = 3 : 9
Therefore, 2 : 5 = 6 : 15 = 8 : 20. Therefore, 15 : 45 = 5 : 15 = 3 : 9.
5
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1A Questions 1 - 2
1) Use the Multiplication Principle to find two equivalent ratios for the ratio 3 : 7.
3 : 7 = 3 3 : 7 3 = 9 : 21 × × 3 : 7 = 3 5 : 7 5 = 15 : 35 × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 3 : 7 = 9 : 21 = 15 : 35.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Use the Division Principle to find two equivalent ratios for the ratio 20 : 40.
20 : 40 = 20 2 : 40 2 = 10 : 20 ÷ ÷ 20 : 40 = 20 5 : 40 5 = 4 : 8 ÷ ÷
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 20 : 40 = 10 : 20 = 4 : 8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 2
Simplify each of the following.
1) 23 : 56 2) 0.12 : 0.56
K Solution:
E 1) 23 : 56 = 23 × 6 : 56 × 6 2) 0.12 : 0.56 = 0.12 × 100 : 0.56 × 100
Y
= 4:5 = 12 : 56
Therefore, 23 : 56 = 4 : 5. = 12 ÷ 4 : 56 ÷ 4
= 3 : 14
Therefore, 0.12 : 0.56 = 3 : 14.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1A Questions 3, 8 - 9
Simplify each of the following.
1) 35 : 89 2) 0.36 : 1.2
3 : 8 = 3 45 : 8 45 × ×
............................................................................................................. 0.36 : 1.2 = 0.36 100 : 1.2 100 × ×
.............................................................................................................
5 9 5 9
= 27 : 40
............................................................................................................. = 36 : 120
.............................................................................................................
Therefore, 35 : 89 = 27 : 40.
............................................................................................................. = 36 ÷ 12 : 120 ÷ 12
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. = 3 : 10
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. Therefore, 0.36 : 1.2 = 3 : 10.

.............................................................................................................
6
Worked Example 3
Determine whether the following pairs of ratios are equivalent using the cross-multiplication
method.
1) 4 : 7 and 20 : 35 2) 5 : 9 and 15 : 18
Solution:
1) Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 47 and 20 35 .
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, 4 × 35 = 140 and 7 × 20 = 140.
Since 4 × 35 = 7 × 20,
4 : 7 is equivalent to 20 : 35.
2) Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 59 and 15 18 .
Since 5 × 18 9 × 15,
5 : 9 is not equivalent to 15 : 18.
K
Similar Questions E
Practice Now Exercise 1A Questions 4, 10
Y
Determine whether the following pairs of ratios are equivalent using the cross-multiplication
method.
1) 3 : 8 and 18 : 40
Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 38 and 18 40.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 3 × 40 8 × 18,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 11 : 2 and 44 : 8
Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 112 and 448
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 11 × 8 = 2 × 44,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7
Investigation
Golden Ratio
X Y
C
B
Z
A
(a) Vitruvian Man (b) Parthenon in Athens
1. Fig. (a) shows the famous Vitruvian Man drawn by the world-renowned artist Leonardo
da Vinci in 1487. Measure the lengths of AB and BC and find the ratios AC AB and
AB
BC correct to 2 decimal places.
AB = 1.7 cm
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K BC = 1.05 cm
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y AC = 2.75 ≈ 1.62
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB 1.7
AB 1.7
BC = 1.05 ≈ 1.62
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Fig. (b) shows the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. Measure the length XY and width
YZ of the rectangle, and find the ratio XYZY correct to 2 decimal places.
X Y = 4.2 cm
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
YZ = 2.6 cm
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XY = 4.2 ≈ 1.62
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
YZ 2.6
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. What do you notice about the values obtained in the previous two questions?
All the values on the previous questions are all equal.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8
2. Ratios of Many Numbers
Ratios can also be used to make comparisons among three or more quantities.
For example, if x = 18, y = 27 and z = 54, then
x : y : z = 18 : 27 : 54 = 2 : 3 : 6
From the above, we can deduce that
x:y=2:3
y:z=3:6=1:2
x:z=2:6=1:3
Note : The ratio of three quantities can be simplified by multiplying or dividing each term by the
same constant but we cannot do so by cross-multiplication.
Worked Example 4
If x : y = 11 : 8 and y : z = 6 : 7, calculate the following.
1) x : y : z 2) x : z K
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Solution : PROBLEM SOLVING TIP Y
1) x : y = 11 : 8 y:z = 6:7 y is the common part in the ratios
× 3 × 4 x : y and y : z. To calculate x : y :
z, we find the equivalent ratios
= 33 : 24 = 24 : 28 of x : y and y : z such that y
Therefore, x : y : z = 33 : 24 : 28. has the same number of units in
both ratios.
2) From 1), x : z = 33 : 28.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1A Questions 5 - 7, 11
If x : y = 5 : 6 and y : z = 4 : 9, find the following.
1) x : y : z 2) x : z
x :y = 5:6 y:z = 4:9
.............................................................................................................. From 1), : z = 10 : 27. x
.............................................................................................................
× 2 × 3
.............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
= 10 : 12 = 12 : 27
.............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
Therefore, x : y : z = 10 : 12 : 27.
.............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
9
Worked Example 5
The ratio of James’s age to John’s age is 2 : 3 and the ratio of John’s age to Jack’s
age is 5 : 4. Find the following.
1) The ratio of James’s age to John’s age to Jack’s age
2) The ratio of John’s age to the sum of the ages of them
Solution:
1) Since the ratio of James’s age to John’s age is 2 : 3
and the ratio of John’s age to Jack’s age is 5 : 4,
we get James’s age : John’s age = 2 : 3 and John’s age : Jack’s age = 5 : 4
× 5 × 3
= 10 : 15 = 15 : 12
Therefore, the ratio of James’s age to John’s age to Jack’s age is 10 : 15 : 12.
2) The sum of the ages of them is 10 + 15 + 12 = 37.
K
Therefore, the ratio of John’s age to the sum of the ages of them is 15 : 37.
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Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1A Question 12
Given that ABC is a scalene triangle with the ratio of the side length of
AB : BC = 4 : 5 and BC : AC = 6 : 7. Find the following.
1) The ratio of AB : BC : AC
Since AB : BC = 4 : 5 and BC : AC = 6 : 7,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get AB : BC = 4 : 5 BC : AC = 6 : 7
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
×6 ×5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 24 : 30 = 30 : 35
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio of the side length of AB : BC : AC is 24 : 30 : 35.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The ratio of the side length of AC to the length of its perimeter

The perimeter of the triangle is 24 + 30 + 35 = 89.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio of the side length of AC to the length of its perimeter is 35 : 89.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10
Journal Writing
1. An example of a use of ratio in everyday life can be found in technology such as
the aspect ratios of televisions. The two most common sizes of televisions are
standard and windscreen, where the aspect ratios are 4 : 3 and 16 : 9, respectively.
Find out more about aspect ratios and record your findings.
2. Search on the Internet to find out other uses of ratios in everyday life and give a
description for each example.
Exercise 1A
Basic Level
1. Using the Multiplication Principle, find two equivalent ratios for the following ratios.
1) 1 : 7 2) 5 : 4 K
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1:7 = 1 3:7 3
× ×
………………………………………………………………………………… 5:4 = 5 2:4 2
× ×
…………………………………………………………………………………
= 3 : 21
………………………………………………………………………………… = 10 : 8
…………………………………………………………………………………
1:7 = 1×4:7×4
………………………………………………………………………………… 5:4 = 5×5:4×5
…………………………………………………………………………………
= 4 : 28
………………………………………………………………………………… = 25 : 20
…………………………………………………………………………………
Therefore, 1 : 7 = 3 : 21 = 4 : 28.
………………………………………………………………………………… Therefore, 5 : 4 = 10 : 8 = 25 : 20.
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………
2. Using the Division Principle, find two equivalent ratios for the following ratios.
1) 30 : 50 2) 16 : 12
30 : 50 = 30 ÷ 2 : 50 ÷ 2
………………………………………………………………………………… 16 : 12 = 16 ÷ 2 : 12 ÷ 2
…………………………………………………………………………………
= 15 : 25
………………………………………………………………………………… = 8:6
…………………………………………………………………………………
30 : 50 = 30 ÷ 10 : 50 ÷ 10
………………………………………………………………………………… 16 : 12 = 16 ÷ 4 : 12 ÷ 4
…………………………………………………………………………………
= 3:5
………………………………………………………………………………… = 4:3
…………………………………………………………………………………
Therefore, 30 : 50 = 15 : 25 = 3 : 5.
………………………………………………………………………………… Therefore, 16 : 12 = 8 : 6 = 4 : 3.
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………
11
3. Simplify each of the following ratios.
1) 15 9
24 : 7 2) 0.45 : 0.85
15 : 9 = 15 168 : 9 168 × ×
.............................................................................................................. 0.45 : 0.85 = 0.45 100 : 0.85 100 × ×
..............................................................................................................
24 7 24 7
= 105 : 216
.............................................................................................................. = 45 : 85
..............................................................................................................
= 35 : 72
.............................................................................................................. = 9 : 17
..............................................................................................................
Therefore, 15 9
24 : 7 = 35 : 72.
.............................................................................................................. Therefore, 0.45 : 0.85 = 9 : 17.
..............................................................................................................
4. Determine whether the following pairs of ratios are equivalent using the cross-
multiplication method.
1) 4 : 17 and 12 : 35
Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 174 and 12 35.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, 4 35 = 140 and 17 12 = 204. × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 4 × 35 17 × 12,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 2) 25 : 54 and 100 : 216
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Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 25 54 and 216 .
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, 25 × 216 = 5,400 and 54 × 100 = 5,400.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 25 × 216 = 54 × 100,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Given that a : b : c = 75 : 120 : 132, simplify and find the following.

1) Simplify a : b : c. 2) Find b : a.
a : b : c = 75 : 120 : 132
.............................................................................................................. b : a = 40 : 25
..............................................................................................................
= 25 : 40 : 44
.............................................................................................................. = 8:5
..............................................................................................................
Therefore, a : b : c = 25 : 40 : 44.
.............................................................................................................. Therefore, b : a = 8 : 5.
..............................................................................................................
3) Find b : c. 4) Find a : c.
b : c = 40 : 44
.............................................................................................................. a : c = 25 : 44
..............................................................................................................
= 10 : 11
.............................................................................................................. Therefore, a : c = 25 : 44.
..............................................................................................................
Therefore, b : c = 10 : 11.
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
12
6. In a parking lot, the ratio of red cars to black is 5 : 6, while that of black cars to
white is 3 : 10. Find the ratio of red cars to black cars to white cars in its simplest
form.
red : black = 5 : 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
black : white = 3 : 10 = 6 : 20
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, red : black : white = 5 : 6 : 20.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. In a sport competition, there were 3,600 athletes attending it. There were also 1,200
media representatives who reported on the Games, 20,000 volunteers who helped
out during the Games and 370,000 spectators who attended the Games. Find the
ratio of the following.
1) The number of athletes to the number of volunteers
= 3,600 : 20,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 9 : 50
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio of the athletes to the volunteers is 9 : 50.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
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2) The number of media representatives to the number of athletes to the number of
spectators
= 1,200 : 3,600 : 370,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3 : 9 : 925
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio of the media representatives to the athletes to the spectators is
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 : 9 : 925.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Intermediate Level
8. Simplify each of the following.
1) 4 15 kg : 630 g
4 15 kg : 630 g = 4,200 g : 630 g
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4,200 ÷ 210 : 630 ÷ 210
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 20 : 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
Therefore, 4 5 kg : 630 g = 20 : 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2) 0.75 : 3 165
0.75 : 3 165 = 100 75 : 3 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16
= 3 : 53
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 16
= 3 × 16 : 53 × 16
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 16
= 12 : 53
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 0.75 : 3 165 = 12 : 53.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. Simplify each of the following.

1) 0.6 kg : 34 kg : 400 g
0.6 kg : 34 kg : 400 g = 600 g : 750 g : 400 g
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 600 ÷ 50 : 750 ÷ 50 : 400 ÷ 50
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 12 : 15 : 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 0.6 kg : 34 kg : 400 g = 12 : 15 : 8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 2) 13 : 2.5 : 3 34
1 : 2.5 : 3 3 = 1 12 : 2.5 12 : 3 3 12 × × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 4 3 4
= 4 : 30 : 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 13 : 2.5 : 3 34 = 4 : 30 : 45.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 1.2 : 3 103 : 5.5

1.2 : 3 103 : 5.5 = 1.2 10 : 3 103 10 : 5.5 10 × × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 12 : 33 : 55
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 1.2 : 3 103 : 5.5 = 12 : 33 : 55.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14
10. Given that the following pairs of ratios are equivalent, find the value of x.
1) x : 4 and 18 : 24
Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 4x and 18 24.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, x × 24 = 24x and 4 × 18 = 72.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since x : 4 is equivalent to 18 : 24,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
24x = 72
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 14 : 7 and 2 : x
Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 147 and 2 . x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, 14 × x = 14x and 7 × 2 = 14.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 14 : 7 is equivalent to 2 : x,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14x = 14
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 1. K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
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3) 28 : 56 and x : 8
Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 28 56 and 8 .
x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, 28 × 8 = 224 and 56 × x = 56x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 28 : 56 is equivalent to x : 8,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
56x = 224
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) 1.3 : x and 65 : 250

Expressing the ratios as fractions, we get 1.3 and 250 65 .
x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Taking the cross-multiplication of the two fractions, 1.3 × 250 = 325 and x × 65 = 65x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 1.3 : x is equivalent to 65 : 250,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
65x = 325
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15
11. If p : q = 34 : 2 and p : r = 13 : 12 , find the following.
1) p : q : r
p : q = 34 : 2 p : r = 13 : 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 4 × 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3: 8 = 2: 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 2 × 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6 : 16 = 6: 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, p : q : r = 6 : 16 : 9.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) q : r
From 1), q : r = 16 : 9.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Advanced Level
E
Y 12. There are 875 students and teachers altogether at a school. If the ratio of male
students to female students is 6 : 5 and the ratio of teachers to male students is
1 : 9. Find the number of male and female students.
.............................................................................................................................................................................
Male students : female students = 6 : 5 teachers : male students = 1 : 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
×3 ×2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
= 18 : 15
............................................................................................................................................................................ = 2 : 18
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Male students : female students : teachers = 18 : 15 : 2

............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
×a ×a ×a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
18a : 15a : 2a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
We get 18a + 15a + 2a = 875
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
35a = 875
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
a = 25.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the number of male students is 18 × 25 = 450
............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the number of female students is 15 × 25 = 375.

............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16
1.2 Proportions
Class Discussion
A book shelf has the size as shown in the image below:
86 cm
80 cm
1. Find the ratio of the length to the height of the shelf from the given information. K
E
80 : 86
We get ………………………………. as the ratio of the length to the height of the shelf. Y
2. Find the ratio of the length to the height of the shelf by measuring from the image.
When measuring the image using a ruler,
4
the length of this image is ………………………………. centimeters;
4.3
the height of this image is ………………………………. centimeters.
4 : 4.3
The ratio of the length : the height of this image is ………………………………. .
3. Are the ratios in 1. and 2. equivalent?
We write the ratio in the form of fraction as 80 4
86 and 4.3.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Consider using cross-multiplication, we get 80 × 4.3 = 344 and 86 × 4 = 344.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Since 80 × 4.3 = 86 × 4,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
then 80 : 86 and 4 : 4.3 are equivalent ratios.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. An equation showing the equivalence of two ratios is called proportion. Consider the
information obtained above whether they are proportional. If yes, how can they be
expressed?
Yes, they are proportional. They can be expressed as 4 : 4.3 = 80 : 86, which shows that
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
the two ratios are equivalent.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17
From class discussion, we can see that 4 : 4.3 and 80 : 86 are equivalent ratios. They
can be expressed in an equation as 4 : 4.3 = 80 : 86. We called this equation showing
the equivalence of two ratios as a proportion.
Worked Example 6
Given that 4x : 9 = 7 : 3, calculate the value of x.
Solution:
4x : 9 = 7 : 3 4x = 7 ×3 9
4x = 7 4x = 21
9 3
4x × 3 = 7 × 9 x = 5 14
Therefore, x = 5 14 .
Practice Now Similar Questions

Exercise 1B Questions 1 - 2
Given that 3a : 10 = 8 : 5, find the value of a.
K 3a : 10 = 8 : 5 3a = 16
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E 3a 8
Y 10 = 5 a = 5 13
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3a × 5 = 8 × 10 Therefore, a = 5 13 .
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3a = 8 ×5 10
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 7
The ratio of the number of female participants to the number of male participants at a
party is 4 : 9. If there are 30 more male participants than female participants, calculate
the total number of people who attended the party.
Solution:
Method 1: Using Proportion Total number of people = x + x + 30
Let x be the number of female participants. = 24 + 24 + 30
Then the number of male participants = = 78
x + 30. Therefore, the total number of people
x 4 who attended the party is 78.
x + 30 = 9
9x = 4x + 120
5x = 120
x = 24
18
PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
Method 2: Using model method
You may draw a model to help you
Total number make sense of a problem.
Female 30 of people
Male attending the
party INTERNET RESOURCES
The difference in the number of participants is
Visit http://www.shinglee.com.sg/
9 - 4 = 5 parts. StudentResources/ to access the
5 parts represent 30 participants. AlgeTools™ software. Select the
1 part represents 305 = 6 participants. AlgeBar™ application to solve
word problems on ‘Ratio’. You may
Total number of participants is represented by draw models to help you formulate
9 + 4 = 13 parts. the equations.
13 parts represent 13 × 6 = 78 participants.
Therefore, 78 people attended the party.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Questions 3, 6, 10 K
E
Y
1. The ratio of the number of fiction books to the number of non-fiction books in a
library is 5 : 2. If there are 1,421 fiction and non-fiction books altogether, how many
more fiction than non-fiction books are there in the library?
Let the number of fiction books = 5 . x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then the number of non-fiction book = 2x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Fiction
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Non-fiction
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the model, we form the equation:
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x + 2x = 1,421
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7x = 1,421
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 203
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
There are 3 × 203 = 609 more fiction than non-fiction books in the library.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, there are 609 more fiction than non-fiction books in the library.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19
2. Kate and Nora each has a sum of money. The ratio of the amount of money Kate
has to that of Nora is 3 : 5. After Nora gives 150 baht to Kate, the ratio of the
amount of money Kate has to that of Nora becomes 7 : 9. Find the sum of money
Kate had initially.
Let the amount of money Kate had initially be 3 baht. x x x
27 - 35 = -1,050 - 1,350
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then the amount of money Nora had initially is 5x baht. -8x = -2,400
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 300.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Kate Nora Therefore, the amount of money
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Before 3x baht 5x baht Kate had initially = 3 × 300 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
After 3x + 150 baht 5x - 150 baht = 900 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, 3x + 150 = 7
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 150 9
9(3x + 150) = 7(5x - 150)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
27x + 1,350 = 35x - 1,050
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Worked Example 8
E
Y
The amount of gasoline in the fuel tanks of 3 cars A, B and C are in the ratio 8 : 10 : 13.
If the tank with the smallest amount of gasoline has 52 ℓ of gas, find the difference in
the amount of gasoline in the other two cars.
Solution:
Method 1: Using Proportion
Let the amount of gasoline in cars A, B and C be x, y and z respectively.
Then, x : y : z = 8 : 10 : 13.
x : y = 8 : 10 x : z = 8 : 13
x = 8 x = 8
y 10 z 13
52 = 8 52 = 8
y 10 z 13
8y = 520 8z = 676
y = 65 z = 84.5
Difference in amount of gasoline = 84.5 - 65
= 19.5 ℓ
20
Method 2: Using Unitary Method
52 ℓ
A
B
C
The difference in the amount of gasoline in car B and car C is 13 - 10 = 3 parts.
Car A has 8 parts of gasoline, equivalent to 52 ℓ.
8 parts represent 52 ℓ.
1 part represents 528 ℓ.
3 parts represent 528 × 3 = 19.5 ℓ.
Therefore, the difference in the amount of gasoline in the other two cars is 19.5 ℓ.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Question 4 K
E
A shop owner blends three types of tea, A, B and C, in the ratio 6 : 4 : 7. If the mass Y
of tea C in the mixture is 28 kg, find the difference in the masses of the other two types
of tea.
A
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
C
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The difference in mass of Tea A and Tea B is 6 - 4 = 2 parts.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Tea C has 7 parts, equivalent to 28 kg.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 parts represent 28 kg.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 part represents 287 kg = 4 kg.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 parts represent 4 × 2 = 8 kg.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the difference in masses of the other two types of tea is 8 kg.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
21
Worked Example 9
A map has a scale of 1 : 300,000.
1) If a road has a length of 3 cm on the map, calculate its actual length.
2) If the distance between two stadiums is 7.5 km, find the corresponding distance on
the map.
Solution:
1) The ratio of the length of the road on the map to actual length is 3 : x.
3 = 1
x 300,000
x = 3 × 300,000
= 900,000 cm
= 9 km
Therefore, the actual length of the road is 9 km.
2) Since 1 km = 100,000 cm,
K 7.5 km = 7.5 × 100,000 = 750,000 cm.
E
Y The ratio of distance on the map to actual distance is y : 750,000.
y = 1
750,000 300,000
300,000y = 750,000
y = 2.5 cm
Therefore, the distance between the two stadiums on the map is 2.5 cm.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Questions 5 - 7
A map has a scale of 1 : 500,000.
1) If a road has a length of 6.5 cm on the map, find its actual length.
The ratio of the length of the road on the map to actual length is 6.5 : x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.5 = 1
x 500,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 6.5 × 500,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3,250,000 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 32.5 km
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the actual length of the road is 32.5 km.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
22
2) If the distance between two towns is 25 km, calculate the corresponding distance
on the map.
Since 1 km = 100,000 cm,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25 km = 25 × 100,000 = 2,500,000 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio of distance on the map to actual distance is y : 2,500,000.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y 1
2,500,000 = 500,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
500,000y = 2,500,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 5 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance between the two towns on the map is 5 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 10
Phum drives from his house to his workplace with the average speed of 50 km/h, which
takes 3 hours. If Phum drives the same route with the average speed of 60 km/h, how
long will it take?
ATTENTION
Solution: From the question, when Phum K
Given that Phum drives with the average speed drives faster, the time it takes to E
Y
of 60 km/h, it will take x hour. With the average travel is shorter. We can see that
speed of 50 km/h, it takes 3 hours. the speed changes inversely to the
We get 3x = 50 60
time. We then call the ratio of the
speed to time as an inverse ratio.
50
x = 60 × 3 = 2.5 hours.
Therefore, if Phum drives with the average speed of 60 km/h, it will take 2.5 hours.
Similar Questions
20 painters finished painting the house in 5 days. If 25 painters painted the same house,
how many days would it take for them to finish the painting?
Given that 25 painters finished painting the house in x days.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 20 painters finished painting the house in 5 days,
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get x 20
5 = 25
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 20 25 × 5 = 4 days.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, if 25 painters painted the same house, it would take 4 days for them to finish the painting.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
Exercise 1B
Basic Level
1. Find the value of the following.
1) a : 400 = 6 : 25 2) 5b : 8 = 2 : 5
..............................................................................
a : 400 = 6 : 25
…………………………………………………………………………………
..............................................................................
5b : 8 = 2 : 5
…………………………………………………………………………………
a 6
.............................................................................. ..............................................................................
5b = 2
400 = 25
………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………
8 5
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
25a = 2,400 25b = 16
................................................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………
.............................................................................. ..............................................................................
a = 96
………………………………………………………………………………… b = 16
................................................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………… 25
.............................................................................. ..............................................................................
16
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, a = 96.
………………………………………………………………………………… Therefore, b = 25.
…………………………………………………………………………………
.............................................................................. ..............................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Given that 25x = 3y8 , find the ratio of x : y.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
2x = 3y
............................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 8
................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
16 x = 15y
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 15
............................................................................................................................................................
K ................................................................................................................................................................................
E y
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16
Therefore, x : y = 15 : 16.
Y ................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. A certain amount of money is shared between Rui Feng and Vishal in the ratio
5 : 9. If Rui Feng gets 44 baht less than Vishal, find the total amount of money
that is shared between the two boys.
Let the amount of money that Rui Feng gets = 5x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Then the amount of money that Vishal gets = 9x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Rui Feng 44 baht
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Vishal
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9x - 5x = 44
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4x = 44
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
x = 11
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Therefore, total amount of money that is shared between the two boys
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
= (5 + 9) × 11 = 154 baht.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24
4. The lengths of three pieces of wire A, B and C are in the ratio 10 : 15 : 8 respectively.
If the length of the shortest piece of wire is 2.4 m, find the difference in the lengths
of the other two pieces of wire.
A
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
C
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.4 m
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
The difference in mass of Wire A and Wire B is 15 - 10 = 5 parts.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Wire C has 8 parts, equivalent to 2.4 m.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
8 parts represent 2.4 m.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
1 part represents 2.4 8 = 0.3 m.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
5 parts represent 0.3 × 5 = 1.5 m.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the difference in lengths of the other two pieces of wire is 1.5 m.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. A map is drawn to a scale of 1 : 20,000. K

1) Find the actual length that is represented by 5 12 cm on the map, giving your answer E
Y
in kilometers.
................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio of the length on the map to the actual length is 5 12 : x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
5 12
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
1
We get x = 20,000
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… x = 110,000 cm
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 5 12 × 20,000
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… = 1.1 km.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the actual length is 1.1 km.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) ................................................................................................................................................................................
Calculate the length on the map that represents an actual length of 100 m.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio of the actual length and the length on the map is 100 : x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 100 x = 1
20,000
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 0.005 m
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… = 0.5 cm.
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 20,000 100
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the length on the map is 0.5 cm.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
25
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Intermediate Level
6. In a school ofo 1,200 students, the ratio of the number of teachers to students is
1 : 15. After some teachers join the school, the ratio of the number of teachers to
students becomes 3 : 40.
1) Find the initial number of teachers in the school.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Let the initial number of teachers in the school be x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Then the number of students in the school is 15x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
15x = 1,200
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 80
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the initial number of teachers in the school is 80.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) ................................................................................................................................................................................
Find the number of teachers who join the school.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Let the number of teachers who join the school be y.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
80 + y = 3
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1,200 40 40y = 3,600 - 3,200
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
K 40(80 + y) = 3(1,200)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40y = 400
E ................................................................................................................................................................................
Y 3,200 + 40y = 3,600 y = 10
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The number of teachers who join the school is 10.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
7. ................................................................................................................................................................................
A model of the Marina Bay Sands Tower 1 is made to a scale of 2 : 150.
The height of the model tower is 42.4 cm.
................................................................................................................................................................................
1) ................................................................................................................................................................................
Find the actual height of the tower.
................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio the height of the model tower to the actual height of the tower is 42.4 : x.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 42.4 = 150 2 x = 3,180 cm
x
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 42.4 2× 150
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… = 31.8 m.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the actual height of the tower is 31.8 m.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ................................................................................................................................................................................
Find the height of the model tower if it is made to a scale of 3 : 500.
................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio of the height of the model tower to the actual height is x : 31.8.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3
We get 31.8
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
500 x = 0.1908 m
................................................................................................................................................................................
3 × 31.8
x = 500 = 19.08 cm.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Therefore, the height of the model tower is 19.08 cm.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
26
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
8. A farm has 150 ducks, which usually empty their food within 20 days. If the farm’s
owner needs 375 more ducks, for how many days will the duck’s food last?
................................................................................................................................................................................
Given x
that 375 ducks empty their food within days.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 150 ducks empty their food within 20 days,
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 20x = 150
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
375
................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 150 375 × 20
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
= 8.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Therefore, if the farm’s owner needs 375 more ducks, the duck’s food will last for 8 days.
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
9. To finish a construction job in 28 days, 20 male workers are needed. If there are
................................................................................................................................................................................
35 male workers, in how many days will they finish their job?
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that 35 male workers finish their job in x days.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Since 20 male workers finish the job in 28 days,
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 28x = 20
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
35
x = 20 × 28
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35 K
= 16.
................................................................................................................................................................................
E
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Y
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, if there are 35 male workers, they will finish their job in 16 days.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Advanced Level
................................................................................................................................................................................
10. Find the number that must be added to 3 and 8 so that the ratio of the first number
to the second number becomes 2 : 3.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Let the number that must be added be .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… x
................................................................................................................................................................................
3+x = 2
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8+x 3
................................................................................................................................................................................
3(3 + x) = 2(8 + x)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
9 + 3x = 16 + 2x
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
3x - 2x = 16 - 9
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
x = 7
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the number is 7.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
................................................................................................................................................................................
27
1.3 Real-Life Applications of Ratios,
Proportions and Percentages
1. Ratio and Percent INFORMATION
The word ‘percent’ originated from

the Latin phrase ‘per centum’
which means ‘per hundred’ or ‘out
of every hundred’.
The figure above shows a square grid divided into 100 equal parts. 75 parts are shaded.
75 of the grid is shaded.
Since there are 100 parts altogether, 75 out of 100 parts or 100
K We can also say that the ratio of the shaded parts to the total number of parts is
E
Y 75 : 100 or 75% of the square is shaded.
75 which in turn represents 75%.
We see that 75 : 100 implies 100
In other words, to express a ratio in terms of a percentage, we need to change the
second term of the ratio to 100. For example, given the ratio 5 : 25 = 20 : 100,
we get that 5 is 20% of 25.
Worked Example 11
Express each of the following ratios as a percentage, leaving your answers to 2 decimal
places where necessary.
1) 17 : 100 2) 13 : 20 3) 11 : 6
Solution:
1) 17 : 100 = 17%
Therefore, the percentage is 17%.
28
2) 13 : 20 = 13 × 5 : 20 × 5
= 65 : 100
= 65%
3) 11 : 6 = 116 ×× 100
100 ≈ 183.33
100
= 1,100
600 = 183.33%
Therefore, the percentage is 183.33%.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Question 1
Write the following ratios as percentages, leaving your answers to 2 decimal places
where necessary.
1) 23 : 100
23 : 100 = 23% K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 12 : 25
12 : 25 = 12 × 4 : 25 × 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 48 : 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 48%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 3 : 8
3.8 = 38 × 100 ×
100 = 37.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
= 800 300
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 37.5%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
29
Worked Example 12
Express each of the following percentages as a ratio in its simplest form.
1) 6% 2) 7 14 % 3) 8.25%
Solution:
6 = 3
1) 6% = 100 50
Therefore, the ratio is 503 or 3 : 50.
29
1 29
2) 7 4 % = 4 % = 100 4 = 29
400
29 or 29 : 400.
Therefore, the ratio is 400
3) 8.25% = 8.25 825
100 = 10,000 = 400
33
33 or 33 : 400.
Therefore, the ratio is 400
Similar Questions
K
E Practice Now Exercise 1C Question 2
Y
Express each of the following percentages as a ratio in its simplest form.
1) 36%
36% = 100 36 = 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 20 25 % 102
20 2 102 5 51
5 % = 5 % = 100 = 250
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio is 250 51 or 51 : 250.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 19.75%
19.75% = 19.75 100 = 400
79
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio is 400 79 or 79 : 400.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
2. Real-Life Applications of Ratios, Proportions and Percentages
In this section, we shall take a look at a few examples of percentage which are found
in everyday life, namely profit and loss, discount, goods and services tax, and
commission.
Profit and Loss
A manufacturer produces goods at a certain cost. If the goods are sold at a price higher
than the cost price, the manufacturer makes a profit or gain. However, if the manufacturer
sells the goods at a price lower than the cost price, he suffers a loss. We have:
Profit = selling price - cost price
Loss = cost price - selling price
We usually express the profit or loss as a percentage of the cost price:
Profit × 100 or Loss × 100
Cost Price Cost Price
Worked Example 13 K
E
Y
A bag costs 450 baht.
1) If the bag is sold for 520 baht, express the profit as a percentage of the cost price.
2) If the bag is sold for 300 baht, express the loss as a percentage of the selling price.
Solution:
1) Profit = selling price - cost price
= 520 - 450 baht
= 70 baht
Required percentage 450 70 × 100 ≈ 15.56
Therefore, if the bag is sold for 520 baht, the profit as a percentage of the cost
price is 15.56%.
2) Loss = cost price - selling price
= 450 - 300 baht
= 150 baht
Required percentage 150 450 × 100 ≈ 33.33
Therefore, if the bag is sold for 300 baht, the loss as a percentage of the selling
price is 33.33%. 31
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 3(1) - (2), 10
1. A bicycle which costs 1,800 baht is sold for 2,400 baht. Express the profit as a
percentage of the cost price.
Required percentage = 2,4001,800 - 1,800 100 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1,800 600 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 33 13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, if the bicycle is sold for 2,400 baht, the profit as a percentage of the cost price
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is 33 13 %.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. An antique chest which costs 6,000 baht is sold for 5,000 baht. Express the loss
as a percentage of the selling price.
Required percentage = 6,0006,000 - 5,000 100 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K = 1,0006,000 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y = 16 23
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, if the antique chest is sold for 5,000, the loss as a percentage of the selling price
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is 16 23 %.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 14
Nadine bought a watch for 1,500 baht. When it was sold, he earned 12% of profit. Find
the selling price of this watch.
Solution:
12% of profit means earning 12 baht of profit on the cost price of 100 baht.
That is, the watch was sold for 112 baht, which was 112% of the cost price.
Then the selling price of the watch was 112
100 × 1,500 = 1,680 baht.
Therefore, the selling price of the watch was 1,680 baht.
32
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Question 3(3)
A gold chain which costs 19,325 baht is sold at a profit of 17% on the cost price. Find
its selling price.
17% of profit means earning 17 baht on the cost price of 100 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, the gold chain was sold for 117 baht, which was 117% of the cost price.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then the selling price of the gold chain was 117 100 × 19,325 = 22,610.25 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the selling price of the gold chain was 22,610.25 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 15
John bought a pumping machine for 12,000 baht. When it was sold, he lost 10% of the
selling price. Find the selling price of this pumping machine.
Solution:
10% loss means losing 10 baht on the cost price of 100 baht. K
E
That is, the pumping machine was sold for 90, which was 90% of the cost price. Y
Then the selling price of the pumping machine was 100 90 × 12,000 = 10,800 baht.
Therefore, the selling price of the pumping machine was 10,800 baht.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Question 3(4)
A car which costs 520,000 baht is sold at a loss of 6% on the cost price. Find its
selling price.
6% loss means losing 6 baht on the cost price of 100 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, the car was sold for 94 baht, which was 94% of the cost price.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then the selling price of the car was 100 94 × 520,000 = 488,800 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the selling price of the car was 488,800 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
33
Worked Example 16
A bookseller gains 30% on the cost price by selling a INFORMATION
book for 65 baht. Calculate the cost price of the book. 130% of cost price is 65 baht.
Solution: Cost price = 65 ÷ 130% baht
= 65 ÷ 130100 baht
Given that the cost price of this book is a baht,
the ratio of the cost price of this book to the selling = 65 × 100130 baht
= 50 baht
price of this book is a : 65. The cost price of the book is 50 baht.
30% of profit means selling this book for 130 on the
cost of 100 baht.
The ratio of the cost price of this book to the selling price of this book is 100 : 130.
We get 65a = 100 130
a = 100130× 65
a = 50.
K Therefore, the cost price of the book is 50 baht.
E
Y
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 3(5) - (6), 4, 11
1. A shopkeeper gains 35% on the cost price by selling a smartphone for 11,475 baht.
Find the cost price of the smartphone.
Given that the cost price of the smartphone is m baht,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the ratio of the cost price to the selling price of the smartphone is m : 11,475.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35% of profit means selling the smartphone for 135 baht on the cost price of 100 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio of the cost price to the selling price of the smartphone is 100 : 135.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 11,475 m = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
135
m = 100 ×13511,475
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = 8,500.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the cost price of the smartphone is 8,500 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
selling a book for 440 baht, Vishal loses 12% on the cost price. Find the cost
2. By sell
price of the book.
Given that the cost price of the book is n baht,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the ratio of the cost price to the selling price of the book is n : 440.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12% loss means selling the book for 88 baht on the cost price of 100 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratio of the cost price to the selling price of the book is 100 : 88.
n = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 440 88
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
n = 100 88 × 440
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
n = 500.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the cost price of the book is 500 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 17
Farhan buys 400 kg of oranges at 45 baht per kg. 10% of the oranges are rotten. Find
the selling price per kg if he wants to earn an 80% profit on the cost price.
Solution:
Given that the selling price of oranges is a baht K
and the cost price of 400 kg of oranges is 45 × 400 = 18,000 baht. E
Y
Since Farhan wants to earn an 80% profit on the cost price,
a = 180
we get 18,000 100
a = 180 ×10018,000
a = 32,400 baht.
Therefore, to earn an 80% profit on the cost price, Farhan needs to sell oranges for
32,400 baht.
Given that the total weight of oranges can be sold is b kg, which deducts 10% off of
the rotten ones,
we get 400 b = 90
100
b = 90 100 × 400
b = 360.
Since the total weight of oranges can be sold is 360 kg,
the selling price of oranges per kg is 32,400
360 = 90 baht.
Therefore, Farhan needs to sell oranges for 90 baht/kg to earn an 80% profit on the
cost price.
35
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 12 - 13
A shopkeeper buys 1,800 eggs at 36 baht per dozen. 5% of the eggs are rotten. Find
the selling price of each egg if he wants to earn a 42.5% profit on the cost price.
Given that the selling price of eggs is m baht and the cost price of 1,800 eggs is
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,800
12 × 36 = 5,400 baht. Since the shopkeeper wants to earn a 42.5% profit on the cost price,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 5,400 m = 142.5

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
m = 142.5 × 5,400
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
m = 7,695 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, to earn a 42.5% profit on the cost price, the shopkeeper needs to sell eggs for 7,695
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
baht. Given that the total number of eggs can be sold is n, which deducts 5% off of the rotten ones,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 1,800 n = 95
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
n = 95 × 1,800
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
n = 1,710.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E Since the total number of eggs can be sold is 1,710, the selling price of each egg is
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y 7,695 = 4.50 baht. Therefore, the shopkeeper needs to sell each egg for 4.50 baht to earn
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,710
a...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42.5% of profit on the cost price.
Discount
Very often, retailers are not able to sell defective merchandise, overstocked items or
discontinued models at retail selling prices. To clear the merchandise in stock, the items
are usually sold at a lower price, called the sale price. The difference between the
original selling price, also known as the marked price, and the sale price is called the
discount:
Discount = marked price - sale price
The discount is often given as a percentage of the marked price:
Discount × 100
Marked Price
36
Worked Example 18
A watch priced at 1,600 baht is sold for 1,000 baht. Find the percentage discount.
Solution:
Discount = marked price - sale price
= 1,600 - 1,000 = 600
600 × 100% = 37.5%
Percentage discount = 1,600
Therefore, the percentage discount of the watch is 37.5%.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 5, 17
1. A scarf priced at 100 baht is sold for 88 baht. Find the percentage discount.
Percentage discount = 100100- 88 100 = 100 × 12 100 = 12%
×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the percentage discount of the scarf is 12%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. The marked price of a washing machine is 15,000 baht. A discount of 6% is given

during a sale. Find the sale price of the washing machine. K
Sale 94
price of washing machine = 100 × 15,000 = 14,100 baht. Therefore, the sale price of the Y E
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
washing machine discounted from the marked price is 14,100 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 19
A sculpture is sold for 410 baht after a discount of 18%.
1) Calculate the marked price of the sculpture.
2) If a 10% discount is given on the marked price of the sculpture before it is sold at
a further discount of 8%, would the sale price still be 410 baht? Show your working
clearly.
Solution:
1) Given that the marked price of the sculpture is a baht,
when it is 18% discounted, the sale price is 410 baht.
We get 410 a = 100
82
a = 410 82 × 100 = 500.
Therefore, the marked price of the sculpture is 500 baht.

37
2) Sale price of sculpture after a 10% discount = 10090 × 500 = 450 baht
92 × 450 = 414 baht
Sale price of sculpture after a further discount of 8% = 100
No, the sale price would not be 410 baht.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 6, 14
A laptop is sold for 13,650 baht after a discount of 9%.
1) Find the marked price of the laptop.
Given that the marked price of the laptop is y baht,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
when it is 9% discounted, the sale price is 13,650 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 13,650 y = 100

91
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 13,65091× 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 15,000.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the marked price of the laptop is 15,000 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 2) If a 5% discount is given on the marked price of the laptop before it is sold at a
E
Y further discount of 4%, would the sale price still be 13,650 baht? Show your working
clearly.
Sale price of laptop after a 5% discount = 100 95 15,000 = 14,250 baht
×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sale price of laptop after a further discount of 4% = 100 96 × 14,250 = 13,680 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
No, the sale price would not be 13,650 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Goods and Services Tax INTERNET RESOURCES
Tax is the amount of money collected from the people Search the Internet for the
by the government. This amount of money will be used advantages and disadvantages of
for administration of the country and other public value-added tax and the purposes
expenditures. In Thailand, there are various types of of collecting it.
tax, for example, an income tax, property taxes and a value-added tax. In this level,
we will learn about value-added tax. Value-added tax or VAT is the tax collected from
the purchase of goods and services, which will be charged 7% extra from the prices
of such goods and services. The example of how to calculate the tax is as follows:
38
Worked Example 20
An electric store wants to sell a fan for 700 baht. However, 7% value-added tax needs
to be added to the marked price. Find the selling price of the fan.
Solution:
Given that the selling price of the fan with 7% value-added tax is a baht,
when the 7% value-added tax is added to the marked price,
we get 700 a = 107
100
a = 107100 × 700
a = 749.
Therefore, the selling price of the fan is 749 baht.
Similar Questions
1. A toy needs to be sold for 500 baht. If 7% of the value-added tax must be added K
E
to the marked price of the toy, find its selling price. Y
Given that the selling price of the toy with 7% value-added tax is baht, x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get x 107
500 = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 107100 × 500
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 535.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the selling price of the toy is 535 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. A printer is sold for 642 baht inclusive of 7% VAT. Find the marked price of the
printer.
Given that the marked price of the printer without 7% of value-added tax is y baht,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 642 = 107

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y 100
y = 642107 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 600.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the marked price of the printer is 600 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
39
Investigation
Discount, Service Charge and VAT
Consider a restaurant which offers a 25% discount. Kate and Michael receive a bill after
a dinner at the restaurant. Yummy Restaurant
1. Kate claims that the VAT should be Fish and Chips: 120.00 baht
10.50 baht. Show clearly how Kate Chicken Chop: 80.00 baht
calculates the VAT and how the Subtotal: 200.00 baht
restaurant calculates the VAT. Discount 25%: 50.00 baht
7 150 Subtotal: 150.00 baht
VAT as calculated by Kate = 100 ×
............................................................................................................... Service Charge 10% 15.00 baht
= 10.50 baht
............................................................................................................... VAT 7% 11.55 baht
VAT as calculated by the restaurant
............................................................................................................... Total: 176.55 baht
7 10
100 [150 + (100 × 150)]
=....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 7
=....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 (150 + 15) = 100 × 165 = 11.55 baht
K 2. How would you explain to Kate that the method used by the restaurant in calculating
E
Y VAT is correct?
VAT is an acronym for Goods and Services Tax, thus the tax is also imposed on the service
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
charge, which is 10% of the subtotal.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Michael is unhappy the discount is given before service charge and VAT. He believes
that the total bill will be less if the discount is given after service charge and VAT.
Kate says that it makes no difference either way. By showing your working clearly,
explain why Kate is correct.
If the discount is given before the service charge and VAT are taken into account, the bill
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
received will be as shown. And, if the discount is given after the service charge and VAT have
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
been taken into account, the bill received will be as follows:
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Yummy Restaurant
Fish and Chips: 120.00 baht VAT 7% 15.40 baht
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Chicken Chop: 80.00 baht Subtotal: 235.40 baht
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Subtotal: 200.00 baht Discount 25%: -58.85 baht
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service Charge 10% 20.00 baht Total: 176.55 baht
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We can see that the amounts of money obtained from both methods are the same.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40
4. Michael is not convinced that his argument is wrong. How would you explain to him?
Method 1: Calculate the discount before Method 2: Calculate the service charge and VAT
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
service charge and VAT before discount
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Cost of food Cost of food

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(100%) (100%)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25% discount Service charge and VAT
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Cost of food Cost of food VAT on
(75%) (100%) 100% of
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cost of food
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service charge and VAT 25% discount Service charge on
100% of cost of food
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Cost of food VAT on 75% Cost of food VAT on 75%
(75%) of cost of food (75%) of cost of food
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service charge on Service charge on
75% of cost of food 75% of cost of food
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
If....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the discount is given before the service charge and VAT are taken into account, both the
service charge and VAT will be calculated based on a smaller amount.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
If....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the discount is given after the service charge and VAT have been taken into account, both E
Y
the service charge and VAT will be calculated based on a greater amount.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hence, it makes no difference whether the discount is given before or after the service charge
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and VAT are taken into account as the total bill will still be the same.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the investigation, we can conclude that:

Total amount payable = marked price - discount + service charge + VAT payable,
where Service charge = service charge (in %) × (marked price - discount)
and VAT payable = VAT (in %) × (marked price - discount + service charge).
Another important conclusion is that it does not matter whether the discount is given
before or after service charge and VAT since the results of both methods are the same.
However, in Thailand, discounts are not given on service charge and VAT.
41
Worked Example 21
Mr Wong has dinner with his family at a restaurant which offers a 10% discount. The
marked price of the food that they order is 1,000 baht. Given that there is a service
charge of 10% and VAT is at 7%, calculate the total amount of money he has to pay.
Solution:
10 × 1,000 = 100 baht
Discount = 100
Service charge = 10% × (marked price - discount)
10 × (1,000 - 100) = 10 × 900 = 90 baht
= 100 100
VAT = 7% × (marked price - discount + service charge)
7 × (1,000 - 100 + 90) = 7 × 990 = 69.30 baht
= 100 100
Total amount payable = marked price - discount + service charge + VAT
= 1,000 - 100 + 90 + 69.30 = 1,059.30 baht
K Therefore, Mr Wong has to pay 1,059.30 baht for the dinner.
E Similar Questions
Y Practice Now Exercise 1C Question 15
Nora orders a bowl of Tom Yam soup at a restaurant which offers a 15% discount.
The marked price of the Tom Yam soup is 50 baht. Given that there is a service charge
of 10% and VAT is at 7%, find the total amount of money she has to pay, leaving the
answer to 2 decimal places.
Discount = 100 15 50 = 7.50 baht
× VAT = 7% (marked price - discount + service
×
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service charge = 10% × (marked price - charge)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
discount) = 100 7 × (50 - 7.50 + 4.25)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 10 × (50 - 7.50) = 100 7 × 46.75
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 10 × 42.50 = 4.25 baht ≈ 3.27 baht
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Total amount payable = marked price - discount + service charge + VAT

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 50 - 7.50 + 4.25 + 3.27

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 50.02 baht
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Nora has to pay the total amount of 50.02 baht.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42
Commission
A commission is the payment an agent receives for selling or buying something on
behalf of another party. It is usually given as a percentage of the cost price or the
selling price.
Worked Example 22
A salesperson sells furniture for 980,000 baht, of which he receives a commission of
1.5%. Calculate the amount of commission the salesperson receives.
Solution:
Amount of commission the salesperson receives = 100 1.5 × 980,000 baht
= 14,700 baht
Therefore, the salesperson receives 14,700 baht of commission.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 9, 16 K
E
Y
1. A salesperson sells a product for 1,290,000 baht, of which he receives a commission
of 2%. Find the amount of commission the salesperson receives.
Amount of commission the salesperson receives = 100 2 1,290,000 baht
×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 25,800 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the salesperson receives 25,800 baht of commission.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. A salesperson charges a commission of 3.5% on the selling price of a piece of

product. Given that he receives a commission of 50,750 baht, find the selling price
of the product.
Given that the selling price is a baht. Since the commission is 3.5%,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 50,750 a = 100

3.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 50,7503.5× 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 1,450,000.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The selling price of the piece of product is 1,450,000 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
43
Exercise 1C
Basic Level
1. Express each of the following ratios as a percentage, leaving your answers to 2 decimal
places where necessary.
1) 49 : 100
.................................................................................
49 : 100 = 49%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 23 : 25
.................................................................................
23 : 25 = 23 × 4 : 25 × 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
= 92 : 100 = 92%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 3) 7 : 3
E
Y 7 : 3 = 37 ×× 100
................................................................................. ≈ 233.33
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
.................................................................................
100
= 700 = 233.33%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
300
.................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
2. Express each of the following percentages as a ratio in its simplest form.
1) 40%
40% = 100 40 = 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
2) 9 34% 39
3
9 4 % = 4 % = 100 39 4 = 39
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
400
the ratio is 39
...............................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 400 or 39 : 400.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 3.12%
3.12% = 3.12 39
...............................................................................................................................................................................
100 = 1,250
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the ratio is 39 or 39 : 1,250.

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,250
44
3. Complete the table.
Cost Price Selling Price Profit/ Loss (baht) Profit/ Loss as a percentage
(baht) (baht) of the cost price
1) 40 45 ……………………………………………Profit = 5 Profit of 12.5%
……………………………………………….
2) 600 480 Loss = 120

…………………………………………… Loss of 20%
……………………………………………….
3) 88,000 91,520
…………………………. Profit = 3,520
…………………………………………… Profit of 4%
4) 5,680 4,402
…………………………. Loss = 1,278
…………………………………………… Loss of 22.5%
5) …………………………. 24 28.14 Profit = 4.14
…………………………………………… Profit of 17 14 %
6) …………………………. 545 506.85 Loss = 38.15
…………………………………………… Loss of 7%
4. The profit on a bed set is 35% of the cost price. If the profit is 280 baht, find the
following.
K
1) The cost price E
Given that the cost price of the bed set is a baht. Since 35% of profit is 280 baht,
................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
280 = 35
................................................................................................................................................................................
we get a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
a = 280 × 100
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35
................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 800.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the cost price of the bed set is 800 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The selling price
................................................................................................................................................................................
Selling price of bed set = 800 + 280 baht
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1,080 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the selling price of the bed set is 1,080 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
5. The marked price of a folding table at a hypermarket is 350 baht. The hypermarket
.................................................................................................................................................................................
gives a 12% discount during a sale. Find the sale price of the folding table.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
88 × 350 baht
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Sale price of folding table = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
= 308 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the sale price of the folding table is 308 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
45
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
6. In a special promotion, a customer who buys an electric pan will get 7% off. If the
discount is equal to 210 baht, find its marked price and sale price.
1) Its marked price
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the marked price of the electric pan is a baht. Since 7% discount is 210 baht,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 210 = 7
a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 210 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 3,000.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the marked price of the electric pan is 3,000 baht.

.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) .................................................................................................................................................................................
Its sale price
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Sale price of electric pan = 3,000 - 210 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2,790 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the sale price of the electric pan is 2,790 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
7. A.................................................................................................................................................................................
merchant wants to sell a microwave for 6,150 baht. However, the marked price
Y .................................................................................................................................................................................
must include 7% VAT. Find the selling price.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the selling price of the microwave is a baht. Since the VAT is 7%,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 107
we get 6,150
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
100
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 107 100 × 6,150
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 6,580.50.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the selling price of the microwave is 6,580.50 baht.

.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
8. An iron is sold for 1,391 baht inclusive of 7% VAT. Find the marked price of the
.................................................................................................................................................................................
iron.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the marked price of the iron is a baht. Since the VAT is 7%,
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
we get 1,391 107
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 1,391107× 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 1,300.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the marked price of the iron is 1,300 baht.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
46
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
9. A property agent charges a commission of 2.5% on the selling price of a house.
1) Given that the agent sells a house for 1,650,000 baht, find the amount of commission
he receives.
Amount of commission the agent receives = 100 2.5 × 1,650,000 baht
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 41,250 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the amount of commission the property agent receives is 41,250 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) .................................................................................................................................................................................
On another occasion, he receives a commission of 32,000 baht. Find the selling
.................................................................................................................................................................................
price of the house.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the selling price of the house is a baht. Since the commission is 2.5%,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
32,000 2.5
we get a =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
.................................................................................................................................................................................
32,000 × 100
a =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 1,280,000.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
Therefore, the selling price of the house is 1,280,000 baht. E
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Intermediate Level
.................................................................................................................................................................................
10. A.................................................................................................................................................................................
trader mixes 2 kg of butter which costs 128 baht per kg with 3 kg of butter which
.......................................................................................................................................................................
costs 110 baht per kg. He sells the mixture at 32 baht per 250 g. Express his profit
as a percentage of his selling price.
Cost price of 5 kg of mixture = (2 × 128) + (3 × 110)
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 256 + 330 = 586 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Selling price of 5 kg of mixture = 5,000 250 × 32 = 20 × 32 = 640 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Required percentage = 640586 - 586 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 586 54 × 100
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 9.22
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the profit as a percentage the trader receives is 9.22%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
47
11. Shirley buys a fax machine and sells it to Devi at a gain of 25% on the cost price.
Devi then sells the fax machine to Amirah at a loss of 25% on the price at which she
buys it from Shirley. If Amirah pays 2,500 baht for the fax machine, how much did
Shirley pay for it? (Leave your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Given that Davi buys a fax machine from Shirley for a baht.
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Since Davi sells the fax machine to Amirah with the loss of 25% on the cost price,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 2,500 75
................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 2,50075× 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
a ≈ 3,333.33.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Davi buys the fax machine from Shirley for 3,333.33 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that Shirley buys the fax machine for b baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Since Shirley sells the fax machine to Davi at a gain of 25% on the cost price,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 3,333.33 b = 125
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
b = 3,333.33 × 100
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
125
b ≈ 2,666.66.
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E Therefore, Shirley buys the fax machine for 2,666.66 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
12. Raj buys 200 boxes of apples at 480 baht per box. There are 60 apples in each
box. 15% of the apples are rotten. Find the selling price per apple if he wants to earn
an 80% profit on the cost price.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the selling price of apples with an 80% profit is a baht. Since the amount of apples
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Raj buys is 200 × 60 = 12,000 and the cost price of 12,000 apples is 200 × 480 = 96,000 baht,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 96,000 a = 180
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 180 × 96,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 172,800.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the selling price of all apples with an 80% profit is 172,800 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the amount of apples can be sold is b. Since 15% of apples are rotten,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 12,000 b = 85
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 × 85
b = 12,000
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
b = 10,200.
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The selling price of each apple is 172,800 ≈ 17 baht.
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10,200
Therefore, the selling price of each apple with an 80% profit is 17 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
48
13. Nate buys 300 bananas at a total cost of 1,500 baht. He sells 260 bananas at a
price that is 20% above the cost price. Each of the remaining bananas is sold at a
price that is 50% of the selling price of each of the 260 bananas. Express Nate’s profit
as a percentage of his cost price.
Cost price of each bananas = 1,500
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
300
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Selling price of each of the 260 bananas = 120 100 × 5 = 6 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
50 × 6 = 3 baht
Selling price of each of the remaining 40 bananas = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Selling price of bananas = (260 × 6) + (40 × 3) = 1,560 + 120 = 1,680 baht
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Required percentage = 1,6801,500 - 1,500 × 100% = 180 × 100 = 12%

.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,500
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Nate’s profit as a percentage of his cost price is 12%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
14. An air conditioner is sold for 11,250 baht after a discount of 12.5%.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
1) Find the marked price of the air conditioner.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Given that the marked price of the air conditioner is a baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the discount is 12.5%, and it is sold for 11,250 baht,
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
................................................................................................................................................................................. E
we get 11,250 a = 87.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
Y
.................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 11,250 × 100
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
87.5
a ≈ 12,857.14.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
The marked price of the air conditioner is 12,857.14 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
2) If.................................................................................................................................................................................
a 10% discount is given on the marked price of the air conditioner before it is
sold at a further discount of 2.5%, would the sale price still be 11,250 baht? Show
.................................................................................................................................................................................
your working clearly. (Leave your answer to 2 decimal places.)
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Sale price of air conditioner after a 10% discount
....................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 90 × 12,857.14 ≈ 11,571.43 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Sale price of air conditioner after a further discount of 2.5%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 97.5 100 × 11,571.43 ≈ 11,282.14 baht
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
No, the sale price would not be 11,250 baht.

.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
49
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
15. Farhan orders one plate of seafood fried rice at a restaurant which offers a 25%
discount. The marked price of a set of meal is 350 baht. Given that there is a service
charge of 10% and VAT is at 7%, find the total amount of money he has to pay.
(Leave your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Discount = 100 25 × 350 = 87.50 baht VAT = 7% × (marked price -
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Service charge = 10% × (marked discount + service charge)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
price - discount) = 100 7 × (350 - 87.50 + 26.25)
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 10 × (350 - 87.50) 7 × 288.75
.................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 10 × 262.50 = 26.25 baht
.................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 20.21
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The total amount of money Farhan has to pay = marked price - discount + service charge + VAT
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 350 - 87.50 + 26.25 + 20.21 = 308.96
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the total amount of money Farhan has to pay for the set of meal is 308.96 baht.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16. .................................................................................................................................................................................
Lixin’s monthly income consists of a basic salary of 16,500 baht and a commission
.................................................................................................................................................................................
of 4% on her sales for the month. If her income is 17,220 baht for a particular
.................................................................................................................................................................................
month, find her sales for that month.
....................................................................................................................................................................
Given that Lixin’s sales for that month are a baht.
K ................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E Since the amount of commission Lixin receives is 17,220 - 16,500 = 720 baht,
................................................................................................................................................................................
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
720 = 4 . That is, a = 720 × 100 = 18,000.
we get
................................................................................................................................................................................
a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 4
Therefore, Lixin’s sales for that month are 18,000 baht.
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Advanced Level
................................................................................................................................................................................
17. ................................................................................................................................................................................
Khairul wants to buy a sofa set. He is offered 3 successive discounts of 10%, 20%
................................................................................................................................................................................
and 25%, and he can arrange them in any order he wants. Which order will benefit
................................................................................................................................................................................
him the most? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Let the marked price of the sofa set be a baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
The marked price of the sofa set = 90% × 80% × 75% × a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
= 90% × 75% × 80% × a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 80% 90% 75% a baht × × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 80% × 75% × 90% × a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 75% × 90% × 80% × a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 75% × 80% × 90% × a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.54a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Thus, the sale price of the sofa set is the same regardless of the order Khairul chooses to
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
arrange the 3 discounts.
50
Summary
1. Ratios of many numbers
The ratio of a is to b, where a and b represent two quantities of the same kind,
and b 0, is written as a : b or ab which is read as a to b.
2. Proportions
The sentence showing the equality of the two ratios is called the proportion, i.e.
4 : 4.35 = 80 : 87 is a proportion.
3. Real-life applications of ratios, proportions and percentages
1) Comparison of a number with 100 is called percentage. It can be written as a
percentage, as a% and as a ratio a : 100 or 100 a.
2) Finding “what percentage of a is b?” can be done by ab × 100 such that a and
b must be in the same unit.
3) To find if a value will increase or decrease, when a percentage increase or K
decrease is given, it can be found from E
Y
Increase = percentage increase × original value
Decrease = percentage decrease × original value
4) Profit = selling price - cost price
Loss = cost price - selling price
To express the profit or loss as a percentage of the cost price:
Profit × 100 or Loss × 100
Cost Price Cost Price
5) Discount = marked price - sale price
Percentage discount = Discount × 100
Marked Price
6) In Thailand, the government charges extra tax when goods and services are
purchased. The tax is called value-added tax or VAT.
7) A commission is the payment an agent receives for selling or buying something
on behalf of another party.
51
Review Exercise 1
1. If a : b = 12 : 13 and b : c = 3 : 4, find a : c.
a : b = 12 : 13 b:c = 3:4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 6 × 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3:2 = 6:8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 9:6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. Therefore, a : c = 9 : 8.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Three types of coffee beans, A, B and C, are blended in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7 to make
a bag of coffee powder.
1) Given that the bag of coffee powder contains 45 kg of coffee powder, find the mass
of each type of coffee beans in the mixture.
Let the mass of type A coffee beans in the mixture be 3 kg. x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Then the mass of type B and C coffee beans in the mixture be 5x kg and 7x kg respectively.
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y Therefore, 3x + 5x + 7x = 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15x = 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mass of type A coffee beans in the mixture = 3 × 3 = 9 kg
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mass of type B coffee beans in the mixture = 5 × 3 = 15 kg
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mass of type C coffee beans in the mixture = 7 × 3 = 21 kg
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the mass of types A, B and C of coffee beans is 9 kg, 15 kg and 21 kg respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) If A costs 75 baht per kg, B costs 90 baht per kg and C costs 105 baht per kg,
find the cost per kg of the mixture.
Cost of the mixture per kg
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(9 × 75) + (15 × 90) + (21 × 105)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
94 baht
Therefore, the cost per kg of the mixture is 94 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
52
3. A box contains 36 books and some toys. The ratio of the number of books to the
number of toys is 4 : 5. After some toys are given away, the ratio of the number
of books to the number of toys becomes 12 : 11. Find the following.
1) The initial number of toys in the box
Let the number of books in the box be 4x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then the initial number of toys in the box be 5x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 4x = 36
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 9.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the initial number of toys in the box is 5 × 9 = 45.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The number of toys that are given away

Let the number of toys that are given away be y.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 4536- y = 12 12y = 540 - 396
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11
11(36) = 12(45 - y) 12y = 144
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
396 = 540 - 12y y = 12.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the number of toys that are given away is 12. K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
4. A model of an aircraft is made to a scale of 1 : 80.
1) If the wingspan of the model aircraft is 25 cm, find the wingspan of the actual
aircraft, giving your answer in meters.
Ratio of the wingspan of the model aircraft to the wingspan of the actual aircraft is 25 : x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 25x = 801 x = 2,000 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 25 × 80 = 20 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the wingspan of the actual aircraft is 20 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) If the length of the actual aircraft is 40 m, calculate the length of the model aircraft.
Ratio of the length of the actual aircraft to the length of the model aircraft is 40 : x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 40x = 801 x = 0.5 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 40 = 50 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
80
Therefore, the length of the model aircraft is 50 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
53
5. A map has a scale of 4 cm to 1 km.
1) Express the scale of the map in the form 1 : n , where n is an integer.
1 km = 100,000 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
i.e. the scale of the map is 4 : 100,000 = 1 : 25,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the scale of the map is 1 : 25,000.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) If a river has a length of 3 cm on the map, find its actual length, giving your answer
in kilometers.
Ratio of the length on the map to the actual length is 3 : . x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 3x = 25,000 1 x = 75,000 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3 × 25,000 = 0.75 km.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the actual length of the river is 0.75 km.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If the distance between two towns is 8 km, calculate the corresponding distance
on the map.
Ratio of the length on the map to the actual length is 8 : . x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We get 8x = 25,000 x = 0.00032 km
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18
K x = 25,000 = 32 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y Therefore, the distance on the map is 32 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Nate buys a dozen of bags for 13,500 baht. He then sells each bag and earns a
profit of 520 baht. Find the total profit he earns in percentage on the cost price.
Since Nate sells all the bags and earns a profit of 12 520 = 6,240 baht, ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the total profit he earns in percentage is 13,500 6,240 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 46.22
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the total profit Nate earns in percentage on the cost price is 46.22%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Sam sells a book and a mechanical pencil for 48 baht each. After selling, he earns
25% of profit on the cost price of the book and loses 20% on the selling price of
the pencil. Will Sam earn the profit or lose his money on the sale of these items?
Give the answer in percentage.
Given that the cost price of each book is a baht. Since it is sold for 48 baht with 25% of profit,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get a 100
48 = 125
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 100 125 × 48 = 38.40.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the cost price of each book is 38.40 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
54
Given that the cost price of each mechanical pencil is b baht. Since it is sold for 48 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
with 20% loss,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get b 100
48 = 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
80
b = 80 × 48 = 60.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the cost price of each mechanical pencil is 60 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hence, the sum of the cost prices of the two items is 38.40 + 60 = 98.40 baht, and the sum
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of the selling prices of the two items is 48 + 48 = 96 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Sam loss 98.40 - 96 = 2.40 baht on the sale of the two items, which is
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.40 18
98.40 × 100 = 2 41 %.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8. A car priced at 600,000 baht is sold for 570,000 baht. Find the percentage discount.
Percentage discount 600,000 - 570,000 100 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
600,000
= 600,00030,000 × 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the percentage discount of this car is 5%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. The marked price of a textbook is 370 baht. A school is given a 6.5% discount for K
buying the textbooks in bulk. Find the amount of money the school has to pay for E
Y
buying 200 textbooks.
Marked price of 200 textbooks = 200 370 = 74,000 baht ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Amount of money the school has to pay = 93.5 100 × 74,000 = 69,190 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the amount of money the school has to pay for buying all the books is 69,190 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10. A merchant buys a toaster from a manufacturer for 580 baht. He also needs to pay
7% of VAT. If the merchant wants to sell each of the 25 toasters for 890 baht, find
the total amount of profit he will get.
VAT = 100 7 × 580 = 40.60 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The amount of profit the merchant earn from the sale of each toaster
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
890 - (580 + 40.60)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
890 - 620.60 = 269.40 baht
Therefore, the total amount of profit that he will get if he sells 25 toasters is
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
269.40 × 25 = 6,735 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
55
11. Nora orders one bowl of noodles at a restaurant which offers a 10% discount.
There is a service charge of 10% and VAT is at 7%. Given that she pays a total
of 189 baht, find the marked price of the noodles.
Given that the marked price of the noodles is a baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Discount = 100 10 × a = 0.1a baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service charge = 10% × (marked price - discount)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 10 × (a - 0.1a)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 10 × 0.9a = 0.09a baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
VAT = 7% × (marked price - discount + service charge)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 7 × (a - 0.1a + 0.09a)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 7 × 0.99a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.0693a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The total amount of money Nora needs to pay
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K = marked price - discount + service charge + VAT
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 189 = a - 0.1a + 0.09a + 0.0693a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
189 = 1.0593a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 178.42
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the marked price of the noodles is 178.42 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12. A property agent charges a commission of 5% on the first 500,000 baht and 2.25%
on the remaining selling price of a piece of property. Given that the agent sells a
property for 2,400,000 baht, find the amount of commission he receives.
Amount of commission the agent receives
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (100 5 × 500,000 + [ 2.25 + (2,400,000 - 500,000)]
) 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 500,000 + 2.25 1,900,000
= (100 ) ( 100 × ) ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 25,000 + 42,750 = 67,750 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the amount of commission the agent receives is 67,750 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
56
Challenge Yourself
Amita has two dozen of candies in Container A and Container B. In Container A, there
are 400 candies, while in Container B, there are 300 candies. 75% of candies in Container
A are red, and the rest are yellow. 50% of candies in Container B are red, and the rest
are yellow. If she move some candies from Container A to Container B such that there
are 80% of red candies in Container A and there are 40% of yellow candies in Container
B. Find the number of candies Amita move from Container A to Container B.
Given that the number of candies moved from Container A to Container B is x.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Amount of candies Amount of candies Total amount of
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
in Container A in Container B candies
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Before moving Red candies 100 75 400 = 300 50 300 = 150

× × 450
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
some candies from 100
containers A to B Yellow candies 25 × 400 = 100 50 × 300 = 150
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
250 K
100 100 E
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Y
80 × (400 - x) 60 × (300 + x)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Red candies 100 100 450
After moving = 0.8(400 - x ) = 0.6(300 + x)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
some candies from
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
containers A to B 20 × (400 - x) 40 × (300 + x)
Yellow candies 100 100 250
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.2(400 - x) = 0.4(300 + x)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hence the ratio of the red candies to the yellow candies is

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
450 = 9 = 0.8(400 - x) + 0.6(300 + x)
250 5 0.2(400 - x) + 0.4(300 + x)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 × [0.2(400 - x) + 0.4(300 + x)] = 5 × [0.8(400 - x) + 0.6(300 + x)]

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 × (80 - 0.2x + 120 + 0.4x) = 5 × (320 - 0.8x + 180 + 0.6x)

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
720 - 1.8x + 1,080 + 3.6x = 1,600 - 4x + 900 + 3x

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.8x = 700
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 250
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the amount of candies Amita moves from Container A to Container B is 250.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
57
K
E
Y
58
Chapter 2
Geometric
Constructions
A good architect, draftsman, engineer or interior designer
is able to use mathematical tools such as rulers, set
squares, protectors or compasses to construct geometric
figures accurately and skillfully.
K
E
Y
Indicator
• Apply the concept of geometry and tools, e.g. compasses,
rulers, protractors and set squares, including the Geometer’s
Sketchpad or other dynamic geometry software to construct
geometric figures and apply such concepts to solve real-world
problems. (MA 2.2 G. 7/1)
Compulsory Details
• Introduction to Geometric Constructions
• Construction of Two-dimensional Geometric Figures Using
Basic Geometric Constructions
• Real-life Applications of Basic Geometric Constructions
59
2.1 Introduction to Geometric
Constructions
In this chapter, we shall learn how to use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct
geometric figures.
1. Construction of a circle or an arc of a circle using
compasses
A pair of compasses is a tool used to construct circles and arcs or used to estimate
the range or distance. Compasses are usually made of metal. They consist of 2 arms:
one of them pointed at its end and another one with a pencil at its end. Steps to
constructing circles or arcs are as follows:
Step 1: Adjust the arms of the compasses Step 2: Fix the pointed end at the point
so that the distance between the ends is which is the center of the circle and move
equal to the radius of the circle. the other arm to draw the circle or an arc
K of a circle.
E
Y
radius
center
The following tips are useful for the construction of geometric figures:
1) Use a sharp pencil so that points and lines can be drawn JUST FOR FUN
finely and clearly. Create the following designs
2) When making an intersection with a line or an arc, ensure using a pair of compasses.
that the angle of intersection does not differ greatly from
90° if possible.
(a) Good (b) Bad

3) Exercise caution when drawing a line through a point to
ensure accuracy.
60
2. Construction Related to Line Segments
1) Constructing a line segment with the same length as the given line segment
The most basic geometric figure is a point. All other geometric figures are made up of
a collection of points. A point has a position but it has neither size nor shape.
When we join two points A and B together, a straight line segment AB is formed. A
and B are called the endpoints.
The segment of the straight line AB is represented by AB.
Length of line segment AB is written as AB.
A B
Worked Example 1
Given a line segment AB with the length as shown in the figure, construct a line segment
CD equal in length to AB.
A B
K
Construction Steps: E
Y
A line segment CD whose length is the same as a line segment AB can be constructed
as follows:
Step 1: Using a ruler, draw a line segment CK of length greater than AB.
C K
Step 2: Adjust the arms of the compasses so that the distance between the ends is
equal to the length of AB.
A B
Step 3: With C as center, draw an arc to cut CK at D.
C D K
CD is a line segment equal in length to the given line segment AB.
61
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Questions 1, 4
Given a line segment AB with the length as shown in the figure, construct a line segment
CD equal in length to AB.
A B C D K
2) Dividing a Line Segment into Equal Parts

Dividing a line segment into equal parts is to bisect a line segment into 2 parts such
that each part has the same length. In the middle of this line segment, there is a point
called a center or midpoint. To find the midpoint of the line segment by using the basic
geometric construction can be done as follows:
Worked Example 2
Find a midpoint of the given AB.
K
E A B
Y
Construction Steps:
more than half the length of AB, i.e. more than 5 cm. With A as center, draw
arc 1 above AB and draw arc 2 below AB.
A B
Step 2: Using the same radius as in Step 2, with B as center, draw arc 3 to cut arc
1 at C and draw arc 4 to cut arc 2 at D.
C
A B
D
62
Step 3: Join CD to cut AB at M.
C
M
A B
D
We get M as the midpoint of AB, which bisects AB into 2 equal parts.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Questions 2, 5 - 6
Find a midpoint of the given AB.
K
E
Y
A B
To divide a line segment into equal parts, we can:

Method 1: bisect the line segment to divide it into 2, 4, 8, 16, … equal parts
Method 2: construct equal angles to divide a line segment into many equal parts
The following example shows how to divide a line segment into many equal parts by
using Method 1. For Method 2, there will be an example shown after we learn how to
construct different sizes of angles.
63
Worked Example 3
Divide the given PT into 4 equal parts.
P T
Construction Steps:
Step 1: Construct a bisector of PT Step 2: Construct a bisector of PR
with R as its midpoint. with Q as its midpoint.
P R T P Q R T
Step 3: Construct a bisector of RT with S as its midpoint.
K
E
Y P Q R S T
Therefore, PT is divided into 4 equal parts such that PQ = QR = RS = ST.

Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Questions 3 - 5, 7
Divide AE into 4 equal parts.
A B C D E
Therefore, AE is divided into 4 equal parts such that AB = BC = CD = DE.
64
Exercise 2A
Basic Level
1. Given a line segment PQ with the length as shown in the figure, construct a line
segment RS equal in length to PQ.
P Q R S K
2. Find a midpoint of the given AB.
K
E
A B Y
3. Divide the given EF into 8 equal parts.
E A G B H C I D F
Therefore, EF is divided into 8 equal parts such that EA = AG = GB = BH = HC = CI = ID

= DF.
65
Intermediate Level
4. Construct a line segment with the same length as the given PQ + RS.
P Q
R S A B C K
5. Given a line segment AB with the length as shown in the figure, construct a line
segment CD half as long as AB.
A B C D K
K
E
Y
Advanced Level
6. Constru
Construct a circle. Label the center of P
the circle as O.
1) Draw a chord in your circle that does not O
pass through O.
2) Construct the perpendicular bisector of Q
the chord which you have drawn in 1). PQ is called a diameter.
The perpendicular bisector should cut
your circle at two points P and Q. What is the name given to PQ?
3. Construction of Angles
In this section, we shall learn basic construction of angles, including constructing an
angle with the same size as the given one, bisecting the given angles and constructing
different angles.
66
1) Construction of an Angle Equal in Magnitude to a Given Angle
Worked Example 4
A
Construct an angle ∠MNO equal in
magnitude to the given angle ∠ABC. B
C
Construction Steps:
Step 1: Using a ruler, draw a ray NO. Step 2: With B as center and with a suitable
fixed radius, draw an arc to cut BA
at P and BC at Q.
A
N P
O B
Q C
Step 3: Using the same radius as in Step Step 4: Adjust the arms of the compasses K
2, with N as center, draw an arc so that the distance between the YE
to cut NO at Y and mark the ends is equal to the length of PQ.
other end of the arc as X.
P A
X
N B
Y Q
O C
Step 5: Using the same radius as in Step Step 6: Join NM.
4, with Y as center, draw an arc
to cut XY at M.
XM
MX
N
N
Y Y O
O
∠ MNO is an angle equal in magnitude to the given angle ∠ABC.
67
Similar Questions
Construct an angle ∠PQR equal in magnitude to the given angle ∠STU.
S
P
T U Q R
Worked Example 5
Construct an angle ∠DEF twice in magnitude to the given angle ∠ABC.
A
K B
E C
Y Construction Steps:
Step 1: Using a ruler, draw a ray EF. Step 2: With B as center and with a
suitable fixed radius, draw an arc
to cut BA at P and BC at Q.
A
P
E F
B Q C
Step 3: With E as center and with the same Step 4: Adjust the arms of the compasses
radius as in Step 2, draw an arc so that the distance between the
to intersect EF at X and mark the ends is equal to the length of
other end of the arc as Y. PQ. With X as center, draw an
arc to cut XY at Z.
Y
Y Z
E X F
E X
68 F
Step 5: Using the same radius as in Step Step 6: Join ED.
4, with Z as center, draw an arc
to cut XY at D.
D Z Y
D Z
Y
E G G
X F E X F
∠ DEF is an angle twice in magnitude to the given angle ∠ABC.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2B Questions 4, 7
Construct an angle ∠UVW twice in magnitude to the given angle ∠XYZ.
K
E
Y
X U
Y Z
V W
2) Half Division of a Given Angle

Worked Example 6
Divide the given angle into half.
C
A
B
69
Construction Steps:
Step 1: With A as center and with a suitable fixed radius, draw an arc to cut AB at
P and AC at Q.
C
Q
A P B
more than half the length of PQ. With P and Q as center, draw two arcs to cut
at R.
INFORMATION
C It can be proven that in general,
Q it is not possible to use a pair of
R compasses and a straightedge
A P (unmarked ruler) to trisect an
K B
E Step 3: Join AR. angle, i.e. divide the angle into
Y three equal parts. However, we
C can trisect an angle using origami
Q (paper folding). Search on the
R Internet to find out how this can
A P be done.
B
AR is the angle bisector of ∠BAC, where ∠BAR = ∠CAR.
Similar Questions
Divide the given angle into half.
P P
Q R Q R
70
Investigation
In this investigation, we shall construct and deduce a INFORMATION
property of the angle bisector of an angle. A suitable A line passing through a point and
interactive geometry software may be used. perpendicular to another line can
1. Draw an angle ∠BAC. be constructed using a ruler and
a set square.
2. Construct the angle bisector of ∠BAC.
3. Take any point R on the angle bisector and
C
construct a line passing through R and
perpendicular to AB. Let the point of intersection Q S
of this line and AB be P. PR is the perpendicular R
(or shortest) distance of R from AB. Measure
the length of PR. A P B
4. Similarly, construct a line passing through R and perpendicular to AC. Let the point
of intersection of this line and AC be Q. QR is the perpendicular (or shortest)
distance of R from AC. Measure the length of QR. K
E
5. What do you notice about the length of PR and of QR? Y
The length of PR is equal to the length of QR.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Click and drag the point R along the angle bisector. What conclusion can you make?
Any point on the angle bisector of BAC is equidistant from AB and AC. ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Take any point S on the left of the angle bisector and construct a line passing
through A and S. Measure the perpendicular distance from the line to AB and AC
respectively. Click and drag the point S such that S is not on the angle bisector.
What conclusion can you make?
Any point which is not on the angle bisector of BAC is not equidistant from AB and AC. ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the investigation, we can conclude that:

Any point on the angle bisector of an angle is equidistant from the two sides of the angle.
3) Construction of Angles of Other Sizes
Applying what we have learned in previous sections, we can construct basic angles
that can later be built upon to construct angles of other sizes.
71
Construction of a 90 ํ angle
Construction Steps:
Step 1: Using a ruler, draw a straight line Step 2: With X as center and with a
AB and let X be a point on AB. suitable fixed radius, draw an
arc to cut AB at C and D.
A X B AC X DB
Step 3: Adjust the arms of the Step 4: Join XY.
compasses so that the distance
between the ends is more than Y
half the length of CD. With C
and D as center, draw two arcs
to intersect at Y.
K AC X DB
E Y
Y
Therefore, we get ∠BXY = ∠AXY = 90 ํ.
ATTENTION
AC X DB An equilateral triangle is a triangle

with all the angles equal to 60 ํ and
all the sides equal to each other.
Construction of a 60 ํ angle
Construction Steps:
Steps 1 and 2: Doing the same as the first 2 steps to constructing a 90 ํ angle.
Step 3: With D as center and with the Step 4: Join XZ.
length of a radius equal to that of XD,
draw an arc to cut CD at Z.
Z Z
AC X DB AC X DB
Therefore, we get ∠DXZ = 60 ํ.
72
Thinking Time
Construct angles of 30 ํ and 45 ํ using what you have learned.
Explain construction steps in brief.
We can construct an angle of 30 ํ by bisecting a 60 ํ angle.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Z
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A C X D B
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We can construct an angle of 45 ํ by bisecting a 90 ํ angle.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A C X D B
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. K
E
Y
Class Discussion
Work in pairs. Answer the following questions.
1. Using what we have learned, discuss with your classmates how each of the following
angles is obtained.
1) 15 ํ
Construct a 30 ํ angle then bisect the angle to obtain the required 15 ํ angle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2) 22.5 ํ
Construct a 90 ํ angle then bisect the angle to obtain two 45 ํ angles. Bisect one of the 45 ํ
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
angle to obtain the required 22.5 ํ angle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. By considering supplementary angles, discuss with your classmates how we can
obtain a 120 ํ angle.
Construct a 60 ํ angle. Applying the concept of supplementary angles (180 ํ - 60 ํ = 120 ํ),
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
we will obtain a 120 ํ angle on the other side of the constructed 60 ํ angle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
73
Worked Example 7
Construct each of the following angles.
1) Construct a 75 ํ angle. 2) Construct a 67.5 ํ angle.
Construction Steps:
1) We can construct a 75 ํ angle by applying the concept of constructing 45 ํ and 30 ํ
angles below: 75 ํ = 45 ํ + 30 ํ.
Step 1: Using a ruler, draw a straight line
Z XY. M is a point on XY. With M as
P center and with a suitable fixed
A
radius, draw an arc to cut XY.
B Step 2: Construct ∠ZMY of 90 ํ. Then bisect
∠ZMY; we get ∠AMY = 45 ํ.
X M Y Step 3: Construct ∠AMB of 60 ํ.

K Step 4: Bisect ∠AMB; we get ∠PMA = 30 ํ.
E
Y
Therefore, ∠PMY = 75 ํ.
2) We can construct a 67.5 ํ angle by applying the concept of constructing a 45 ํ angle
below: 67.5 ํ = 45 ํ + 22.5 ํ.
Step 1: Using a ruler, draw a straight line
P XY. M is a point on XY. With M as
R center and with a suitable fixed
Q radius, draw an arc to cut XY.
Step 2: Construct ∠PMY of 90 ํ. Then
bisect ∠PMY; we get ∠QMY = 45 ํ.
X M Y Step 3: Bisect ∠PMQ; we get ∠RMQ = 22.5 ํ
Therefore, ∠RMY = 67.5 ํ.
74
Similar Questions
Construct each of the following angles.
1) Construct a 105 ํ angle. 2) Construct a 82.5 ํ angle.
N N
P Q
O O
105 ํ 82.5 ํ P
X M Y X M Y
Journal Writing
With the help of a clearly-labeled diagram, show another method of constructing a K
E
75 ํ angle (as in Worked Example 7 Question 1) and a 67.5 ํ angle (as in Worked Y
Example 7 Question 2).
Exercise 2B
Basic Level
1. Construct an angle ∠PQR equal in magnitude to the given angle ∠ABC.
A
P
B C Q R
75
2. Construct an angle ∠XYZ equal in magnitude to the given ∠TUV.
T
X
V U Z Y
3. Construct an angle ∠DEF twice in magnitude to the given angle ∠ABC.
A D
B C E F
K
E 4. Divide the given angle into half.
Y
X X
A
Y Z Y Z
5. Construct each of the following angles.
1) 150 ํ 2) 225 ํ
D Y
F
E X
150 ํ A 225 ํ B
A C B
76
Intermediate Level
6. Construct an angle ∠RST thrice in magnitude to the given angle ∠PQR.
P
T
Q R
S R
7. Divide the following angle into 4 equal angles.
F F
K
I K
E
Y
J
G H G H
Advanced Level
8. Construct a 52.5 ํ angle.
D G
H
E
ํ
52.5 F
A C B
77
4. Construction Related to Perpendicular and Parallel Lines
1) Perpendicular Lines
In our everyday life, we see many of perpendicular lines around us such as a base
and a height of a box, a length and a width of a rectangle table and a floor and a pillar
in a room.
P From the figure, AB and PQ meet at a
right angle at F. We can say that AB and
A F B PQ are perpendicular to each other.
Q
We write it as AB ⊥ PQ.
Worked Example 8
Construct a line perpendicular to the given line from point A. A

K Construction Steps:
E
Y Step 1: With A as center and radius Step 2: With X and Y as center and
more than the distance between radius more than half the length
A and the given line, draw an of XY, draw two arcs to cut at O.
arc to cut the line at X and Y. A
A

 X Y
X Y O
Step 3: Join OA to cut the given line at P.

A

X P Y
O
Therefore, OA is perpendicular to the given line, making ∠XPA = 90 ํ.

78
Worked Example 9
Construct a line perpendicular at point A on the given line.

A
Construction Steps:
Step 1: With A as center and with a Step 2: With X and Y as center and radius
suitable fixed radius, draw an more than half the length of XY,
arc to cut the given line at X draw two arcs to cut at O.
and Y. O
 
X A Y X A Y
Step 3: Join AO.
O K
E
Y

X A Y
Therefore, AO is perpendicular to the given line, making ∠XAO = ∠YAO = 90 ํ.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2C Questions 1 - 2, 5 - 7
1. Construct a line perpendicular to the 2. Construct a line perpendicular at point
given line from point X. X on the given line.
X

X
79
2) Parallel Lines
They are any 2 lines that place on the same plane ATTENTION
with the same distance apart and without an S

intersection. Examples of parallel lines in our everyday R
life are photo frame and window frame. We can write Q
arrow heads showing the direction to tell that the 2 P
lines are parallel to each other as follows: PR and QS show the distance of
parallel lines such that PR = QS.
B D K M V XZ
JUST FOR FUN
Identify the parallel lines in each

of the following figures.
AC L N UWY
From the figures, we can see that AB is parallel to
K CD, KL is parallel to MN and UV is parallel to WX
E
Y and YZ. They can be written as AB // CD, KL // MN
and UV // WX // YZ.
Corresponding Angles, Alternate Angles and Interior
Angles
P From the figure, we can see that PQ
intersect AB and CD and AB // CD. We
b a
A B call PQ as a transversal.
c d We then get:
x • ∠a and ∠w are called corresponding
w angles. Name another pair of
C y D
z corresponding angles.
• ∠d and ∠x are called alternate angles.
Q Name another pair of alternate angles.
• ∠c and ∠x are called interior angles.
Name another pair of interior angles.
80
From the properties of parallel lines we have learned in primary level, it can be
concluded that:
1) Alternate angles are equal; that is, ∠d = ∠x;
2) Exterior angles and interior angles that are on the same side of a transversal, but
are not adjacent angles, are equal; that is, ∠a = ∠w;
3) The sum of interior angles that are on the same side of a transversal is 180 ํ; that
is, ∠c + ∠x = 180 ํ.
We can construct parallel lines with the help of properties of parallel lines as shown
in the following:
Worked Example 10
Given C and AB in the figure below.
C
K
E
A B Y
Construct a line passing through point C and parallel to a line segment AB.
Construction Steps:
Step 1: Locate and mark point X on the Step 2: Construct ∠YCX with the same
given straight line AB. size as ∠CXB.
Join CX.
C Y C
A X B A X B
We get ∠YCX and ∠CXB as alternate angles that are equal, which make YC // AB.
81
Similar Questions
Construct a line passing through point F and parallel to a line segment DE.
D G E
Worked Example 11
Given AB and a line segment equal to a below.
a
K A B
E
Y Construct a line segment parallel to AB with the same distance from AB as the length
of a.
Construction Steps:
Step 1: Locate and mark C as a point on AB. Step 2: Construct CD on CX
Construct CX perpendicular to AB. with the same length as a.
X X
D
A C B A C B
82
Step 3: At D, construct DE perpendicular to CD.
X
D E
A C B
We then get AB // DE such that DE has the same distance from AB as a.
Similar Questions
Given DE and a line segment with the same length as b, construct a line perpendicular
to DE with the same distance from DE as b.
G
b H I
K
E
Y
D E
D F E
Worked Example 12
Divide XY into 3 equal parts.
X Y
Construction Steps:
Step 1: Construct ∠AXY and ∠XYB Step 2: Mark X as center with a suitable
having the same size. length of radius. Draw an arc to cut XA at P.
A A
P
X Y X Y
B B
83
Step 3: Mark P as center with the same Step 4: Mark Y as center with the same
length of radius as Step 2. Draw length of radius as Step 3. Draw
an arc to cut XA at Q. an arc to cut YB at R.
A A
Q Q
P P
X Y X Y
R
B B
Step 5: Mark R as center with the same Step 6: Join QR and PS.
length of radius as Step 4. Draw
an arc to cut YB at S.
A A
Q Q
P P
K X Y X M N Y
E R R
Y S S
B B
We then get XY divided into 3 equal parts such that XM = MN = NY.

Similar Questions
Divide PQ into 3 equal parts.
R
U
T
P X Y Q
V
W
S
84
Exercise 2C
Basic Level
1. Construct a line perpendicular to the given line from the given point.
1) 2)
C
A B D E
F
2. Construct a line perpendicular at the given point on the given line.

1) 2)
K
A C B D F E E
Y
3. Construct a line parallel to the given line from the given point.
1) 2)
C
D E
F
A B
4. Construct a line to parallel to PQ with the same distance from PQ as the length of a.
P R Q
85
Intermediate Level
5. Construct a line perpendicular to the given line from the given point.
1) 2)
A
C A
C B
B
6. Construct a line perpendicular at the given point on the given line.

1) 2)
A
A
B
B
K
E
Y 7. Construct a line perpendicular to the given line from the given point.
1) 2)
A
A
B B
8. Divide a line segment RS into 7 equal parts.

T
R A B C D E F S
U
86
2.2 Construction of Two-Dimensional
Geometric Figures using Basic
Geometric Constructions
In this section, we shall learn how to construct two-dimensional geometric figures by
applying what we have learned previously.
Worked Example 13
Construct a triangle PQR having PQ = a, PR = b and QR = c.
a b c
Construction Steps:
R
K
E
Y
P Q A
Step 1: Draw PA and construct PQ having the same length as a on PA

Step 2: Mark P and Q as center with the length of radius equal to b and c respectively.
Draw an arc to cut each other at R.
Step 3: Join PR and QR.
We then get a triangle PQR with PQ = a, PR = b and QR = c.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2D Questions 1, 7
Construct a triangle STU such that ST = a, SU = b and TU = c.
U
a
b
c
S T A
87
Worked Example 14
Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 60 ํ.
a
b
Construction Steps:
K
C
X
A B
Step 1: Draw AX and construct AB having the same length as a on AX

K Step 2: Construct ∠ABK = 60 ํ.
E
Y Step 3: With B as center and with a radius having the same length as b, draw an arc
to cut BK at C.
Step 4: Join AC.
We then get a triangle ABC such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 60 ํ.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2D Questions 2, 8
Construct a triangle DEF such that DE = a, EF = b and ∠DEF = 135 ํ.
K
a F
b
X
D E
88
Worked Example 15
Construct a triangle XYZ such that XY = a, ∠XYZ = 45 ํ and ∠YXZ = 60 ํ.
Construction Steps:
K H
Z
X A
Y
K
Step 1: Draw XA and construct XY having the same length as a on XA. E
Y
Step 2: Construct ∠YXH = 60 ํ.
Step 3: Construct ∠XYK = 45 ํ and YK cuts XH at Z.
We then get a triangle XYZ such that XY = a, ∠XYZ = 45 ํ and ∠YXZ = 60 ํ.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2D Question 3
Construct a triangle JKL such that JK = a, ∠JKL = 60 ํ and ∠KJL = 60 ํ.
B C
L
a
A
J K
89
Worked Example 16
Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 45 ํ.
a
b
Construction Steps:
K
D C
X
A B
K
E
Y
Step 1: Draw AX and construct AB having the same length as a on AX.
Step 2: Construct ∠ABK = 45 ํ.
Step 3: With B as center and with a radius having the same length as b, draw an arc
to cut BK at C.
Step 4: Since a quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram, we get AD = BC = b. Construct
AD and CD with A and C as center and with a radius having the same length
as b and a respectively. Draw two arcs to cut each other at D.
Step 5: Join AD and CD.
We then get a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 45 ํ.
90
Similar Questions
Construct quadrilaterals from the given information.
1) Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 120 ํ.
Y
a D C
b
X
A B
2) Construct a rectangle ABCD such that AB = a, BC = b.

Y
D C
a
K
b E
X Y
A B
Worked Example 17
Construct a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, RS = c, PS = d and the
diagonal PR = e.
a c e
b d
Construction Steps: S
P R T
Q
91
Step 1: Draw PT and construct PR having the same length as e on PT.
Step 2: With P and R as center and with a radius having the length as d and c
respectively, draw two arcs to cut each other at S.
Step 3: Join PS and RS.
Step 4: With P and R as center with a radius having the same length as a and b
respectively, draw two arcs to cut each other at Q.
Step 5: Join PQ and RQ.
We then get a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, RS = c, PS = d and the
diagonal PR = e.
Similar Questions
Construct quadrilaterals from the given information.
1) Construct a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, RS = c, PS = d and
the diagonal QS = e.
K
E
Y P
a
b S M
Q
c
d
e
R
2) Construct a rhombus PQRS such that PQ = a and the diagonal PR = b.

S
a
P T
b R
Q
92
Worked Example 18
Construct a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, RS = c, ∠PQR = 75 ํ and
∠QRS = 90 ํ.
a
b
c
Construction Steps: H
R
K S
T
P Q
Step 1: Draw PT and construct PQ having the same length as a on PT.
Step 2: Construct ∠PQH = 75 ํ.
Step 3: With Q as center and with a radius having the same length as b, draw an arc K
to cut QH at R. E
Y
Step 4: Construct ∠QRK = 90 ํ.
Step 5: With R as center and with a radius having the same length as c, draw an arc
to cut RK at S.
Step 6: Join PS.
We then get a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, RS = c, ∠PQR = 75 ํ
and ∠QRS = 90 ํ.
Similar Questions
Construct a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, RS = c, ∠PQR = 60 ํ and
∠QRS = 120 ํ.
H
a K S
b R
c
P Q T
93
Exercise 2D
Basic Level
1. Construct an equilateral triangle XYZ with each side having the same length as a.
A
X Y
2. Construct ΔABC such that AB = a, AC = b and ∠BAC = 90 ํ.
K YC
E
Y
a
b
X
A B
3. Construct ΔXYZ such that XY = a, ∠XYZ = 60 ํ. and ∠YXZ = 45 ํ.
D B C
Z
a
P X Y A
94
4. Construct a rectangle of width and length as a and b respectively.
D C
a
b
X A B Y
5. Construct a square PQRS with a diagonal PR = a.
B C F
Q
a P R A
K
S E
D E Y
6. Construct a trapezium WXYZ such that WZ is parallel to XY, WX = a, XY = b,

WZ = c and ∠WXY = 60 ํ.
a B
C W Z D
b
c
X Y A
95
Intermediate Level
7. Construct a triangle PQR such that PQ = a, PR = b and QR = c. then construct a
line bisecting QR that cuts PQ at T and construct a line bisecting ∠PQR that cut
PR at U.
P
T
a
b U
O
c
Q N R A
K
E
Y
8. Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = a, AC = b and ∠BAC = 67.5 ํ. Then
construct a circle with C as center and with a radius having half of the length of a
and construct a line bisecting ∠ACB and cutting the circle at S.
V
C
a
b S
P
Q
T A R B U
96
9. Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 120 ํ. Then
construct a line bisecting AB and cutting CD at T.
V
T
D C
a
b
A B U
Advanced Level K
E
Y
10. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, PS = c, ∠PQR = 120 ํ
and ∠QPS = 105 ํ. Locate and mark T away from P with the same distance away
from Q and away from PQ with the same distance away from PS.
D
S C
T
a R
b
c
A P Q B
97
Summary
“Geometric constructions” is the construction of geometric figures by using only two
types of tools, which are a set square and compasses. The summary of this chapter
is as follows:
1. Construction Related to Line Segments
1) Constructing a line segment such that it has the same length as the given line
segment
A B C D X
AB CD has the same length as AB.
2) Bisecting the given line segment
K C
E M
Y
A B CD bisects AB at M.
D
2. Construction of Angles
1) Constructing an angle such that it is equal in magnitude to a given angle
A D
B E
C
F
∠ ABC ∠ DEF is equal in magnitude to ∠ABC.
2) Half division of a given angle
A A
F
B B X
C G C
∠ ABC ∠ABX and ∠XBC are half the size of ∠ABC.
98
3) Constructing of angles of other sizes
Constructing 90 ํ and 45 ํ angles
A
F
G
P D B E C
∠ ABC = 90 ํ and ∠GBC = 45 ํ
Constructing a 60 ํ angle
A K
E
Y
P D B E C
∠ABC = 60 ํ
3. Construction Related to Perpendicular and Parallel Lines

1) Constructing a line perpendicular to the given line from the given point
P P
  X
A B
P is not on the given line . O
OP is perpendicular to the given line at X.
99
2) Constructing a line perpendicular at the given point on the given line
 
P X P Y
P is on the given line . OP is perpendicular to the given line at P.
3) Constructing a line passing through point and parallel to the given line
C C
E
A B A D B
C is not on the given line. EC // AB
K 4) Constructing a line segment parallel to PQ with the same distance from PQ as
E
Y the length of a
R S
a
P Q P X Q
RS // PQ such that PQ has the same
distance from RS as a.
5) Dividing a line segment into equal parts
A
Q
P
X M N Y
R
S
B
XY is divided into 3 equal parts at M and N.
100
Review Exercise 2
1. Construct lines perpendicular on/at the given point for each of the given lines.
1) 2)
B
A
A
B
2. Divide XY into the following equal parts.

1) Four equal parts
K
E
Y
X Y
2) Five equal parts
X Y
101
3. Construct ΔABC such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 60 ํ. Construct the angle
bisector of ∠BAC such that it cuts BC at S.
a b S
A B
4. Construct ΔPQR such that PQ = a, PR = b and QR = c. Construct the perpendicular

bisector of QR such that it cuts QR at S and cuts PQ at T.
R
K a
E S
Y b
c
P T Q
5. Construct a triangle XYZ such that YZ = a and ∠XYZ = ∠XZY = 60 ํ. Then construct
a rhombus XZVY from the triangle XYZ.
a Y Z
102
6. Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = a, BC = b and ∠ABC = 2∠BCD.
Then construct a diagonal BD and a line bisecting and perpendicular to BD such
that it cuts AB at S and DC at T.
D T C
a
b
A S B
7. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS such that PQ = a, QR = b, PS = c, ∠PQR = 90 ํ

and ∠QPS = 60 ํ. Then join PR and construct a line parallel to PR through S and
cuts QR at U.
K
E
Y
a U
S
b
c R
P Q
8. Construct a square such that each angle is on the circumference of a circle with its
radius = a.
a
A C
103
9. On a street with both sides of the edges parallel to each other, construct a zebra
crossing perpendicular to the edges by using a set square and compasses.
(Suggested answer)
K
E
Y 10. Construct a net of triangular pyramid by using a set square and compasses.
Create a present box from the net of triangular pyramid and decorate.
(Suggested answer)
104
Challenge Yourself
1. Construct ΔPQR such that PQ = a, PR = b and QR = c. Construct a circle which
will pass through P, Q and R.
a
b P Q
c
K
E
2. Construct ΔPQR such that PQ = a, PR = b and QR = c. Construct a circle which Y
will touch the sides of PQ, PR and QR.
P
a
b
c
Q R
105
K
E
Y
106
Chapter 3
Linear
Equations in
Two Variables
During festive seasons, people usually buy gifts for their
friends and relatives. When shopping for gifts, if we narrow
down our gift choices to two items and we have a fixed
budget, how do we determine the number of each item K
E
to buy? Y
Indicators
• Understand and apply the concept of graphs of linear
equations to solve mathematical and real-world problems.
(MA 1.3 G. 7/2)
• Understand and apply the concept of linear relationship to
solve mathematical and real-world problems. (MA 1.3 G. 7/3)
Compulsory Details
• Graphs of Linear Relationships
• Linear Equations in Two Variables
• Real-Life Applications of Linear Equations in Two Variables
and Graphs of Linear Relationships
107
3.1 Ordered Pairs
Class Discussion
INTERNET RESOURCES
Work in pairs. Follow the instruction below. Log on to http://battleship-

game.org and play the
game with your friends.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
K 10 10
E A B C D E F G H I J A B C D E F G H I J
Y
Self Opponent
1. Each student must have one’s own grid and another grid of your opponent.
2. On the grid labelled ‘Self’, arrange the following five ships:
• An aircraft carrier A A A A A
• A battleship B B B B
• A submarine S S S
• A cruiser C C C
• A destroyer D D
3. Take turns to try to sink your opponent’s ships.
1) Call out a location on the grid, e.g. D7, F4 and G10, to hit your opponent’s
ship.
2) If a ship is found at the location called out, the other player says ‘hit’. Otherwise,
the player says ‘missed’.
108
3) On the ‘Opponent’ grid, record each location you have called out by shading it
for a ‘hit’ and drawing a cross for a ‘miss’.
4) Similarly, on the ‘Self’ grid, record the locations that your opponent has called out.
4. A ship is sunk when all the spaces it occupies have been called out. The player
whose ship is sunk says ‘My ship has been sunk.’.
5. A player wins the game when all his opponent’s ships have been sunk.
In the battleship game, we use the labels of the columns and the rows to call out
locations on the grids. We shall use the same idea to locate a student in a classroom
where the students are seated at desks that are arranged neatly in rows and columns
as shown in the following diagram.
4 A
Row 3 C D
2 B
K
1 F E E
Y
1 2 3 4 5 6
Column
To locate a student, the teacher can associate the student with the column and the
row his or her seat is at. The teacher can write a pair of numbers against the name
of a student in the class list as follows:
A(2, 4) B(4, 2) C(3, 3)
From the pair of numbers (2, 4), (4, 2) and (3, 3), we will be able to know that Student
A is seated at column 2 and in row 4. Student B is seated at column 4 and in row 2,
and Student C is seated at column ………………………3 3
and in row ……………………… respectively.
Are you able to write down the pairs of numbers which correspond to students D, E
and F?
Student D is seated at D(5, 3).
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Student E is seated at E(6, 1).
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Student F is seated at F(1, 1).
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
109
Class Discussion
Work in pairs. Answer the following questions.
1. Is a single number sufficient to describe the exact position of a student in the
classroom seating plan? Can the location of a seat in a cinema be represented by
a single number?
A single number is not sufficient to describe the exact position of a student in the classroom
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
seating plan. For example, when the number 1 is used to indicate the position of a student
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
in the classroom, the student could be either in row 1 or column 1. Similarly, the location of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a seat in a cinema cannot be represented by a single number.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
An example of a seating plan of a cinema is as shown:
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
C
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K D
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y E
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
H
I
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
J
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Monitor
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the seating plan shown, both the number and the letter are required to represent the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
location of a seat in the cinema.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Is the order in which the two numbers are written important, i.e. do (5, 3) and
(3, 5) indicate the same position?
The order in which two numbers are written are important, i.e. (5, 3) and (3, 5) do not indicate
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the same position.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
110
Consider the following information about the scores some students obtained from a test:
Student Carlo Angelo Ann Tricia Megan
Score 0 1 2 4 5
From the table of values, we can illustrate the information in a diagram, which matches
the student to his/her respective score.
Carlo 0
Angelo 1
Ann 2
Tricia 4
Megan 5
Student Score
From this diagram, we can identify the ordered pairs as (Carlo, 0), (Angelo, 1), (Ann, 2),
K
(Tricia, 4) and (Megan, 5). E
Y
Let A = (2, 4, 5) and B = (6, 8, 10). Consider the relation “is a factor of”. This relation
connects the elements in Set A to the elements in Set B since 2 is a factor of 6, 8
and 10; 4 is a factor of 8; and 5 is a factor of 10 and so on. We can display the relation
“is a factor of” from Set A to Set B using an arrow diagram as follows:
2 6
4 8
5 10
Set A Set B
From the diagram above, we call the members in Set A as the first number of an
ordered pair and call the members in Set B as the second number of an ordered pair.
We can pair up all the members in Set A and Set B as (2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 10), (4, 8)
and (5, 10). These pairs are called “ordered pairs”. (4, 8) can be read as the ordered
pair four eight.
111
To write an ordered pair, we need to know which groups the first number and the
second number come from. From the previous page, we can see that each member in
Set A is the first number of an ordered pair and each member in Set B is the second
number of that ordered pair.
Worked Example 1
List the ordered pairs from the groups below such that the first number of each
ordered pair must be the member of the first group and the second number of each
ordered pair must be the member of the second group.
w
x Hockey
y Soccer
z
K Group 1 Group 2
E
Y Solution:
The ordered pairs are (w, Soccer), (x, Soccer), (y, Hockey) and (z, Hockey).
Similar Questions
List the ordered pairs from the diagram below such that the first number of each ordered
pair represents each student in the first group and the second number of each ordered
pair represents each student’s score in the second group.
A 40
B 50
C 60
D 70
Student Student’s score
The ordered pairs are (A, 40), (B, 70), (C, 50) and (D, 60).
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
112
Worked Example 2
If Alex likes studying Mathematics, Science and Geography, while Brad likes studying
History. Draw out an arrow diagram to represent this information.
Solution:
Alex Mathematics
Science
Geography
Brad History
Student Subject
K
E
Similar Questions Y
Peter, Jim and John are the sons of Will. Adam and Tom are the sons of Ben. Thomas
is the son of Rob. Draw out an arrow diagram to represent this information.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Peter
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Jim Will
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
John
Ben
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Adam
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Tom Rob
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Thomas
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Son Father
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
113
3.2 Cartesian Coordinates
1. Cartesian Coordinates
Journal Writing
1. Using a horizontal scale of 1 to 10 and a vertical scale of A to J, design a map
that includes the locations of your house, a bus stop and a shopping mall in
your neighborhood.
2. Using the grid on page 109 with a horizontal scale of 1 to 6 and a vertical scale
of A to F, design a plan showing positions of furniture in your house.
3. Use suitable horizontal and vertical scales to design the seating plan of a
140-seat cinema.
K
E Now let us display the same classroom plan in page 109 with horizontal and vertical
Y
lines drawn through the centers of the boxes, showing the positions of the students.
The horizontal lines and vertical lines are numbered as shown in the diagram below.
A(2, 4)
4
C(3, 3) D
3
B(4, 2)
2
F E
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
In the battleship game, each location is called out by the column labels followed by the
row labels. Similarly, the first number in each ordered pair is with reference to the
horizontal scale while the second number is with reference to the vertical scale. To
further simplify it, we can use a point (indicated by a cross) to show the position of
each student. This gives us an idea of locating a point in a plan.
114
Vertical axis or Y-axis
2 Units
C(-3, 3) 3 A(2, 3)
2
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1 3 Units
1
Horizontal
O axis or
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X-axis
B(-3, -1) -1
Quadrant 3 -2 Quadrant 4
-3 D
The diagram above shows the Cartesian coordinate system where two number lines, K
E
the X-axis or horizontal axis and the Y-axis or vertical axis, intersect at the point Y
(0, 0) and are perpendicular to each other. This intersection point is called origin, which
can be represented by O.
The X-axis and Y-axis divide this plane into 4 parts or quadrants. Each part is called
quadrant 1, quadrant 2, quadrant 3 and quadrant 4 respectively.
The position of any point on the plane can be identified by the distance of the point
away from each axis; that is, the Point A is 2 units to the right from the Y-axis and 3
units above the X-axis; therefore, this point is represented with an ordered pair as
(2, 3). Likewise, the coordinates of the points B and C are (-3, -1) and (-3, 3) respectively.
From above, what ordered pairs do you think the points D and O can be represented
with?
If the Point P is the point on the Cartesian plane represented by the ordered pair
(x, y), we can say that the coordinates of the Point P is (x, y) with x is called the
abscissa, and y is called the ordinate and its coordinates can be written as P(x, y).
115
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 3A Questions 3 - 4, 8 - 11
Plot the points A(2, 2), B(-2, 3), C(-1, -2) and D(3, -1) on the same Cartesian plane.
Y
B(-2, 3) 3
2 A(2, 2)
0 X
-2 -1 1 2 3
-1
D(3, -1)
C(-1, -2)-2
K
E
Y Worked Example 3
Obtain the ordered pairs from the diagram below. List those ordered pairs and plot them
on the graph.
INFORMATION
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4 René Descartes (1596-1650),
5 5 a French mathematician, was
6 6 the first person to develop the
concept of Cartesian coordinate
Group 1 Group 2 system. That is why this system
was named after him.
Solution:
The ordered pairs are (1, 4), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1), (5, 6) and (6, 3).
116
The graph can be plotted as shown below.
Y
(5, 6)
6
(3, 5)
5
(1, 4)
4
(6, 3)
3
2 (2, 2)
(4, 1)
1
0 X
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 3A Question 5 K
E
Obtain the ordered pairs from the diagram below. List those ordered pairs and plot them Y
on the graph.
The ordered pairs are (-3, 0), (-2, 3), (-1, 1),
............................................................................................................................................
-3 0 (0, 5), (1, 2) and (2, 4).

............................................................................................................................................
-2 1 The graph can be plotted as shown below.

............................................................................................................................................
-1 2 Y
0 3 5 (0, 5)
1 4 (2, 4)
2 5 4
(-2, 3)
Group 1 Group 2 3
(1, 2)
2
(-1, 1)
1
(-3, 0)
X
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
117
2. Plotting Graph Showing the Relationship between Two
Sets of Values
Consider the table showing the relationship between the numbers of apples and their
prices below.
Number of Apple 1 2 3 4 5
Price of Apple (baht) 10 20 30 40 50
From the table, the ordered pairs obtained are (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30), (4, 40) and
(5, 50). The graph can be plotted as shown below.
Price of Apple (baht)
60
50
K
E 40
Y
30
20
10
0 Number of Apple
1 2 3 4 5 6
From the graph, we can see that this graph is a linear graph after joining all the points
together.
Worked Example 4
Plot a graph showing the relationship between the amounts of soaps and their prices.
Amount of Soap (bar) 1 2 3 4 5
Price of Soap (baht) 12 24 36 48 60
118
Solution:
From the table of values where the amounts of soaps are the first numbers and their
prices are the second numbers, the ordered pairs obtained are (1, 12), (2, 24), (3, 36),
(4, 48) and (5, 60). The graph can be plotted as shown below.
Price of Soap (baht)

72
60
48
36
24
12
K
E
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Amount of Y
Soap (bars)
together.
Similar Questions
Plot a graph showing the relationship between the numbers of water bottles and their
prices.
Number of Water Bottle (bottle) 1 2 3 4 5
Price of Water Bottle (baht) 7 14 21 28 35
From the table of values where the numbers of water bottles are the first numbers and their
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
prices are the second numbers, the ordered pairs obtained are (1, 7), (2, 14), (3, 21), (4, 28)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and (5, 35). The graph can be plotted as follows.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
119
Price of Water Bottle (baht)
42
35
28
21
14
7
Number of Water
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bottle (bottles)
From the graph, we can see that this graph is a linear graph after joining
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
all the points together.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the Worked Example 4, we can see that the soap is sell in a full bar. Therefore,
K
E the amount of soaps increases from 0 to 1 bar, from 1 to 2 bars, from 2 to 3 bars,
Y
from 3 to 4 bars and from 4 to 5 bars. If the amount of soaps continues to increase
by 1 at a time, the points on the graph of coordinates will continue in the form of a
straight line.
Price of Soap (baht)
72
60
48
36
24
12
0 Amount of Soap
1 2 3 4 5 6 (bars)
120
Worked Example 5
Plot a graph showing the relationship between weights of jasmine rice and its prices.
Weight of Jasmine Rice (kg) 1 2 3 4 5
Price of Jasmine Rice (baht) 38 76 114 152 190
Solution:
From the table of values where the weights of jasmine rice are the first numbers and
the prices are the second numbers, the ordered pairs obtained are (1, 38), (2, 76),
(3, 114), (4, 152) and (5, 190). The graph can be plotted as shown below.
Price of Jasmine Rice (baht)
228 K
E
Y
190
152
114
76
38
0 Weight of Jasmine
1 2 3 4 5 6 Rice (kg)
together.
121
Since we can find the price of jasmine rice from the table regardless of how many kg
it is, the coordinates on the graph then always create a straight line.
Price of Jasmine Rice (baht)

228
190
152
114
76
38
0 Weight of Jasmine
K 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rice (kg)
E
Y
Similar Questions
Plot a graph showing the relationship between the distances Alex runs on a treadmill
at a constant speed and the amounts of time he runs.
Amount of Time (minute) 1 2 3 4 5
Running Distance (meter) 200 400 600 800 1,000
From the table of values where the amounts of time are the first numbers and the running
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
distances are the second numbers, the ordered pairs obtained are (1, 200), (2, 400), (3, 600),
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(4, 800) and (5, 1,000). The graph can be plotted as follows.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
122
Running Distance (meters)
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0 Amount of Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 (minutes)
From the Worked Example 5, we can conclude that to plot a graph showing the
relationship between two sets of values, when both values change constantly, the graph
obtained is a linear graph. We call this type of relationship a linear relationship.
K
E
Exercise 3A Y
Basic Level
1. Match the remaining fruits with their respective colors and list the ordered pairs where
the first number represents the fruit and the second number represents the color.
Banana Yellow
Strawberry Purple
Grape Red
Lime Green
Fruit Color
The ordered pairs, where the fruits are the first numbers and their colors are the second
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
numbers, obtained are (Banana, Yellow), (Strawberry, Red), (Grape, Purple) and (Lime, Green).
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
123
2. Sydney and Perth are cities in Australia. Tokyo and Kobe are cities in Japan. Seoul
is a city in Korea, and Beijing and Shanghai are cities in China. Draw out an arrow
diagram to represent this information.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sydney
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Perth
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Australia
Tokyo
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Kobe Japan
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Seoul Korea
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
China
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Beijing
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Shanghai
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
City Country
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Write down the coordinates of each point shown in the figure.

K
E Y
Y B C
4
3
2 D
1 E
0 X
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
A -3 F
-4
The ordered pairs are A(-4, -3), B(-2, 4), C(3, 4), D(4, 2), E(1, 1) and F(3, -3).
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
124
4. Plot the points A(2, 5), B(1, 2), C(-2, -1), D(6, -2), E(3, -2) and F(-1, 2) on the
graph in the same Cartesian plane.
Y
A(2, 5)
5
4
3
F(-1, 2) B(1, 2)
2
1
0 X
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
C(-2, -1)
-2
E(3, -2) D(6, -2) K
E
Y
5. From the diagram below, list the ordered pairs and plot them on the graph.
-5 -4
-3 -2
-1 0
2 8
5 10
Group 1 Group 2
The ordered pairs are (-5, 10), (-3, -4), (-1, 0), (2, 8) and (5, -2).
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The graph can be plotted as follows.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
125
Y
12
(-5, 10)
10
8 (2, 8)
6
4
2
(-1, 0)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 X
(5, -2)
-2
(-3, -4)
K -4
E
Y
6. Plot a graph showing the relationship between the numbers of pens and their prices.
Number of Pen 1 2 3 4 5
Price of Pen (baht) 5 10 15 20 25
From the table of values where the numbers of pens are the first numbers and the prices of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
pens are the second numbers, the ordered pairs obtained are (1, 5), (2, 10), (3, 15), (4, 20)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and (5, 25). The graph can be plotted as follows.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
126
Price of Pen (baht)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Number of Pens
1 2 3 4 5 6
7. Plot a graph showing the relationship between the numbers of days and hours
that Peter spends at school.
Number of Day 1 2 3 4 5 K
Number of Hour 7 14 21 28 35 E
Y
From the table of values where the numbers of days and the numbers of hours that Peter spends
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
at school are the first numbers and the second numbers respectively, the ordered pairs obtained
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
are (1, 7), (2, 14), (3, 21), (4, 28) and (5, 35). The graph can be plotted as follows.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Number of Hours
42
35
28
21
14
7
0 Number of Days
1 2 3 4 5 6
127
Intermediate Level
8. Plot each set of the given points on the same Cartesian plane. Join the points in
order with straight lines and identify each geometric shape obtained.
1) (6, 4), (-6, 4), (-6, -4), (6, -4)
Y The figure shows a rectangle.
.............................................................................................
6 .............................................................................................
(-6, 4) (6, 4)
4 .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
2
0 X
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
-4
(-6, -4) (6, -4)
K -6
E
Y
2) (0, 4), (-6, 0), (0, -4), (6, 0)
Y
The figure shows a rhombus.
.............................................................................................
6
.............................................................................................
4 (0, 4) .............................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................
(-6, 0) (6, 0)
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 X
-2
-4 (0, -4)
-6
128
9. The vertices of a right-angled triangle are A(1, 0), B(5, 0) and C(1, 4). Plot the
points A, B and C on the same Cartesian plane. Hence, find the area of ΔABC.
Y Area of ΔABC = 12 4 4 = 8 × ×
.............................................................................................
C(1, 4) Therefore, the area of ΔABC is

.............................................................................................
4
8 square units.
.............................................................................................
3 .............................................................................................
2
1
A(1, 0) B(5, 0)
0 X
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
10. Plot each of the following points on the same Cartesian plane. K
E
(3, -5), (2, -3), (1, -1), (0, 1), (-1, 3), (-2, 5), (-3, 7) Y
Do you notice that the points lie in a special pattern? Describe the pattern.
Y
8 The points lie on a straight line.
.............................................................................................
(-3, 7)
.............................................................................................
(-2, 5) 6
.............................................................................................
4 .............................................................................................
(-1, 3)
2
(0, 1)
0 X
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
(1, -1)
-2
(2, -3)
-4
(3, -5)
-6
129
11. Two of the vertices of a triangle ABC are A(1, 1) and B(5, 5). The area of ΔABC
is 12 units2 and the Y-coordinate of the Point C is 1. By plotting the points A and
B on a sheet of graph paper, determine the possible X-coordinates of C.
Y
B(5, 5)
5
4
3
2
C(-5, 1)
1
A(1, 1) C(7, 1)
K
E -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
Y
-1
-2
From the question, we can see that when plotting C( , 1) on the same Cartesian plane, x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the positions of all the points are on the straight line passing through A(1, 1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and parallel to the X-axis.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The height of the triangle ABC then equals 4 units.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the triangle ABC has an area of 12 square units, the length of its base is 12 4× 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6 units.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, C(x, 1) = C(7, 1) or C(-5, 1).

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, x = 7 or -5.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
130
3.3 Graphs of Linear Relationships
Investigation
1. Consider the linear equation y = 2x, we shall look at all pairs of numbers x and y
that satisfy the linear equation y = 2x.
When x = 1, y = 2(1) = 2
x = 2, y = 2(2) = 4
x = 3, y = 2(3) = 6
x = 4, y = 2(4) = 8
Thus the pair of numbers x = 1, y = 2 satisfy the linear equation y = 2x. Similarly,
x = 3, y = 6 also satisfy the linear equation y = 2x, etc. Obviously, we cannot list
all the values of x and y that satisfy the linear equation y = 2x. Can we find a way
to display the linear equation y = 2x?
The table below shows five pairs of values of x and y that satisfy the linear equation K
E
y = 2x. Y
x 1 2 3 4 5
y = 2x 2 4 6 8 10
From the table above, we can see that there are many answers to the equation
y = 2x, which can be plotted on the graph as follows.
Y
10
8
6
4
2
0 X
1 2 3 4 5 6
131
Answer the following questions.
1) Do you notice any pattern formed by the points?
The points form a straight line.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How does the value of y change as the value of x increases by 1?

The value of y increases by 2.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) From the graph, when the value of x increases, how does the value of y change?
x
If the value of increases, the value of y then increases.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
When we join all the coordinates on the graph, which are (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)
(4, 8) and (5, 10), we get a linear graph as shown below.
Y
10
8
6
K
E 4
Y
2
0 X
1 2 3 4 5 6
The line is said to be a graph of the linear equation y = 2x. Do you agree that
every pair of numbers (x, y) satisfying y = 2x appear as a point somewhere on the
line and that every point on the line has coordinates that satisfy the equation
y = 2x? The graph of the equation is the set of all points whose coordinates satisfy
the equation.
2. Let us consider another equation y = 2x + 1, we shall look at some pairs of numbers
x and y that satisfy the equation y = 2x + 1.
When x = -2, y = 2(-2) + 1 = -3
x = -1, y = 2(-1) + 1 = -1
x = 0, y = 2(0) + 1 = 1
x = 1, y = 2(1) + 1 = 3.
132
Thus the pairs of numbers x = -2, y = -3, and x = -1, y = -1, etc. satisfy the
equation y = 2x + 1. The table below shows five pairs of values of x and y that
satisfy the equation y = 2x + 1.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1 -3 -1 1 3 5
From the table above, we can see that there are many answers to the equation
y = 2x + 1, which can be represented by the following ordered pairs: (-2, -3),
(-1, -1), (0, 1), (1, 3) and (2, 5). They can be plotted on the graph as follows.
Y
6
4
2 K
E
X Y
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-4
Answer the following questions.

1) Do you notice any pattern formed by the points?
The points form a straight line.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How does the value of y change as the value of x increases by 1?

The value of y increases by 2.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) From the graph, when the value of x increases, how does the value of y change?
x
If the value of increases, the value of y then increases.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
133
When we join all the coordinates on the graph, which are (-2, -3), (-1, -1), (0, 1),
(1, 3) and (2, 5), we get a linear graph as shown below.
Y
6
4
2
0 X
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-4
The line is the graph of the linear equation y = 2x +1.

K
E
Y
Thinking Time
In the above investigation, we have plotted five points and a line is then drawn to join
the five points.
1. What is the minimum number of points we need to draw a linear graph?
2 points
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. How do we ensure that we have calculated the coordinates of the points

satisfying the equations accurately?
We need to plot all the coordinates of all the points on the Cartesian plane. If all points are
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
joined and create a straight line, then these coordinates of the points satisfy the equation accurately.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. How many points should we plot to draw a line accurately?

We should plot at least 3 coordinates of the points so that we can join all the points and
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
create a straight line.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
134
Worked Example 6
Answer each of the following questions.
1) Complete the table below for the equation y = 4 - 2x. Draw the graph of this equation.
x -1 0 1 2
y = 4 - 2x ……………… ……………… 2 ………………
2) The point (-0.5, w) lies on the graph in 1). Find the value of w.
Solution:
1) Y
x -1 0 1 2
y = 4 - 2x 6 4 2 0 8
From the table, we can draw the graph of 6

the equation y = 4 - 2x as shown below. 4 y = 4 - 2x
K
2 E
Y
0 X
-1 1 2
2) From the graph, when x = -0.5, y = 5. Therefore, w = 5.
Similar Questions
1. Answer each of the following questions.
1) Draw the graph of the equation y = 2x - 1, where x, y are any integers.
The table of values for y = 2 - 1 is as shown below. x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x 0 1 2 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 1 -1 1 3 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
135
Y
6
4
y = 2x - 1
2
0 X
-2 -1 1 2 3
-2
2) The point (q, 4) lies on the graph in 1). Find the value of q.
From the graph, when y = 4, = 2.5. Therefore, q = 2.5. x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Draw the graphs of the equations y = 3x and y = 2 - 2x, where x, y are any
integers on the same Cartesian plane.
K The tables of values for y = 3x and y = 2 - 2x are as shown below.
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x -2 0 2 x -2 0 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 3x -6 0 6 y = 2 - 2x 6 2 -2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
y = 2 - 2x
6 y = 3x
4
2
0 X
-2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
-6
136
Thinking Time
1. What can you say about the coordinates of the points that lie on the line
y = 4 - 2x?
The Y-coordinate of each point on a linear graph of y = 4 - 2 is equal to twice the value of x
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
X-coordinate subtract from 4. Therefore, the coordinate of each point on the linear graph of
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 4 - 2x is (x, 4 - 2x).
2. Lixin says that the graphs of y = x + 3 and y = -2x - 1 are linear. Do you agree
with her? Explain your answer.
Y x
Therefore, the graphs of y = + 3 and
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4 y=x+3 y = -2x - 1 are linear.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
y = -2x - 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………
2
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4 X
…………………………………………………………………………………………
-4 -2 0 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………
-2 K
………………………………………………………………………………………… E
Y
Exercise 3B
Basic Level
1. Draw graphs and answer each of the following equations.
1) Draw the graph of each of the following equations on the same Cartesian plane.
y = 2x + 4, y = 2x + 1, y = 2x - 2 and y = 2x - 3
x
The table of values for and y which are some solutions to the equations is shown below.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x -1 0 1
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x + 4 2 4 6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x + 1 -1 1 3
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 2 -4 -2 0
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 3 -5 -3 -1
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
137
Y
6
4
2
y = 2x + 4
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X
-2
y = 2x + 1
-4
y = 2x - 2 -6
y = 2x - 3
2) How are the graphs of the equations in 1) like?

They are parallel lines.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
Intermediate Level
2. Draw graphs and answer each of the following equations.
1) Draw the graph of each of the following equations on the same Cartesian plane.
y = -4x + 3, y = -4x + 2, y = -4x - 1 and y = -4x - 3
x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x -1 0 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -4x + 3 7 3 -1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -4x + 2 6 2 -2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -4x - 1 3 -1 -5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -4x - 3 1 -3 -7
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
138
Y
8
6
4
2
0 X
-2 -1 1 2
-2
y = -4x + 3
-4 y = -4x + 2
-6
y = -4x - 1
-8
y = -4x - 3
2) Write two equations that create two parallel lines on the plane. K
E
x 1
y = m + c , y = m + c where m, c , c are constants. x 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
1 2
3. Solve the following.

1) Draw the graph of the equation y = 6 - 3x, where x, y are any integers.
Y The table of values for x and y which are
…………………………………………………………………………………….
15 some solutions to the equation y = 6 - 3x is

…………………………………………………………………………………….
y = 6 - 3x shown below.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
10
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5 x -1 0 1
…………………………………………………………………………………….
y = 6 - 3x 9 6 3
…………………………………………………………………………………….
0 X
-2 -1 1 2 3 …………………………………………………………………………………….
-5 …………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
139
2) The points (a, 0), (-2, b) and (c, 1.5) lie on the graph in 1). Find the values of a,
b and c.
From the graph in 1), when y = 0, = 2; when = -2, y = 12; and when y = 1.5, = 1.5. x x x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, a = 2, b = 12 and c = 1.5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Draw the graphs of the equations y = 2x + 4 and y = 2 - 3x, where x, y are any
integers, on the same Cartesian plane.
x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x -2 0 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x + 4 0 4 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2 - 3x 8 2 -4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
Y Y
15
10 y = 2x + 4
5
0 X
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5
y = 2 - 3x
-10
-15
140
3.4 Linear Equations
in Two Variables
In this section, we shall take a look at the graphs of linear equations in the form
Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B and C are constants and that A and B are not 0 at the
same time with x, y as variables. We call this type of equation a linear equation in two
variables.
Investigation
1. Consider the equation 2x + y = 3 and answer the PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
questions. Students may use the Geometer’s
1) Using the Geometer’s Sketchpad, draw the Sketchpad or GeoGebra or other
graph of 2x + y = 3. Geometer’s Sketchpad programs
(GSP) to draw graphs of linear
2) Do the points A(2, -1) and B(-2, 5) lie on equation in two variables. Search K
the graph in 1)? Do the coordinates of each E
for more information on the Y
of the points satisfy the equation 2x + y = 3? Internet.
Explain your answers.
Y From the graph, the point A(2, -1) lies on
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6 the graph. The point B(-2, 5) does not lie

…………………………………………………………………………………….
on the graph. Therefore, A(2, -1) satisfies
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4
the equation 2x + y = 3. B(-2, 5) does not
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2 satisfy the equation 2x + y = 3.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
X
-1 0 1 2 3 …………………………………………………………………………………….
-2 …………………………………………………………………………………….
2x + y = 3
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3) The point (1, p) lies on the graph in 1). Determine the value of p.
x
Replace = 1 and y = p in the equation,
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 2(1) + p = 3
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = 3-2
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = 1.
141
4) The point (q, -7) lies on the graph in 1). Determine the value of q.
Replace y = -7 and = q in the equation, x
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 2q + (-7) = 3
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2q = 3 + 7
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
q = 5.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) On the same axes in 1), draw the graph of y = -2x + 3 using the Geometer’s
Sketchpad. Explain what you can observe from graphing.
The graph of y = -2 + 3 coincides with the graph of 2 + y = 3.
x x
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6) Show algebraically that y = -2x + 3 can be obtained from 2x + y = 3.

x
2 +y = 3
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x - 2x + y = -2x + 3
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -2x + 3
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Consider the equation 3x - 4y = 6 and answer the questions.

1) Using the Geometer’s Sketchpad, draw the graph of 3x - 4y =6.
K
E 2) The point (2, r) lies on the graph in 1). Determine the value of r.
Y
x
Replace = 2 and y = r in the equation,
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 3(2) - 4r = 6
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4r = 6 - 6
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r = 0.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) The point (s, -1.5) lies on the graph in 1). Determine the value of s.
Replace y = -1.5 and = s in the equation, x
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 3s - 4(-1.5) = 6
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3s = 6 - 6
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
s = 0.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) State the coordinates of two other points that satisfy the equation 3x - 4y = 6.
The coordinates of two other points are (-2, -3) and (4, 1.5). Other points can be
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
used, as long as they lie on the line.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) On the same axes in 1), draw the graph of y = 34 x - 32 by using Geometer’s

Sketchpad. Explain what you can observe from graphing.
The graph of y = 34 - 32 coincides with the graph of 3 - 4y = 6.
x x
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
142
6) Show algebraically that y = 34 x - 32 can be obtained from 3x - 4y = 6.
-4y -3x + 6
x
3 - 4y = 6 -4 = -4 3
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x - 3x - 4y = -3x + 6 y = 34x - 2
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-4y = -3x + 6
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 7
The variables x and y are connected by the equation 2x - 3y = 2. Some values of x
and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x -2 -0.5 4
y -2 p 2
From above, answer each of the following questions.
1) Calculate the value of p.
2) Draw the graph of 2x - 3y = 2 for -2 ≤ x ≤ 4. K
3) The point (1, q) lies on the graph in 2). Find the value of q. E
Y
4) State the X-coordinate of the point on the graph of 2x - 3y = 2 that has a Y-coordinate
of 1.
Solution:
1) When x = -0.5, y = p, 2(-0.5) - 3p = 2
3p = -3.
Therefore, p = -1.
2) Y
4
2x - 3y = 2
2
0 X
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
143
3) From the graph in 2), When x = 1, y = 0.
Therefore, q = 0.
4) X-coordinate of point = 2.5
Similar Questions
The variables x and y are connected by the equation 3x + y = 1. Some values of x
and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x -2 0 2
y p 1 -5
From above, answer each of the following questions.
1) Find the value of p.
When = -2, y = p, x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 3(-2) + p = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
p = 1 + 6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, p = 7.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Draw the graph of 3x + y = 1.
10
5
0 X
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5
-10 3x + y = 1
144
3) The point (-1, q) lies on the graph in 2). Find the value of q.
From the graph in 2), when = -1, y = 4. x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, q = 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) State the X-coordinate of the point on the graph of 3x + y = 1 that has a

Y-coordinate of -8.
X -coordinate = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Normally, we can write a linear equation in two variables of Ax + By + C = 0, where

B ≠ 0 in the form of y = mx + c, where m, c are constants. Do you think if the value
of m and c changes, how will the graph of linear equation be?
Investigation
K
Work in pairs. Do the following activity. E
Y
1. Log on to http://www.shinglee.com.sg/
Student Resources/. Choose NSM1/. Then
choose Chapter 6 Equation of a Straight
Line.
2. Open the file: Chapter 6 Equation of a
Straight Line.
3. Change the value of c from -3 to 3 in
steps of 1 by clicking on the scroll bar.
What happens to the line? State the coordinates of the point where the line cuts
the Y-axis.
As the value of c changes, the Y-coordinate of the point of intersection of the line with the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y-axis changes. The coordinates of the point where the line cuts the Y-axis are (0, c).
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Change the value of m from 0 to 5 in steps of 1. Observe how the graph changes.
The line of this graph makes an acute angle between the line and the X-axis larger.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
145
5. Change the value of m from 0 to -5 in steps of -1. Observe how the graph changes.
The line of this graph makes an obtuse angle between the line and the X-axis smaller.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. What is the difference between a line with a positive value for m and a line with a
negative value for m?
The line of the graph of y = m + c with a positive value for m makes an acute angle between
x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the line and the X-axis. On the other hand, the line of the graph of y = mx + c with a negative
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
value for m makes an obtuse angle between the line and the X-axis.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the investigation, we can see that the equation of y = mx + c, where m, c are
constants, the graph is linear with its gradient equal to m and the line intersects the
Y-axis at (0, c).
When m > 0, the line of the graph makes an acute angle between the line and the
X-axis in an anticlockwise direction,
m < 0, the line of the graph makes an obtuse angle between the line and the
X-axis in an anticlockwise direction, and
m = 0, the line of the graph is parallel to the X-axis.
Intercepts of the X- and Y-axes
K From the equation of a straight line y = mx + c, where m, c are constants, the constant
E
Y c is known as the Y-intercept.
The Y-intercept is the point where the line cuts the Y-axis, i.e. x = 0. This value is
obtained by replacing x = 0 in the equation. Hence, the x-value of the ordered pair of
this point will always be 0.
The X-intercept is the point where the line cuts the X-axis, obtained by replacing y = 0
in the equation. Hence, the y-value of the ordered pair of this point will always be 0.
Worked Example 8
State the coordinates of the X- and Y-intercepts of the following graphs.
1) Y 2) Y
4 0 X
2 4
2 -2
0 X -4
2 4 6
X-intercept = (6, 0), X-intercept = (2, 0),
Y-intercept = (0, 4) 146
Y-intercept = (0, -3)
Similar Questions
State the coordinates of the X- and Y-intercepts of the following graphs.
1) Y 2) Y
6 0 X
-3 -2 -1 1
4 -1
2 -2
0 X -3
2 4
X-intercept = (4, 0),

………………………………………………………………………………… X-intercept = (-1, 0),
…………………………………………………………………………………
Y-intercept = (0, 5)
………………………………………………………………………………… Y-intercept = (0, -3)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Worked Example 9
If the graph of y = 3x + c passing through the point (3, 1), what is the value of c? K
E
Solution: Y
Since the graph of y = 3x + c passing through the point (3, 1),
we get (3, 1) as the answer of the equation.
Replace x = 3 and y = 1 in the equation,
we get 1 = 3(3) + c.
Therefore, c = -8.
Similar Questions
Given that the graph of y = 5x + a passes through the point (-1, 2), find the value of
a. Hence, find the value of the X-intercept.
Since the graph of y = 5 + a passing through x Find the -intercept by replacing y = 0 in
X
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the point (-1, 2), the equation,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get (-1, 2) as the answer of the equation. we get 0 = 5x + 7
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Replace x = -1 and y = 2 in the equation, x = - 75 .
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get 2 = 5(-1) + a Therefore, the X-intercept is at the point
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 7. (- 75 , 0).
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
147
Graphs of Linear Equations Parallel to the X- and Y-axes
Consider the equation of the straight line y = 2x + 1. For each value of x, there is a
corresponding value of y. When x = 0, y = 2(0) + 1 = 1. When x = 2, y = 2(2) + 1 = 5.
If we plot these points on a sheet of graph paper, we obtain a straight line. Since the
points (0, 1) and (2, 5) lie on the line, the coordinates of these points satisfy the equation
y = 2x + 1.
Does the point (4, 10) lie on the line with equation y = 2x + 1?
We replace x by 4 and y by 10 in the equation y = 2x + 1.
y = 2x + 1
LHS of the equation 10 = 2(4) + 1 RHS of the equation
equals 10. 10 = 9 equals 9.
We can see that, the values on the left hand side and the right hand side are not equal.
Therefore, the coordinates (4, 10) do not satisfy the equation.
What do you think the graph of linear equation parallel to the X- and Y-axes is like?
K
E
Y
Investigation
Y
A (-4, 3) B 4 C (0, 3) D
2
0 X
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
From the graph, answer each of the following questions.

1. What is the value of gradient of the linear equation parallel to the X-axis?
The value of gradient of the linear equation parallel to the X-axis is 0.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. What do you notice about the Y-coordinates of all the four points on the line parallel
to the X-axis?
The Y-coordinates of all the four points are equal to 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. What do you think the equation of the linear equation parallel to the X-axis is equal to?
y...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=3
148
From the investigation, since the gradient m of the line parallel to the X-axis is 0, the
equation of the line parallel to the X-axis is
y=c
The Y-coordinates of all the points on the linear equation of y = mx + c parallel to the
X-axis are equal to c (a constant).
Y
c
y=c
O X
Similar Questions
Y K
y=2 E
2 Y
1
1
y=0
0 X
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1 2
From the graphs, answer each of the following questions.

1) Write down the equation of the graphs 1 and 2.
Line 1: y = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Line 2: y = -0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) In the graphs, draw each of the lines with the equations y = 2 and y = 0.
These graphs are linear graphs parallel to the -axis. The Y-coordinates of all the points X
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
on the lines are a constant.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
149
Investigation
Y Use the graph to answer the following
3 P(2, 3) questions.
1. What is the value of the gradient of a
2 linear equation parallel to the Y-axis?
1 Q The gradient of a linear equation parallel to
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
R(2, 0) the Y-axis is undefined.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
0 X
-1 1 2 2. There are 4 points on the line. The coordinates
-1 of P and of R are given. Write down the
coordinates of Q and S.
-2 Q(2, 1), S(2, -4)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-4 S 3. What do you notice about the X-coordinates

K of all the four points on the linear equation
E parallel to the Y-axis?
Y
The -coordinates of all the four points are equal to 2.
X
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Do you think what equation of the linear equation is parallel to the Y-axis?
x =2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the investigation, since the gradient m of a line parallel to the Y-axis is undefined,
we cannot write the equation of a line parallel to the Y-axis in the form of y = mx + c.
As the X-coordinates of all the points on a line parallel to the Y-axis are equal to the
same constant value a, the equation of a line parallel to the Y-axis is
x=a
Y
x=a
O a X
150
Similar Questions
From the graphs, answer each of the following questions.

Y 1) Write down the equation of the graphs
2 1 1 and 2.
2 x=0
x = -2.5 Line 1: = 2 x
.............................................................................................................
1
Line 2: x = -1.2
.............................................................................................................
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
X 2) In the graphs, draw each of the lines
-1 with the equations x = -2.5 and
x = 0. Describe the lines.
-2 These graphs are linear graphs parallel
.............................................................................................................
to the Y-axis. The X-coordinates of all
.............................................................................................................
the points on the lines are a constant.
.............................................................................................................
Exercise 3C K
E
Y
Basic Level
1. State the coordinates of the X- and Y-intercepts of the following graphs.
1) Y
2) Y
2 4
1 2
0 X 0 X
-1 1 2 -1 1 2
-1 -1
-2 -2
-intercept = (1, 0),

X………………………………………………………………………………… -intercept = (2, 0),
X…………………………………………………………………………………
Y-intercept = (0, -1)
………………………………………………………………………………… Y-intercept = (0, 3)
…………………………………………………………………………………
151
2. Given that the graph of y = k - 3x passes through the point (10, -5), find the value
of k. Hence, find the value of the X-intercept.
(10, -5) lies on the line y = k - 3x. Find the X-intercept by replacing y with 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-5 = k - 3(10) in the equation,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
k = (-5) + 30 we get 0 = 25 - 3x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
k = 25 3x = 25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, k = 25. x = 8 13 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the X-intercept is (8 13 , 0).
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Given the equation y = 4x + 5,

1) state the value of the Y-intercept,
Find the Y-intercept by replacing with 0 in the equation, x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we get y = 4(0) + 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K y = 5.
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y Therefore, the Y-intercept of the graph is at the point (0, 5).
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) find the value of y when x = 3,

When x = 3,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 4(3) + 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 17.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) find the value of x when y = -3.

When y = -3,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-3 = 4x + 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x = -8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = -2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
152
4. From the graphs, answer each of the following questions.
1) Write down the equation of the graphs
Y 1 and 2.
Line 1: y = 6
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10
Line 2: y = -2
…………………………………………………………………………………………
1 …………………………………………………………………………………………
5 …………………………………………………………………………………………
y = 3 12 2) In the graphs, draw each of the lines with

y = -3 and y = 3 12.
0 X The lines are parallel to the -axis.
X
-4 -2 2 4 …………………………………………………………………………………………
2
The Y-coordinates of all the points on the
…………………………………………………………………………………………
y = -3
lines are a constant.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
-5
…………………………………………………………………………………………
K
E
5. From the graphs, answer each of the following questions. Y
1) Write down the equation of the graphs
Y 1 and 2.
2 1 x
Line 1: = 0.5
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4
x = -2 12 x=1 Line 2: x = -2
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2 …………………………………………………………………………………………
X …………………………………………………………………………………………
-5 0 5
-2 2) In the graphs, draw each of the lines with
x = 1 and x = -2 12.
-4 The lines are parallel to the Y-axis.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
The X-coordinates of all the points on the
…………………………………………………………………………………………
lines are a constant.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
153
Intermediate Level
6. The variables x and y are connected by the equation -x + 2y = 4. Some values of
x and the corresponding values of y are given in the table.
x -5 0 5
y p 2 q
From the table of values, answer each of the following questions.
1) Find the value of p and q.
x
When = -5 and y = p, When = 5, y = q, x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-(-5) + 2p = 4 -5 + 2q = 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 + 2p = 4 2q = 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2p = -1 q = 4 12 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = - 12 . Therefore, q = 4 12 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, p = - 12 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y
2) Draw the graph of -x + 2y = 4.
Y
10
5 -x + 2y = 4
0 X
-10 -5 5 10
-5
-10
3) The point (r, 0.5) lies on the graph in 2). Find the value of r.
From the graph in 2),
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
when y = 0.5, x = -3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
154
4) State the Y-coordinate of the point on the graph of -x +2y = 4 that has an X-coordinate
of 3.
Y-coordinate = 3 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Advanced Level
7. Consider the equation -2x + y = -3.
1) Copy and complete the table.
x -1 0 2
y -5 -3 1
2) Draw the graphs of -2x + y = -3 and y = -1 on the same Cartesian plane.

Y K
E
5 Y
-2x + y = -3
-2 -1 0 1 2 X
y = -1
-5
3) Find the area of the trapezium bounded by the lines -2x + y = -3, y = -1, and
the X- and Y-axes.
Area of trapezium = 12 (1 12 + 1) 1 × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1 14 units2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the area of the trapezium is 1 14 units2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
155
3.5 Real-Life Applications of Linear
Equations in Two Variables
In everyday life, we can use the graph of linear equation in two variables to show
relationships of two sets of values that are linear. For example, the graph showing the
relationship between the distance the car travels and its speed and the relationship
between the volume of gas and its price.
Worked Example 10
The graph below shows the rate at which a tank, which can hold 40 liters of water, is
being filled with water.
Volume of water (liters)
40
30
K
E
Y 20
10
0 Time (seconds)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Use the graph to answer the following questions.

1) When passing 15 and 45 seconds respectively, what are the volumes of water in
the tank?
2) How long does it take to fill the tank completely?
3) How long does it take to fill half of the tank?
Solution:
1) When passing 15 seconds, the volume of water in the tank is 10 liters and when
passing 45 seconds, the volume of water in the tank is 30 liters.
2) When volume of water = 40 liters, time = 60 seconds.
3) When volume of water = 20 liters, time = 30 seconds.
156
Similar Questions
The graph below shows the rate at which water flows out of a tank until the tank is
empty.
Volume of water (liters)
50
40
30
20
10
0 Time (minutes)
2 4 6 8 10
Use the graph to answer the following questions. K

E
1) When passing 2 and 7 minutes respectively, what are the volumes of water in the Y
tank?
When passing 2 minutes, the volume of water in the tank is 40 liters and when passing
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 minutes, the volume of water in the tank is 15 liters.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How long will it take for the tank to be empty?

The tank will be empty in 10 minutes.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) When passing 4 and 9 minutes respectively, what are the amounts of water that
have flowed out of the tank?
When passing 4 minutes, the amount of water that has flowed out of the tank is 20 liters and
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
when passing 9 minutes, the amount of water that has flowed out of the tank is 45 liters.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) How long will it take to empty 35 of the tank?

3 of tank = 30 liters
5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We can see that when 30 liters of water flowed out of the tank, there were 20 liters of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
water left. From the graph, it will take 6 minutes to empty 35 of the tank.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
157
Worked Example 11
There are two graphs plotted below. One shows the temperature change of the water
in a kettle as the water is boiled, while the other shows the temperature change of a
pot of hot tea left to cool.
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
120
Water in kettle
80
40 Tea left to cool
K 0 Time (minutes)
E 5 10 15
Y
Use the graphs to answer the following questions.

1) When passing 2 and 6 minutes respectively, what are the temperatures of the water
in the kettle?
2) When passing 2 and 4 minutes respectively, what are the temperatures of the tea?
3) After how many minutes will the temperatures of the water and tea be equal? State
this temperature.
Solution:
1) When passing 2 minutes, the temperature of the water in the kettle is 40 ํC and
when passing 6 minutes, the temperature of the water in the kettle is 80 ํC.
2) When passing 2 minutes, the temperature of the tea is 88 ํC and when passing
4 minutes, the temperature of the tea is 76 ํC.
3) After 5 minutes, the temperatures of the water and tea will be the same, at 70 ํC.
158
Similar Questions
Trains A and B depart from the same station and arrive at the same station. If these
trains depart at a different time, the relationship between the distances the trains traveled
and the time are shown in the graph below.
Distance (km)
500
Train B Train A
400
300
200
100
0 Time (hrs)
12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
K
E
Use the graphs to answer the following questions. Y
1) After trains A and B depart from the station for 36 and 60 minutes respectively,
what is the distance traveled of each train?
The distances traveled by trains A and B are 30 and 100 km respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) At what time do both trains reach the same station?

Both trains reach the same station at 16.00 hrs.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If Sam wants to arrive at the terminal station using less time traveling, which train
does Sam need to take?
Sam needs to take Train B.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
159
Worked Example 12
Vanessa exercised by cycling at a public park, but after cycling for a while the tire
became flat. She had it repaired and then continued to cycle further. The graph below
shows the relationship between the distance traveled and time.
Distance (km)
50
40
30
20
10
K 0 Time (hrs)
E 1 2 3 4
Y
1) How far did Vanessa travel before her bicycle tire suffered a puncture?
2) After repairing the tire, how far did she travel in one hour?
3) What was Vanessa’s speed in the first hour of her journey? (Speed = Distance
Time )
Solution:
1) 20 km
2) Distance traveled = 15 km
3) Speed = Distance
Time
= 201
= 20 km/h
160
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 3D Questions 4 - 5
A technician in a computer firm drove from his workshop to repair a customer’s
computer. On his way back, he stopped to repair another customer’s computer.
The distance-time graph shows his entire journey.
Distance (km)
10 A B
5 D
C
E Time (minutes)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Use the graph to answer the following questions. K

1) How long did he take to repair each computer? E
Y
Time taken for the technician to repair each computer is 20 minutes.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How far from his workshop was his first customer?

Distance between the technician’s workshop and his first customer is 9 km.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If he travels at the same speed as he did from B to C, how much earlier would he
have reached back if he did not stop to repair another customer’s computer?
Distance BC = 4 km Distance CE = 5 km
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Time from B to C = 5 min Time from C to E at 48 km/h = 485 × 60
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Speed at BC = 45 × 60 = 6.25 min
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 48 km/h Therefore, difference in time = time from C to D to E - 6.25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 27 - 6.25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 20.75 min.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
161
Exercise 3D
Basic Level
1. The graph below shows the relationship between the volume of water used (m3) and
the cost of the water bill charged in a city.
Cost of the water bill charged (baht)
400
300
200
100
0 Volume of3 water

10 20 30 used (m )
K
E
Y

1) How much would Albert’s household have to pay if they used 15 m3 and 25 m3 of
water?
If they used 15 m3 of water, they would have to pay 180 baht. If they used 25 m3 of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
water, they would have to pay 300 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the volumes of water Bobby’s household used if their bills were 150 baht and
320 baht.
If their bill was 150 baht, they used 12.5 m3 of water. If their bill was 320 baht, they used
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26.5 m3 of water.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
162
2. Albert and James use copy machines A and B respectively. However, Albert gets
to use the machine before James. The graph below shows the relationship between
the numbers of copies and time (hours).
Number of Copies
150
125 Machine B Machine A
100
75
50
25
0 Time (hrs)
08.00 08.02 08.04 08.06 08.08
K
E
From the graphs, answer each of the following questions. Y
1) From 08.00 to 08.02 hrs, how many copies does Copy Machine A make?
From 08.00 to 08.02 hrs, Copy Machine A makes 40 copies.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) From 08.01 to 08.04 hrs, how many copies does Copy Machine B make?
From 08.01 to 08.04 hrs, Copy Machine B makes 90 copies.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) After the 2 copy machines start making copies, at what time the numbers of copies
made by these machines are the same?
The numbers of copies made by these machines are the same at 08.03 hrs.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) If there are 120 sheets of paper, how long does it take for copy machines A and
B to use up all the paper?
It..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
takes 6 and 4 minutes respectively for copy machines A and B to use up all the paper.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
163
Intermediate Level
f
3. The following graph shows the relationship between the numbers of T-shirts and
their prices. Use the graph to answer each of the questions.
Price (baht) 1) Copy and complete the table.
20,000
Number of T-shirt Price (baht)
15,000
10 2,000
10,000 30 6,000
5,000 50 10,000
Number 70 14,000
0 20 40 60 80 of T-shirts
2) Find the amount of money Devi has to pay for 65 T-shirts.

K Amount of money Devi has to pay for 65 T-shirts is 13,000 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 3) If Devi has a budget of 9,000 baht, state the number of T-shirts she can order.
Number of T-shirts Devi can order with 9,000 baht = 45.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. The following graph shows the relationship between the distances traveled (km)
by a car of Khairul and the time (hrs).
Distance traveled (km)
100
C
75
50 A B
25
0 Time (hrs)
10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
164
1) At what time did he leave home?
Khairul left home at 10.00 a.m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the distance from the start to Point A?

The distance from the start to Point A is 50 km.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) From Point B to Point C, does Khairul drive slower or faster than from the start to
Point A?
From the start to Point A, Khairul drives at a speed of 501 = 50 km/h.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Point B to Point C, Khairul drives at a speed of 301 = 60 km/h.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Khairul drives from Point B to Point C at a faster speed than from the start to
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Point A.
5. Ethan cycled from home to a post office. On his way back, he stopped at a café to
have his breakfast. The distance-time graph shows his entire journey.
Distance (km) K
Post office E
40 Y
30
20 Café
10
0 Time (hrs)
06.00 08.00 10.00 12.00

1) How far from his home was the post office?
Distance between Ethan’s home and the post office is 40 km.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the total time he stayed at the post office and at the café.
Total time Ethan stayed at the post office and at the caf é is 1 + 12 = 1 12 hours.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Find his average traveling speed from the post office to his home.
Average traveling speed = 405 = 16 km/h
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
165
Summary
1. Ordered Pair
An ordered pair is written to show a pair of objects in a certain order. The objects
of each pair are obtained from two different groups that related to each other under
a particular condition.
Ordered pair
First number or member (a, b) Second number or member
of an ordered pair of an ordered pair
2. Graphs of Cartesian Coordinates
Vertical axis or Y-axis
2
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
(3, 1)
K 1
E
Y O Horizontal axis or X-axis
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 Origin
Quadrant 3 -2 Quadrant 4
1) A Cartesian coordinate system is a system to show positions of points on the

plane obtained from two perpendicular number lines, vertical and horizontal.
2) If P is a point on the Cartesian plane of coordinates (x, y), we can say that the
coordinates of the Point P is (x, y) with x as the abscissa and y as the ordinate.
3) To plot the graph of coordinates (x, y), where x, y are any integers, it can be
done by drawing a line perpendicular to the X-axis from the abscissa and drawing
another line perpendicular to the Y-axis from the ordinate. We then obtain the
intercept of those two lines which is the point of coordinates (x, y).
4) A linear relationship is a relationship between two sets of values such that when
plotting these values as coordinates on a graph, the points align in the form of
a straight line.
166
3. Graphs of Linear Relationships
Before plotting a graph to show a linear relationship, at least 2 ordered pairs of 2
sets of values should be listed. However, in order to not miscalculation, at least 3
ordered pairs of 2 sets of values should be listed.
4. Linear Equation in Two Variables
1) A linear equation in two variables is an equation showing linear relation between
two sets of values.
2) A linear equation in two variables can be written in the form of Ax + By + C = 0,
where A, B and C are constants such that A and B are not equal to 0 at the
same time with x, y as variables.
3) An equation of a straight line is a linear equation in two variables written in the
form of y = mx + c, where m, c are constants.
Y Y
K
E
Y
O X O X
A graph of a straight line equation with A graph of a straight line equation with
m as a positive integer makes an acute m as a negative integer makes an
angle between the line and the X-axis, obtuse angle between the line and the
which can be measured in an X-axis, which can be measured in an
anticlockwise direction from the X-axis. anticlockwise direction from the X-axis.
Y Y
O X O X
A straight line equation that is parallel A straight line equation that is parallel
to the X-axis is y = c. to the Y-axis is x = a.
The X-intercept of a graph of a straight line equation is (x, 0) and the Y-intercept of a
graph of a straight line equation is (0, y).
167
Review Exercise 3
1. Plot each set of the given points on the same Cartesian plane. Join the points in
order with straight lines and identify each geometric shape obtained.
1) (-4, 1), (7, 1), (7, 4) and (-4, 4) 2) (3, 8), (3, -2), (-2, 3) and (8, 3)
Y Y
10 10 (3, 8)
(-4, 4) 5 (7, 4) 5
(-2, 3) (8, 3)
(-4, 1) (7, 1)
X X
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
(3, -2)
-5 -5
K
E The figure shows a rectangle. The figure shows a square.
Y ……………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..
3) (2, -4), (8, 4), (6, 8) and (-2, 4) 4) (0, 9), (5, 9), (5, 4) and (-2, 2)
Y Y
10 (6, 8) 10 (5, 9)
(0, 9)
(-2, 4) 5 (8, 4) 5
(5, 4)
(-2, 2)
0 X X
-5 5 10 -5 0 5 10
-5 (2, -4) -5
The figure shows a trapezium.

……………………………………………………………………………….. The figure shows a kite.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
168
2. Y
C 5 D E
B F
A X
-5 0 5
J G
I -5 H

1) Write down the coordinates of each of the points shown in the figure.
A(-5, 0), B(-4, 3), C(-3, 4), D(0, 5), E(3, 4), F(4, 3), G(4, -3), H(3, -4)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
I(-3, -4) and J(-4, -3)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the same X-coordinate as E? K

H
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. E
Y
3) What is the same Y-coordinate as J?
G
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Given the equation y = 4x - 1 12 ,

Y-intercept = (0, -1 12 )
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) find the value of y when x = 12.

When = 12, y = 4(12) - 1 12 = 46 12 .
x
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Given the equation y = 250 - 20x,

Y-intercept = (0, 250)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) find the value of the X-intercept,

-intercept = (12.5, 0)
X..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
169
3) find the value of x when y = 450.
When y = 450, 450 = 250 - 20 x
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = -10. Therefore, x = -10.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Complete the following.

1) Draw the graph of the linear equation y = 2 12x + 3.
The table of values for and y is shown below. x
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-3 0 3
x
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2 12 x + 3 -4.5 3 10.5
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
10 y = 2 12 x + 3
K 5
E
Y
0 X
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-5
2) The points (-2, a) and (b, 3) lie on the graph in 1). Find the values of a and b.
The values of a and b are -2 and 0 respectively.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Consider the equation 2x + y = 2.

1) Complete the table.
x -4 0 4
y 10 2 -6
170
2) Draw the graph of 2x + y = 2.
Y
2x + y = 2
10
5
0 X
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15
-5
-10
3) The point (p, -2) lies on the graph in 2). Find the value of p.
From the graph in 2), when y = -2, p = = 2. x
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. The graph below shows the relationship between the distance traveled (km) by a K
E
taxi and the average charge (baht). Y
From the graph, find the minimum charge
Average charge (baht) and the average charge per 1 km.
From the graph, we can see that when the value
…………………………………………………………………………………………
60 on the X-axis is 0, the value on the Y-axis is
…………………………………………………………………………………………
35 and when the value on the X-axis increases
…………………………………………………………………………………………
by 1, the value on the Y-axis increases by
…………………………………………………………………………………………
40
7. Therefore, the minimum charge of a taxi is
…………………………………………………………………………………………
35 baht and the average charge per 1 km is
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20 7 baht.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
0 Distance …………………………………………………………………………………………
1 2 3 traveled
(km)
171
8. Two cell phone companies, A and B, offer plans with a talk time rate as shown
in the graphs.
Charge (baht)
500 Company B
400 Company A
300
200
100
0 Time (minutes)
50 100 150 200
Use the graphs to answer the following questions.

K 1) If a customer of Company A makes 100 minutes of excess calls, how much will
E
Y he be charged extra?
He will be charged 100 baht extra.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) If a customer of Company B makes 200 minutes of excess calls, how much will
he be charged extra?
He will be charged 300 baht extra.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Which cell phone company offers the cheapest rate for the excess calls?
Company A
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) If Michael wants to pay only 400 baht for a talk time plan per month, which company
should he choose if companies A and B offer free call per package for 200 and
150 minutes respectively? Explain your answer.
With 400 baht per month, Company A offers a free talk plan together with 400 minutes of
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
excess calls, while Company B offers only 315 minutes of a free talk plan. Then we can see
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
that Company A offers a better deal compared to Company B. Therefore, Michael should
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
choose Company A.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
172
Challenge Yourself
The graphs below shows the volume of fruit juice filled in the bottles and the volume
of fruit juice poured out of the barrels from 08.00 hrs to 12.00 hrs. In this fruit juice
factory, the juice will be filled automatically by a machine into each 500-ml bottle.
Volume of Fruit Juice (liters)
6,000 Volume of fruit juice filled in the bottles
4,000
Volume of fruit juice in the barrels
2,000
K
E
Y
0 Time (hrs)
08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
From the graphs, explain the possible event that these graphs derives from.
Sample answer
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A fruit juice factory uses an automatic machine to fill the fruit juice into each bottle. This machine
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is able to fill 4,000 bottles of fruit juice per hour. After the factory has started working for 1 hour
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
from 08.00 hrs, the machine is broken, which takes 30 minutes to fix it. Since 30 minutes is
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
wasted, the owner afraid that the production of the factory will not be able to meet the daily order,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
so at 10.00 hrs, he speeds up the production, which is the exact same time that the fruit juice
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
in the current barrel runs out. Even though the new barrel of fruit juice can be attached to the
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
machine instantly without any waste of time, the machine becomes broken again after 45 minutes.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
And, the fixing of the machine continues until noon such that it is time for the workers to take a
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
lunch break.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
173
K
E
Y
174
Chapter 4
Statistics
Climatology is defined as the study of climate in a specific
area over a long period of time. Often, many different
measurements of the various weather conditions such as
temperature and rainfall are obtained. In order to be able
to carry out comprehensive studies, the data has to be
organized and presented in an orderly manner.
K
E
Y
Indicators
• Understand and apply the concept of statistics to present
and interpret data and to solve real-world problems by using
appropriate technology. (MA 3.1 G. 7/1)
Compulsory Details
• Statistical Questions
• Data Collection
• Display of Data
- Pictograms
- Bar Graphs
- Line Graphs
- Pie Charts
• Interpretation of Data
• Statistics in Real-World Contexts
175
4.1 Introduction to Statistics
According to a study, about 39% of the population of Thailand uses a smartphone,
while 54% of the population of Singapore uses it, which makes Singapore the country
with the highest proportion of smartphone users in the world. Do you know how the
figures of 39% and 54% were obtained?
Figures like 39% and 54% are obtained through a process of collection, organization,
display and interpretation of data in various ways. To summarize, the four stages of a
statistical study are:
Collection Organization Display Interpretation
The above study shows an example of how statistics INFORMATION
K
may be applied to daily life. The use of statistics is Sir William
E essential in areas such as climatology, economics, Petty (1623-
Y
biology and population census as it allows us to gain 1687) was one
insights into problems in the real world. Statistics also of the first to
enable people to make informed decisions so that they develop human statistical and
census methods. He was from
are able to formulate plans wisely. Have you ever a humble family background
wondered how statistical data are collected, summarized but by the age of 35, he was
and presented? at the forefront of the progressive
sciences. He broke his leg on
In this chapter, we will learn to formulate and identify board a ship while working as
statistical questions, and explore various ways of a cabin boy in his teens. After
this setback, he applied to
collecting data. We will also discuss the advantages study in Caen, where he
and disadvantages of statistical diagrams such as supported himself by teaching
pictograms, bar graphs(or bar charts), pie charts and English.
line graphs, and how to choose an appropriate diagram Search on the Internet to find
out more about him and his
given a certain situation. contributions. Are we able to
apply such perseverance in our
lives?
176
4.2 Statistical Questions
1. Statistical Questions
A statistical question is a question that can be answered and its answer must be more
than a single response according to the fact or opinions. This type of question is also
a question needed to be answered and its answer can be obtained from collecting and
classifying, calculating or analyzing basic data.
Worked Example 1
Determine if the following questions are statistical questions.
1) How old are you?
2) What is the average height of the students in your class?
3) Does it rain more in Thailand than in Singapore?
4) How many students are there in your class?
Solution: K
E
1) This question is not statistical. It can be answered by a single response (your age) Y
with no variability in data.
2) This question is statistical since it requires collecting data with variability before
calculating them.
3) This question is statistical since it requires collecting data with variability.
4) This question is not statistical. It can be answered by a single response (number
of students in your class) with no variability in data.
Similar Questions
Determine if the following questions are statistical questions.
1) How many times is the population of Thailand larger than that of Trang province?
This question is statistical since it requires collecting data with variability before calculating
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
them.
2) How many students in your class own pet(s)?
This question is not statistical. It can be answered by a single response (number of students
in...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
your class who own pet(s)) with no variability in data.
3) How many days are in January?
This question is not statistical. It can be answered by a single response (number of days in
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
January) with no variability in data.
177
2. Types of Statistical Questions
Type Explanation Example
Basic statistical They are the type of questions that What are the body mass index
questions lead to only one finite set of values of all students in this class?
answers, and that set of answers
can be obtained according to its
actual circumstance or according
to one’s own opinion.
Statistical questions They are the type of questions with How many students in this class
for summary answers which can be obtained by are considered overweight from
classifying, calculating and the body mass index values
analyzing the set of data gathered calculated?
from the basic question.
Statistical questions They are the type of questions that Is the number of students in this
for comparison require at least 2 sets of data class with overweight body mass
gathered from at least 2 basic index values more than that of the
questions. The data collected is students with underweight body
then classified, calculated and mass index values?
analyzed to obtain an answer
(a comparison outcome).
K Statistical questions They are the type of questions that Is the number of students in this
E for relations require at least 2 sets of data class with standard body mass
Y gathered from at least 2 basic index values related to that of
questions. A relation is then derived students with underweight body
by comparing the 2 sets of answers. mass index values?
Statistical questions for comparison and relation require the application of higher statistical
skills and hence will not be covered in the secondary level.
Similar Questions
The table below shows the number of registered agricultural households in Nakhon
Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani and Chaiyaphum in 2016.
Province Number of agricultural households
Nakhon Ratchasima 284,681
Khon Kaen 226,209
Udon Thani 197,680
Chaiyaphum 179,957
(Source: Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives)
178
Consider the previous table and create a basic statistical question and a statistical
question for summary.
Basic statistical question: How many registered agricultural households are there in each of the
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
following provinces: Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani and Chaiyaphum in 2016?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Statistical question for summary: What is the total number of registered agricultural households
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
in Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani and Chaiyaphum in 2016?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 4A
Basic Level
1. Determine if the following questions are statistical questions.
1) How many teachers are there in your school?
This question is not statistical since it can be answered by a single response (number of
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
teachers in your school) with no variability in data.
2) What is the average age of the teachers teaching your class?
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. K
them. E
3) What is the average amount of pocket money per day receive by your classmates? Y
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
them.
4) How many classes are there in your school?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
classes in your school) with no variability in data.
Intermediate Level
2. Determine if the following questions are statistical questions.
1) What is the average weight of the students in your class?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
them.
2) How many students in your class wear glasses?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
students who wear glasses) with no variability in data.
3) Are there more male teachers than female teachers in your school?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
them.
4) How many mathematics teachers are there in your school?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
mathematics teachers in your school) with no variability in data.
179
3. According to the survey on socio-economic status of households in Thailand in 2017,
it is found that their average income per month can be classified by different sources
as shown in the table below.
Source of average income of Percentage of
households in Thailand average income
Income earned from work 71.9
Income earned from supported work 11.6
Income earned from asset 1.4
Others 1.3
Welfare/products/services 13.8
(Source: National Statistical Office, Thailand)
From the table, design a basic statistical question and a statistical question for
summary.
Basic statistical question: Where did households in Thailand earn their average income
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
from in 2017 and in what percentage?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Statistical question for summary: What is the percentage of income earned from work of
E ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y households in Thailand as compared to their overall monthly average income?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. The table below shows the number of doctors and nurses in the five hospitals in a city.
Hospital Number of doctors Number of nurses
A 258 812
B 176 527
C 86 313
D 195 563
E 210 639
Use the data from the above table to create a basic statistical question and a
statistical question for summary.
Basic Statistical question: How many doctors are there in each of the hospitals A, B, C, D
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and E in a city?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Statistical question for summary: What is the total number of doctors in the five hospitals
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(A, B, C, D and E) in a city?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
180
4.3 Data Collection
Data refers to facts, figures or any information that can be collected and analyzed
to derive conclusions. The data can be collected in the form of text or numbers. For
example, the weight of each student in a classroom, the precipitation rate in each
month of a province and an opinion about mathematical capability of each student in
Secondary 1 are all considered data.
Data collection can be performed in many ways. Every method has its advantages and
disadvantages. We shall explore a few, namely recording, observing, using a questionnaire
and interviewing in this section.
Collection of Data through Recording
A recorder must involve in one of the tasks assigned other than recording. For example, a
student is assigned by his/her parents to take care of hens and to collect their eggs. The K
data recorded by the student should include the amount of food given to the hens each E
Y
week and the number of eggs collected each day, etc.
Collection of Data through Observation
An observer is tasked to look, listen and understand the situation at hand, and record any
data as a result of the observation. Scientists often use observations to study behavioral
patterns of different species. Observation can also be used in manual people counting to
study customer traffic at a particular shopping mall or pedestrian traffic in a specific area.
Performance Task
Carry out a traffic survey by watching and noting the types of vehicles which pass by your
school from 17.00-17.30 hrs. Design a suitable form to record your data.
181
Similar Questions
Design a table to collect students’ favorite colors.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Favorite color Number of students
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Blue
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Pink
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Purple
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Red
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Collection of Data using a Questionnaire

Questionnaires can be done in the printing or digital form. The questionnaire usually
consists of simple and direct questions with space included for respondents to reply on.
Questionnaires can be used on its own or in conjunction with an interview.
Questionnaire on favorite sports
K
E Check the box next to the sport you like best. Choose only one sport.
Y
Badminton Soccer Basketball Table-tennis
Instructions for respondents should be clearly indicated on questionnaires. The data collected
from questionnaires can be used further in any related statistical fields.
Worked Example 2
The teacher wants to find out the ambitions of the students in the class. Design a
questionnaire for this purpose.
Example of a questionnaire
Questionnaire on each student’s ambition
From the list below, put a tick next to your ambition.
You should tick only one box.
Doctor Lawyer Engineer Teacher
Farmer Politician Astronaut Police
182
Similar Questions
The teacher wants to find out the favorite subject of the students in his class. Design
a questionnaire for the task.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Questionnaire on each student’s favorite subject
From the list below, put a tick next to your favorite subject.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
You should select only one subject.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
English Mathematics Science
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Geography History
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Collection of Data through Interviews

There are various ways to conduct an interview. The questions asked during an interview are
usually prepared by the interviewer beforehand. An interview can be conducted in-person,
over the phone or online via online surveys or video calls. Alternatively, a questionnaire
form can be created and mailed to target respondents where respondents can then mail
the form back to the interviewer upon completion. K
E
Y
Performance Task
Conduct interview with students in your class to find out their daily means of transport
to school. Decide on the number of students you want to interview, where and when
to conduct the interview and design a form to record the results.
Similar Questions
Design a set of statistical questions to obtain answers involving stationery.
Then interview each student in class with the questions.
Sample answers
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1) How many pens do you have?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How many erasers do you have?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) How many pencils do you have?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
183
The list of methods of data collection is not exhaustive. INFORMATION
When collecting data, the collector may choose only one There are different methods of
of the methods that they consider to be the most convenient data collection:
• Conducting surveys, e.g. in
and effective. The data obtained should also be able to Thailand, a population census
answer the statistical questions posed before data is conducted every ten years to
collection. find out various characteristics
of the population distribution.
Worked Example 3 • Conducting experiments, e.g.
experiments are carried out to
Consider the following statistical questions and find an find out the average lifespan
appropriate method to collect the data. of a particular brand of energy-
1) What are the sizes of shoes worn by the students in saving light bulbs.
the Secondary 1 of your school? • Observing, e.g. scientists observe
animals to study their behaviors.
2) How can a specialist find out if eating chili affects the • Conducting focus groups, e.g.
chances of getting stomach ulcers? organize a focus group with
3) How can Michael know the change of the temperatures Mathematics teachers from
K in the classroom for a week? different schools to discuss and
E
Y 4) How does Devi perform in the speech to the class? explore the various learning
characteristics of students
Solution: studying Mathematics.
The methods of collecting data in each of the statistical
questions are:
1) By using a questionnaire 2) By interviewing
3) By recording 4) By observing
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4B Question 1
Consider the following statistical questions and find an appropriate method to collect
the data.
1) How can Farhan know the amount of rainfall for a month?
By recording
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How can the principal find out the favorite type of sports that the students in the school
like?
By interviewing
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
184
3) What is the height of the Secondary 1 of your school?
By using a questionnaire
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) How does Shirley perform in singing a song?

By observing
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 4B
Basic Level
1. Consider the following statistical questions and find an appropriate method to collect
the data.
1) How can a dentist find out if the techniques of brushing teeth affect oral hygiene
of a person?
By interviewing
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How can Nora know the change of the body temperatures of a patient in the
hospital? K
E
By recording
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Y
3) What are the sizes of uniforms worn by the students in your class?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) How does Kate perform in the dance routine during a school performance?
By observing
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Your teacher wants to find out the number of absentees per day for the next 5
weeks. Record the number of absentees in the class and report the results to
your teacher at the end of 5 weeks.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
No. of absentees
Week
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4
5
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
185
Intermediate Level
3. Your class intends to organize an outing during the term holiday. Design a
questionnaire to find out the places they hope to go.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Questionnaire on the place each student would like to visit during the term holiday
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From the list below, put a tick next to the place you would like to visit during
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the term holiday. You should select only one place.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Museum Science Center Zoo
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sea Mountain
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Your teacher wants to find out the type of pets that the class would like to have in
the mini zoo in the school. Design a questionnaire to find this out.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Questionnaire on the type of pet each student would like to
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
have in the school’s mini zoo
K ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E From the list below, put a tick next to the type of pet you would like to have in
Y ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the school’s mini zoo. You should select only one box.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Dog Rabbit Cat Fish Bird
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Advanced Level
5. Design a set of statistical questions to obtain answers involving the type of
improvements that each student wishes to have in the school.
Some questions for the interview:
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
What do you like about your classroom?
2)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
What do you hope to have in your classroom?
3)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
How can you make your classroom a better place for learning?
4)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Do you like the present setup of the school hall?
5)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
How can you improve the setting of the hall to making it a more pleasant venue for
school activities?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
186
4.4 Display and Interpretation of Data
Statistical data collected is organized, usually in the form of a table, and later displayed
with an appropriate statistical diagram and then interpreted to derive a conclusion. In
this section, we shall look at the various statistical diagrams that we can use for display
and learn to interpret results from there.
1. Pictograms
A pictogram uses pictures (or figures) to represent statistics, with each picture representing
a fixed value. We use pictograms to display data that can be categorized. Some common
categories include colors, dates, type of objects or activities.
Consider the following scenario.
A school canteen vendor is asked to sell fruits to the students. The vendor would K
like to know which fruit the students like most. Do you think how you can find the E
Y
answer?
From the scenario, we can find the answer by the following process.
1) Collection of Data
The vendor conducts a survey to find out which fruit the students like most. In this
case, there are 5 types of fruit for each student to choose from. They are apples,
melons, pears, watermelons and oranges.
2) Organization of Data
After collecting data from his sample group, the vendor organizes the data in a table
form as shown below.
Fruit Apples Melons Pears Watermelon Oranges
Number of students 100 75 50 150 125
187
3) Display of Data
The data collected is displayed using an appropriate statistical diagram.
4) Interpretation of Data
Following collection and organization of data, we proceed to display and interpret
our data. We will first look at displaying the data in the form of a pictogram.
1) Choose an appropriate figure to represent a ATTENTION
category.
• We can use more than 1 figure
2) Include a legend to show the number to represent different categories.
represented by each figure. • Simple shapes or symbols can
3) Include the title of the pictogram. also be used to represent across
all categories.
Students’ Favorite Fruit • The number of figures is
proportional to the number of
Apples students who like each fruit.
• An advantage of using
K Melons a pictogram is that it is colorful
E and visually appealing.
Y Pears A disadvantage is that it is
difficult to use icons to
Watermelons represent exact values.
Oranges
Each figure represents 20 students.
From the pictogram, it is clear that the most popular fruit among the selected group
of students is the watermelon , and the least popular fruit is the pear .
188
Worked Example 4
The pictogram shows the number of burger orders received by a fast food restaurant
in a particular week.
Burger Orders Received by Fast Food Restaurant
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Each represents 8 burgers.

K
From the pictogram, answer each of the following questions. E
Y
1) What is the number of orders received on Tuesday and Friday respectively?
2) On which day did the shop receive the least number of orders?
3) What is the average number of orders received in that particular week?
4) If the profit gained from each order is 30 baht, What is the total profit gained in
that particular week?
Solution:
1) Number of orders received on Tuesday = (3 × 8) + (12 × 8) = 28
Number of orders received on Friday = (5 × 8) + (34 × 8) = 46
2) The shop received the least number of orders on Thursday.
3) Average number of orders =
(16 × 8) + (2 × 34 × 8) + (2 × 12 × 8) + (14 × 8) 150
5 = 5 = 30
4) Total profit = 150 × 30 = 4,500 baht
189
Similar Questions
The pictogram shows the profits earned by a company in each year from 2013 to 2018.
Profits Earned by a Company
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
K
E
Y Each represents 1,000,000 baht.
From the pictogram, answer each of the following questions.
1) What was the profit earned by the company in 2016 and 2018 respectively?
Profit earned by the company in 2016 = 5.5 1,000,000 = 5,500,000 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Profit earned by the company in 2018 = 7 × 1,000,000 = 7,000,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) In which year did the company earn the least profit? How much did the profit
decrease that year as compared to the previous year?
The company earned the least profit in 2015. The profit decreased by
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.5 × 1,000,000 = 1,500,000 baht in 2015 as compared to 2014.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Bar Graphs
A bar graph (or bar chart) displays statistical data using bars of varying heights or
lengths, with each bar representing a category. Bar graphs can be presented vertically
or horizontally and the length of the bar is indicative of the value for a particular category.
190
Worked Example 5
The result of survey on the number of tourists visiting each province in the western
region of Thailand in 2016 is shown below.
Number of tourists visiting each province in the western region
of Thailand in 2016
Number of Tourists (person)
1,000,000
811,361 801,311
750,000
591,810
500,000 425,618
250,000 151,935 198,023
0 Province
Ratchaburi Kanchanaburi Samut Suphan Buri Phetchaburi Prachuap
Songkhram Khiri Khan
(Source: http://www.tourism.go.th) K
E
Y
From the bar graph, answer each of the following questions.
1) Which province was visited by the most tourists?
2) What was the ratio of tourists visiting Kanchanaburi to those visitng Suphan Buri?
3) What was the total number of tourists?
4) What was the percentage of tourists visiting Prachuap Khiri Khan as compared to
the total number of tourists?
Solution:
1) Kanchanaburi was visited by the most tourists.
2) The ratio of tourists visiting Kanchanaburi to those visiting Suphan Buri was
811,361 : 425,618.
3) The total number of tourists was 2,980,058.
591,810 × 100% = 19.86%
4) Required percentage = 2,980,058
191
Similar Questions
The bar graph illustrates the results of a survey conducted on musical instruments played
by students in a school.
Musical Instruments Played by Students
Number of Students
300
200
100
K
E
Y 0 Type of Musical
Piano Flute Guitar Harp Drums Clarinet Instruments

1) Which is the least popular musical instrument?
The harp is the least popular musical instrument.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the number of students who took part in the survey?

Total number of students who took part in the survey
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 310 + 110 + 230 + 30 + 120 + 200 = 1,000
3) What is the fraction of students who play the clarinet?
200 = 1
Fraction of students who play the clarinet = 1,000
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
4) What is the ratio of students who play the harp to that of the drums?
Ratio of students who play harp to that of the drums = 30 : 120 = 1 : 4
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) What is the percentage of students who play the piano?

310 100% = 31%
Percentage of students who play the piano = 1,000 ×
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
192
Worked Example 6
The bar graph below shows the number of staff members in five schools in a certain
province.
Number of Teachers and Non-Teaching Staff in Five School
Number of Staff Members Teachers
Non-teaching staff
120
80
40
K
E
0
A B C D E
School Y

1) What is the total number of teachers in all five schools?
2) What is the ratio of the non-teaching staff to teachers in School A?
3) School B has a higher percentage of teachers out of the total population of staff
members than that of School C. Is the statement correct? Justify your answer.
4) School D has a higher percentage of non-teaching staff teachers out of the total
population of staff members than that of School E. Is the statement correct? Justify
your answer.
193
Solution:
1) Total number of teachers = 56 + 78 + 62 + 34 + 88 = 318
2) Non-teaching staff : teachers of School A = 16 : 56 = 2 : 7
3) Percentage of teachers in School B = 78 78+ 22 × 100% = 78%
Percentage of teachers in School C = 62 62+ 18 × 100% = 77.5%
Yes, the statement is correct.
4) Percentage of non-teaching staff in School D = 10 10+ 34 × 100% ≈ 22.7%
Percentage of non-teaching staff in School E = 28 28+ 88 × 100% ≈ 24.1%
No, the statement is not correct.
Similar Questions
A company owns seven electrical shops. Study the bar graph.
Sales of Television Sets in Seven Shops
K Number of Television Sets
E
Y November
120
December
80
40
0 Shop
A B C D E F G
194
1) What was the total number of television sets sold in seven shops in November and
December respectively?
Total number of television sets sold in the seven shops in November = 386
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Total number of television sets sold in the seven shops in December = 594
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What was the percentage of the total number of television sets sold in the seven
shops in November as compared to the total number of television sets sold in
the seven shops in November and December?
Required percentage = 386386
+ 594 100% 39.39% × ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
3) What was the percentage of the total number of television sets sold in Shop G in E
Y
November and December as compared to the total number of television sets sold
in the seven shops in November and December?
70 + 96 100% 16.94%
Required percentage = 386 × ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
+ 594
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) The company would like to close down one shop due to insufficient cash flow.
Based on the number of television sets sold in November and December, the
manager proposed to close down Shop G. Do you agree with the manager?
Explain your answer.
No, I do not agree with the manager. Since Shop B sold the least number of television sets
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
in November and December, it should be closed down.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
195
3. Line Graphs
A line graph is preferred when we want to observe a rising or falling trend in a set of
data over a period of time. Using a line graph can help us to predict trends and enable
us to make preparations or timely changes and decisions.
Consider the following information.
1) Charting the temperature and blood pressure of a patient every few hours.
2) Charting the sales revenue of a certain commodity in a company.
3) Charting the crop yield of a piece of agricultural land.
4) Charting the price of a stock of a company.
5) Charting the performance of the examination result of a school over the years.
From the above information, it can be displayed in the form of a line graph.
K
E
Y Worked Example 7
The table below shows the profits made by a company over nine years.
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Profit 280 360 740 410 440 500 520 550 680
(in millions)
Construct a line graph using data from the table.
Solution:
Construction Steps:
1) Draw a horizontal axis to represent year and the vertical axis to represent profit.
2) Use appropriate scale for the horizontal and vertical axes.
3) Plot the points corresponding to the data.
4) Draw line segments to connect each point on the graph.
196
Annual profit of a company from 2009 to 2017
Profit (in millions)
800
600
400
200
0 Year
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Similar Questions
The table below shows the number of cups of coffee sold by a drink stall over ten weeks.
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K
E
Number of cups Y
of coffee 190 140 129 115 100 135 142 120 132 200

Number of cups of coffee sold in ten weeks
Number of Cups of Coffee
200
150
100
50
0 Week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
197
Worked Example 8
The result of survey on the average incomes per month of Sandy and Sonia from
2012 to 2017 is shown below.
Average income per month of each year (baht)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Sandy 20,000 20,500 21,500 23,000 25,000 26,500
Sonia 15,000 16,500 17,000 18,000 20,000 21,500

Solution:
Average incomes per month of Sandy and Sonia from 2012 to 2017
K Income (baht)
E
Y
30,000
Sandy
Sonia
25,000
20,000
15,000
0 Year
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
198
Similar Questions
The result of survey on the average heart rate (beats/minute) of Jane and Jack in
each day for one week is shown below.
Average heart rate each day (beats/minute)

Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat. Sun.
Jane 85 90 74 82 87 77 80
Jack 81 82 85 83 74 79 84

Jane’s and Jack’s average heart rate each day in one week (beats/minute)
Average Heart Rate (beats/minute)

K
100 E
Y
Jane
90 Jack
80
70
0 Day
Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat. Sun.
199
Worked Example 9
The line graph shows the rubber consumption of the automobile industry in a country
from January to May of a particular year.
Rubber Consumption
Consumption (Tons)
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0 Month
January February March April May
From the line graph, answer each of the following questions.

K 1) In which month was the rubber consumption the ATTENTION
E
Y lowest? An advantage of a line graph is
2) What was the rubber consumption in the month of that intermediate values can
April? be easily obtained while a
3) In which month was the rubber consumption 155,000 disadvantage is that these
tons? intermediate values may not
4) What was the percentage increase in the rubber be meaningful.
consumption from February to March?
5) Suggest a reason for the increase in rubber consumption from February to March.
Solution:
1) The rubber consumption was the lowest in May.
2) The rubber consumption in the month of April was 140,000 tons.
3) The rubber consumption was 155,000 tons in February.
4) Percentage increase in the rubber consumption from February to March = 29.03%
5) The increase in rubber consumption from February to March may be caused by an
increase in sales as more rubber tires were needed for the production of more
vehicles.
200
Similar Questions
The result of survey below shows the number of lower secondary level students
enrolled in government schools in Thailand from the semesters 2012 to 2016.
Number of lower secondary level students enrolled in government schools in Thailand
from the semesters 2012 to 2016
Number of Students
2,200,000
2,158,434
2,100,000 2,080,249
2,041,787
2,018,113
2,000,000 1,993,139
K
E
Y
0 Semester
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
(Source: http://www.nso.go.th)

1) Which semester had the least number of students?
The semester 2016 had the least number of students.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How many students were there in the semester 2015?

There were 2,018,113 students in the semester 2015.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) In which semester was the number of students 2,041,787?

In the semester 2014, the number of students was 2,041,787.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) What was the percentage decrease in number of students in the semester 2013 as
compared to the semester 2012?
The percentage decrease in number of students in the semester 2013 as compared to the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
semester 2012 was 3.62%.
201
Worked Example 10
The result of survey on the number of hens in Farm A and Farm B is shown below.
Number of hens in Farm A and Farm B from 2013 to 2017
Number of Hens
Farm A
3,000 Farm B
2,500
2,000
1,500
0 Year
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
K
E
Y
1) In 2015, how many hens did Farm A and Farm B have?
2) In which year did Farm A and Farm B have the most number of hens?
3) In which year did Farm A and Farm B have 2,100 hens and 2,000 hens respectively?
4) In which year was the number of hens in Farm A more than that in Farm B?
Solution:
1) In 2015, Farm A had 2,200 hens and Farm B had 2,000 hens.
2) Farm A had the most number of hens in 2015 and Farm B had the most number
of hens in 2016.
3) Farm A had 2,100 hens in 2014 and Farm B had 2,000 hens in 2013 and 2015.
4) The number of hens in Farm A was more than that in Farm B in 2014 and 2015.
202
Similar Questions
The line graph below shows the amount of savings of Tara and Tiffany from 2012 to 2017.
Amount of savings of Tara and Tiffany from 2012 to 2017
Amount of Savings (baht)
Tara
Tiffany
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0 Year
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
K
E
Y
1) In which years did Tara and Tiffany have the least amount of savings?
Tara and Tiffany had the least amount of savings in 2012 and 2013 respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) In 2017, how much did Tara and Tiffany save?

In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2017, Tara and Tiffany saved 36,000 baht and 40,000 baht respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) In which year(s) did Tara have more savings than Tiffany?

Tara had more savings than Tiffany in 2013 and 2014.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) In which year was the difference between Tara’s and Tiffany’s savings the most in
amount? How much was the difference?
The difference between Tara’s and Tiffany’s savings was the most in amount in 2012 for
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10,000 baht.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
203
4. Pie Charts
A pie chart is used to display data in a quantity aspect, which helps show the overall
picture and compare differences between data. The data collected will be put in a circle
divided into sectors. Each sector represents each statistical item or category, which is
shown in proportion to the entire set of data. From the scenario on page 188, we can
display the data surveyed by the vendor on the pie chart as follows.
Number of students of a school and their favorite fruit
Oranges Apples
90 ํ 72 ํ
54 ํ Melons
K 108 ํ
E 36 ํ
Y Watermelons
Pears
The pie chart is divided into five different sectors and from the pie chart, we can see
that 14 of the students like oranges. We would not be able to infer this from a bar graph
immediately.
Worked Example 11
The result of survey on favorite types of fruit of each student in a school is shown below.
Type of fruit Apple Melon Pear Watermelon Orange
Number of students 100 75 50 150 125
Construct a pie chart using data from the table.
204
Solution:
Construction Steps:
1) Draw a circle representing the entire data set (i.e. the total number of students
surveyed).
2) Calculate the angle of sector represented by each category.
ATTENTION
Fruit Angle of sector
100 × 360 ํ = 72 ํ The number of students a sector
Apples 500 represents is proportional to the
75 angle at the center of the circle.
Melons 500 × 360 ํ = 54 ํ For example, 100 students like
50 apples most. Thus the angle of
Pears 500 × 360 ํ = 36 ํ the sector representing the number
150 × 360 ํ = 108 ํ of students who like apples most
Watermelons 500 100 × 360 ํ = 72 ํ.
500
Oranges 125 × 360 ํ = 90 ํ
500 K
E
ATTENTION Y
3) Use the calculated angles to obtain the pie chart. • As long as the angles are
accurate, the size of the pie
chart does not matter.
Oranges Apples • The angle of each sector in this
72 ํ pie chart is proportional to the
90 ํ number of students who like
each fruit.
54 ํ Melons • The sum of the angles of all the
sectors should add up to 360 .ํ
108 ํ 36 ํ • An advantage of a pie chart is
Watermelons that the relative size of each
Pears data set in proportion to the
entire set of data can be easily
observed while a disadvantage is
that the exact numerical value of
each data set cannot be
determined directly.
205
Similar Questions
The table shows Farhan’s expenditure on a holiday.
Item Food Shopping Hotel Flight ticket Others
Amount spent 1,000 1,200 400 1,200 200

Find the angle of each sector that represents each item of the data set in the pie chart below.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Item Angle of sector
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000 × 360 ํ = 90 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Food 4,000
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,200 × 360 ํ = 108 ํ

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Shopping 4,000
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
400 × 360 ํ = 36 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hotel
K 4,000
E ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
1,200 × 360 ํ = 108 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Flight ticket 4,000
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
200 × 360 ํ = 18 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Others 4,000
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Others
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Food
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
90 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Flight ticket 108 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
108 ํ Shopping
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
36 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hotel
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
206
It is important to note that when constructing a pie chart, the number of categories or items
to be represented must not be too many. Otherwise, the pie chart will be too cluttered and
difficult to read because the angle of each sector will be too small and close in value such
that we cannot tell the differences. A general rule of having 6 or fewer categories on the
pie chart tends to give a more effective visual result.
Worked Example 12
The pie chart shows the favorite subjects of a group of students surveyed.
Favorite subjects of a group of students surveyed
History English
12% 10%
Science 21%
40% Mathematics
K
17% E
Y
Geography
From the pie chart, answer each of the following questions.

1) Which is the most popular subject?
2) What percentage of students surveyed indicated Geography as their favorite subject?
3) If 20 students indicated English as their favorite subject, what was the number of
students who were surveyed?
4) If 500 students were surveyed, how many students indicated Mathematics as their
favorite subject?
Solution:
1) The most popular subject is Mathematics.
2) 17% of students surveyed indicated Geography as their favorite subject.
3) Number of students surveyed = 20 10 × 100 = 200
4) Number of students who indicated Mathematics = 100 40 × 500 = 200
207
Similar Questions
The pie chart shows the genres of movies enjoyed by respondents surveyed.
Genres of movies enjoyed by respondents
Comedy
20%
Action 42%
14% Drama
3%
15% Mystery
6%
Horror
Thriller
K
E
Y From the pie chart, answer each of the following questions.
1) What is the least popular genre of movie?
The least popular genre of movie is Mystery.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What percentage of respondents indicated Horror as their favorite genre of movie?

6% of respondents indicated Horror as their favorite genre of movie.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If 75 respondents indicated Thriller as their favorite genre of movie, what was the
number of respondents who took part in the survey?
Number of respondents surveyed = 75 15 × 100 = 500
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) If 450 respondents were surveyed, what was the number of respondents who indicated
Action as their favorite genre of movie?
Number of respondents who indicated Action = 100 42 × 450 = 189
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
208
Worked Example 13
The amount of areas of Lam Nam Nan, Khao Yai and Kaeng Krung National Parks in
2016 is shown below.
Amount of areas of Lam Nam Nan, Khao Yai and Kaeng Krung National Parks in 2016
Kaeng Krung
2x ํ
4x ํ Lam Nam Nan
Khao Yai 208.8 ํ
(Source: http://www.dnp.go.th) K
E
From the pie chart, answer each of the following questions. Y
1) Find the value of x.
2) What was the percentage of the area of Lam Nam Nan National Park as compared
to the areas of all the national parks?
3) If the area of Khao Yai National Park was 2,165.55 km2, what was the area of
Kaeng Krung Naional Park?
Solution:
1) From the pie chart, we get 2x ํ + 4x ํ + 208.8 ํ = 360 ํ
6x ํ = 151.2 ํ
x ํ = 25.2 ํ.
Therefore, x = 25.2.
2) Required percentage = 4(25.2
360 ํ
ํ) × 100% = 28%
3) Area of Kaeng Krung National Park = 2(25.2
208.8 ํ
ํ) × 2,165.55 km2 ≈ 522.72 km2
209
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4C Questions 10 - 11, 13
The pie chart shows the composition of a jar of fruit punch.
Apple juice
4x ํ
Honey 2x ํ
237.6 ํ Cranberry juice

1) Find the value of x.
K x x
4 ํ + 2 ํ + 237.6 ํ = 360 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 6x ํ = 122.4 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x ํ = 20.4 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 20.4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the percentage of the amount of apple juice in the fruit punch as compared to
all the components in the fruit punch?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Required percentage = 4(20.4 ํ)
360 ํ 100% 22.67% × ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Given that a jar of fruit punch contains 759 mℓ of cranberry juice, what is the amount
of fruit punch in the jar?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
360 ํ 759 mℓ = 1,150 mℓ
Amount of fruit punch in the jar = 237.6 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
210
Class Discussion
Work in pairs.
1. Suggest some other advantages and disadvantages of displaying the data using the
following statistical diagrams.
Statistical Diagram Advantages Disadvantages
1. Pictogram • It is more colorful and
...........................................................................................
•...........................................................................................
It is difficult to use icons to
represent exact values.
appealing.
........................................................................................... •...........................................................................................
If the sizes of the icons are
• It is easy to read.
........................................................................................... inconsistent, the data may easily
...........................................................................................
........................................................................................... be misinterpreted.
...........................................................................................
........................................................................................... •...........................................................................................
If the data has many categories, it
........................................................................................... is not desirable to use a pictogram
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
to display it as it is quite tedious to
...........................................................................................
draw so many icons.
2. Bar graph •...........................................................................................
The data sets with the lowest • If the frequency axis does not
...........................................................................................
and the highest frequencies can
........................................................................................... start from 0, the displayed data
...........................................................................................
be easily identified. may be misleading.
...........................................................................................
•...........................................................................................
It can be used to compare data ........................................................................................... K
• If the frequency of each data
........................................................................................... E
across many categories.
........................................................................................... set is large, the displayed data
...........................................................................................
Y
•...........................................................................................
Two or more sets of data with may be unclear.
...........................................................................................
many categories can be easily
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
compared.
• Intermediate values can be • Intermediate values may not be
3. Line graph ........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
meaningful.
easily obtained.
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
• If the frequency axis does not
• It can better display trends over
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
start from 0, the displayed data
time as compared to most of
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
may be misleading.
the other graphs.
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
• It is less visually appealing as
• The trends of two or more sets
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
compared to most of the other
of data can be easily compared.
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
graphs.
4. Pie chart • The relative size of each data
...........................................................................................
•...........................................................................................
The exact numerical value of each
set in proportion to the entire data set cannot be determined
........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................
directly.
set of data can be easily
........................................................................................... •...........................................................................................
The sum of the angles of all the
observed.
........................................................................................... sectors may not be 360 ํ due to
...........................................................................................
• It can be used to display
........................................................................................... rounding errors in the calculation
...........................................................................................
data with many categories.
........................................................................................... of the individual angles.
...........................................................................................
• It is visually appealing.
...........................................................................................
•...........................................................................................
It is not easy to compare across
...........................................................................................
the categories of two or more
...........................................................................................
sets of data.
211
2. For each of the following scenarios, choose the most suitable statistical diagram
to display the data. Justify your answer.
1) The distribution of birthday months in a class of 40 students.
A bar graph should be used to display the data as we need to compare data across 12
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
categories. The categories with the lowest and the highest frequencies can also be easily
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
identified.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The population of Thailand from the year 2009 to the year 2018.
A line graph should be used to display the data as we need to display the trend of the
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
change in the population of Thailand from the year 2009 to the year 2018.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 3) The number of Secondary 1 students who travel to school by the various modes
of transport, i.e. by bus, by car, by Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and by walking.
We may wish to use a pictogram instead of a bar graph as it is more visually appealing
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and is easier to read.

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) The relative proportions of Secondary 1 students who prefer the different drinks,
i.e. iced lemon tea, orange juice, soya bean drink, isotonic drink and plain water.
A pie chart should be used to display the data as it is easier to compare the relative
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
proportions of Secondary 1 students who prefer the different drinks.

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
212
4.5 Statistics in Real-World
Contexts
In this section, we shall consolidate what we have learned in the previous sections by
illustrating how the four stages of statistical studies are carried out in real life.
Consider the following scenario:
The human resource department of Baan Aksorn Co., Ltd. would like to host a
sport event to strengthen the relationships between employees. There will be 3
types of sports competing in this event and the human resource department would
like to know which types of sports they should choose from for 120 employees.
From the scenario, we can find the answer by the following process.
1. Collection of Data
K
The human resource department conducts a survey among 120 employees. An example E
Y
of the questionnaire is as shown.
Questionnaire on favorite sports

From the list below, put a tick next to the sport which you like most.
You should select only one sport.
Soccer Badminton Chairball
Table tennis Volleyball
2. Organization of Data
The human resource department consolidates the result of the survey as shown in the table.
Sport Soccer Table tennis Badminton Volleyball Chairball
Number of employees 30 20 55 10 5
213
3. Display of Data
The details about different statistical diagrams for displaying the data are shown below.
1) Pictograms
A pictogram may include values that require a fraction of the icon to be used.
2) Bar graphs
A bar graph is a useful statistical diagram as the sports which the employees like
the most and the least can be recognized at one glance; and yet maintaining its
accuracy at the same time.
3) Line graphs
A line graph is not suitable to the data collected in this case because we do not
need to show trends over a period of time.
4) Pie charts
A pie chart can be used as it can be easily identified by looking at the relative size
of each sector. However, it may be quite difficult to compare the numerical values
of the data set, especially when the values are close to one another.
K
E After considering the details about different statistical diagrams, the human resource
Y department chooses to display the data using a bar graph designed in a spreadsheet
program.
Employees’ Favorite Sport
Number of Employees
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Type of Sports
Soccer Table tennis Badminton Volleyball Chairball
214
4. Interpretation of Data
From the bar graph, the human resource department chooses table tennis, badminton
and soccer as the types of sports to be competed in the event to strengthen the
relationships between employees.
Performance Task
Consider the following scenario:
Your schoolmates have been complaining about the lack of food stalls in the new school
canteen. As a member of the student council, your teacher has assigned you to find
out the possible types of stalls that the school can have in the school canteen.
Work in groups of four to write a report to recommend some possible types of food
stalls that the school can engage for the school canteen. The report should also consist
of a questionnaire, a table, an appropriate statistical diagram drawn using a suitable
software and an interpretation of the data collected.
K
E
Exercise 4C Y
Basic Level
1. The pictogram illustrates the number of buses registered with Bangkok Mass
Transit Authority each year from 2012 to 2016.
Number of Registered Buses
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Each represents 400 buses.
(Source: http://www.bmta.co.th)
215
1) In which year did the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) have the most number
of registered buses? How many?
In 2012, the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority had the most number of registered buses
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8.75 × 400 = 3,500.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Did the number of registered buses in 2016 increase or decrease from 2014? How many?
The number of registered buses in 2016 decreased from 2014 for (7.5 - 7) 400 = 200. ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If each registered bus collected approximately 2,900,000 baht of fare in 2015, how
much did the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority earn in total?
The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority earned (7.5 400) 2,900,000 baht × ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8,700,000,000 baht in total.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) What was the percentage decrease in number of registered buses in 2014 as compared
to 2013?
Percentage decrease in number of registered buses in 2014 as compared to 2013
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K = 8.58.5 - 7.5 × 100% = 11.76%
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2. The table below shows the average wage per day of Kennedy in each year from
2013 to 2017.
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Average wage per day 250 275 290 300 280
Construct a line graph using the information provided in the table.
Average wage per day of Kennedy from 2013 to 2017
Wage (baht)
300
250
200
0 Year
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
216
3. The result of survey on the number of students of School A and School B
enrolled in higher education from the semesters 2012 to 2017 is shown below.
Number of students enrolled in higher education in each semester

School
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
A 60 52 47 59 55 60
B 50 60 53 49 51 56

Number of students of School A and School B enrolled in higher education
from the semesters 2012 to 2017
Number of Students
80
K
E
School A Y
60 School B
40
20
0 Semester
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
217
4. The table shows the number of students who travel to school by bus, by car, by
bicycle and on foot respectively.
Mode of transport Bus Car Bicycle Foot
Number of students 768 256 64 192
The angle of sector of each category of data set is shown below.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mode of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Angle of sector Percentage of area of each category
transport
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
768 × 360 ํ = 216 ํ 768 × 100% = 60%
Bus 1,280 1,280
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
256 256
Car 1,280 × 360 ํ = 72 ํ 1,280 × 100% = 20%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
64 × 360 ํ = 18 ํ 64 × 100% = 5%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Bicycle
K 1,280 1,280
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y 192 192
Foot 1,280 × 360 ํ = 54 ํ 1,280 × 100% = 15%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mode of transport used by some students to travel to school
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Foot
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15%
Bicycle
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
60% Bus
Car 20%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
218
5. The pie chart shows the various ways that students travel to school.
Ways that students travel to school
Cycle
18%
35% Bus
Car 12%
28%
Train Walk
From the pie chart, answer each of the following questions. K

E
1) What percentage of students walk to school? Y
Percentage of students who walk = 100% - (35% + 18% + 12% + 28%) = 7%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the number of students who take the train to school?

Number of students who take the train = 217 28 = 84 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) What is the number of students who do not cycle to school?

Number of students who do not cycle = 217 (100 - 18) = 246 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) What is the total number of students surveyed?

Total number of students surveyed = 217 100 = 300 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
219
6. A survey is conducted to find out which of the four ice cream flavors, chocolate,
orange, mango and vanilla, the students in a class prefer. The pie chart shows
the results of the survey.
Favorite flavor of ice cream of each student in Secondary 1A
Orange
Vanilla
50 ํ 120 ํ
Mango Chocolate
K From the pie chart, answer each of the following questions.

E 1) If one-quarter of the class prefers orange flavor, state the angle of the sector that
Y
represents this information.
Angle of sector that represents number of students who prefer orange flavor = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the angle of the sector that represents the number of students who prefer vanilla
flavor.
Angle of sector that represents number of students who prefer vanilla flavor
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 360 ํ - (120 ํ + 90 ํ + 50 ํ) = 100 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) What is the percentage of the number of students who prefer vanilla flavor as
compared to the total number of students in the class?
Required percentage = 100 ํ
360 ํ 100% 27.78% × ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) If 5 students prefer mango flavor, what is the total number of students in the class?
Total number of students in the class = 360 ํ
50 ํ 5 = 36 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
220
7. The line graph shows the mass of a baby from birth to 6 months.
Baby’s Mass from Birth to 6 Months
Mass (kg)
0 Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 K
E
Y
From the line graph, construct a table and answer each of the following questions.
1) Using data from the line graph, construct a table showing the mass of the baby from
birth to 6 months.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Month 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mass (kg) 3.2 3.4 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the percentage increase in the mass of the baby from the 4th to 6th month?
Percentage increase in mass of the baby from the 4th to 6th month
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( 5 4.2 - 4.2 × 100% ≈ 19.05%

)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
221
8. The result of survey on the number of shops in Aksorn Plaza is shown below.
Number of shops in Aksorn Plaza
Number of Staff
10
5
0 Shop
A B C D E

1) What is the total number of staff?
Total number of staff = 4 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 2 = 20
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the percentage of the shops that employ more than 3 staff as compared to the
total number of shops?
Required percentage = 45 100% = 80% ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 3) Why are there more staff in some shops than the others?
Y
It is because there may be more customers in some shops than the others.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. The result of survey on the number of Secondary 1 students who get A in Mathematics
and Science of Aksorn School is shown below.
Number of Secondary 1 students who get A in Mathematics and Science
of Aksorn School
Number of Students Mathematics
Science
20
10
0 Class
1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
222
1) What is the total number of students who got A in each subject?
Total number of students in the 5 classes who get A in Mathematics
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 9 + 11 + 16 + 12 + 20 = 68
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Total number of students in the 5 classes who get A in Science
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8 + 13 + 12 + 16 + 15 = 64
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the percentage of the number of students who get A in Mathematics in Class
1D as compared to the total number of students who get A in Mathematics in the 5
classes?
Required percentage = 12
68 100% 17.65% × ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If there are 40 students in Class 1D, what is the percentage of students in the class
who get A in Science?
Percentage of students in Class 1D who get A in Science = 16
40 100% = 40% ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
Y
4) Is Jun Wei correct to say that there are 35 students in Class 1E? Explain your answer.
No, Jun Wei is not correct to say that there are 35 students in Class 1E. There may be
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
students in the class who do not get A in both Mathematics and Science. There may also
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
be students in the class who get A in both Mathematics and Science.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10. The pie chart shows the distribution of students and teachers in a school.
Distribution of students and teachers in a school
240 ํ
Female Male
students students
Teachers
223
1) If there are five times as many female students as teachers in the school, find the angle
of the sector that represents the number of teachers in the school.
Angle of sector that represents number of teachers in
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the school = 16 × (360 ํ - 240 ํ) = 20 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) If there are 45 teachers in the school, what are the numbers of female and male students
respectively?
Number of female students in the school = 45 20 100 = 225
×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Number of male students in the school = 20 × 240 = 540 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) If 23 of the teachers are women, what is the percentage of the number of females in the
K school as compared to the total school population?
E
Y Total school population = 45 + 225 + 540 = 810
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Number of female teachers in the school = 23 × 45 = 30
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Number of females in the school = 225 + 30 = 255
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, required percentage = 255 810 × 100% ≈ 31.48%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11. A factory produces three products, A, B and C, in the ratio 1 : x : 5. When this
information is illustrated on a pie chart, the angle of the sector that represents the
quantity of C produced is 120 ํ. Find the value of x.
5
1 + x + 5 360 ํ = 120 ํ ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 120 ํ
6 + x = 360 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x=9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
224
12. The number of goals scored by Stephen and Michael from the seasons 2012 to
2017 is shown below.
Number of goals scored by Stephen and Michael from the seasons 2012 to 2017
Number of Goals
40
30 Stephen
Michael
20
10
0 Season
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
From the line graph, answer each of the following questions. K

E
Y
1) In which season was the increase in scores of Stephen and Michael the most
compared to their previous season?
In the season 2014, it was the season that the increase in scores of Stephen and Michael
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
was the most compared to their previous season.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What was the percentage decrease in scores of Stephen in the season 2016 as
compared to the season 2015? What was the percentage decrease in scores of
Michael in the season 2013 as compared to the season 2012?
Percentage decrease in scores of Stephen in the season 2016 as compared to the season
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2015 = 40 40- 34 × 100% = 15%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Percentage decrease in scores of Michael in the season 2013 as compared to the season
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2012 = 32 32- 27 × 100% ≈ 15.63%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
225
Advanced Level
13. The line graphs show the average temperatures of two countries X and Y in each
month from January to June.
Average temperature in each month of Country X from January to June
Temperature ( ํC)
30
25
20
0 Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Average temperature in each month of Country Y from January to June

K
E
Y Temperature ( ํC)
30
20
10
0 Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Nora says that the temperatures in Country X change more drastically than those in
Country Y. Do you agree with her? Explain your answer.
No, I do not agree with Nora. The temperatures in both countries range from 21 ํC to 30 ํC.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The temperatures in Country X seem to change more drastically than those in country Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
because the vertical axis of the line graph which shows the temperatures of Country X starts
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
from 20 ํC instead of 0 ํC.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
226
Summary
1. Introduction to Statistics
The four stages of a statistical study are:
Collection Interpretation Display Organization
2. Statistical Questions
A statistical question is a question that can be answered and its answer must be
more than a single response according to the fact or a question that is asked for
personal opinion. This also includes a question that needs to be answered and its
answer can be obtained from collection of data or basic information. After the
collection, we then classify, calculate or analyze such data or information and use
it to answer the question asked. Statistical questions can be divided into 4 types
as follows.
1) Basic statistical questions 2) Statistical questions for summary
3) Statistical questions for comparison 4) Statistical questions for relations K
E
3. Data Collection Y
Data refers to facts or any information accepted as facts of matters interested in.
The data can be collected in the form of text or numbers. It can be performed in
many ways, for example, collection of data through recording, through observation,
using a questionnaire and through interviews.
4. Display and Interpretation of Data
The choice of an appropriate statistical diagram depends on the type of data collected
and the purpose of collecting the data.
1) A pictogram is most suitable when the data has to be presented in a lively and
interesting manner and when the data do not include values that require a
fraction of the icon to be used.
2) A bar graph is most suitable when we want to compare between the data sets
and when we are interested to know the exact numerical values.
3) A line graph is most suitable when we want to show trends over a period of time.
4) A pie chart is most suitable when we want to show the relative size of each
data set in proportion to the entire data set.
227
Review Exercise 4
1. Consider the following statistical questions and find an appropriate method to collect
the data.
1) What are the costs of the cars owned by the teachers in your school?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) How does Ethan perform in the school drama performance?

By observing
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) How tall are the teachers in your school?

By interviewing
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) How can a mother know the change in weight of her baby in the first year?
By recording
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 5) How can a doctor find out if the medicine prescribed to patients were effective?
By interviewing
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. The pictogram shows the average weekly pocket money that students in each of
the four classes receive.
Average weekly pocket money received by students
Class 1A
Class 1B
Class 1C
Class 1D
Each represents 10 baht.

228
1) What is the ratio of the average weekly pocket money received by students in Class
1D to that of the students in Class 1B?
Required ratio = 6 : 3 = 2 : 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the percentage of the average weekly pocket money received by students in
Class 1C as compared to that of the students in Class 1A?
Required percentage = 74 100% = 175% ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. The result of survey on the number of Secondary 1 students of Aksorn School who
read a particular type of books in a month is shown below.
Number of Secondary 1 students of Aksorn School who read
a particular type of books in a month
Number of Students K
E
Y
60
40
20
0 Type of Books
Magazine Textbook Documentary Comic Fiction

1) What is the total number of students who read different types of books in a month?
= 28 + 40 + 36 + 52 + 44
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 200
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the percentage of the number of students who read magazines as compared
to the total number of students in the class?
28 100% = 14%
Required percentage = 200 ×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
229
3) If the information is illustrated on the pie chart, what is the angle of sector that represents
the number of students who read magazines, comics and fictions altogether?
Number of students who read magazines, comics and fictions altogether = 28 + 52 + 44 = 124
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Angle of sector that represents number of students who read magazines, comics and fictions
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
altogether = 124 200 × 360 ํ = 223.2 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. The table below shows the percentage of students who enrolled in the Science
course, the Engineering course, the Education course and the Law course in a
university respectively.
Type of course Science Engineering Education Law
Percentage of students 25% 30% 15% ?
Construct a pie chart using the data from the table.

Percentage of students who enrolled in the Law course
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100% - (25% + 30% + 15%) = 100% - 70% = 30%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E Type of course Angle of sector
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25
Science 100 × 360 ํ = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
Engineering 100 × 360 ํ = 108 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Education 15 × 360 ํ = 54 ํ
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
Law 100 × 360 ํ = 108 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Number of students who enrolled in the Science course, the Engineering course,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the Education course and the Law course
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Law Science
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
108 ํ 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
54 ํ 108 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Engineering
Education
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
230
5. The pie chart shows Devi’s monthly expenditure.
Davi’s monthly expenditure
Food
6,000
Transportation
90 ํ
36 ํ
90 ํ Others
Clothes
Rental
From the pie chart, answer each of the following questions. K

E
1) If the amount she spends on food is three times as much as that she spends on clothes, Y
what is the percentage of the amount she spends on food as compared to that she
spends on transportation?
Total angle of sectors that represent amount Devi spends on food and clothes
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 360 ํ - (90 ํ + 90 ํ + 36 ํ) = 144 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Angle of sector that represents amount Devi spends on food = 34 × 144 ํ = 108 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, required percentage = 108 ํ
90 ํ × 100% = 120%.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is her annual income?

Devi’s monthly income = 360 ํ
108 ํ 6,000 baht
×
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 20,000 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Devi’s annual income = 12 × 20,000 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 240,000 baht
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
231
6. The bar graph shows the number of lower secondary students who took part in a
school’s sport day.
Number of lower secondary students
who took part in a school’s sport day
Number of Students
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Level
K Secondary 1 Secondary 2 Secondary 3
E
Y
The information is to be represented on a pie chart. Find the angle of the largest
sector and state what the sector represents.
From the bar graph, we can see that Secondary 3 students took part in a school’s sport day
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the most.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Angle of the largest sector = 135 60 × 360 ํ = 160 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The information can be represented in the form of a pie chart as shown below.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Number of lower secondary students who took part in a school’s sport day
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sec 1
Sec 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45 students
60 students
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sec 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30 students
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
232
7. The line graph below shows the heights of Natalie and Brad from the ages of 13 to 17.
Heights of Natalie and Brad from the ages of 13 to 17

Height (cm)
180
Natalie
170 Brad
160
150
0 Age (years old)
13 14 15 16 17

1) From the line graph, design a basic statistical question and a statistical question
for summary. K
E
Basic statistical question: What were the heights of Natalie and Brad from the ages of 13 to 17?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
Statistical question for summary: What is the increase in height of Natalie when she was 17
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
as compared to when she was 13?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) At what age did Natalie and Brad have the same height?
Natalie and Brad had the same height at the age of 16.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) What was the percentage increase in height of Brad when he was 16 as compared to
when he was 14?
Percentage increase in height of Brad = 168159
- 159 × 100% 5.66% ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
233
Challenge Yourself
The result of survey on the application of the National Savings Fund (NSF) 2017 is
shown below.
Percentage of decision making on the application of the National Savings Fund together with reasons
of people who have no rights to receive government pension fund or annuity or retirement fund
Need some money for their
Not sure
11.7 descendants after passing
50.0 Reasons for Need pension for retirement
Would apply for applying for 9.6
Would not
30.5
until passing
apply for Need counterpart fund and retirement fund
19.5 6.4
instead of pension
Reasons for not 2.8 Register without knowing its benefits
applying for
6.2 Do not have enough money/do not have income/unemployed
3.7 Have high expenditure with less income/have unstable income
Unclear information/too many conditions applied/unsatisfied return/take too long
K 3.5 for the savings/ never heard of the fund/need sometimes to study more information
E
Y Already have savings/make other types of savings, e.g. deposit in a bank
2.3 account/already bought a life insurance/already applied for social security/joined
community savings/already a member of other funds
3.8 Others, e.g. too old for this type of savings/not interested in/unreliable fund/do not
(Source: National Statistical know where and how to apply/unable to go apply by oneself/too young for this
type of savings
Office, Thailand)
Identify statistical process involved to get the above information. Explain each step of
process. Sample answer
The above information can be obtained from the following statistical process.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1) Statistical questions: the information above derives from the following statistical question
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
“What do you think about the application of the National Savings Fund (NSF)?”
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Data collection: the information above can be collected by interviewing. The interview was
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
conducted by the staff of the National Statistical Office.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Display of data: the information above should be displayed using a pie chart.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) Interpretation of data: from the display of the information in the form of a pie chart, we can
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
see that 30.5% of people would like to apply for the National Savings Fund, while 19.5% would
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
not like to apply for the fund and 50.0% is not sure about it.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
234
Problems
in Real-World Contexts
Problem 1 Income Tax
To develop a country, money is needed. These amounts of money are usually the
income of the government earned from tax collection, e.g. value added tax and income
tax. The income tax can be divided into two types, which are a personal income tax
collected from a person with income and a cooperate income tax collected from a
company or a registered partnership. Since the personal income tax is the tax directly
related to us, we should know how to calculate such tax from our net income.
Expenditure is considered the cost of
work. The rate of expenditure to be
deducted is stated by the law.
Net income = Assessable income - Expenditure - Personal allowance

It is all the income earned It is the amount of money deducted from the K
E
in a year. assessable income as stated by the law, e.g. health Y
insurance premium and social security fund.
The Revenue Department has stipulated personal income tax rate for 2017 and 2018
as shown in the table below.
Taxable income bracket Highest taxable Tax rate Tax rate on income Accumulated
rate on income
tax
income bracket (%) in bracket in bracket
0 - 150,000 150,000 5 Exempt* 0
150,000 - 300,000 150,000 5 7,500 7,500
300,000 - 500,000 200,000 10 20,000 27,500
500,000 - 750,000 250,000 15 37,500 65,000
750,000 - 1,000,000 250,000 20 50,000 115,000
1,000,000 - 2,000,000 1,000,000 25 250,000 365,000
2,000,000 - 5,000,000 3,000,000 30 900,000 1,265,000
Over 5,000,001 - 35 - -
* This condition is applied according to Section 4 of the Royal Decree (No.470) B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008) for the
net income earned in 2008 onward only, together with Section 12 of the Act Amending the Revenue Code
(No. 44) B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017), which was effective since the tax year 2017 onward.
(Source: The Revenue Department, Thailand)
235
Students can search for more information about tax from the website of the Revenue
Department, Thailand.
1. In 2017, Sofia had an assessable income of 300,000 baht. If her assessable income
were deducted by 50% due to her expenditure, which must not be more than 100,000
baht, by 60,000 baht due to her personal allowance and by 9,000 baht due to her
social security fund, how much did Sofia have to pay for her income tax?
2. From the table, what is the system of Thailand’s income tax rate? Why do we use
this system?
3. Search for more information about income taxes of other countries. Then compare
them to that of Thailand and tell the similarities and differences.
Problem 2 A Piece of Ancient Earthenware

An archeologist explored one of the excavation sites and found a piece of ancient
earthenware, which can be presumed that its original shape was a circular shape as
K shown in the picture below.
E
Y
Scale 1 : 4
1. How can we apply the knowledge of basic construction of geometric figures to find
the radius of the original shape of such ancient earthenware?
(Hint: A line segment passing through center and intersecting with a cord that is
not a diameter will be perpendicular to that cord when the line segment bisects the
cord.)
2. Find the diameter of the original shape of this ancient earthenware.
3. Find the area of the original shape of this ancient earthenware.
236
Key Journal Writing
(Page 11)
Suggested answer
1) Aspect ratio is used to describe the relationship between the width and height of
an image. In the past, the standard ratio of a television’s display screen is 4 : 3;
that is, the width of the screen is equal to 4 units, while the height of the screen is
equal to 3 units. However, the standard ratio of the display screen was changed to
16 : 9 nowadays such that the width of the screen is equal to 16 units and the
height of the screen is equal to 9 units.
The following are some examples of aspect ratio used in our daily lives:
• 16 : 10 is used mainly in widescreen computer monitors.
• 5 : 4 is a computer monitor resolution and also in cell phones.
• 1 : 1 is an uncommon aspect ratio that is used mainly in photography.
2) Sample answer
Scale drawings of maps and buildings are often represented by ratios. This is
because it is impossible for a map to be exactly of the same size as the area it
represents. Therefore, the measurements are scaled down in a fixed proportion so
that the map can be used easily. Similarly, a scale drawing of a building will have
the same shape as the actual building except that is scaled down.
237
(Page 75)
Suggested answer
1) We can construct a 75 ํ angle by
applying the concept of constructing
60 ํ and 15 ํ angles below:
Step 1: Draw a straight line XY. M is
a point on XY. With M as Z
center and with a suitable P
fixed radius, draw an arc to
cut XY. A
Step 2: Construct ∠ZMY of 90 ํ .
Construct ∠AMY of 60 ํ. 75 ํ
X M Y
Step 3: Bisect ∠AMZ; we get
∠PMA = 15 ํ.
Therefore, ∠PMY = 75 ํ.
2) We can construct a 67.5 ํ angle by
applying the concept of constructing
60 ํ and 7.5 ํ angles below:
Step 1: Draw a straight line XY. M is Z
a point on XY. With M as P Q
center and with a suitable
fixed radius, draw an arc to A
cut AX.
Step 2: Construct ∠ZMY of 90 ํ . 67.5 ํ
Construct ∠AMY of 60 ํ. X M Y
Step 3: Bisect ∠AMZ; we get ∠PMA
= 15 ํ.
Step 4: Bisect ∠PMA; we get ∠QMA
= 7.5 ํ.
Therefore, ∠QMY = 67.5 ํ.
238
(Page 114)
Sample answer
1) A plan below shows positions of a house, temple and school.
Given that ▲ represents the position of a house;
 represents the position of a temple;
 represents the position of a school.
10
9
8
7
6 
5 
4
3 ▲
2
1
A B C D E F G G I J
239
2) A plan below shows positions of furniture in a bedroom.
Given that ▲ represents the position of a wardrobe;
 represents the position of a bed;
 represents the position of a shelf;
 represents the position of a television set;
 represents the position of a sofa.
6 ▲
5
4  
3 
2
1 
A B C D E F
3) A plan below shows positions of 140 seats in a movie theater.
Monitor
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
240
Key Performance Task
(Page 181)
Sample answer
Record form of survey on types of vehicles passing in front of a school

Date ……………………. Month …………………………… Year ……………………. Time …………………….
Types of vehicles Tally Number of vehicles

Bicycle
Motorcycle
Truck
Private car
Bus
(Page 183)
Some questions for the interview:
1) Do you have more than one mode of transport to school?
2) What is your main mode of transport to school?
3) Why do you choose the mode of transport in 2) over the other?
241
Problems
Key in Real-World Contexts
Problem 1 (Page 234)

Suggested answer
1) Since Net income = Assessable income - Expenditure - Personal allowance,
we get Sofia’s net income = 300,000 - 100,000 - (60,000 + 9,000) baht
= 131,000 baht.
Therefore, Sofia’s net income is 131,000 baht.
From the table of personal income tax rate for 2017 and 2018, we can see that
the net income of Sofia is in the range of 0 - 150,000 baht, which is the range that
receives exemption on personal income tax. Therefore, Sofia does not have to pay
for the tax of 2017.
2) The income tax system of Thailand is a progressive system with the aim to help
lessen the income gap such that those who have less income do not have to pay
much tax compared to those who have more income because if those who have
less income have to pay much, they might not have enough money left to spend
on their livings, while those who have more income are able to pay more tax because
they have more money left to spend on their livings.
3) Sample answer
Even though the income tax system of Vietnam is also a progressive system;
however, there is no exemption on any income brackets. This means that whoever
is hired and earns money at any amount needs to pay for the income tax. For
example, If Mr. A lives in Vietnam and has an assessable income per year of under
60 million Vietnamese Dong, he needs to pay for the income tax at the rate of 5%.
If Mr. B lives in Vietnam and earns an assessable income per year of over 960
million Vietnamese Dong, he needs to pay for the income tax at the rate of 35%.
242
Problem 2 (Page 236)
Suggested answer
1) To apply the knowledge of basic construction of geometric figures to help find a
radius of the original shape of the ancient earthenware, it can be done as follows.
Step 1: Place the piece of ancient earthenware on a sheet of paper and draw along
its arc. We then get the arc AB which is an arc of the whole circle. We
name this circle O. B
A
Step 2: On the arc AB, construct points C, D, F and G respectively. Then join the
points to get CD and FG. We get CD and FG as cords of the circle O.
G B
F
D
C
A
Step 3: On CD, construct XY that bisects and is perpendicular to CD. On FG,
construct WZ that bisects and is perpendicular to FG.
W
G B
F
D
O
X Y
C
A Z
243
Step 4: We get XY and WZ intersecting each other at Point O, which is center of
the circle O.
W
G B
F
D
O
X Y
C
A Z
Step 5: Use a ruler to measure the length from Point O to the circumference of the
circle. We then get a radius of 2 cm.
2) From 1), the length of the radius of this piece of ancient earthenware is 2 cm.
Since the ratio of the ancient earthenware on a picture to its actual size is 1 : 4,
the actual length of radius of the ancient earthenware is 2 × 4 = 8 cm.
Therefore, the actual length of diameter of the ancient earthenware is
8 × 2 = 16 cm.
3) From 2), the actual length of radius of the ancient earthenware is 8 cm.
Therefore, the actual area of the original shape of this ancient earthenware is equal
to πr2 cm2 = 227 × 82 cm2
2
≈ 201.14 cm .
244
Ac�i��Ac�i��
LearningLearning
3 in
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1!1!
Mastering Mathematics S.1B

Content,
Content,
Activities
Activities
and and
Exercises
Exercises
Mastering
Mastering
Mathematics
Mathematics
– the Work-Textbooks
– the Work-Textbooks
that include
thatcontent,
include content,
activitiesactivities
and and
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developeddeveloped
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the B.E.
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(A.D.
2560
2017)
(A.D.
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Thailand’s
of Thailand’s
Basic Basic
EducationEducation
Core Curriculum
Core Curriculum
B.E. 2551B.E.
(A.D.
2551
2008)(A.D.
and
2008)
adapted
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the from
mosttherenowned
most renowned
mathematics
mathematics
series forseries
secondary
for secondary
level in Singapore
level in Singapore
Active Learning
Active Learning
Activities
Activities
– include–various
includeactivities
various activities
to help increase
to help increase
knowledgeknowledge
and and
enhance enhance
thinking skills
thinking skills
Investigation
Investigation Journal Writing
Journal Writing
Class Discussion
Class DiscussionPerformance
Performance
Task Task
Thinking Thinking
Time Time
Marginal
Marginal
Notes –Notes
allow students
– allow students
to extenttoand
extent
increase
and increase
their understandings
their understandings
on what they
on what they
have learned
have learned
AttentionAttention Recall Recall

Information
Information Just for Fun
Just for Fun
Problem Solving
ProblemTip
SolvingInternet
Tip Resources
Internet Resources
Problems
Problems
in Real-World
in Real-World
ContextContext
– let students
– let students
apply their
apply
mathematical
their mathematical
knowledgeknowledge
on real-life
onsituations
real-life situations
Mastering Maths
Mastering
S.1B Maths S.1B
Aksorn Charoen Tat Aksorn

ACT. CO.,
Charoen
Ltd. Tat ACT. CO., Ltd.
142 Tanao Road, Phra
142Nakhon,
Tanao Road,
Bangkok,
Phra Thailand
Nakhon, Bangkok,
10200 Thailand 10200
8 8586 4 98 183568666449 1 3 6 6 6 4
Tel. /Fax. +66 2622Tel.
2999/Fax.(auto
+66 phone
2622 2999
switch
(auto
20 lines)
phone switch 20 lines) www.aksorn.com
www.aksorn.com
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Practice Now Summary

Investigation Class Discussion

Thinking Time Journal Writing

RECALL JUST FOR FUN INTERNET RESOURCES

This contains certain This contains puzzles, This guides students to

Ratios 2 Geometric Constructions 58

Linear Equations 106 Statistics 174

Problems in Real-World Contexts 235

1.3 Real-Life Applications of Ratios, Proportions

2.2 Construction of Two-Dimensional Geometric

3.2 Cartesian Coordinates ✓ ✓

3.3 Graphs of Linear Relationships ✓

Taught in other levels

3.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables

4.3 Data Collection ✓

4.4 Display and Interpretation of Data ✓

4.5 Statistics in Real-World Contexts ✓

Golden ratio is the ratio generally accepted as the most

6 : 12 = 2 : 4 = 1 : 2 The order in which a ratio is

Given that a : b and c are integers that is not equal to 0, we get

We can also express “23 : 46 is equivalent to 1 : 2” in the following manner.

............................................................................................................. Therefore, 0.36 : 1.2 = 3 : 10.

2) The ratio of the side length of AC to the length of its perimeter

5. Given that a : b : c = 75 : 120 : 132, simplify and find the following.

9. Simplify each of the following.

3) 1.2 : 3 103 : 5.5

4) 1.3 : x and 65 : 250

Male students : female students : teachers = 18 : 15 : 2

and the number of female students is 15 × 25 = 375.

Practice Now Similar Questions

5. A map is drawn to a scale of 1 : 20,000. K

The word ‘percent’ originated from

we get 5,400 m = 142.5

2. The marked price of a washing machine is 15,000 baht. A discount of 6% is given

Therefore, the marked price of the sculpture is 500 baht.

when it is 9% discounted, the sale price is 13,650 baht.

We get 13,650 y = 100

Therefore, the marked price of the laptop is 15,000 baht.

No, the sale price would not be 13,650 baht.

Goods and Services Tax INTERNET RESOURCES

Therefore, the selling price of the toy is 535 baht.

we get 642 = 107

Therefore, the marked price of the printer is 600 baht.

Cost of food Cost of food

From the investigation, we can conclude that:

Total amount payable = marked price - discount + service charge + VAT

≈ 50 - 7.50 + 4.25 + 3.27

Therefore, Nora has to pay the total amount of 50.02 baht.

Therefore, the salesperson receives 25,800 baht of commission.

2. A salesperson charges a commission of 3.5% on the selling price of a piece of

we get 50,750 a = 100

The selling price of the piece of product is 1,450,000 baht.

Therefore, the ratio is 39 or 39 : 1,250.

2) 600 480 Loss = 120

Therefore, the marked price of the electric pan is 3,000 baht.

Therefore, the selling price of the microwave is 6,580.50 baht.

Required percentage = 1,6801,500 - 1,500 × 100% = 180 × 100 = 12%

No, the sale price would not be 11,250 baht.

2) The number of toys that are given away

Before moving Red candies 100 75 400 = 300 50 300 = 150