Mastering Math M3B

ork-Textboo
KE
W k
Y
MASTERING
MATHEMATICS
3B
Yeap Ban Har, Ph.D. Secondary
Joseph Yeo Boon Wooi, Ph.D.
Teh Keng Seng
Work-Textbook
Mastering Mathematics
Secondary 3B Secondary
Subject Area: Mathematics

Based on Thailand’s newly revised curriculum of B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017)
3B
Authors
Yeap Ban Har, Ph.D. K
E
Joseph Yeo Boon Wooi, Ph.D. Y
Teh Keng Seng
Editors
Poranee Tatsanasaengsoon
Tipsuda Buakaew
Sathawut Anuraksakulwet
Kanjana Heenpooh
All rights reserved
This Secondary Mathematics Series, adapted from the New Syllabus Mathematics series,
is published in collaboration with Shing Lee Publishers Pte Ltd, Singapore.
Preface
Mastering Mathematics is a series of Work-Textbooks written based on the B.E. 2560
(A.D. 2017) revised version of Thailand’s Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D.
2008). This series is adapted and developed from the New Syllabus Mathematics series
in collaboration with Shing Lee Publishers Pte Ltd, Singapore aiming to enhance skills
needed in the 21st Century, which include analytical skill, problem-solving skill, creativity,
ICT skills and collaboration skill. These skills help students to act on economic, social,
cultural and environmental changes potentially such that they are able to compete and live
harmoniously with the world community.
Key Features
K Worked Example Exercise

E
Y This shows students how to apply what they The questions are classified into three levels
have learned to solved related problems and of difficulty–Basic, Intermediate and Advanced.
how to present their working clearly.
Practice Now Summary

At the end of each Worked Example, a
similar question will be provided for immediate At the end of each chapter, a succinct summary
practice. Where appropriate, this includes further of the key concepts is provided to help students
questions of progressive difficulty. consolidate what they have learned.
Similar Questions Review Exercise
A list of similar questions in the Exercise is This is included at the end of each chapter for
given here to help teachers choose questions the consolidation of learning of concepts.
that their students can do on their own.
Challenge Yourself
Optional problems are included at the end of each chapter to challenge and stretch high-ability
students to their fullest potential.
Active Learning Activities
Investigation Class Discussion

Activities are included to guide students to Questions are provided for students to discuss in
investigate and discover important mathematical class, with the teacher acting as the facilitator.
concepts so that they can construct their own The questions will assist students to learn new
knowledge meaningfully. knowledge, think mathematically, and enhance
their reasoning and oral communication skills.
Thinking Time Journal Writing

Key questions are also included at appropriate Opportunities are provided for students to
junctures to check if students have grasped reflect on their learning and to communicate
various concepts and to create opportunities for mathematically. It can also be used as a
them to further develop their thinking. formative assessment to provide feedback to
students to improve on their learning.
K
Performance Task E
Y
Mini projects are designed to develop research and presentation skills in the students.
Marginal Notes
ATTENTION PROBLEM SOLVING TIP INFORMATION
This contains important This guides students on how This includes information
information that students to approach a problem. that may be of interest to
should know. students.
RECALL JUST FOR FUN INTERNET RESOURCES
This contains certain This contains puzzles, This guides students to

mathematical concepts or fascinating facts and search on the Internet for
rules that students have interesting stories as valuable information or
learned previously. enrichment for students. interesting online games
for their independent and
self-directed learning.
Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 2
System of Simultaneous 2 Factorizing Polynomials of 62

Linear Equations Degrees Greater than Two
1.1 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations 2.1 Factorizing Polynomials of Degrees
Using Graphical Method 4 Greater than Two with Integer
1.2 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Coefficients 64
Using Algebraic Methods 14 Summary 78
1.3 Real-life Applications of Simultaneous Review Exercise 2 79
Equations 37 Challenge Yourself 83
Summary 52
Review Exercise 1 53
Challenge Yourself 61
Chapter 3 Chapter 4
Similarity 84 Trigonometric Ratios 144

3.1 Similar Figures 86 4.1 Trigonometric Ratios 146
K 3.2 Similar Triangles 105 4.2 Applications of Trigonometric
E 3.3 Real-life applications of Ratios to Finding Unknown Sides
Y Similar Triangles 127 of Right Triangles 167
Summary 130 4.3 Real-life Applications of Trigonometric
Review Exercise 3 131 Ratios 177
Challenge Yourself 143 Summary 190
Chapter 5
Circles 198
5.1 Circle Theorems of Chords and
Tangents 200
5.2 Circle Theorems of Angles 228
Summary 253
Problems in Real - World Contexts 268

Learning Standard and Indicators Strand 1 Strand 2 Strand 3
Standard M 1.1 Standard M 1.2 Standard M 1.3 Standard M 2.1 Standard M 2.2 Standard M 3.1 Standard M 3.2
Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator
Chapter/Topic - 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1
Chapter 1: System of Simultaneous Linear Equations
1.1 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Graphical ✓
Method
1.2 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Algebraic ✓
Methods
1.3 Real-life Applications of Simultaneous Equations ✓
Chapter 2: Factorizing Polynomials of Degrees Greater than

Two
2.1 Factorizing Polynomials of Degrees Greater than Two
with Integer Coefficients ✓
Mastering Mathematics Secondary 3B
Chapter 3: Similarity
3.1 Similar Figures ✓
3.2 Similar Triangles ✓

Table of Learning Standards and Indicators for
Taught in other levels

3.3 Real-life applications of Similar Triangles
Chapter 4: Trigonometric Ratios
4.1 Trigonometric Ratios ✓
4.2 Applications of Trigonometric Ratios to Finding

Unknown Sides of Right Triangles ✓
4.3 Real-life Applications of Trigonometric Ratios ✓
Chapter 5: Circles
5.1 Circle Theorems of Chords and Tangents ✓
5.2 Circle Theorems of Angles ✓

E
Y
K
K
E
Y
2
Chapter 1
System of
Simultaneous
Linear
Equations
We can use 70% ethyl alcohol or ethanol or more to K
kill germs or viruses. If we want to make a 75% alcohol E
Y
solution from mixing 90% and 70% alcohol solutions
together, what is the ratio between them?
Indicator
• Understand and apply the system of simultaneous linear
equations to solving mathematical problems. (MA 1.3 G. 9/3)
Compulsory Details
• System of simultaneous linear equations
• Solutions of the system of simultaneous linear equations
• Real-life applications of simultaneous linear equations
3
1.1 Solving Simultaneous Linear
Equations Using Graphical Method
We have learned how to draw graphs of 2x - 3y = 2, y = -3, x = -2 12 and -x + 2y
= 4, which are graphs of linear equations. What is the relationship between the graphs
of two linear equations when we draw them on the same axes? What is the connection
between the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs and the pair of
values of x and y that satisfies both the equation?
Investigation
Solving simultaneous linear equations graphically
1. Consider the linear equations 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x - y = 2.
K 1) Using a graphing software such as the Geometer’s Sketchpad and GeoGebra,
E
Y draw the graphs of 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x - y = 2 on the same axes.
2) What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs?
The coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs are (1, 1).
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Determine the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both the equations
2x + 3y = 5 and 3x - y = 2. What do you notice?
x -2 0 1 2 4
y 3 -2 1 4 -1
The pair of values satisfying both equations is x = 1 and y = 1.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Consider the linear equations 3x - 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3.

1) Using a graphing software such as the Geometer’s Sketchpad and GeoGebra,
draw the graphs of 3x - 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3 on the same axes.
4
2) What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs?
The coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs are (2, -1).
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) State the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both the equations
3x - 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3.
The pair of values of x and y that satisfies both equations are x = 2 and y = -1.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. What can we conclude about the coordinates of the point of intersection of the
graphs and the pair of values of x and y that satisfies both the equation? Explain
your answer.
The coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs is the pair of values x and y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
that satisfies both equations. A coordinate that lies on one lie will satisfy the equation of that
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
line. The same applies to the second line. Hence, the coordinates of the point of intersection
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the same as the point that lies on both lines and that satisfy both equations.
From Investigation, the graphs of 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x - y = 2 intersect at the point

(1, 1). x = 1 and y = 1 satisfies the two linear equations simultaneously. We say that
x = 1 and y = 1 is the solution of the simultaneous linear equations 2x + 3y = 5 and K
E
3x - y = 2. Y
Worked Example 1
Using the graphical method, solve the following simultaneous equations.
2x - 5y = 32 2x + 3y = 0
Solution:
RECALL
The values of x and y that satisfy the equation
We only need to plot 3
2x - 5y = 32 are: points to obtain the graph
x -4 1 6 of a linear equation. In
fact, a straight line can be
y -8 -6 -4 determined by plotting 2
points. We use the third
The values of x and y that satisfy the equation point to check for mistakes
2x + 3y = 0 are: in the graph.
x -3 0 3
y 2 0 -2
5
Y
2x - 5y = 32
X
-5 0 5 10 15
(6, -4)
-5
2x + 3y = 0
The graphs intersect at the point (6, -4).

Therefore, the solution is x = 6 and y = -4.
Similar Questions
Exercise 1A Questions 1-3
Practice Now
K
Using the graphical method, solve the following simultaneous equations.
E x+y = 3
Y
3x + y = 5
Y
3x + y = 5
(1, 2)
X
-5 0 5 10 15
x+y=3
The graphs intersect at the point (1, 2).

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is x = 1 and y = 2.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6
Similar Questions
Class Discussion Exercise 1A Questions 4-5
Coincident lines and parallel lines

Work in pairs.
1. Using graphing software such as the Geometer’s Sketchpad and GeoGebra, draw the
graphs of each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations on separate axes.
1) x + y = 1 2) 2x + 3y = -1 3) x - 2y = 5
3x + 3y = 3 20x + 30y = -10 5x - 10y = 25
2. What do you notice about the graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations?
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are a pair of lines that coincide.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Does each pair of simultaneous equations have any solutions? If yes, what are the
solutions?
Yes, each pair of simultaneous equations has solutions. The solutions are all the points that
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. K
lie on the line. E
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Y
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Using graphing software such as the Geometer’s Sketchpad and GeoGebra, draw
the graphs of each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations on separate
axes.
1) x + y = 1 2) 2x + 3y = -1 3) x - 2y = 5
3x + 3y = 15 20x + 30y = -40 5x - 10y = 30
5. What do you notice about the graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations?
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are a pair of parallel lines.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Does each pair of simultaneous equations have any solutions? If yes, what are the
solutions?
No, each pair of simultaneous equations does not have any solution since they do not
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
intersect or have any point of intersection.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7
From Class Discussion, the graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations in 1.
are identical, i.e. the two lines coincide. Since every point on each line is a point of
intersection of the graphs, the graphs have an infinite number of points of intersection.
Hence, the simultaneous equations have an infinite number of solutions. The graphs of
each pair of simultaneous equations in 2. are parallel lines. Since the graphs do not
intersect, they have no point of intersection, i.e. there are no values of x and y that
satisfy both equations. Hence, the simultaneous equations have no solution.
Thinking Time
1. What type of simultaneous equation has infinitely many solutions?
A pair of simultaneous equations where one equation can be obtained from the other equation
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
through multiplication or division, i.e. both equations are equivalent, has infinitely many solutions.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. What type of simultaneous equation has no solution?

A pair of simultaneous equations where one equation can be contradicted by the other
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K equation has no solution. In other words, when one equation is multiplied or divided by a
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y constant, the values of variables x and y must be equal to those in the other equation, but
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the constants of both equations must not be equal.
Exercise 1A
Basic Level
1. Using the graphical method, solve the following pairs of the simultaneous equations.
Y
1) 3x - y = 0
2x - y = 1 2x - y = 1
The graphs intersect at the point
...............................................................................................
X
(-1, -3). -5 0 5
...............................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is

...............................................................................................
(-1, -3)
x = -1 and y = -3.
............................................................................................... -5
...............................................................................................
3x - y = 0
...............................................................................................
8
2) x - y = -3 Y
x - 2y = -1
...............................................................................................
(-5, -2).
............................................................................................... X
-10 -5 0
............................................................................................... (-5, -2)
x = -5 and y = -2.
...............................................................................................
x - 2y = -1
-5
...............................................................................................
x - y = -3
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
3) 2x + 5y = 25 Y
3x - 2y = 9
The graphs intersect at the point 3x - 2y = 9
...............................................................................................
(5, 3).
............................................................................................... 5
Therefore, the solution is (5, 3) K
............................................................................................... 2x + 5y = 25 E
x = 5 and y = 3. Y
...............................................................................................
X
............................................................................................... 0 5 10
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
4) 3x - 4y = 25 Y
4x - y = 16
...............................................................................................
(3, -4).
............................................................................................... X
0 5 10
Therefore, the solution is 3x - 4y = 25
...............................................................................................
x = 3 and y = -4.
...............................................................................................
(3, -4)
-5
...............................................................................................
............................................................................................... 4x - y = 16
...............................................................................................
9
Intermediate Level
1) x + 4y - 12 = 0 2) 3x + y - 2 = 0
4x + y - 18 = 0 2x - y - 3 = 0
Y Y
4 X
x + 4y - 12 = 0 -1 0 1 2 3
(4, 2) 2x - y - 3 = 0
2 -1
(1, -1)
X -2
-2 0 2 4 6
3x + y - 2 = 0
-2 -3
4x + y - 18 = 0
The graphs intersect at the point (4, 2).

............................................................................................................. The graphs intersect at the point (1, -1).
.............................................................................................................
K Therefore, the solution is

............................................................................................................. Therefore, the solution is
.............................................................................................................
E x = 4 and y = 2. x = 1 and y = -1.
Y ............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
3) 3x - 2y - 13 = 0 4) 2x + 4y + 5 = 0
2x + 2y = 0 -x + 5y + 1 = 0
Y Y
2x + 4y + 5 = 0
X X
-1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 -x +0 5y + 11= 0
-1 2x + 2y = 0 (-1.5, -0.5) -1
-2 -2
(2.6, -2.6)
-3 -3
3x - 2y - 13 = 0
The graphs intersect at the point (2.6, -2.6).

............................................................................................................. The graphs intersect at the point (-1.5, -0.5).
.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
x = 2.6 and y = -2.6.

............................................................................................................. x = -1.5 and y = -0.5.
.............................................................................................................
10
3. Consider the equations y = 2x + 9 and y = 14 x + 2.
1) Complete the table.
x -8 0 4
y -7 9 17
2) Draw the graph of y = 2x + 9.
Y
15 y = 2x + 9
10
y = 14 x + 2
5
(-4, 1)
X
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-5
K
E
Y
3) Complete the table.
x -8 0 4
y 0 2 3
4) On the same axes in 2), draw the graph of y = 14 x + 2.
5) Solve the simultaneous equations 2x - y = -9 and x - 4y = -8.
Let 2 - y = -9
x ..... ➀ ➁
From , y can be expressed in the form of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x - 4y = -8 .....➁ x as y = 14 x + 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, y can be expressed in the From 2), the graphs intersect at the point
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
form of x as y = 2x + 9. (-4, 1).

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is x = -4 and y = 1.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11
1) x + 2y = 3
2x + 4y = 6
Y
3
x + 2y = 3
2
1 2x + 4y = 6
X
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are identical.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Therefore, the simultaneous equations have an infinite number of solutions.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 2) 4x + y = 2
4x + y = -3
Y
3
4x + y = -3
2
4x + y = 2
1
X
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are parallel and have no intersection point.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the simultaneous equations have no solution.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
Advanced Level
1) y = 3 - 5x
5x + y - 1 = 0
Y
3
5x + y - 1 = 0
2
1 y = 3 - 5x
X
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are parallel and have no intersection point.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
Therefore, the simultaneous equations have no solution. E
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2) 3y + x = 7
15y = 35 - 5x
Y
3y + x = 7 3
2
15y = 35 - 5x
1
X
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are identical.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the simultaneous equations have an infinite number of solutions.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13
1.2 Solving Simultaneous Linear
Equations Using Algebraic Methods
In Secondary 1, we have learned how to solve linear equations in one variable
such as 3x - 4 = 11 and 4x - 10 = 5x + 7. To solve a linear equation in one variable
x means to find the value of x so that the values on both sides of the equation are
equal, i.e. x satisfies the equation.
Thinking Time
What are the solutions of a linear equation in two variables, e.g. 2x + y = 13?
Do you obtain the same solutions as your classmates?
The solutions of a linear equation in two variables are the set of values and y values that satisfy x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K the linear equation. There are infinitely many solutions for all real values of x and y. For example,
E ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y the solution of the equation 2x + y = 13 is the set {(x, y): 2x + y = 13}. Some solutions in the set
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
are (1, 11), (2, 9), (3, 7), etc.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In the previous section, we have learned that from the graphs of two linear equations,
the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection give the solution(s) to the pair of simultaneous
linear equations. In this section, we shall take a look at two algebraic methods that can
be used to solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations: the elimination method and
the substitution method.
14
1. Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Elimination
Method
We shall label the equations as Equation ➀ and Equation ➁ as follows:
3x - y = 12 .....➀
2x + y = 13 .....➁
The elimination method is usually used when the absolute values of the coefficients
of one variable in both the equations are the same. For example, the absolute values
of the coefficients of y in equations ➀ and ➁ are the same. What happens when we
add Equation ➁ to Equation ➀?
➀+➁; 3x - y + 2x + y = 25
Notice that the terms in y are eliminated. We are left with a linear equation in one
variable x.
5x = 25 PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
It is a good practice to check your K

x = 5 E
solution by substituting the values Y
Substitute x = 5 into ➀. of the unknowns which you have
We have 3(5) - y = 12 found into the original equations.
y = 3.
Answer verification:
Substitute x = 5 and y = 3 into ➀.
We have 3(5) - 3 = 12
12 = 12. making the equation true
Substitute x = 5 and y = 3 into ➁.
We have 2(5) + 3 = 13
According to this, x = 5 and y = 3 satisfy both the equations.
Therefore, the solutions is x = 5 and y = 3.
15
Worked Example 2
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
3x + 7y = 17
3x - 6y = 4
Solution:
3x + 7y = 17 .....➀ ATTENTION
3x - 6y = 4 .....➁ The coefficient of x in both the

➀ - ➁ ; 3x + 7y - 3x + 6y = 13 equations is 3. Hence, when
we subtract Equation ➁ from
13y = 13 Equation ➀, the terms in x are
y = 1 eliminated.
Substitute y = 1 into ➀.
We have 3x + 7(1) = 17
PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
K 3x = 10
E To eliminate a variable, the absolute
Y x = 3 13. values of the coefficients of the
Answer verification: variable in both the equations must
be the same.
Substitute x = 3 13 and y = 1 into ➀.
We have 3(3 13) + 7(1) = 17
Substitute x = 3 13 and y = 1 into ➁.
We have 3(3 13) - 6(1) = 4
Since x = 3 13 and y = 1 satisfy both the equations,
the solution is x = 3 13 and y = 1.
16
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Questions 1, 5(1)
13x + 9y = 4
17x - 9y = 26
13 + 9y = 4 .....
x ➀ Substitute = 1 into . x ➀
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17x - 9y = 26 .....➁ We have 13(1) + 9y = 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀ + ➁ ; 13x + 9y + 17x - 9y = 30 13 + 9y = 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30x = 30 9y = -9
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 1 y = -1.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
If the absolute values of the coefficients are unequal, it is sometimes necessary

to manipulate one of the equations before we can eliminate a variable by addition or
subtraction.
Worked Example 3 K
E
Y
3x + 2y = 8
4x - y = 7
Solution:
3x + 2y = 8 .....➀
4x - y = 7 .....➁
2×➁; 8x - 2y = 14 .....➂
ATTENTION
➀+➂; 11x = 22
• In this case, it is easier to
x = 2 eliminate y first.
Substitute x = 2 into ➁. • We multiply Equation ➁ by 2
We have 4(2) - y = 7 so that the absolute values of
y = 1. the coefficients of y in both the
equations are the same.
17
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Question 2
2x + 3y = 18
3x - y = 5
2 + 3y = 18 .....
x ➀ Substitute = 3 into . x ➁
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x - y = 5 .....➁ We have 3(3) - y = 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3×➁; 9x - 3y = 15 .....➂ 9-y = 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀ + ➂ ; 2x + 3y + 9x - 3y = 33 y = 4.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11x = 33
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 4
K 13x - 6y = 20
E 7x + 4y = 18
Y
Solution:
13x - 6y = 20 .....➀
7x + 4y = 18 .....➁
2×➀; 26x - 12y = 40 .....➂
3×➁; 21x + 12y = 54 .....➃
➂ + ➃ ; 26x - 12y + 21x + 12y = 94
47x = 94
ATTENTION
x = 2
Substitute x = 2 into ➀. • The LCM of 6 and 4 is 12.
• We multiply Equation ➀ by
We have 13(2) - 6y = 20 2 and Equation ➁ by 3 so
6y = 6 that the absolute values of the
y = 1. coefficients of y in both the
equations are the same.
18
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Questions 3, 5(2)
9x + 2y = 5
7x - 3y = 13
9 + 2y = 5 .....
x ➀ Substitute = 1 into . x ➀
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7x - 3y = 13 .....➁ We have 9(1) + 2y = 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3×➀; 27x + 6y = 15 .....➂ 9 + 2y = 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2×➁; 14x - 6y = 26 .....➃ 2y = -4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➂ + ➃ ; 27x + 6y + 14x - 6y = 41 y = -2.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
41x = 41
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Thinking Time K
E
Y
In Worked Example 4, is it easier to eliminate x first? Explain your answer by showing
how x can be eliminated.
13 - 6y = 20
x ..... ➀ Substitute y = 1 into . ➀
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7x + 4y = 18 .....➁ We have 13x - 6(1) = 20
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7×➀; 91x - 42y = 140 .....➂ 13x = 26
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13 × ➁ ; 91x + 52y = 234 .....➃ x = 2.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➂-➃; -94y = -94
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
No, it is not easier to eliminate x first as the LCM of 13 and 7 is larger than 12.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19
Worked Example 5
2x - y = 6
3 9
x - 3y = 6
Solution:
2x - y = 6 .....➀
3 9
x - 3y = 6 .....➁
Method 1: solve the simultaneous equation by eliminating x first.
3×➀;
2 x - 6y = 9 .....➂
➂ - ➁ ; x - 6y - x + 3y = 9 - 6
- 6y + 3y = 3
y = 3
K 6
E y = 18
Y
Substitute y = 18 into ➁.
We have x - 18
3 = 6
x = 12.
Method 2: solve the simultaneous equation by eliminating y first.
9×➀; 6x - y = 54 .....➂
3×➁; 3x - y = 18 .....➃
➂ - ➃ ; 6x - y - 3x + y = 54 - 18
3x = 36
x = 12
Substitute x = 12 into ➃.
We have 3(12) - y = 18
y = 18.
20
Similar Questions
x y
2-3 = 4
2x - y = 31
5 6 2 x y
2 - 3 = 4 ..... ➀
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x - y = 3 1 .....➁
5 6 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Method 1: solve the simultaneous equation Method 2: solve the simultaneous equation by
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
by eliminating y first. eliminating y first.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Multiply both sides of ➀ by 12. Multiply both sides of ➀ by 30.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x y
We have 4 - 6 = 2. .....➂ We have 15x - 10y = 120. .....➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Subtract ➂ from ➁. Multiply both sides of ➁ by 60.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 25 x - 6y - 4x + 6y = 1 12 We have 24x - 10y = 210. .....➃.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 1 Subtract ➂ from ➃.
20 x = 1 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
x = 10. We have 24x - 10y - 15x + 10y = 90
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
Substitute x = 10 into ➀. 9x = 90
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 10 - y = 4 x = 10.
2 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 - 3y = 4 Substitute x = 10 into ➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 3. We have 15(10) - 10y = 120
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
150 - 10y = 120
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 3.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Substitution

Method
Now, we shall take a look at how we can solve a pair of simultaneous equations
using the substitution method. In this method, we first rearrange one equation to express
one variable in terms of the other variable. Next, we substitute this expression into other
equation to obtain an equation in only one variable.
21
Worked Example 6
7x - 2y = 21
4x + y = 57
Solution:
7x - 2y = 21 .....➀
4x + y = 57 .....➁
From ➁, express y in terms of x.
We have y = 57 - 4x .....➂.
Substitute y = 57 - 4x into ➀.
We have 7x - 2(57 - 4x) = 21
7x - 114 + 8x = 21 PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
x = 9. It is easier to obtain the value of y
Substitute x = 9 into ➂. by substituting the value of x into
K Equation ➂ instead of Equation
E We have y = 57 - 4(9)
Y ➀ or ➁.
= 21.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Questions 4, 10
3y - x = 7
2x + 3y = 4
3y - = 7 x ..... ➀ We have 2(3y - 7) + 3y = 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x + 3y = 4 .....➁ 6y - 14 + 3y = 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. y = 2.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 3y - 7. .....➂ Substitute y = 2 into ➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = 3y - 7 into ➁. We have x = 3(2) - 7
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= -1.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
22
Thinking Time
If we express x in terms of y or make x the subject of Equation ➀ or ➁ in Worked
Example 6, will we get the same solution? Which way is easier?
7 - 2y = 21
x ..... ➀ Substitute y = 21 into . ➂
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + y = 57 .....➁ We have x = 57 4- 21
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➁, express x in terms of y. = 9.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 57 4- y. .....➂ Therefore, the solution is x = 9 and y = 21.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = 57 4- y into ➀. We notice that solving the equation by expressing
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 7 ( 4 ) - 2y = 21 57 - y x in terms of y in Equation ➀ or ➁ will make
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7(57 - y) - 8y = 84 x a fraction, and when we substitute it into one
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
399 - 7y - 8y = 84 equation to find the value of y, it is more difficult
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15y = 315 to solve the equation.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 21.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
Worked Example 7
3x + 2y = 7
9x + 8y = 22
Solution:
3x + 2y = 7 .....➀
9x + 8y = 22 .....➁
From ➀, express y in terms of x.
We have 2y = 7 - 3x
y = 7 -2 3x . .....➂
23
Substitute y = 7 -2 3x into ➁.
We have 9x + 8( 7 -2 3x ) = 22
9x + 28 - 12x = 22
-3x = -6
x = 2.
Substitute x = 2 into ➂.
We have y = 7 - 23(2)
= 12.
Similar Questions
K
E 3x - 2y = 8
Y
4x + 3y = 5
3 - 2y = 8
x ..... ➀ Substitute = 2y 3+ 8 into . x ➁
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 3y = 5 .....➁ We have 4(2y 3+ 8) + 3y = 5

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. 8y + 32 + 9y = 15

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 3x = 2y + 8 17y = -17

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 2y 3+ 8. .....➂ y = -1.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = -1 into ➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 2(-1)3 + 8
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
24
Thinking Time
Solve the following simultaneous equations using the substitution method.
Explain your answer.
2x + y = 6 .....➀
x = 1 - 12 y .....➁
Substitute x = 1 - 12 y into ➀.
We have 2(1 - 12 y) + y = 6
2-y+y = 6
2 = 6.
2×➁; 2x = 2 - y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x + y = 2 .....➂
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Comparing ➀ and ➂, we notice that the coefficient of the 2 equations are the same, but with
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
different constants, i.e. they are parallel lines with no solution. K
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Therefore, the simultaneous equations have no solution. Y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 8
x+1 = 1
y+2 2
x-2 1
y-1 = 3
Solution: RECALL
x+1 = 1 .....➀ Consider ab = dc ,
y+2 2
x-2 = 1 .....➁ where b, d 0.
y-1 3 Multiply by bd on both
From ➀, express y in terms of x. sides.
We have 2(x + 1) = y + 2 We have
2x + 2 = y + 2 bd × ab = bd × dc .
Therefore, ad = bc.
y = 2 x. .....➂
25
Rearrange ➁.
We have 3(x - 2) = y - 1
3x - 6 = y - 1
3x - y = 5. .....➃
Substitute y = 2x into ➃.
We have 3x - 2x = 5
x = 5.
We have y = 2(5)
= 10.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1B Questions 8-9
K
E Solve the following simultaneous equations.
Y x-1 2
y-3 = 3
x-2 1
y-1 = 2
x-1 2 ..... ➀ ➂
y-3 = 3 Substitute y = 2 - 3 into . x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x-2 1 .....➁
y-1 = 2 We have 3x - 2(2x - 3) = -3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➀. 3x - 4x + 6 = -3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 3(x - 1) = 2(y - 3) -x + 6 = -3

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x - 3 = 2y - 6 x = 9.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x - 2y = -3. .....➂ Substitute x = 9 into ➃.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➁, express y in terms of x. We have y = 2(9) - 3

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 2(x - 2) = y - 1 = 15.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x - 4 = y - 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 3. .....➃
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26
Exercise 1B
Basic Level
1. Using the elimination method, solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
1) x - y = 5 2) 4y + x = 11
x + y = 19 3y - x = 3
x - y = 5 ..... ➀
............................................................................................................. 4y + = 11 .....x ➀
.............................................................................................................
x + y = 19 .....➁
............................................................................................................. 3y - x = 3 .....➁
.............................................................................................................
➁ + ➀ ; x + y + x - y = 24
............................................................................................................. ➀ + ➁ ; 4y + x + 3y - x = 14
.............................................................................................................
2x = 24
............................................................................................................. 7y = 14
.............................................................................................................
x = 12
............................................................................................................. y = 2
.............................................................................................................
Substitute x = 12 into ➁.
............................................................................................................. Substitute y = 2 into ➀.
.............................................................................................................
We have 12 + y = 19
............................................................................................................. We have 4(2) + x = 11
.............................................................................................................
y = 7.
............................................................................................................. 8 + x = 11
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. x = 3.
............................................................................................................. K
x = 12 and y = 7. Therefore, the solution is E
............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. Y
............................................................................................................. x = 3 and y = 2.
.............................................................................................................
3) 2x + 3y = 5 4) 3y - 2x = 9
2x + 7y = 9 2y - 2x = 7
2 + 3y = 5 .....
x ➀
............................................................................................................. 3y - 2 = 9 ..... x ➀
.............................................................................................................
2x + 7y = 9 .....➁
............................................................................................................. 2y - 2x = 7 .....➁
.............................................................................................................
➁ - ➀ ; 2x + 7y - 2x - 3y = 4
............................................................................................................. ➀ - ➁ ; 3y - 2x - 2y + 2x = 2
.............................................................................................................
4y = 4
............................................................................................................. y = 2
.............................................................................................................
y = 1
............................................................................................................. Substitute y = 2 into ➀.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. We have 3(2) - 2x = 9
.............................................................................................................
We have 2x + 3(1) = 5
............................................................................................................. 6 - 2x = 9
.............................................................................................................
2x = 2
............................................................................................................. x = - 1 12.
.............................................................................................................
x = 1.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. x = - 1 12 and y = 2.
.............................................................................................................
x = 1 and y = 1.
............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
27
1) x + 2y = 3 2) 3x + y = -5
3x + 5y = 7 7x + 3y = 1
x + 2y = 3 ..... ➀
............................................................................................................. 3 + y = -5 .....
x ➀
.............................................................................................................
3x + 5y = 7 .....➁
............................................................................................................. 7x + 3y = 1 .....➁
.............................................................................................................
3×➀; 3x + 6y = 9 .....➂
............................................................................................................. 3×➀; 9x + 3y = -15 .....➂
.............................................................................................................
➂ - ➁ ; 3x + 6y - 3x - 5y = 2
............................................................................................................. ➂ - ➁ ; 9x + 3y - 7x - 3y = -16
.............................................................................................................
y = 2
............................................................................................................. 2x = -16
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. x = -8
.............................................................................................................
We have x + 2(2) = 3
............................................................................................................. Substitute x = -8 into ➀.
.............................................................................................................
x+4 = 3
............................................................................................................. We have 3(-8) + y = 5
.............................................................................................................
x = -1.
............................................................................................................. -24 + y = -5
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. y = 19.
.............................................................................................................
x = -1 and y = 2.
.............................................................................................................
K ............................................................................................................. x = -8 and y = 19.
.............................................................................................................
E
Y
3) 7x - 3y = 13 4) 9x - 5y = 2
2x - y = 3 3x - 4y = 10
7 - 3y = 13 .....
x ➀
............................................................................................................. 9 - 5y = 2 .....
x ➀
.............................................................................................................
2x - y = 3 .....➁
............................................................................................................. 3x - 4y = 10 .....➁
.............................................................................................................
3×➁; 6x - 3y = 9 .....➂
............................................................................................................. 3×➁; 9x - 12y = 30 .....➂
.............................................................................................................
➀ - ➂ ; 7x - 3y - 6x + 3y = 4
............................................................................................................. ➀ - ➂ ; 9x - 5y - 9x + 12y = -28
.............................................................................................................
x = 4
............................................................................................................. 7y = -28
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. y = -4
.............................................................................................................
We have 2(4) - y = 3
............................................................................................................. Substitute y = -4 into ➁.
.............................................................................................................
8-y = 3
............................................................................................................. We have 3x - 4(-4) = 10
.............................................................................................................
y = 5.
............................................................................................................. 3x + 16 = 10
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. x = -2.
.............................................................................................................
x = 4 and y = 5.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. x = -2 and y = -4.

.............................................................................................................
28
1) 7x - 3y = 18
6x + 7y = 25
7x - 3y = 18 ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6x + 7y = 25 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× ➀; .....➂
7...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
49x - 21y = 126
× ➁; .....➃
3...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18x + 21y = 75
➂ + ➃ ; 49x - 21y + 18x + 21y = 201
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
67x = 201
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 6(3) + 7y = 25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18 + 7y = 25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is x = 3 and y = 1. K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
2) 5x + 4y = 11
3x + 5y = 4
5x + 4y = 11 ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x + 5y = 4 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× ➀; .....➂
3...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15x + 12y = 33
× ➁; .....➃
5...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15x + 25y = 20
➃ - ➂ ; 15x + 25y - 15x - 12y = -13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13y = -13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = -1 into ➀.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5x + 4(-1) = 11
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 4 = 11
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
29
4. Using the substitution method, solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
1) x + y = 7 2) 3x - y = 0
x-y=5 2x + y = 5
x +y = 7 ..... ➀
............................................................................................................. 3 -y = 0
x ..... ➀
.............................................................................................................
x-y = 5 .....➁
............................................................................................................. 2x + y = 5 .....➁
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. From ➁, express y in terms of x.
.............................................................................................................
We have y = 7 - x. .....➂
............................................................................................................. We have y = 5 - 2x. .....➂
.............................................................................................................
Substitute y = 7 - x into ➀.
............................................................................................................. Substitute y = 5 - 2x into ➀.
.............................................................................................................
We have x - (7 - x) = 5
............................................................................................................. We have 3x - (5 - 2x) = 0
.............................................................................................................
x-7+x = 5
............................................................................................................. 3x - 5 + 2x = 0
.............................................................................................................
x = 6.
............................................................................................................. x = 1.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. Substitute x = 1 into ➂.
.............................................................................................................
We have y = 7 - 6 = 1.
............................................................................................................. We have y = 5 - 2(1) = 3.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
K x = 6 and y = 1.
............................................................................................................. x = 1 and y = 3.
.............................................................................................................
E
Y
3) 3x + 5y = 10 4) 5x + 2y = 3
x - 2y = 7 x - 4y = -6
3 + 5y = 10
x ..... ➀
............................................................................................................. 5 + 2y = 3
x ..... ➀
.............................................................................................................
x - 2y = 7 .....➁
............................................................................................................. x - 4y = -6 .....➁
.............................................................................................................
From ➁, express x in terms of y.
............................................................................................................. From ➁, express x in terms of y.
.............................................................................................................
We have x = 2y + 7. .....➂
............................................................................................................. We have x = 4y - 6. .....➂
.............................................................................................................
Substitute x = 2y + 7 into ➀.
............................................................................................................. Substitute x = 4y - 6 into ➀.
.............................................................................................................
We have 3(2y + 7) + 5y = 10
............................................................................................................. We have 5(4y - 6) + 2y = 3
.............................................................................................................
6y + 21 + 5y = 10
............................................................................................................. 20y - 30 + 2y = 3
.............................................................................................................
y = -1.
............................................................................................................. y = 1 12.
.............................................................................................................
Substitute y = -1 into ➂.
............................................................................................................. Substitute y = 1 12 into ➂.
.............................................................................................................
We have x = 2(-1) + 7 = 5.
............................................................................................................. We have x = 4(1 12) - 6 = 0.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
x = 5 and y = -1.
............................................................................................................. x = 0 and y = 1 12.
.............................................................................................................
30
Intermediate Level
1) 4x - y - 7 = 0
4x + 3y - 11 = 0
4 -y-7 = 0
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 3y - 11 = 0 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➁-➀; 4x + 3y - 11 - 4x + y + 7 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4y = 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 4x - 1 - 7 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x = 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
2) 3x + 5y + 8 = 0
4x + 13y - 2 = 0
3 + 5y + 8 = 0
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 13y - 2 = 0 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4×➀; 12x + 20y + 32 = 0 .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3×➁; 12x + 39y - 6 = 0 .....➃
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➂ - ➃ ; 12x + 20y + 32 - 12x - 39y + 6 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-19y = -38
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 3x + 5(2) + 8 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x = -18.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = -6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
31
1) yx ++ 12 = 34
x-2 3
y-1=5
x+1 3 ..... ➀ ➃ ➂ - ; 5 - 3y - 4 + 3y = 5
y+2 = 4 x x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x-2 3 .....➁
y-1 = 5 x = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➀. Substitute x = 5 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 4(x + 1) = 3(y + 2) We have 4(5) - 3y = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 4 = 3y + 6 20 - 3y = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x - 3y = 2. .....➂ y = 6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5(x - 2) = 3(y - 1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 10 = 3y - 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 3y = 7. .....➃
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E Therefore, the solution is x = 5 and y = 6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2) x 5- 3 = y 2- 7
11x = 13y
x-3 = y-7 ..... ➀
5 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11x = 13y .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26 × ➀ ; 26 ( - 3) = 13(y - 7)
x
5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26 78 .....➂
5 x - 5 = 13y - 91
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➁-➂; 11x - 265 x + 785 = 13y - 13y + 91
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 45 x = 75 25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 11(13) = 13y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 11.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
32
1) 2x + 5y = 12
4x + 3y = -4
2 + 5y = 12
x ..... ➀ Substitute = 12 2- 5y into .x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 3y = -4 .....➁ We have 4( 12 2- 5y ) + 3y = -4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. 24 - 10y + 3y = -4

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 2x = 12 - 5y y = 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 12 2- 5y . .....➂ Substitute y = 4 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 12 -25(4)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= -4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
2) 4x - 3y = 25
6x + 5y = 9
4 - 3y = 25
x ..... ➀ Substitute = 3y +4 25 into .x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6x + 5y = 9 .....➁ We have 6(3y +4 25) + 5y = 9

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. 9y + 75 + 5y = 9

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 2
We have 4x = 3y + 25 y = -3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3y +4 25. .....➂ Substitute y = -3 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 3(-3)4+ 25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
33
1) 5x + y + 2 = 0
x
3 - y - 10 = 0
x ..... ➀ Substitute y = - 5x - 2 into . ➁
5+y+2 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x .....➁ We have 3x - (- 5x - 2) - 10 = 0
3 - y - 10 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express y in terms of x. x x

3 + 5 + 2 - 10 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = - 5x - 2. .....➂ x = 15.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = - 155 - 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= -5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2) x +3 y = 3
3x + y = 1
5
x+y = 3 ..... ➀ Substitute = 9 - y into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3
3x + y = 1 .....➁ We have 3(9 - 5y) + y = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
➀
From , express in terms of y. x 27 - 3y + y = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 9 y = 11.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 9 - y. .....➂ Substitute y = 11 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 9 - 11
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= -2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
Advanced Level
9. Using either the elimination or the substitution method, solve each of the following
pairs of simultaneous equations.
1) 5x 9+ y = 2 - x +5 y
7x - 3 = 1 + y - x
2 3
5x + y = 2 - x + y ..... ➀ Substitute y = 23x 2- 15 into . ➂
9 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7x - 3 = 1 + y - x .....➁ We have 17x + 7( 23x - 15 ) = 45
2 3 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀ 17 + 16 x 105
45 × ; 5(5 x + y) = 90 - 9( x + y) x 2 - 2 = 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25x + 5y = 90 - 9x - 9y x = 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17x + 7y = 45 .....➂ Substitute x = 1 into ➃.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6 × ➁ ; 3(7x - 3) = 6 + 2(y - x) We have y = 23(1)2 - 15
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
21x - 9 = 6 + 2y - 2x = 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 23x 2- 15 .....➃
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) x +3 y = x 5- y
x - y = 2x - 3y + 5
5
x+y = x-y ..... ➀ Substitute = -4y into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 5
x - y = 2x - 3y + 5 .....➁ We have -4y - y = 2(-4y) - 3y + 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 5
From ➀, express x in terms of y. -y = -8y - 3y + 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5(x + y) = 3(x - y) y = 12 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x + 5y = 3x - 3y Substitute y = 12 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = -4y. .....➂ We have x = -4 (12)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= -2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35
3) 15 (x - 2) = 14 (1 - y)
1 (x + 2 2) = 1 (3 - y)
7 3 3
1 ( - 2) = 1 (1 - y) .....
x ➀ Substitute = 13 3- 7y into .x ➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 4
1 (x + 2 2) = 1 (3 - y) .....➁ We have 4(13 - 7y) + 5y = 13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 3 3 3
20 ➀ ; 4(x - 2) = 5(1 - y) 52 28
×
3 - 3 y + 5y = 13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x - 8 = 5 - 5y 4 13 y = 4 13
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 5y = 13 .....➂ y = 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
21 × ➁ ; 3(x + 2 23) = 7(3 - y) Substitute y = 1 into ➃.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x + 8 = 21 - 7y We have x = 13 -37(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 13 3- 7y .....➃ = 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
Y 10. If x = 3 and y = -1 is the solution of the simultaneous equations
3px + qy = 11
-qx + 5y = p,
find the values of p and q.
When = 3 and y = -1,
x Substitute p = -3q - 5 into . ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have 3p(3) + q(-1) = 11 We have 9(-3q - 5) - q = 11
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9p - q = 11 .....➀ -27q - 45 - q = 11
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and -q(3) + 5(-1) = p 28q = -56
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = -3q - 5. .....➁ q = -2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute q = -2 into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have p = -3(-2) - 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the values p and q are 1 and -2, respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
36
1.3 Real-life Applications of
Simultaneous Equations
In this section, we will learn how to apply the concept of simultaneous equations
to solve mathematical and real-life problems.
Consider the following problem.
7 cups of coffee and 4 pieces of toast cost 340 baht.
5 cups of coffee and 4 pieces of toast cost 260 baht.
Find the cost of each item.
We can solve the problem by using the following two methods.
Method 1: diagram
K
340 baht E
Y
7 cups of coffee 4 pieces of toast
260 baht
5 cups of coffee 4 pieces of toast
We can see that 2 cups of coffee = 340 - 260 = 80 baht.
Therefore, 1 cup of coffee = 802 = 40 baht.
That is, 5 cups of coffee = 40 × 5 = 200 baht.
Since 5 cups of coffee and 4 pieces of toast = 260 baht,
4 pieces of toast = 260 - 200 = 60 baht.
That is, 1 piece of toast = 604 = 15 baht.
37
Method 2: algebra
Let the cost of 1 cup of coffee be x
and the cost of 1 piece of toast be y.
We have 7x + 4y = 340 .....➀
5x + 4y = 260. .....➁
➀-➁; 2x = 80
x = 40
We have 5(40) + 4y = 260
4y = 260 - 200
y = 15.
Therefore, 1 cup of coffee costs 40 baht and 1 piece of toast costs 15 baht.
K Worked Example 9
E
Y
The sum of two numbers is 67 and their difference is 3. Find the two numbers.
Solution:
Let the smaller number be x
and the greater number be y.
We have x+y = 67 .....➀
y-x = 3. .....➁
➀+➁; 2y = 70
y = 35
We have x + 35 = 67
x = 32.
Therefore, the two numbers are 32 and 35.
38
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 1-4, 10
The sum of two numbers is 36 and their difference is 9. Find the two numbers.
Let the smaller number be x Substitute y = 22.5 into . ➀
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the greater number be y. We have x + 22.5 = 36
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 36 .....➀ x = 13.5.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y - x = 9. .....➁
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀+➁; 2y = 45
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 22.5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the two numbers are 13.5 and 22.5.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Thinking Time
From Worked Example 9, can we find the solution using only variable x?
Let the smaller number be . x Therefore, the greater number is 67 - 32 = 35.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 67 - x as the greater number. That is, the two numbers are 32 and 35.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
(67 - x) - x = 3 E
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
67 - 2x = 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x = 64
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 32
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, we can find the solution using only variable x.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 10
If 1 is added to the numerator and 2 is added to the denominator of a fraction, the
value obtained is 23. If 2 is subtracted from its numerator and 1 is subtracted from its
denominator, the resulting value is 13. Find the fraction.
Solution:
Let the numerator of the fraction be x
and its denominator be y.
We have x+1 2 .....➀
y+2 = 3
x-2 1 .....➁
y - 1 = 3.
39
JUST FOR FUN
Rearrange ➀.
Search on the Internet for
We have 3(x + 1) = 2(y + 2) ‘Mathematical Mind Reader’.
3x + 3 = 2y + 4 This is an interactive applet
3x - 2y = 1. .....➂ that claims to read your
Rearrange ➁. mind. Follow the instructions
on the applet. Do you
We have 3(x - 2) = y - 1 believe that the applet can
3x - 6 = y - 1 read your mind? If not, try to
3x - y = 5. .....➃ show by using the algebra
➃-➂; y = 4 how this fascinating trick
works!
Substitute y = 4 into ➃.
We have 3x - 4 = 5
3x = 9
x = 3.
Therefore, the fraction is 34.
K Similar Questions
E Practice Now
Y Exercise 1C Questions 5, 11
If 1 is added to the numerator and the denominator of a fraction, the value obtained is
4. If 5 is subtracted from its numerator and denominator, the resulting value is 1. Find
5 2
the fraction.
Let the numerator of the fraction be x Substitute y = 2 - 5 into . x ➂
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and its denominator be y. We have 5x - 4(2x - 5) = -1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have yx ++ 11 = 45 .....➀ 5x - 8x + 20 = -1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x-5 1 .....➁
y - 5 = 2. x = 7.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➀. Substitute x = 7 into ➃.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5x + 5 = 4y + 4 We have y = 2(7) - 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 4y = -1. .....➂ = 9.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➁.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 2x - 10 = y - 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 5. .....➃
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40
Worked Example 11
The sum of the ages of John and his mother is 60. Two years ago, John’s mother was
three times as old as John. Calculate the following.
1) The present age of John 2) The age of John’s mother when he was born
Solution:
1) Let the present age of John’s mother Substitute x = 3y - 4 into ➀.
be x and that of John be y. We have (3y - 4) + y = 60
We have x + y = 60 .....➀ 4y = 64
x - 2 = 3(y - 2). .....➁ y = 16.
From ➁, express x in terms of y. Therefore, John’s present age is 16.
We have x - 2 = 3y - 6
x = 3y - 4. .....➂
2) Substitute y = 16 into ➂.
We have x = 3(16) - 4 K
E
= 44. Y
Therefore, the age of John’s mother when he was born is 44 - 16 = 28.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Question 6
In five years’ time, Kate’s father will be three times as old as Kate. Four years ago,
her father was six times as old as her. Find their present ages.
Let the present age of Kate be x Substitute y = 3 + 10 into . x ➁
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and that of Kate’s father be y. We have 3x + 10 - 4 = 6(x - 4)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y + 5 = 3(x + 5) .....➀ 3x + 6 = 6x - 24
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y - 4 = 6(x - 4). .....➁ x = 10.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express y in terms of x. Substitute x = 10 into ➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y + 5 = 3x + 15 We have y = 3(10) + 10
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 3x + 10. .....➂ = 40.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Kate’s present age is 10, and Kate’s father’s present age is 40.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
41
Worked Example 12
Tobi plans to invest 85,000 baht in mutual funds. The average annual interest of Mutual
fund A is 6%, while that of Mutual fund B is 7%. If the amount of interest he earned
from both mutual funds is 5,670 baht a year, how much money did he invest in each
mutual fund?
Solution:
Let the amount invested in Mutual fund A be x baht
and the amount invested in Mutual fund B be y baht.
We have x + y = 85,000 .....➀
6 7 .....➁
100 x + 100 y = 5,670.
From ➀, express x in terms of y.
We have x = 85,000 - y. .....➂
K
E
100 × ➁ ; 6x + 7y = 567,000 .....➃
Y Substitute x = 85,000 - y into ➃.
We have 6(85,000 - y) + 7y = 567,000
510,000 - 6y + 7y = 567,000
y = 57,000.
Substitute y = 57,000 into ➂.
We have x = 85,000 - 57,000
= 28,000.
Therefore, Tobi invested 28,000 baht in Mutual fund A and 57,000 baht in Mutual
fund B.
42
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 1C Questions 7-8
Jen deposited a total of 35,000 baht into two banks. The first bank and the other bank
pay simple interest rates of 0.55% and 0.6% per annum, respectively. If the amount of
interest earned from both banks gives a sum of 202.25 baht, find the amount deposited
in each bank.
Let the amount deposited in the first bank Substitute = 35,000 - y into . x ➃
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
be x baht and the amount deposited in the We have 0.55(35,000 - y) + 0.6y = 20,225
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
other bank be y baht. 19,250 - 0.55y + 0.6y = 20,225
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 35,000 .....➀ y = 19,500.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.55 x + 0.6 y = 202.25. .....➁ Substitute y = 19,500 into ➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 100
From ➀, express x in terms of y. We have x = 35,000 - 19,500
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 35,000 - y. .....➂ = 15,500.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 × ➁ ;0.55x + 0.6y= 20,225 .....➃
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Jen deposited 15,500 baht in the first bank and 19,500 baht in the other bank.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
Worked Example 13 Y
A company produces two brands of honey. Brand A is 100% pure, while Brand B is
85%. The brands are mixed together to produce 150 liters of 96% pure honey. How
much of each brand of honey was used in the mixture?
Solution:
Let the amount of Brand A used be x  and the amount of Brand B used be y .
We have x + y = 150 .....➀
x + 0.85y = 0.96 × 150
x + 0.85y = 144. .....➁
➀-➁; 0.15y = 6
y = 40
We have x = 150 - 40
= 110.
Therefore, 110  of Brand A and 40  of Brand B were used in the mixture.
43
Similar Questions
Vince has two brands of mixed nuts. Brand X consists of 85% almonds, while Brand
Y consists of 45% almonds. He tries to mix the two brands to produce 200 g of mixed
nuts consisting of 50% almonds. How much of each brand of nuts must Vince use in
the mixture?
Let the amount of Brand X used be g x Substitute = 200 - y into . x ➁
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the amount of Brand Y used be y g. We have 0.85(200 - y) + 0.45y = 100
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 200 .....➀ 170 - 0.85y + 0.45y = 100
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.85x + 0.45y = 100. .....➁ y = 175.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. Substitute y = 175 into ➂.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 200 - y. .....➂ We have x = 200 - 175
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 25.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Vince used 25 g of nuts from Brand X and 175 g of nuts from Brand Y for the mixture.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E Worked Example 14
Y
During her holiday, Juno went on a road trip from Berlin to Prague. She traveled part
of the journey at a speed of 90 km/h and the rest at 80 km/h. Given that Juno traveled
a total distance of 690 km in 8 hours, form a pair of simultaneous equations to find
the distance that she covered at 80 km/h.
Solution:
Let the time taken to travel at 90 km/h be x hours
and the time taken to travel at 80 km/h be y hours.
We have x+y = 8 .....➀
90x + 80y = 690 .....➁
1 .....➂
10 × ➁ ; 9x + 8y = 69
9×➀; 9x + 9y = 72 .....➃
➃-➂; y = 3
Therefore, the distance she covered was 80 × 3 = 240 km.
44
Similar Questions
Ethan and Michael are 64 m apart. If they walk toward each other, they will meet in
8 seconds. If they walk in the same direction, Ethan will catch up with Michael in 32
seconds. Find the walking speed of Ethan and of Michael.
Let the walking speed of Ethan ➂ ➃ + ; 2 = 10
x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and Michael be x and y, respectively. x = 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 8x + 8y = 64 .....➀ Substitute x = 5 into ➃.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
32x - 64 = 32y .....➁ We have 5-y = 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1×➀; x+y = 8 .....➂ y = 3.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8
1
32 × ➁ ; x - 2 = y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x-y = 2 .....➃
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Ethan’s walking speed is 5 m/s and Michael’s walking speed is 3 m/s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 1C K
E
Y
Basic Level
1. The sum of two numbers is 138 and their difference is 88. Find the two numbers.
Let the smaller number be x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 138 .....➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y - x = 88. .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀ + ➁ ; x + y + y - x = 226
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2y = 226
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 113
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + 113 = 138
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 25.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45
2. The difference between two numbers is 10, and their sum is four times the smaller
number. Find the two numbers.
Let the smaller number be x Substitute y = 3 into . x ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the greater number be y. We have 3x - x = 10

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y - x = 10 .....➀ 2x = 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x + y = 4x. .....➁ x = 5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➁, express y in terms of x. Substitute x = 5 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 3 x. .....➂ We have y = 3(5)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 15.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Intermediate Level
E
Y
3. Two numbers are such that if 7 is added to the first number, a number twice the
second number is obtained. If 20 is added to the second number, the number
obtained is four times the first number. Find the two numbers.
Let the first number be x Substitute = 2y - 7 into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the second number be y. We have y + 20 = 4(2y - 7)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + 7 = 2y .....➀ y + 20 = 8y - 28
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y + 20 = 4x. .....➁ y = 6 67.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. Substitute y = 6 67 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 2y - 7. .....➂ We have x = 2 (6 67) - 7

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6 57.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the two numbers are 6 57 and 6 67.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
46
4. There are some chickens and goats on a farm. Given that the animals have a total
of 50 heads and 140 legs, how many more chickens than goats are there?
Let the number of chickens be x Substitute y = 50 - into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the number of goats be y. We have 2x + 4(50 - x) = 140

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 50 .....➀ 2x + 200 - 4x = 140

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x + 4y = 140. .....➁ x = 30.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 50 - x. .....➂ We have y = 50 - 30

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 20.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, there are 30 - 20 = 10 more chickens than goats.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. If 1 is subtracted from the numerator and the denominator of a fraction, the value K
E
obtained is 12. If 1 is added to its numerator and denominator, the resulting value is Y
2. Find the fraction.
3
Let the numerator of the fraction be x Substitute y = 2x - 1 into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and its denominator be y. We have 2x x- +1 1+ 1 = 23

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have yx -- 11 = 12 .....➀ 3(x + 1) = 4x

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x+1 2 .....➁
y + 1 = 3. x = 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 2(x - 1) = y - 1 We have y = 2(3) - 1

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x - 2 = y - 1 = 5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 1. .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
47
6. Arial’s aunt is 4 times as old as she is. In 8 years’ time, her aunt will be 2 12 times
as old as she is. Find her aunt’s present age.
Let Arial’s age be x Substitute x = 8 into ➀.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and her aunt’s age be y. We have y = 4(8)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 4x .....➀ = 32.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y + 8 = 2 12 (x + 8). .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = 4x into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 4x + 8 = 52 (x + 8)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8x + 16 = 5x + 40
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, her aunt’s present age is 32.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
Y 7. 80 baht is divided between Iris and Peter such that one quarter of Iris’ share is
equal to one sixth of Peter’s share. How much does each of them receive?
Let the amount Iris has be baht x Substitute y = 80 - into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the amount Peter has be y baht. We have 1 x = 1 (80 - x)

4 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 80 .....➀ 3x = 160 - 2x

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 x = 1 y. .....➁ x = 32.
4 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express y in terms of x. Substitute x = 32 into ➀.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 80 - x. .....➂ We have 32 + y = 80

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 48.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Iris received 32 baht, and Peter received 48 baht.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
48
8. Alex deposited a total of 25,000 baht in Bank A and Bank B. Bank A and Bank
B pay simple interest at rates of 0.6% and 0.65% per annum, respectively. If the
amount of interest he earned from each bank is the same, find the amount of money
he deposited in each bank.
Let the amount deposited in Bank A be baht Substitute y = 12 x 13 into .
x ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the amount deposited in Bank B be y baht. We have x + 12 13 x = 25,000

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 25,000 .....➀ 25 x = 25,000

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13
0.6 0.65 .....➁
100 x = 100 y. x = 13,000.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➁, express y in terms of x. Substitute x = 13,000 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 12 13 x. .....➂ We have y = 12 13 (13,000)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 12,000.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Alex deposited 13,000 baht in Bank A and 12,000 baht in Bank B.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
9. Tea blend A has 40% jasmine, while Tea blend B has 60% jasmine. How much of
each tea blend should be used to make a 70 g tea blend with 54% jasmine?
Let the amount of Tea blend A used be x g Substitute x = 70 - y into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the amount of Tea blend B used be y g. We have 0.4(70 - y) + 0.6y = 37.8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 70 .....➀ 28 - 0.4y + 0.6y = 37.8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.4x + 0.6y = 70 × 100 54 y = 49.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.4x + 0.6y = 37.8. .....➁ Substitute y = 49 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. We have x = 70 - 49
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 70 - y. .....➂ = 21.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 21 g of Tea blend A and 49 g of Tea blend B should be used, respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
49
Advanced Level
10. Find the two numbers which are such that when the greater number is divided by
the smaller number, both the quotient and the remainder are equal to 2. If five
times the smaller number is divided by the greater number, both the quotient and
the remainder are also equal to 2.
Let the smaller number be x Substitute = y 2- 2 into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5( y 2- 2 ) - 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y - 2 .....➀ We have
x = 2 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y
5x - 2 = 2. .....➁ 5( y 2- 2 ) - 2 = 2y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y
From ➀, express x in terms of y. 5 y - 5 - 2 = 2y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
We have y - 2 = 2x y = 14.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = y 2- 2 . .....➂ Substitute y = 14 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 14 2- 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Therefore, the two numbers are 6 and 14.
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
11. A two-digit nnumber is such that the sum of its digit is 18 of the number. When the
digits of the number are reversed and the number is subtracted from the original
number, the result obtained is 45. Find the original number.
Let the tens digit of the original number We have 10 + y - 10y - = 45 x x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
be x and its ones digit be y. 9x - 9y = 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 18 (10x + y) .....➀ x - y = 5. .....➃
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(10x + y) - (10y + x) = 45. .....➁ Substitute x = 72 y into ➃.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. We have 7y - y = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
We have 8( x + y) = 10 x + y 5y = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
8x + 8y = 10x + y y = 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 72 y. .....➂ Substitute y = 2 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➁. We have x = 72 (2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 7.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the original number is 72.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50
12. Two ships leave a port at the same time and travel in opposite directions. The speed
of the faster ship at x km/h is 8 km/h more than that of the slower ship at y km/h.
At the end of 2.5 days, the two ships are 4,320 km apart.
1) Find the speed of each of the two ships.
Let the speed of the faster ship be x km/h, Substitute x = y + 8 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the speed of the slower ship be y km/h We have y + 8 + y = 72

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and 2.5 days be 60 h. 2y = 64

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = y+8 .....➀ y = 32.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
60x + 60y = 4,320. .....➁ Substitute y = 32 into ➀.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
60 × ➁ ; x + y = 72. .....➂ We have x = 32 + 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 40.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the speeds of the faster ship and the slower ship are 40 km/h and 32 km/h,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
respectively.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y
2) Calculate how much longer it would take the slower ship to reach a destination 1,780
km away than the faster ship if they leave the port at the same time. (Give your
answer in hours and minutes.)
1,780 - 1,780 = 55.625 - 44.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
32 40
= 11.125 h
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 11 h 8 min
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the slower ship took 11 h 8 min longer than the faster ship.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
51
Summary
1. Solutions of simultaneous linear equations
If x = a and y = b satisfy each of the two simultaneous equations in two variables,
then x = a and y = b is known as the solution of the two equations.
2. Solving simultaneous linear equations using graphical method
Y
• The solution of a pair of simultaneous linear ax + by = c
equations is given by the coordinates of the
point of intersection of the graphs of the two
equations.
dx + ey = f
0 X
Y
• A pair of simultaneous linear equations has ax + by = c
K an infinite number of solutions if the graphs
E of the two equations are identical.
Y
dx + ey = f
0 X
Y
• A pair of simultaneous linear equations has ax + by = c
no solution if the graphs of the two equations
are parallel.
dx + ey = f
0 X
3. Solving simultaneous linear equations using algebraic methods

• Solving simultaneous linear equations using elimination method
• Solving simultaneous linear equations using substitution method
52
Review Exercise 1
1. Consider equations 5x - 3y = 2 and 3x + 4y = 7.
1) Find the values of p and q given in the table that satisfy equation 5x - 3y = 2.
x -5 -2 7
y p -4 q
Substitute = - 5 and y = p into
x Substitute = 7 and y = q into
x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 3y = 2. 5x - 3y = 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5(-5) - 3p = 2 We have 5(7) - 3q = 2

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-25 - 3p = 2 35 - 3q = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = -9. q = 11.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, p = -9 and q = 11.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Draw the graph of 5x - 3y = 2. K

Y E
Y
5x - 3y = 2
3x + 4y = 7 10
(1, 1)
X
-10 -5 0 5 10
3) Fill in the value of y that satisfies 3x + 4y = 7 and the given value of x.

x -5 3 7
y 5.5 -0.5 -3.5
4) On the same axes in 2), draw the graph of 3x + 4y = 7.
53
2. Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
1) 7x + 2y = 10
5x + 2y = 6
7 + 2y = 10
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x + 2y = 6 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀-➁; 7x + 2y - 5x - 2y = 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x = 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = 2 in ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5(2) + 2y = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 + 2y = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2) 9x + 4y = 28
4y - 11x = -12
9 + 4y = 28
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4y - 11x = -12 .....➁

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀ - ➁ ; 9x + 4y - 4y + 11x = 40
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20x = 40
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = 2 in ➀.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 9(2) + 4y = 28
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18 + 4y = 28
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2 12.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is x = 2 and y = 2 12.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
54
3) 2x - 5y = 22
2x - 3y = 14
2 - 5y = 22
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x - 3y = 14 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
➀ -➁; 2x - 5y - 2x + 3y = 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2y = -8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = -4 in ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 2x - 3(-4) = 14
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x + 12 = 14
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
4) 6x - y = 16 Y
3x + 2y = -12
6 - y = 16
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x + 2y = -12 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 6x - 16. .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = 6x - 16 in ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 3x + 2(6x - 16) = -12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x + 12x - 32 = -12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 1 13.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = 1 13 in ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 6(1 13) - 16
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= -8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is x = 1 13 and y = -8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
55
5) 4x + 3y = 0
5y + 53 = 11x
4 + 3y = 0
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5y + 53 = 11x .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = - 34 y. .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = - 34 y in ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5y + 53 = 11(- 34 y)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5y + 53 = - 334 y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = -4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = -4 in ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = - 34 (-4)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Therefore, the solution is x = 3 and y = -4.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 6) 5x - 4y = 4
2x - y = 2.5
5 - 4y = 4
x ..... ➀
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x - y = 2.5 .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➁, express y in terms of x.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 2x - 2.5. .....➂

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = 2x - 2.5 in ➀.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 5x - 4(2x - 2.5) = 4

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x - 8x + 10 = 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute x = 2 in ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 2(2) - 2.5

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the solution is x = 2 and y = 1.5.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
56
3. Find the two numbers which are such that if 11 is added to the first number, a
number twice the second number is obtained. If 20 is added to the second number,
the number obtained is twice the first number.
Let the first number be x Substitute = 2y - 11 into . x ➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the second number be y. We have y + 20 = 2(2y - 11)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + 11 = 2y .....➀ y + 20 = 4y - 22
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y + 20 = 2x. .....➁ y = 14.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express x in terms of y. Substitute y = 14 into ➂.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x = 2y - 11. .....➂ We have x = 2(14) - 11

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 17.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. The figure shows a parallelogram with its side as indicated. Find the perimeter of
the parallelogram. K
E
Y
x + y + 1 cm
2y - x cm x + 2 cm
3x - 4 cm
The parallel sides of a parallelogram Substitute y = 2x - 5 into ➁.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
are equal. We have 2(2x - 5) - x = x + 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y + 1 = 3x - 4 .....➀ 4x - 10 - x = x + 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2y - x = x + 2. .....➁ x = 6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 2x - 5. .....➂ We have y = 2(6) - 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 7.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the perimeter of the parallelogram is 2[(2(7) - 6) + (6 + 7 + 1)] = 44 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
57
5. If 1 is subtracted from the numerator and 2 is added to the denominator of a fraction,
the value obtained is 12. If 3 is added to its numerator and 2 is subtracted from its
denominator, the resulting value is 1 14. Find the fraction.
Let the numerator of the fraction be x Substitute y = 2x - 4 into ➃.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and its denominator be y. We have 4x - 5(2x - 4) = -22
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have yx +- 12 = 12 .....➀ 4x - 10x + 20 = -22
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x + 3 = 1 1. .....➁ x = 7.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y-2 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 2(x - 1) = y + 2 We have y = 2(7) - 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x - 2 = y + 2 = 10.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x - 4. .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Rearrange ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 4(x + 3) = 5(y - 2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4x + 12 = 5y - 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 4x - 5y = -22. .....➃
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
Therefore, the fraction is 107 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. A two-digit number is such that the sum of its digits is 12 and the ones digit is twice
its tens digit. Find the number.
Let the tens digit of the original number Substitute x = 4 into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
be x and its ones digit be y. We have y = 2(4)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 12 .....➀ = 8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 2x. .....➁
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = 2x into ➀.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + 2x = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the number is 48.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
58
7. In four years’ time, Nana’s mother will be three times as old as Nana. Six years
ago, her mother was seven times as old as her. Find the following.
1) Nana’s present age
Let Nana’s age be x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and her mother’s age be y.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y + 4 = 3(x + 4) .....➀

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y - 6 = 7(x - 6). .....➁

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y + 4 = 3x + 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 3x + 8. .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y = 3x + 8 into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 3x + 8 - 6 = 7(x - 6)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x + 2 = 7x - 42
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 11.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
Therefore, Nana’s present age is 11. E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
2) The age of Nana’s mother when she was born
➀
From , substitute = 11 into . x ➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 3(11) + 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 41.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the age of Nana’s mother when she was born is 41 - 11 = 30.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
59
8. Syra mixed the coffee power that cost 2,000 baht per kilogram with the other coffee
power that cost 2,800 baht per kilogram. After that, she sold 20 kilograms of the
coffee mixture for 2,240 baht per kilogram. Find the weight of each type of coffee
in the mixture.
Let the mass of 2,000 baht per kg Substitute y = 20 - x into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
coffee powder be x We have 2,000x + 2,800(20 - x) = 44,800
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the mass of 2,800 baht per kg 2,000x + 56,000 - 2,800x = 44,800
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
coffee powder be y. x = 14.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have x + y = 20 .....➀ Substitute x = 14 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2,000x + 2,800y = 44,800. .....➁ We have y = 20 - 14
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀, express y in terms of x. = 6.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 20 - x. .....➂
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Syra used 14 kg of the 2,000 baht per kg coffee powder and 6 kg of the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2,800 baht per kg coffee powder.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
9. In a mathematics test, the average score obtained by Class A is 72 and the average
score obtained by Class B is 75. The average score obtained by the two classes is
73.48. Given that there is a total of 75 students in the two classes, find the number
of students in each class.
Let the number of students in Class A Substitute y = 75 - x into ➀.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
be x and the number of students in We have 72x + 75(75 - x) = 5,511
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Class B be y. 72x + 5,625 - 75x = 5,511
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have 72x + 75y = 5,511 .....➀ x = 38.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x + y = 75. .....➁ Substitute x = 38 into ➂.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➁, express y in terms of x. We have y = 75 - 38
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have y = 75 - x. .....➂ = 37.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, Class A has 38 students and Class B has 37 students.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
60
Challenge Yourself
Consider the following simultaneous equations.
px - y = 6
8x - 2y = q
Determine the conditions that p and q must satisfy if the simultaneous equations have
the following:
1) An infinite number of solutions
p - y = 6 .....
x ➀ For the simultaneous equations to have an
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8x - 2y = q .....➁ infinite number of solutions, the two equations

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× ➀;
2...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2px - 2y = 12 should be identical.
We have 2p = 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and q = 12.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
Therefore, there is an infinite number of solutions when p = 4 and q = 12. E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
2) No solution
For the simultaneous equations to have no solution, the two equations should have no point
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
intersection.
We have p = 4 and q 12.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, there is no solution when p = 4 and q 12.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) A unique solution, i.e. only one solution

For the simultaneous equations to have a unique solution, the two equations should have
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
one point of intersection.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have p 4 and q is any real number.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, there is the only one solution when p 4 and q is any real number.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
61
K
E
Y
62
Chapter 2
Factorizing
Polynomials
of Degrees
Greater than
Two K
E
Y
In order to find the volume of a cuboid, we can
calculate it from width × length × height. If we would like
to make a box of 30,000 cm3, where the width is 20 cm
shorter than the length and the height is 20 cm shorter
than the length, how can we find the size of this box?
Indicator
• Understand and apply the knowledge of factorizing polynomials
of degrees greater than two to solving mathematical problems.
(MA 1.2 G. 9/1)
Compulsory Details
• Factorizing polynomials of degrees greater than two
63
2.1 Factorizing Polynomials of Degrees
Greater than Two with Integer Coefficients
In Secondary 2, we have learned about some identities of quadratic polynomials as
follows: ATTENTION
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (a + b)2 a2 + b2

(a - b)2 a2 - b2
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 (a + b)3 a3 + b3
a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b) (a - b)3 a3 - b3
We also have learned that we cannot factorize a2 + b2 into two linear factors. So,
we will learn about factorizing a3 + b3 and a3 - b3 from the following activity.
K
Investigation
E
Y
Factorizing a3 + b3 and a3 - b3
1. Factorize the following expressions.
1) a3 + a2b + ab2
3 + a2b + ab2 = a(a2 + ab + b2)
a........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) a2b + ab2 + b3
2b + ab2 + b3 = b(a2 + ab + b2)
a........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) a3 - b3 by subtracting the answer in 2) from the answer in 1)
3 - b3 = a(a2 + ab + b2) - b(a2 + ab + b2)
a........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Factorize the following expressions.

1) a3 - a2b + ab2
3 - a2b + ab2 = a(a2 - ab + b2)
a........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
64
2) a2b - ab2 + b3
2
b - ab2 + b3 = b(a2 - ab + b2)
a........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) a3 + b3 by adding the answer in 1) to the answer in 2)

3 + b3 = a(a2 - ab + b2) + b(a2 - ab + b2)
a........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Investigation, we can conclude some identities of polynomials as follows:

Sum of cubes: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
Difference of cubes: a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Worked Example 1
Factorize the following polynomials.
1) x3 + 8 2) x3 - 27
K
Solution: E
Y
1) x3 + 8 = x3 + 23
= (x + 2)[x2 - (x)(2) + 22]
= (x + 2)(x2 - 2x + 4)
2) x3 - 27 = x3 - 33
= (x - 3)[x2 + (x)(3) + 32]
= (x - 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Questions 1(1)-(2)
1) x3 + 64
x3 + 43
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 4)[x2 - (x)(4) + 42]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 4)(x2 - 4x + 16)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
65
2) x3 - 216
x3 - 63
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 6)[x2 + (x)(6) + 62]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 6)(x2 + 6x + 36)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 2
1) 8x3 + 125y3 2) (3x + 1)3 - 8
Solution:
1) 8x3 + 125y3 = (2x)3 + (5y)3
= (2x + 5y)[(2x)2 - (2x)(5y) + (5y)2]
= (2x + 5y)(4x2 - 10xy + 25y2)
3
2) (3x + 1) - 8 = (3x + 1)3 - 23
= [(3x + 1) - 2][(3x + 1)2 + (3x + 1)(2) + 22]
K
E = (3x - 1)(9x2 + 6x + 1 + 6x + 2 + 4)
Y
= (3x - 1)(9x2 + 12x + 7)
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Questions 1(3)-(4),
Factorize the following polynomials. 2(3)-(4)
1) 216p3 + 343q3
(6p)3 + (7q)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(6p + 7q)[(6p)2 - (6p)(7q) + (7q)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(6p + 7q)(36p2 - 42pq + 49q2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 64 - (2x + 3)3
43 - (2x + 3)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[4 - (2x + 3)][42 + (4)(2x + 3) + (2x + 3)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(1 - 2x)(16 + 8x + 12 + 4x2 + 12x + 9)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(1 - 2x)(4x2 + 20x + 37)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
66
For some polynomials of degrees greater than two, we can write them in the form
of difference of two squares, perfect squares, sum of cubes or difference of cubes
first. Then, we factorize the polynomials using the knowledge of factorization as in the
following example:
Worked Example 3
1) x3 + 4x2 - x - 4 2) x4 - 16
Solution:
1) x3 + 4x2 - x - 4 = (x3 + 4x2) - (x + 4)
= x2(x + 4) - (x + 4)
= (x + 4)(x2 - 1)
= (x + 4)(x + 1)(x - 1)
2) x4 - 16 = (x2)2 - 42
K
= (x2 + 4)(x2 - 4) E
Y
= (x2 + 4)(x + 2)(x - 2)
Similar Questions
1) x3 - x2 - 4x + 4
(x3 - x2) - (4x - 4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2(x - 1) - 4(x - 1)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 1)(x2 - 4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 1)(x + 2)(x - 2)
2) 81x4 - 25
(9x2)2 - 52
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(9x2 + 5)(9x2 - 5)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(9x2 + 5)(3x - 5)(3x + 5)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
67
Worked Example 4
1) 16x4 + 24x2 + 9 2) 20x4 + 100x3 + 125x2
Solution:
1) 16x4 + 24x2 + 9 = (4x2)2 + 2(4x2)(3) + 32
= (4x2 + 3)2
2) 20x4 + 100x3 + 125x2 = 5x2(4x2 + 20x + 25)
= 5x2[(2x)2 + 2(2x)(5) + 52]
= 5x2(2x + 5)2
Similar Questions
K 1) 36p4 + 60p2 + 25
E
Y (6p2)2 + 2(6p2)(5) + 52
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(6p2 + 5)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 64q4 - 112q2 + 49
(8q2)2 - 2(8q2)(7) + 72
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(8q2 - 7)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 36x2 - 36x3 + 9x4

9x2(4 - 4x + x2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9x2[22 - 2(2)(x) + x2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9x2(2 - x)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
68
Worked Example 5
Factorize x4 + 5x2 + 9.
Solution: PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
x4 + 5x2 + 9 = x4 + +9+ - 5x2 x2 x2 We add x2 to make it in the form of

= (x4 + 6x2 + 9) - x2 perfect squares, and we eliminate
x2 to obtain the original value of
= (x2 + 3)2 - x2 the polynomial.
= (x2 + 3 + x)(x2 + 3 - x)
= (x2 + x + 3)(x2 - x + 3)
Similar Questions
Factorize x4 + 7x2 + 16.
4
x + 7 2 + 16 = 4 + 7 2 + 16 + 2 - 2
x x x x x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (x4 + 8x2 + 16) - x2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (x2 + 4)2 - x2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
= (x2 + 4 + x)(x2 + 4 - x)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
= (x2 + x + 4)(x2 - x + 4)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 6
Factorize x6 + 1.
Solution:
x6 + 1 = (x2)3 + 13
= (x2 + 1)[(x2)2 - x2 + 12]
= (x2 + 1)(x4 - x2 + 1)
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Question 2(1)
6
Factorize x + 27.
6
x + 27 = ( 2)3 + 33 x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (x2 + 3)[(x2)2 - 3x2 + 32]

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (x2 + 3)(x4 - 3x2 + 9)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
69
Worked Example 7
Factorize x6 - y6.
Solution:
Method 1:
x6 - y6 = (x3)2 - (y3)2
= (x3 + y3)(x3 - y3)
= (x + y)(x2 - xy + y2)(x - y)(x2 + xy + y2)
= (x + y)(x - y)(x2 - xy + y2)(x2 + xy + y2)
Method 2:
x6 - y6 = (x2)3 - (y2)3
= (x2 - y2)[(x2)2 + x2y2 + (y2)2]
= (x + y)(x - y)(x4 + x2y2 + y4)
= (x + y)(x - y)(x4 + x2y2 + y4 + x2y2 - x2y2)
K = (x + y)(x - y)[(x2 + y2)2 - x2y2]
E
Y
= (x + y)(x - y)[(x2 + y2)2 - (xy)2]
= (x + y)(x - y)(x2 + y2 + xy)(x2 + y2 - xy)
= (x + y)(x - y)(x2 + xy + y2)(x2 - xy + y2)
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Question 2(2)
Factorize 64x6 - y6.
64x6 - y6 = (8x3)2 - (y3)2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (8x3 + y3)(8x3 - y3)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (2x + y)(4x2 - 2xy + y2)(2x - y)(4x2 + 2xy + y2)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (2x + y)(2x - y)(4x2 - 2xy + y2)(4x2 + 2xy + y2)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
70
Worked Example 8
A round loaf of bread is coated with 3-mm thick chocolate. If the volume of the coating
chocolate is 5.556π cm3, find the radius length of the chocolate-covered bread.
Solution:
Let the radius length of the bread be x cm.
Since the 3-mm thickness of the chocolate = 0.3 cm,
the radius of the chocolate-covered bread is x + 0.3 cm.
Since the volume of the coating chocolate is 5.556π cm3
and the volume of a sphere is 43 πr3,
we have 4 π(x + 0.3)3 - 4 πx3 = 5.556π
3 3
4 π[(x + 0.3) - x3] = 5.556π
3
3
(x + 0.3)3 - x3 = 5.556π × 43π
(x + 0.3)3 - x3 = 4.167 K
[(x + 0.3) - x][(x + 0.3)2 + (x + 0.3)(x) + x2] = 4.167 E
Y
(0.3)(x2 + 0.6x + 0.09 + x2 + 0.3x + x2) = 4.167
(0.3)(3x2 + 0.9x + 0.09) = 4.167
(0.9)(x2 + 0.3x + 0.03) = 4.167
x2 + 0.3x + 0.03 = 4.63
x2 + 0.3x + 0.03 - 4.63 = 0
x2 + 0.3x - 4.6 = 0
(x - 2)(x + 2.3) = 0
x = 2, -2.3.
Since x is the radius of the round loaf of bread,
it can only be a positive number, which is 2 cm.
Therefore, the radius of the chocolate-covered bread is 2 + 0.3 = 2.3 cm.
71
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 2A Question 4
The difference in length between two spherical decorating stones is 12 cm. If the difference
in volume of the two stones is 209,664π cm3, find the radius length of the bigger stone.
Let the radius length of the smaller stone be cm. x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the difference in length between the two stones is 12 cm,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the radius length of the bigger stone is x + 12 cm.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the difference in volume of the two stones is 209,664π cm3

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the volume of a sphere is 43πr3,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have 4 π(x + 12)3 - 4 πx3 = 209,664π

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 3
4 3 3
3 π[(x + 12) - x ] = 209,664π
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 12)3 - x3 = 209,664π × 43π

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 12)3 - x3 = 157,248
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[(x + 12) - x][(x + 12)2 + (x + 12)(x) + x2] = 157,248

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 12(x2 + 24x + 144 + x2 + 12x + x2) = 157,248
E ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
12(3x2 + 36x + 144) = 157,248
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
36(x2 + 12x + 48) = 157,248

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2 + 12x + 48 = 4,368
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2 + 12x + 48 - 4,368 = 0
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2 + 12x - 4,320 = 0
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 60)(x + 72) = 0
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 60, -72.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since x is the radius length of the smaller stone,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
it can only be a positive number, which is 60 cm.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the radius length of the bigger stone is 60 + 12 = 72 cm.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
72
Exercise 2A
Basic Level
1. Factorize the following polynomials.
1) x3 - 8
x3 - 23
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) x3 + 125
x3 + 53
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 5)(x2 - 5x + 25)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 27x3 + 8y3
(3x)3 + (2y)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x + 2y)(9x2 - 6xy + 4y2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) 125x3 - 64y3
(5x)3 - (4y)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(5x - 4y)(25x2 + 20xy + 16y2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
73
Intermediate Level
1) x6 + 64
(x2)3 + 43
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x2 + 4)[(x2)2 - 4x2 + 42]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x2 + 4)(x4 - 4x2 + 16)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) x9 - y9
(x3)3 - (y3)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x3 - y3)[(x3)2 + x3y3 + (y3)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - y)(x2 + xy + y2)(x6 + x3y3 + y6)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) 216 - (3x - 4)3

63 - (3x - 4)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[6 - (3x - 4)][62 + 6(3x - 4) + (3x - 4)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(6 - 3x + 4)(36 + 18x - 24 + 9x2 - 24x + 16)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(10 - 3x)(28 - 6x + 9x2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) (3x + 7)3 + (3x - 7)3

[(3x + 7) + (3x - 7)][(3x + 7)2 - (3x + 7)(3x - 7) + (3x - 7)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6x(9x2 + 42x + 49 - 9x2 + 49 + 9x2 - 42x + 49)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6x(9x2 + 147)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18x(3x2 + 49)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
74
1) 9x6 - 49
(3x3)2 - 72
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x3 + 7)(3x3 - 7)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 4p4 - 16p8
4p4(1 - 4p4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4p4[12 - (2p2)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4p4(1 + 2p2)(1 - 2p2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y
3) 2x3 + 3x2 - 32x - 48
(2x3 - 32x) + (3x2 - 48)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x(x2 - 16) + 3(x2 - 16)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(2x + 3)(x2 - 16)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(2x + 3)(x + 4)(x - 4)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) 27x3 - 18x2 - 3x + 2
(27x3 - 3x) - (18x2 - 2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x(9x2 - 1) - 2(9x2 - 1)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x - 2)(9x2 - 1)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x - 2)(3x + 1)(3x - 1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
75
5) 36x4 - 60x2 + 25
(6x2)2 - 2(6x2)(5) + 52
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(6x2 - 5)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6) 3a4 + 12a2 + 12
3(a4 + 4a2 + 4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3[(a2)2 + 2(a2)(2) + 22]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3(a2 + 2)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 7) 4a8 + 24a4 + 36
Y
4(a8 + 6a4 + 9)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4[(a4)2 + 2(a4)(3) + 32]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4(a4 + 3)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8) x4 + x2 + 1
x4 + x2 + 1 + x2 - x2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x4 + 2x2 + 1) - x2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x2 + 1)2 - x2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x2 + 1 + x)(x2 + 1 - x)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
76
9) 9x4 + 32x2 + 36
9x4 + 32x2 + 36 + 4x2 - 4x2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(9x4 + 36x2 + 36) - 4x2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x2 + 6)2 - (2x)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x2 + 6 + 2x)(3x2 + 6 - 2x)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x2 + 2x + 6)(3x2 - 2x + 6)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. The difference in radius length and volume of two steel balls is 3 cm and 3,276π
cm3, respectively. Find the radius lengths of the two balls.
Let the radius length of the smaller steel ball be x cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then, the radius length of the bigger steel ball is equal to x + 3 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the volume of a steel = 43 πr3,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have 4 π(x + 3)3 - 4 πx3 = 3,276π

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 3
4 3 3
3 π[(x + 3) - x ] = 3,276π
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
(x + 3)3 - x3 = 3,276π × 43π
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
(x + 3)3 - x3 = 2,457
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[(x + 3) - x][(x + 3)2 + (x + 3)(x) + x2] = 2,457

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3(x2 + 6x + 9 + x2 + 3x + x2) = 2,457

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3(3x2 + 9x + 9) = 2,457
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9(x2 + 3x + 3) = 2,457
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2 + 3x + 3 = 273
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2 + 3x - 270 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 18)(x - 15) = 0.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, x + 18 = 0 or x - 15 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = -18 or x = 15
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since x is the radius length of the smaller steel ball,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
it...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
can only be a positive number, which is 15 cm.
Therefore, the radius length of the smaller steel ball is 15 cm, and the radius length of the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
bigger steel ball is 15 + 3 = 18 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
77
Summary
1. Factorizing polynomials in the form of the sum of cubes
A polynomial in the form a3 + b3 is a polynomial in the form of the sum of cubes,
which can be factorized as follows:
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
2. Factorizing polynomials in the form of the difference of cubes

A polynomial in the form a3 - b3 is a polynomial in the form of the difference of
cubes, which can be factorized as follows:
a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
K
E
Y
3. Factorizing some polynomials of degrees greater than two
For some polynomials of degrees greater than two, we can write them in the form
of difference of two squares, perfect squares, sum of cubes or difference of cubes first.
Then, we factorize the polynomials using the knowledge of factorization.
78
Review Exercise 2
1) 64 + 8x3
43 + (2x)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(4 + 2x)[42 - (4)(2x) + (2x)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(2x + 4)(16 - 8x + 4x2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8(x + 2)(x2 - 2x + 4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) (x + 9)3 - 343
(x + 9)3 - 73
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[(x + 9) - 7][(x + 9)2 + (x + 9)(7) + 72]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 2)(x2 + 18x + 81 + 7x + 63 + 49)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 2)(x2 + 25x + 193)
=................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
3) (2x + 3)3 - (4x - 5)3
[(2x + 3) - (4x - 5)][(2x + 3)2 + (2x + 3)(4x - 5) + (4x - 5)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(8 - 2x)(4x2 + 12x + 9 + 8x2 + 2x - 15 + 16x2 - 40x + 25)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2(4 - x)(28x2 - 26x + 19)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) (3x + 5)3 + (x + 1)3

[(3x + 5) + (x + 1)][(3x + 5)2 - (3x + 5)(x + 1) + (x + 1)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(4x + 6)(9x2 + 30x + 25 - 3x2 - 8x - 5 + x2 + 2x + 1)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2(2x + 3)(7x2 + 24x + 21)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
79
5) 8x6 - 343
(2x2)3 - 73
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(2x2 - 7)(4x4 + 14x2 + 49)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6) 27x6 - x3
(3x2)3 - x3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x2 - x)[(3x2)2 + (3x2)(x) + x2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x2 - x)(9x4 + 3x3 + x2)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 7) 343x3 + 216y6
Y
(7x)3 + (6y2)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(7x + 6y2)[(7x)2 - (7x)(6y2) + (6y2)2]
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(7x + 6y2)(49x2 - 42xy2 + 36y4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8) 27x6 + 8y9
(3x2)3 + (2y3)3
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3x2 + 2y3)(9x4 - 6x2y3 + 4y6)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
80
1) a4 + 14a2 + 49
(a2)2 + 2(a2)(7) + 72
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(a2 + 7)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 169n6 - 52n3 + 4
(13n3)2 - 2(13n3)(2) + 22
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(13n3 - 2)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
Y
3) 25x8 - 81y8
(52)(x4)2 - (92)(y4)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(5x4)2 - (9y4)2
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(5x4 - 9y4)(5x4 + 9y4)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) 20x3 + 4x2 - 125x - 25

(20x3 - 125x) + (4x2 - 25)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5x(4x2 - 25) + (4x2 - 25)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(5x + 1)(4x2 - 25)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(5x + 1)(2x + 5)(2x - 5)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
81
3. Factorize 25x8 + 14x4 + 9.
25 x8 + 14x4 + 9 = 25x8 + 14x4 + 9 + 16x4 - 16x4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (25x8 + 30x4 + 9) - 16x4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (5x4 + 3)2 - (4x2)2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (5x4 + 3 - 4x2)(5x4 + 3 + 4x2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (5x4 - 4x2 + 3)(5x4 + 4x2 + 3)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. There are two cubical containers of different sizes. The bigger one is filled with water
to the brim. After the water is transferred to the smaller one, there is 7,000,000 cm3
of water left. If the difference in inner side lengths of the two containers is 100 cm,
find each inner side length of both containers. (Give your answer in meters).
Let each inner side length of the bigger container be x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then, each inner side length of the smaller container is x - 100 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since there is 7,000,000 cm3 of water left in the bigger container after the transfer,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have x3 - (x - 100)3 = 7,000,000
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E [x - (x - 100)][x2 + x(x - 100) + (x - 100)2] = 7,000,000
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100(3x2 - 300x + 10,000) = 7,000,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x2 - 300x + 10,000 = 70,000
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x2 - 300x - 60,000 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x2 - 100x - 20,000 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x - 200)(x + 100) = 0.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, x - 200 = 0 or x + 100 = 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 200 or x = -100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since x is each inner side length of the bigger container,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
it...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
can only be a positive value, which is 200 cm.
According to this, each inner side length of the bigger container is 200 cm,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and each inner side length of the smaller container is 200 - 100 = 100 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, each inner side length of the bigger container is 200 100 = 2 m,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and each inner side length of the smaller container is 100 100 = 1 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
82
Challenge Yourself
If the difference between two counting numbers is 17, and the difference between the
cube of the greater number and the cube of the smaller number is 175,763, find a2 + b2,
where a and b are the two numbers and a > b.
Let the smaller number be . x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Then, the greater number is x + 17.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the difference between the cube of the greater number and the cube of the smaller number
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is 175,763,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have (x + 17)3 - x3 = 175,763

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[(x + 17) - x][(x + 17)2 + (x + 17)(x) + x2] = 175,763

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17(x2 + 34x + 289 + x2 + 17x + x2) = 175,763

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17(3x2 + 51x + 289) = 175,763

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x2 + 51x + 289 = 10,339

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
3x2 + 51x - 10,050 = 0
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
x2 + 17x - 3,350 = 0
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(x + 67)(x - 50) = 0.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
That is, x + 67 = 0 or x - 50 = 0
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = -67 or x = 50
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since x is a counting number,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have x = 50.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to this, the smaller number is 50,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the greater number is 50 + 17 = 67.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have a = 67 and b = 50.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, a2 + b2 = 672 + 502

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4,489 + 2,500
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6,989.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
83
Sources of Radiation
K 90 cm
E
Y
6 cm 14 cm Back of patient
Spinal cord
84
Chapter 3
Similarity
Geometry plays a very important role in radiation
oncology (the study and treatment of turnours) when
determining the safe level of radiation to be administered
to spinal cords of cancer patients. The picture on the
previous page shows how far apart two beams of radiation
must be placed so that they will not overlap at the spinal
cord, or else a double dose of radiation will endanger the
patient. K
E
Y
Indicator
• Understand and apply properties of similar triangles to solving
mathematical and real-world problems. (MA 2.2 G. 9/1)
Compulsory Details
• Similar triangles
• Real-life applications of similarity
85
3.1 Similar Figures
There are many objects in real life that look alike but their sizes are different, for
example, the same set of cups of different sizes and images created by a projector.
Same set of cups Image created by a projector
Two figures are similar if they have exactly the same shape, but not necessarily the same size.
K
E If two similar figures also have exactly the same size, then they are congruent. In
Y
other words, congruence is a special case of similarity.
Class Discussion
Similarity in the real world
1. Look around our class room, science laboratory or school. Find at least 3 different
sets of similar objects.
Examples of 3 different sets of similar objects are rulers, beakers and balls used in sports
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e.g. tennis ball, basketball, soccer ball).
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Discuss with your classmates other real-life examples of similarity.
86
Investigation
Properties of similar polygons
A hexagon A′B′C′D′E′F′ is increased in size without changing its shape to become
a hexagon ABCDEF. E′
E D′
D
F
C F′
A B C′
A′ B′
1. Measure each of the following pairs of angles.
1) ∠A and ∠A′ 2) ∠B and ∠B′ 3) ∠C and ∠C′
∠ A = 100 ํ
.............................................................. ∠ B = 136 ํ
............................................................. ∠ C = 110 ํ
.....................................................................
A′ = 100 ํ ∠B′ = 136 ํ C ′ = 110 ํ K
∠
.............................................................. ............................................................. ∠
..................................................................... E
Y
4) ∠D and ∠D′ 5) ∠ E and ∠E′ 6) ∠F and ∠F′
∠ D = 145 ํ
.............................................................. ∠ E = 101 ํ
............................................................. ∠ F = 128 ํ
.....................................................................
∠ D′ = 145 ํ
.............................................................. ∠E′ = 101 ํ
............................................................. ∠ F ′ = 128 ํ
.....................................................................
2. Measure the lengths of each of the following pairs of sides.

1) Sides AB and A′B′ 2) Sides BC and B′C′ 3) Sides CD and C′D′
Side AB = 1 cm
.............................................................. Side BC = 0.9 cm
............................................................. Side CD = 1.1 cm
.....................................................................
Side A′B′ = 2 cm
.............................................................. Side B′C′ = 1.8 cm
............................................................. Side C′D′ = 2.2 cm
.....................................................................
4) Sides DE and D′E′ 5) Sides EF and E′F′ 6) Sides FA and F′A′

Side DE = 0.6 cm
.............................................................. Side EF = 1.3 cm
............................................................. Side FA = 1 cm
.....................................................................
Side D′E′ = 1.2 cm
.............................................................. Side E′F′ = 2.6 cm
............................................................. Side F′A′ = 2 cm
.....................................................................
3. Find the value of each of the following ratios.

1) AAB
′B′ 2) BBC′C′ 3) CCD
′D′
A..............................................................
′B′ 2 B C = 1.8 = 2
′ ′ C.....................................................................
′D′ 2.2
AB = 1 = 2 .............................................................
BC 0.9 CD = 1.1 = 2
.............................................................. ............................................................. .....................................................................
87
4) DDE
′E′ 5) EEF
′F′ 6) FFA
′A′
D..............................................................
′E′ 1.2 E F = 2.6 = 2
′ ′ F.....................................................................
′A′ 2
DE = 0.6 = 2 .............................................................
EF 1.3 FA = 1 = 2
.............................................................. ............................................................. .....................................................................
4. What do you notice about the values of the ratios in 3.?

The values of the ratios are equal to 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Investigation, we can see that if two hexagons are similar, then
• all the corresponding angles are equal,
i.e. ∠A = ∠A′, ∠B = ∠B′, ∠C = ∠C′, ∠D = ∠D′, ∠E = ∠E′ and ∠F = ∠F′
• the length of each side of a hexagon is increased by the same factor,
i.e. AAB
′B′ = B′C′ = C′D′ = D′E′ = E′F′ = F′A′ = k, where k is a constant.
BC CD DE EF FA
In general, we can conclude that:
K
E
Y If two polygons are similar, then
• all the corresponding angles are equal, and
• all the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal.
Thinking Time
1. Determine □ ABCD and □ A′B′C′D′ and answer the following questions.
A B A′ B′
D C D′ C′
1) Are all the corresponding angles equal?
The corresponding angles are equal.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
88
2) Are all the ratios of the corresponding sides equal?
The ratios of the corresponding sides are not equal.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Are □ ABCD and □ A′B′C′D′ similar?

The two rectangles are not similar.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Determine □ PQRS and □ P ′Q ′R ′S ′ and answer the following questions.

P′ Q′
P Q
S R S′ R′
1) Measure all the side lengths of □ PQRS and □ P ′Q ′R ′S ′. Are all the ratios of
the corresponding sides equal?
The ratios of the corresponding sides are equal. K
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ E
Y
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Are all the corresponding angles equal?

The corresponding angles are not equal.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Are □ PQRS and □ P′Q′R′S′ similar?

The two quadrilaterals are not similar.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Determine ∆ XYZ and ∆ X ′Y ′Z ′ and answer the following questions.

Y′
X Z X′ Z′
89
1) Measure all the angles of ∆ XYZ and ∆ X′Y′Z′. Are all the corresponding angles
equal?
The corresponding angles are equal.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Measure all the side lengths of ∆ XYZ and ∆ X′Y′Z′. Are all the ratios of the
corresponding sides equal?
The ratios of the corresponding sides are equal.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Are ∆ XYZ and ∆ X′Y′Z′ similar?

The two triangles are similar.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) Are we able to find two triangles which have equal corresponding angles but
are not similar?
K No.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) Are we able to find two triangles where the ratios of the corresponding sides
are equal but are not similar?
No.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Thinking Time, we can conclude that:

1) If two triangles have equal corresponding angles or the ratios of the corresponding
sides are equal, then they are similar.
2) If two polygons with four or more sides have equal corresponding angles or the
ratios of the corresponding sides are equal, they may not be similar.
For polygons with four or more sides, the following conditions must hold true before
we can conclude that they are similar:
90
Class Discussion
Identify similar triangles
Do the following activity and answer the questions.
A B C
D E F
K
E
Y
I J
G H
M
K
L
1. Photocopy the triangles and cut them out.
91
2. Which triangles are similar? Explain your answer.
∆ A is similar to B as A can fit inside B with an equivalent width around it.
∆ ∆ ∆
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ F is similar to ∆ D as ∆ F can fit inside ∆ D with an equivalent width around it.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ G is similar to ∆ H as ∆ G can fit inside ∆ H with an equivalent width around it.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ I is similar to ∆ J as ∆ I overlaps with ∆ J.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ L is similar to ∆ K and ∆ M as ∆ L can fit inside ∆ K and ∆ K, which can fit inside ∆ M with
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
an equivalent width around it.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Are all right triangles similar? Explain your answer.

No, the corresponding angles may not be equal, e.g. ∆ D and ∆ E.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Are all isosceles triangles similar? Explain your answer.

No, the corresponding angles may not be equal, e.g. ∆ G and ∆ I.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 5. Are all equilateral triangles similar? Explain your answer.

E
Y Yes, all angles are equal to 60 ํ so the corresponding angles are the same. Since the sides
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
an equilateral triangle are the same, the ratios of the corresponding sides of two equilateral
triangles are the same.
Worked Example 1
Identify similar triangles and explain your answer.
1) A R
P 61 ํ
ATTENTION
B 70 ํ 49 ํ There is no standard notation

C 70 ํ for similarity. Do not use
Q the symbol “ ≡ ” for similarity
2) 12 cm because some countries use this
F S T
6 cm
symbol for congruence. Thus,
4 cm we write “∆ ABC is similar to
7 cm 9 cm
D 8 cm E ∆ PQR.”.
U
92
Solution: PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
1) The sum of interior angles of a triangle is equal If ∆ DEF is similar to ∆ STU, then
to 180 ํ. the longest side of ∆ DEF will
correspond to the longest side of
We have: ∠CAB = 180 ํ - 70 ํ - 49 ํ ∆ STU, the second longest side
= 61 ํ of ∆ DEF will correspond to the
∠QRP = 180 ํ - 61 ํ - 70 ํ second longest side of ∆ STU,
= 49 ํ and the shortest side of ∆ DEF
will correspond to the shortest
Therefore, ∠CAB = ∠RPQ = 61 ํ side of ∆ STU.
∠ABC = ∠PQR = 70 ํ Thus, we need to compare the
∠BCA = ∠QRP = 49 ํ. longest side of ∆ DEF with the
Since all the corresponding angles are equal, longest side of ∆ STU, the second
longest side of ∆ DEF with the
∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR.
second longest side of ∆ STU, and
ST = 12 = 1.5
2) DE the shortest side of ∆ DEF with the
8 shortest side of ∆ STU.
TU = 9 = 1.5
EF 6 K
SU = 7 = 1.75 E
DF 4 Y
Since not all the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal, then ∆ DEF is not
similar to ∆ STU.
Similar Questions
Identify similar triangles and explain your answer.
P
1)
A
Q
58 ํ
35 ํ
B C R
93
∠ BCA = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 58 ํ = 32 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠RPQ = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 35 ํ = 55 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: ∠CAB = 58 ํ 55 ํ = ∠RPQ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABC = ∠PQR = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BCA = 32 ํ 35 ํ = ∠QRP
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since not all the corresponding angles are equal,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
then ∆ ABC is not similar to ∆ PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) D S 6 cm
U
12 cm 10 cm 7 cm
7.2 cm
E 8.4 cm F
T
ST 10 5
DE = 12 = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K TU = 7 = 5
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
EF 8.4 6
Y SU 6 5
DF = 7.2 = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since all the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ DEF is similar to ∆ STU.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 2
Given that ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR, find the values of the unknowns.
C
R
y
3.2 cm
A 25 ํ Q xํ P
7.5 cm B 5 cm
94
Solution:
Since x ํ = ∠QPR and ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR,
we have: x ํ = ∠BAC
= 25 ํ
BC AB
QR = PQ
y 7.5
3.2 = 5
y = 7.5 5 × 3.2
= 4.8
Therefore, x ํ = 25 ํ and y = 4.8 cm.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 3A Questions 1, 3-5
Given that ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR, find the values of the unknowns.
B K
E
R Y
y
2.8 cm
A 30 ํ C Q xํ P
6 cm 4 cm
Since ํ = QPR and ABC is similar to PQR,
x ∠ ∆ ∆
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠BAC
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 30 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC AC
RQ = PQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y 6
2.8 = 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 64 × 2.8
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4.2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
95
Worked Example 3
Given that ∆ XYZ is similar to ∆ XPQ, find the values of the unknowns.
X
2 cm 3 cm
Y 70 ํ Z
4 cm b
P aํ Q
Solution:
Since a ํ = ∠XPQ and ∆ XYZ is similar to ∆ XPQ,
we have: a ํ = ∠XYZ
= 70 ํ
XQ = XP
XZ XY
K XQ = XXYP × XZ
E
Y = 62 × 3
= 9
Since b = XQ - XZ,
we have b = 9 - 3
= 6.
Therefore, a ํ = 70 ํ and b = 6 cm.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 3A Questions 6-9
Given that ∆ XYZ is similar to ∆ XRS, find the values of the unknowns.
X
4 cm 5 cm
Y 30 ํ Z
6 cm b
R aํ S
96
Since a ํ = SR and YZ is similar to RS,
∠X ∆X ∆X
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: a ํ = ∠XZY = 30 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XS = XR
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XZ XY
XS = XYR × XZ X
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 104 × 5 = 12.5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since b = XS - XZ,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have b = 12.5 - 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 7.5.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, a ํ = 30 ํ and b = 7.5 cm.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 3A
Basic Level
1. Given that ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR, find the values of the unknowns. K
E
1) Y
A P
zํ
yํ 35 ํ xํ
B C R Q
Since x ํ = ∠PQR, y ํ = ∠ACB and ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠ABC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y ํ = ∠PRQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 35 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have z ํ = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 35 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 55 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x ํ = 90 ํ, y ํ = 35 ํ and z ํ = 55 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
97
P
2) A
yํ
28 ํ 118 ํ xํ
B C Q R
Since x ํ = ∠PRQ, y ํ = ∠BAC and ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠ACB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 28 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y ํ = ∠QPR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 180 ํ - 118 ํ - 28 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 34 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x ํ = 28 ํ and y ํ = 34 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 3) B
12 cm P y R
10 cm
6 cm x
A 18 cm C Q
Since ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: QR BC = AB
PQ PR
AC = AB
PQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x 6 y 6
12 = 10 18 = 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 10 6 × 12 y = 106 × 18
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 7.2 = 10.8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 7.2 cm and y = 10.8 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
98
4) x
C
R
A 7 cm y 8 cm
12 cm
Q 10 cm P
B
Since ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: AC PR = PQ
AB QR = PQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC AB
x 12 y 10
8 = 10 7 = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 12 10 × 8 y = 10 12 × 7
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 9.6 = 5 56
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 9.6 cm and y = 5 56 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
Intermediate Level E
Y
2. Are the following pairs of triangles similar? Explain your answer.
C P
1)
B Q 50 ํ R
40 ํ
A
Since the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ, and the base angles of an isosceles
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
triangle are of equal size,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: ∠ABC = 180 ํ 2- 40 ํ = 70 ํ Therefore, ∠CAB = 40 ํ 80 ํ = ∠RPQ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BCA = 70 ํ ∠ABC = 70 ํ 50 ํ = ∠PQR

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠QRP = 50 ํ ∠BCA = 70 ํ 50 ํ = ∠QRP.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠RPQ = 180 ํ - 50 ํ - 50 ํ = 80 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to this, all the corresponding angles are not equal.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is not similar to ∆ PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
99
D
2) 3.3 cm 2.4 cm S
T
5.4 cm
E 3.6 cm
3.8 cm
5.7 cm
F U
DE = 3.3 = 1.375
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ST 2.4
EF = 5.7 = 1.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TU 3.8
DF 5.4
SU = 3.6 = 1.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to this, not all the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ DEF is not similar to ∆ STU.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 3. Given that □ ABCD is similar to □ PQRS, find the values of the unknowns.
E
Y 1) B 12 cm C
105 ํ
R
8 cm yํ 7.2 cm
Q
A 95 ํ z
108 ํ xํ
D S P
Since x ํ = ∠QPS, y ํ = ∠QRS, the sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 ํ and
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
□ ABCD is similar to □ PQRS,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠BAD PQ = QR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB BC
= 95 ํ z 7.2
8 = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y ํ = ∠BCD z = 7.2 12 × 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 360 ํ - 95 ํ - 105 ํ - 108 ํ = 4.8

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 52 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x ํ = 95 ํ, y ํ = 52 ํ and z = 4.8 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
C
2) R
B Q
12 cm 9 cm
100 ํ P
A y
14 cm xํ S
D
Since x ํ = ∠ADC, the sum of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and □ ABCD is similar to □ PQRS,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠PSR PS RS
AD = CD
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 180 ํ - 100 ํ y 9
14 = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 80 ํ y = 129 × 14
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 10.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
4. Two similar water bottles are as shown. Find the values of the unknowns. Y
3 cm
y
x
10 cm
5 cm 8 cm
Since the two water bottles are similar,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: 10x = 85 y 5
3 = 8
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 85 × 10 y = 58 × 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 16 = 1.875
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x = 16 cm and y = 1.875 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
101
5. Two similar toy houses are as shown. Find the values of the unknowns.
150 cm
xํ
100 ํ
y z 180 cm
180 cm 120 cm
Since the two toy houses are similar,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = 100 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y 180
180 = 120
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = 180 120 × 180

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 270
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
z 120
150 = 180
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K z = 120 180 × 150

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E = 100
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, x ํ = 100 ํ, y = 270 cm and z = 100 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. A pole of height 3 m is placed in front of a standing lamp 10 m away. The length

of the shadow of the pole that is cast as a result of the light from the lamp is 6 m.
Find the height of the lamp.
Let the height of the lamp be x m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: x 10 + 6
3 = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 16 6 ×3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the lamp is 8 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
102
Advanced Level
7. Given that ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ ADE, find the values of the unknowns.
A
4 cm 6 cm
B 56 ํ C
y 9 cm
D xํ E
Since x ํ = ∠ADE and ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ ADE,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠ABC y + 4 = 156 × 4

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 56 ํ y + 4 = 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AD = AE y = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB AC
y+4 = 6+9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 6
Therefore, x ํ = 56 ํ and y = 6 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
8. Given that ∆ BAR is similar to ∆ PQR, find the values of the unknowns. Y
P 60 ํ 12 cm Q
14 cm
R
52 ํ
y
A x ํ 9 cm B
Since x ํ = ∠BAR, the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ and ∆ PQR is similar to
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ BAR,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x ํ = ∠PQR BR = AB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PR QP
= 180 ํ - ∠RPQ - ∠QRP y 9
14 = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 180 ํ - 60 ํ - 52 ํ y = 129 × 14
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 68 ํ = 10.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
103
9. Two ladders AB and PQ are resting against opposite walls of an alley. The ladders
AB and PQ are 2 m and 6 m above the ground, respectively, and T is the point
where the two ladders cross.
Q
6m
B T
y x
2m
P M A
1) Given that ∆ TBP is similar to ∆ TAQ, find an expression, in terms of y, for the
length of PA.
Since ∆ TBP is similar to ∆ TAQ,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: x AQ
y = BP
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K x 6
E
Y y = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 3y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since PA = x + y,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have PA = 3y + y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4y.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the length of PA is 4y m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Given that ∆ PTM is similar to ∆ PQA, find the length of TM.

Since ∆ PTM is similar to ∆ PQA,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have QA TM = PM
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PA
TM y
6 = 4y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TM = 1.5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, TM = 1.5 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
104
3.2 Similar Triangles
1. Two AA Triangles
Investigation
AA Similarity Test
1. Construct ∆ ABC and ∆ XYZ of different sizes such that ∠BAC = ∠YXZ = 30 ํ and
∠ABC = ∠XYZ = 50 .ํ
Z
C
A 30 ํ 50 ํ B X 30 ํ 50 ํ Y K
E
Y
2. Find ∠ACB and ∠XZY by using angle sum of triangle 180 ํ. Is ∠ACB = ∠XZY?
∠ ACB = 180 ํ - 50 ํ - 30 ํ = 100 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ XZY = 180 ํ - 50 ํ - 30 ํ = 100 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∠ACB = ∠XZY.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Measure the lengths of all the sides of the two triangles that you have constructed
and calculate the ratios AB BC AC AB BC AC
XY , YZ and XZ . Is XY = YZ = XZ ?
AB BC AC
XY = YZ = XZ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Since all the corresponding angles of ∆ ABC and ∆ XYZ are equal and all the three
ratios of their corresponding sides are equal, are the two triangles similar?
Yes, the two triangles are similar.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
105
5. From the given conditions, it is very important to note that two pairs of corresponding
angles are equal (i.e. ∠BAC = ∠YXZ and ∠ABC = ∠XYZ). Are these given conditions
enough to prove that the two triangles are similar?
Yes, these given conditions are enough to prove that the two triangles are similar.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Investigation, we can conclude that:

If two angles of a triangle are equal to the two corresponding angles of another
triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
Thinking Time
1. Why is the AAA Similarity Test not necessary?
K If...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
two angles of a triangle are given, the third unknown angle is a unique angle of the triangle.
E
Y As such, the AAA Similarity Test is not necessary.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Do two congruent triangles satisfy the AA Similarity Test? Is congruence a special

case of similarity?
Yes, two congruent triangles satisfy the AA Similarity Test. Congruence is a special case
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
similarity.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 4
Complete the proof to show that the following two triangles are similar.
A X
40 ํ Y
B 70 ํ C Z
106
Solution:
ACB = ∠ABC ∠ (The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.)
= 70 ํ
∠YXZ = ∠YZX (The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.)
= 180 ํ 2- 40 ํ
= 70 ํ
We have: ∠ABC = ∠YXZ = 70 ํ
∠ACB = ∠YZX = 70 ํ
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ YXZ.
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ YXZ.
Similar Questions
Exercise 3B Questions 1(1), 2(1)
Practice Now 3(1), 4(1)-(2), 5
Complete the proof to show that the following two triangles are similar. K
E
A X
75 ํ Z Y
60 ํ
60 ํ
B 45 ํ C
Y
∠ ABC = 180 ํ - 60 ํ - 45 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 75 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠YXZ = 180 ํ - 60 ํ - 75 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 45 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: ∠BAC = ∠ZYX = 45 ํ

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ACB = ∠YXZ = 60 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ YZX.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ YZX.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
107
2. Two SSS Triangles
Investigation
SSS Similarity Test
1. Construct ∆ DEF such that DE = 2 cm, EF = 3 cm and DF = 4 cm.
2. Construct ∆ PQR such that PQ = 4 cm, QR = 6 cm and PR = 8 cm.
Q
E 4 cm 6 cm
2 cm 3 cm
D F P R
4 cm 8 cm
K DE , EF and DF . Is DE = EF = DF ?
3. Calculate the ratios PQ
E DE QR PR PQ QR PR
Y = 24 = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PQ
EF = 3 = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
QR 6 2
DF = 8 = 124
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PR
Therefore, DE EF DF
PQ = QR = PR .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Measure all the angles of the two triangles which you have constructed.
Are ∠EDF = ∠QPR, ∠DEF = ∠PQR and ∠DFE = ∠PRQ?
∠ EDF = QPR, DEF = PQR and DFE = PRQ
∠ ∠ ∠ ∠ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Since all the corresponding angles of ∆ DEF and ∆ PQR are equal and all the three
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
108
6. From the given conditions, it is very important to note that three ratios of corresponding
DE = EF = DF ). Are these given conditions enough to prove
sides are equal (i.e. PQ QR PR
that the two triangles are similar?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

If the three ratios of the corresponding sides of two triangles are equal, then
the two triangles are similar.
Thinking Time
What are the similarities and the differences between the SSS Congruence Test and K
E
the SSS Similarity Test? Y
For both the SSS Congruence Test and the SSS Similarity Test, the three ratios of the corresponding
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sides of two triangles must be equal. However, for the SSS Congruence Test, the ratios of the
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
corresponding sides of the two triangles must be equal to 1.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 5
A
S 4m T
7.5 m 10 m
3m
6m
U
B C
15 m
109
Solution:
AB = 7.5 = 5
TU 3 2
AC = 10 = 5
TS 4 2
BC = 15 = 5
US 6 2
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC and ∆ TUS are equal.
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ TUS.
Similar Questions
Practice Now 3(2), 6
X
AB = 5 = 2
...........................................................................................................................
ZY 7.5 3
AC 6 2
A ZX = 9 = 3
...........................................................................................................................
5 cm 6 cm 9 cm BC = 8 = 2
...........................................................................................................................
YX 12 3
K B C
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of
...........................................................................................................................
E 8 cm
Y ABC and ∆ ZYX are equal.
Z ∆...........................................................................................................................
12 cm
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ ZYX.
...........................................................................................................................
7.5 cm
...........................................................................................................................
Y ...........................................................................................................................
3. Two SAS Triangles
Investigation
SAS Similarity Test
1. Construct ∆ ABC such that ∠ABC = 70 ,ํ AB = 3 cm and BC = 5 cm.
2. Construct ∆ PQR such that ∠PQR = 70 ,ํ PQ = 4.5 cm and QR = 7.5 cm.
110
P
A
4.5 cm
3 cm
B 70 ํ 5 cm C Q 70 ํ 7.5 cm R
3. Calculate the ratios PQ QR PQ QR

AB and BC . Is AB = BC ?
PQ = 4.5 3 QR 7.5 3
3 = 2 and BC = 5 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB
Therefore, PQ = QR .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB BC
4. Measure the length of AC and PR in the two triangles which you have constructed.
PR . Is PR = PQ = QR ?
Then, calculate AC
PR
AC AB BC
= PQ AB = BC
QR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Measure all the other unknown angles in the two triangles which you have constructed.
Are ∠BAC = ∠QPR and ∠ACB = ∠PRQ? K
E
∠ BAC = QPR and ACB = PRQ
∠ ∠ ∠
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Since all the corresponding angles of ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR are equal and all the three
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. From the given conditions, it is very important to note that two ratios of corresponding
sides are equal, and the pair of included angles are also equal (i.e. PQ QR
AB = BC and
∠PQR = ∠ABC). Are these given conditions enough to prove that the two triangles
are similar?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
111
If two ratios of the corresponding sides of two triangles are equal and the pair of
included angles are also equal, then the two triangles are similar.
Thinking Time
1. What are the similarities and the differences between the SAS Congruence Test and
the SAS Similarity Test?
For both the SAS Congruence Test and the SAS Similarity Test, the two ratios of the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
corresponding sides of two triangles must be equal and the pair of included angles must be
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
equal. However, for the SAS Congruence Test, the ratios of the corresponding sides of the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
two triangles must be equal to 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y 2. Unlike the need for the AAS Congruence Test, why is the AAS Similarity Test not
necessary?
Since the given conditions for the AA Similarity Test is enough, there is no need for AAS
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Similarity Test.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Is there any other similarity test to prove that two triangles are similar? Investigate
and explain your answer.
Yes. For the RHS Similarity Test, if the ratio of the hypotenuse and one side of right triangle
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
equal to the ratio of the hypotenuse and one side of another right triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
112
Worked Example 6
D
E F
G H
Solution:
ATTENTION
∠ EDF = ∠GDH (Common angle)
DE = 1 The common angle is the
DG 2 included angle between the given
DF 1 corresponding sides.
DH = 2
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ DEF and ∆ DGH are equal, and the
pair of included angles are also equal.
Therefore, ∆ DEF is similar to ∆ DGH. K
E
Similar Questions Y
Practice Now 3(3), 4(3)-(4)
M ∠ JLK = NLM ∠ (Opposite angles are equal.)
...........................................................................................................................
JL 3 5
NL = 5.4 = 9
...........................................................................................................................
J 7.2 m KL 4 5
3m ML = 7.2 = 9
...........................................................................................................................
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of

...........................................................................................................................
L ∆ JKL and ∆ NML are equal, and the pair of
...........................................................................................................................
4m
5.4 m included angles are also equal.
...........................................................................................................................
K
Therefore, ∆ JKL is similar to ∆ NML.
...........................................................................................................................
N
...........................................................................................................................
113
Worked Example 7
In the diagram, ∆ ABF ≅ ∆ CFG, GF is parallel to AB, AB = CF = 12 cm, BF = FG,
DF = 4 cm and EB = 7 cm.
C
12 cm
G F
D 4 cm
A E B
7 cm
1) Show that ∆ CDF is similar to ∆ ADE.
2) Find the length of DE.
Solution:
K 1) ∠CDF = ∠ADE (Opposite angles are equal.)
E ∠FCG = ∠BAF (∆ ABF ≅ ∆ CFG) PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
Y
Since the length of ∆ ADE is not
We have ∠FCD = ∠DAE. given, we may consider using the
The two angles of ∆ CDF are equal to the two AA Similarity Test.
corresponding angles of ∆ ADE.
Therefore, ∆ CDF is similar to ∆ ADE.
2) Since ∆ CDF is similar to ∆ ADE,
we have DE DF = CF
AE
DE = AB - EB
DF CF
DE = 12 - 7
4 12
DE = 125 × 4
= 1 23.
Therefore, DE = 1 23 cm.
114
Similar Questions
In the diagram, ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ ECG, BC is parallel to EG, AC = EG = 15 cm, BC = CG,
CD = 5 cm and FG = 9 cm.
A
15 cm
B C
D 5 cm
E F 9 cm G
1) Show that ∆ ACD is similar to ∆ EFD.

∠ ADC = EDF ∠ (Opposite angles are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BAC = ∠CEG (∆ ABC ≅ ∆ ECG)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have ∠DAC = ∠DEF.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
The two angles of ∆ ACD are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ EFD.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
Therefore, ∆ ACD is similar to ∆ EFD.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the length of DE.

Since ∆ ACD is similar to ∆ EFD,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have DC DF = EF
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC
DF EG - FG
DC = AC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DF = 15 - 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 15
DF = 15 × 5 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, DE = 2 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
115
Exercise 3B
Basic Level
1. Identify a pair of similar triangles from the following triangles based on each of
the following similarity tests.
8 cm 12 cm 7.8 cm 75 ํ
40 ํ
75 ํ 40 ํ 12 cm
40 ํ 8 cm
(a) (b) (c)
15.4 cm 4 cm
18 cm
3.9 cm
40 ํ 85 ํ 6 cm
K 24 cm 40 ํ 12 cm
E
Y (d) (e) (f)
55 ํ
8 cm 4.5 cm 6 cm
40 ํ
40 ํ
(g) (h)
1) AA Similarity Test
Comparing triangles (a) and (c), the two angles of triangle (a) are equal to the two corresponding
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
angles of triangle (c).

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the two triangles are similar.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Comparing triangles (e) and (g), the two angles of triangle (e) are equal to the two corresponding
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
angles of triangle (g).

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
116
2) SSS Similarity Test
Comparing triangles (b) and (f), the three ratios of the corresponding sides of triangle (b)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and triangle (f) are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) SAS Similarity Test

Comparing triangles (d) and (h), the two ratios of the corresponding sides of triangle (d) and
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
triangle (h) are equal, and the pair of included angles are also equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
Y
2. Complete the proof to show that each pair of triangles are similar.
1) A
S 70 ํ
70 ํ
B 60 ํ C
T 50 ํ U
∠ STU = 180 ํ - 70 ํ - 50 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BAC = ∠TSU = 70 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABC = ∠STU = 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ STU.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ STU.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
117
2) 24 cm
L X Y
5 cm 7 cm
M 8 cm N 15 cm
21 cm
Z
XY 24
NM = 8 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XZ 21
NL = 7 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
YZ 15
ML = 5 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ XYZ and ∆ NML are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ XYZ is similar to ∆ NML.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E G
Y 3)
D 9 cm
I
6 cm
6 cm
E 4 cm F
H
∠ DEF = G H = 90 ํ ∠ I
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DE = 6 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
GI 9 3
EF = 6 = 23 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
IH
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ DEF and ∆ GIH are equal, and the pair of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
included angles are also equal.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ DEF is similar to ∆ GIH.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
118
3. Determine whether each of the following pairs of triangles are similar.
1)
60 ํ 50 ํ
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the smaller isosceles triangle,
its smallest angle = 180 ํ - 60 ํ - 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 60 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the larger isosceles triangle,
its smallest angle = 180 ํ 2- 50 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 65 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of the smaller triangle are not equal to the two corresponding angles of the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
larger triangle.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
Therefore, the two triangles are not similar.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
2)
15 m 8m
45 m
22.5 m 17 m
30 m
According to the two triangles, the ratios of the corresponding sides are as follows:
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
22.5 = 0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45
15 = 0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
8
17 ≈ 0.47
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of both triangles are not equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
119
3)
7 mm 15 mm
110 ํ
10 mm 110 ํ
25 mm
According to these two triangles, the included angle equals 110 ํ and the ratios of the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
corresponding sides are as follows:

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 = 0.4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25
7
15 ≈ 0.47
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The ratios of the corresponding sides of both triangles are not equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E Intermediate Level
Y
4. Prove that each pair of similar triangle is similar.
1) B
A C E
D
∠ ABC = EDC ∠ (Alternate angles are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ACB = ∠ECD (Opposite angles are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ EDC.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ EDC.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
120
2) F G
J H
∠I JH = ∠I FG (Corresponding angles on the same side of the transversal

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ I JH = FG ∠ I (Common angle)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ IJH are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ IFG.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ IJH is similar to ∆ IFG.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
3) Q Y
P 4 cm
3 cm R
6 cm
8 cm T
S
∠ PRQ = TRS ∠ (Opposite angles are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PR = 3 = 0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TR 6
QR 4
SR = 8 = 0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ PQR and ∆ TSR are equal, and the pair of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ PQR is similar to ∆ TSR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
121
X
4) 4m
V
8m
U
10 m
W 5m Y
∠ VUW = UY ∠X (Common angle)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UV = 8 = 8 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UX 8+4 12 3
UW 10 10 2
UY = 10 + 5 = 15 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ UVW and ∆ UXY are equal, and the pair of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ UVW is similar to ∆ UXY.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 5. Find the values of the unknowns in the following figures.

E A
Y 1)
x D
9m 5m
C y
6m
4m
B
E
∠ BAC = DEC ∠ (Alternate angles are equal.) DE = DC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BA BC
∠ ACB = ∠ ECD (Common angle) y = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 6
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two y = 56 × 9 = 7.5 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
corresponding angles of ∆ EDC.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ EDC.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: AC EC = DC
BC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x 6
4 = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 65 × 4 = 4.8 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
122
3m A
B
2)
y 4 6m
C
3m
D x E
∠ ABC = AED ∠ (Given) AB = AC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AE AD
BAC = ∠EAD 3 6
∠ (Common angle) 9 = 3+y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two 3(3 + y) = 54

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
corresponding angles of ∆ AED. 3 + y = 18

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ AED. y = 15 m

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: CB DE = AE
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB
x 6 +3
4 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 93 × 4 = 12 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. In the diagram, AB = 5 cm, AD = 2 cm, BD = 6 cm, CD = 15 cm, BC = 18 cm

K
and ∠BDC = 110.5 ํ. E
B Y
18 cm
5 cm 6 cm
A 110.5 ํ
2 cm D 15 cm C
1) Prove that ∆ CDB and ∆ BAD are similar.

AB 5 1
DC = 15 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BD 6 1
CB = 18 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AD = 2 = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DB 6 3
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ CDB and ∆ BAD are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ CDB is similar to ∆ BAD.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
123
2) Find the size of ∠DAB.
Since ∆ CDB is similar to ∆ BAD,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have ∠DAB = ∠CDB = 110.5 ํ.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. In the diagram, U divides YX into the ratio 2 : 3. □ UVWX is a rhombus in which

UV = 18 cm. Find the lengths of XY and WZ.
Y
18 cm
U V
K
E
Y
X W Z
Since UX = UV = 18 cm and YU : UX = 2 : 3,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have UY = 23 × 18 = 12 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since XY = XU + UY,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have XY = 18 + 12 = 30 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to the diagram, the two angles of ∆ YUV are equal to the two corresponding angles
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ YXZ.
Therefore, ∆ YUV is similar to ∆ YXZ.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have UV XZ = XY
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UY
18 + WZ 5
18 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18 + WZ = 45
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
WZ = 27 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
124
8. In the diagram, ∠ABC = ∠BDC = 90 ํ, AD = 3 m and BD = 4 m.
B
4m
A 3m D C
1) Identify three similar triangles and prove that they are similar.
∠ ABC = BDC = 90 ํ ∠ ∠ ABC = ADB = 90 ํ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ BCA = ∠DCB (Common angle) ∠BAC = ∠DAB (Common angle)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ BAC are equal to The two angles of ∆ BAC are equal to the two
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the two corresponding angles of ∆ DBC. corresponding angles of ∆ DAB.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ BAC is similar to ∆ DBC. Therefore, ∆ BAC is similar to ∆ DAB.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hence, ∆ BAC, ∆ DBC and ∆ DAB are similar.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the length of BC and CD.

From Pythagoras’ theorem, From Pythagoras’ theorem,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
we have AB = 32 + 42 we have CD = (6 23) - 42
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5 m. = 256
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9
Since ∆ BAC, ∆ DBC and ∆ DAB = 3 16
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
are similar, = 5 13 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have BC DB = AD
AB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 3
BC = 53 × 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6 23 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
125
Advanced Level
9. In the diagram, PQ, RS and TU are parallel lines, QS = 8 cm, SU = 4 cm,
QR = 12 cm and RU = 6 cm. P
T
R
12 cm 6 cm
U
Q 8 cm S 4 cm
1) Find the length of RT and PR.
∆ QTU is similar to QRS. ∆ ∆ QPU is similar to SRU. ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have QR QT = QU We have RU PU = QU
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
QS SU
12 + RT = 8 + 4 PR + 6 = 8 +4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 12 8 6 4
E 12 + RT 3 PR + 6
Y 12 = 2 6 = 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12 + RT = 18 PR + 6 = 18
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
RT = 6 cm. PR = 12 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Calculate the ratio PQ : TU.

∆ QPR is similar to TUR. ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have PQ TU = TR
QR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PQ = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TU 6
= 2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, PQ : TU = 2 : 1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
126
3.3 Real-life applications of Similar
Triangles
In this section, we will apply the concepts of similar triangles to solving problems
in mathematics and real-life situations.
Worked Example 8
The diagram below shows how far apart two beams of radiation must be placed so that
they will not overlap at the spinal cord, or else a double dose of radiation will endanger
the patient. Let points A and B be sources of radiation.
Sources of Radiation
A B
90 cm
K
E
Y
C 14 cm D Back of patient
6 cm
E F
Spinal cord
Find the distance between the two radiation sources A and B.
Solution:
EF AE
CD = AC
EF = 90 + 6
14 90
96
EF = 90 × 14
≈ 14.93 cm
Since AB = 2 × EF,
we have AB ≈ 2 × 14.93
= 29.86 cm.
Therefore, the distance between the two radiation sources A and B is approximately
29.86 cm.
127
Similar Questions
To estimate the width of a river, a man stands at C B
such that BC is perpendicular to the river bank as
shown in the diagram. He then walks perpendicular
to BC for 10 meters until he reaches A where he
plants a vertical pole. He continues to walk another
2 meters until point E before he walks along ED River
such that ∠AED = 90 ํ. He stops walking when
he reaches D, where DAB forms a straight line.
He measures and finds that the length of DE =
11.2 m. Find the length of BC.
C 10 m A E
2 m 11.2 m
D
K
E
Y
According to ∆ ABC and ∆ ADE,
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: ∠CAB = ∠EAD

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BCA = ∠DEA
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ ADE.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ ADE.

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have BC DE = AE
AC
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC 10
11.2 = 2
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC = 102 × 11.2
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 56 m.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the width of the river from points B to C is 56 m.

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
128
Exercise 3C
Basic Level
1. In the diagram, a pole is 4 m high and forms a straight line with the tree. The
shadow of the pole is 15 m long and that of the tree is 30 m long. Find the height
of the tree. S
P
4m
O 15 m Q 30 m R
Since ∆ SOR is similar to ∆ POQ,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have PQ SR = OR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OQ
SR = 30
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 15
SR = 30 15 × 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8 m.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
Therefore, the height of the tree is 8 m. E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
Screen
2. A candle is placed 15 cm from a convex lens, and a C Convex lens
screen is placed at a distance of x cm from the lens B x
A D
as shown in the diagram. The image of the candle 15 cm
captured on the screen is invented and is 3 times the
length of the candle. Find the distance between the E
convex lens and the screen.

Given that the image of the candle is 3 times the length of the candle,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have AC DE = 3.
1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ DBE,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have BD BA = AC
DE
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x 3
15 = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 45.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance between the convex lens and the screen is 45 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
129
Summary
1. Similar figures
1) Two figures are similar if they have exactly the same shape, but not necessary
the same size. If two similar figures also have exactly the same size, then they
are congruent. In other words, congruence is a special case of similarity.
2) If two polygons are similar,
2. Similar triangles
Two AA triangles
A X If two angles of a triangle are equal to the
two corresponding angles of another triangle,
B C Y Z then the two triangles are similar.
K
E
Y
Two SSS triangles
A X If the three ratios of the corresponding sides of
c b z y two triangles are equal, then the two triangles
B a C Y x Z are similar.
Two SAS triangles

X If two ratios of the corresponding sides of two
A
b y triangles are equal and the pair of included
B C Y Z
angles are also equal, then the two triangles
a x
are similar.
130
Review Exercise 3
1. Prove that each pair of triangles is similar.
C
1) 60 ํ
A
P
80 ํ
40 ํ
Q 40 ํ R
B
Since the sum of interior angles of a triangle Therefore, ∠ABC = ∠PQR = 40 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
180 ,ํ ∠BCA = ∠QRP = 60 ํ
we have: ∠CAB = 180 ํ - 40 ํ - 60 ํ ∠CAB = ∠RPQ = 80 ํ.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 80 ํ The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠QRP = 180 ํ - 40 ํ - 80 ํ corresponding angles of ∆ PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 60 ํ Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
2) 5.4 cm S
D T
3 cm 6 cm 6.84 cm 10.8 cm
E
3.8 cm F
U
DE = 3 = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ST 5.4 9
EF 3.8 5
TU = 6.84 = 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DF 6 5
SU = 10.8 = 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ DEF and ∆ STU are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ DEF is similar to ∆ STU.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
131
2. Given that ∆ LMN is similar to ∆ ZXY, find the values of the unknowns.
Since ∆ LMN is similar to ∆ ZXY,
...........................................................................................................................
N
10 cm we have: a ํ = ∠MLN
...........................................................................................................................
L aํ = ∠XZY
...........................................................................................................................
6 cm X
M = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 37 ํ
...........................................................................................................................
9 cm
= 53 ํ
...........................................................................................................................
Z YZ = XZ
...........................................................................................................................
NL ML
b 37 ํ b 9
Y 10 = 6
...........................................................................................................................
b = 96 × 10
...........................................................................................................................
= 15 cm
...........................................................................................................................
3. Given that □ ABCD is similar to □ PQRS, find the values of the unknowns.
A 8 cm B Since □ ABCD is similar to □ PQRS,
...........................................................................................................................
P 6 cm Q we have: x ํ = ∠BCD
...........................................................................................................................
K
E 12 cm = ∠QRS
...........................................................................................................................
Y y
= 85 ํ
...........................................................................................................................
PS PQ
AD = AB
xํ 85 ํ R ...........................................................................................................................
D C S
y 6
12 = 8
...........................................................................................................................
y = 68 × 12
...........................................................................................................................
= 9 cm
...........................................................................................................................
4. It is given that ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR, ∠CAB = 60 ํ, AB = 6 cm, AC = 8 cm

and PR = 10 cm. Find the following.
1) The size of ∠RPQ 2) The length of PQ
Since ABC is similar to PQR,
∆ ∆
……………………………………………………………………………….. Since ABC is similar to PQR,
∆ ∆
………………………………………………………………………………..
we have ∠RPQ = ∠CAB
……………………………………………………………………………….. we have PQ AB = AC
PR
………………………………………………………………………………..
= 60 ํ. PQ = 10
……………………………………………………………………………….. 6 8
………………………………………………………………………………..
PQ = 8 × 610
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. = 7.5 cm.

………………………………………………………………………………..
132
5. Which of the following pairs of triangles are similar? If they are similar, state the
reason for similarity.
1) R
40 ํ
A P
75 ํ
65 ํ
40 ํ
Q
B C
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have ∠ABC = 180 ํ - 40 ํ - 75 ํ = 65 ํ.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∠ABC = ∠PQR = 65 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BCA = ∠QRP = 40 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ PQR.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2) A
25 ํ
P
120 ํ
120 ํ
B C Q 45 ํ R
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: ∠ACB = 180 ํ - 120 ํ - 25 ํ = 35 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠QRP = 180 ํ - 120 ํ - 45 ํ = 15 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABC are not equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ QPR.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is not similar to ∆ QPR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
133
A
3) 2 cm 5 cm
B 6 cm C
Q 12 cm R
4 cm 10 cm
P
AB 2 1
PQ = 4 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC 6 1
QR = 12 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC = 5 = 1
PR 10 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 4) B 4 cm
1 cm C
A 3.5 cm P
2 cm 7.5 cm
Q 8 cm R
AB 1
PQ = 2 = 0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC 4
QR = 8 = 0.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC = 3.5 ≈ 0.47
PR 7.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The three ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR are not equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is not similar to ∆ PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
134
B
5)
6 cm 2 cm R
P 70 ํ
3 cm
70 ํ A
Q
5 cm
C
∠ BAC = QPR = 70 ํ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB 6
PQ = 3 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC = 5 = 2.5
PR 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC and ∆ PRQ are not equal although the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
pair of included angles are equal.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABC is not similar to ∆ PRQ.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
A E
6) P Y
4.5 cm
9 cm
R 3.5 cm Q
B 7 cm C
∠ ABC = PQR = 90 ํ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC = 9 = 2
PR 4.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC 7
QR = 3.5 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two ratios of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR are equal, and the pair of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
135
6. In each of the following figures, find the value of each of the unknowns.
1) A
5 cm 7.4 cm
B C
4 cm a
D E
Since ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ ADE,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have AC AE = AD
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB
7.4 + a 5 +4
7.4 = 5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.4 + a = 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.4 5
5(7.4 + a) = 66.6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
37 + 5a = 66.6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5a = 29.6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K a = 5.92 cm.
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y E
2)
B b
7 cm
8 cm c
C
10 cm 11 cm
A D
Since ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ EDC, ED = CD
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB CB
we have: AC = CB EC CD c 11
8 = 7
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
b 11
10 = 7 7c = 88
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7b = 110 c = 12 47 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
b = 15 57 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
136
P
3) e
9 cm 6 cm Y
3 cm
X Q B
4 cm d
A R
Since ∆ PXQ is similar to ∆ PAR, Since ∆ PQY is similar to ∆ PRB,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have PQ PR = PA we have PY PQ
PX PB = PR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6+d = 9+4 e 6
6 9 e + 3 = 6 + 22
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
54 + 9d = 78 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9d = 24 8 23 e = 6e + 18
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d = 2 23 cm. 2 23 e = 18
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
e = 6 34 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
7. In the figure, ∆ QPR is a right triangle, where PS is perpendicular to QR, PQ = 8 cm, Y
PR = 6 cm and QR = 10 cm.
P
8 cm 6 cm
Q S R
10 cm
1) Name a triangle similar to ∆ PQS. 2) Calculate the length of QS.
According to RQP,
∆
……………………………………………………………………………….. Since PQS is similar to RQP,
∆ ∆
………………………………………………………………………………..
we have: ∠PQS = ∠RQP

……………………………………………………………………………….. we have QSQP = QR
QP
………………………………………………………………………………..
∠QSP = ∠QPR
………………………………………………………………………………..
QS = 8
………………………………………………………………………………..
8 10
The two angles of ∆ PQS are equal to the
……………………………………………………………………………….. 10QS = 64
………………………………………………………………………………..
two corresponding angles of ∆ RQP.

……………………………………………………………………………….. QS = 6.4 cm.
………………………………………………………………………………..
Therefore, ∆ PQS is similar to ∆ RQP.

……………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………..
137
8. In the diagram, BH is parallel to AG, AC is parallel to FH, AB = 10 cm, BC = 6 cm,
AE = 16 cm and DH = 18 cm.
C
6 cm 18 cm
B D H
10 cm
A 16 cm E G
F
1) Identify two triangles similar to ∆ BCD.
Consider ∆ ACE. Consider ∆ GFE.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since corresponding angles on the same side of Since corresponding angles on the same side of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the transversal are equal and common angles the transversal are equal and alternate angles
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
are also equal, are also equal,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have ∠CBD = ∠CAE and ∠BCD = ∠ACE. we have ∠CBD = ∠CAE and ∠CAE = ∠FGE.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E The two angles of ∆ BCD are equal to the two Therefore, ∠CBD = ∠FGE and ∠BCD = ∠GFE.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
corresponding angles of ∆ ACE. The two angles of ∆ BCD are equal to the two
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ BCD is similar to ∆ ACE. corresponding angles of ∆ GFE.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ BCD is similar to ∆ GFE.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Calculate the length of BD.

Since ∆ BCD is similar to ∆ ACE,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have BD AE = AC
BC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BD = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 10 + 6
16BD = 96
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BD = 6 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
138
3) Find the lengths of EG and FH.
BH = 18 + 6 Since BCD is similar to GFE,
∆ ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 24 cm we have CB FG = EG
DB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AG = BH FG 8
6 = 6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 24 cm FG = 8 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since EG = AG - AE, Since FH = FG + GH,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have EG = 24 - 16 we have FH = 8 + 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8 cm. = 18 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. In the diagram, PQ is parallel to NR, SP is parallel to RQ, QL = 8 cm, LM =

PL = 4 cm, MN = 12 cm and QR = 12 cm.
K
P Q E
4 cm Y
8 cm
L
M 4 cm 12 cm
12 cm
N S R
1) Name a triangle similar to ∆ PLQ.

∠ QPL = NRL ∠ (Alternate angles are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PLQ = ∠RLN (Opposite angles are equal.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ PLQ are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ RLN.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ PLQ is similar to ∆ RLN.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
139
2) Calculate the length of LR.
Since ∆ PLQ is similar to ∆ RLN,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have LR LP = LQ
LN
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
LR = 12 + 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 8
8LR = 64
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
LR = 8 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Name a triangle similar to ∆ NQR.

∠ NRQ = ∠ NSM (Corresponding angles on the same side of the transversal are
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ QNR = MNS ∠ (Common angle)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ NQR are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ NMS.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ NQR is similar to ∆ NMS.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y 4) Calculate the length of MS.
Since ∆ NQR is similar to ∆ NMS,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have MS QR = NQ
NM
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MS = 12
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12 24
MS 1
12 = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MS = 6 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) Name other three pairs of similar triangles.

∆ PLM is similar to RLQ. ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ PQM is similar to ∆ SNM.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ PQM is similar to ∆ RNQ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
140
10. In the diagram, SU is parallel to PQ, ∠RPQ = 90 ํ, SR = SP = 9 cm, TU = 5 cm,
RU = 7 cm.
R
9 cm 7 cm
S T 5 cm U
9 cm
P Q
1) Identify two triangles which are congruent.
SR = SP = 9 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ST = ST (Common side)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠STR = ∠STP = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ STR ≅ ∆ STP. (SAS)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the lengths of UQ and PQ.

∠ RTU = ∠ RPQ (Corresponding angles on the same side of the transversal are
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ TRU = PRQ ∠ (Common angle)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ RTU are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ RPQ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ RTU is similar to ∆ RPQ.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since ∆ STR ≅ ∆ STP, TP = RT and ∆ RTU is similar to ∆ RPQ,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: RQ RU = RT
RP PQ = RP
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TU RT
7 + UQ 2 PQ 2
7 = 1 5 = 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 + UQ = 14 PQ = 10 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UQ = 7 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
141
11. In ∆ CAT, M is the midpoint of CT, ∠CAN = ∠PAN, and CP is a straight line that
is perpendicular to NA at point N.
C
M
N
T P A
1) Explain why ∆ CAN is congruent with ∆ PAN.

AN = AN (Common side)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠CAN = ∠PAN (Given)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ANC = ∠ANP = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ CAN ≅ ∆ PAN. (AAS)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Explain why □ MTAN is a trapezium.

Since ∆ CAN ≅ ∆ PAN, The two ratios of the corresponding sides of
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have CN = PN ∆ CMN and ∆ CTP are equal, and the pair of

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CN = 1. included angles are also equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CP 2
Since M is the midpoint of CT, ∆ CMN is similar to ∆ CTP.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have CM CT = 2.
1 Then, ∠CNM = ∠CPT and MN is parallel
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to ∆ CMN and ∆ CTP, to TA.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have ∠MCN = ∠TCP. Therefore, □ MTAN is a trapezium.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
142
Challenge Yourself
In the figure, APD and BPQ are straight lines. AB, PC and QD are perpendicular to
BCD. It is given that AB = 4 cm and QD = 6 cm.
Q
A
P 6 cm
4 cm
B C D
1) Name three pairs of similar triangles.

According to ∆ DPC and ∆ DAB, According to ∆ ABP and ∆ DQP,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: ∠DCP = ∠DBA = 90 ํ we have: ∠ABP = ∠DQP
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠CDP = ∠BDA ∠APB = ∠DPQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ DPC is similar to ∆ DAB. Therefore, ∆ ABP is similar to ∆ DQP.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to ∆ BPC and ∆ BQD,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
we have: ∠BCP = 180 ํ - 90 ํ = 90 ํ E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
∠BCP = ∠BDQ = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠CBP = ∠DBQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ BPC is similar to ∆ BQD.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Find the ratio of the length of BC to the length of CD.

According to ∆ ABD, That is, CD BD × 4 = BD × 6
BC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: CD BD = AB
PC 4CD = 6BC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PC = CD BD × 4
BC
CD = 6
4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
According to ∆ BDQ, = 23.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have: BC BD = QD
PC Therefore, the ratio of the length of BC to the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PC = BC BD × 6 length of CD is 2 : 3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
143
K
E
Y
144
Chapter 4
Trigonometric
Ratios
In engineering, surveyors use theodolites often in
their course of work to measure angles horizontally and
vertically. A good knowledge of trigonometry is required
to evaluate and analyze the measurements. Trigonometry
also enables us the height of many tall objects such as
trees and buildings easily. K
E
Y
Indicator
• Understand and apply trigonometry to solving mathematical
and real-world problems. (MA 2.2 G. 9/2)
Compulsory Details
• Trigonometric ratios
• Applications of trigonometric ratios of 30, 45, and 60 degree
angles to solving problems
145
4.1 Trigonometric Ratios
In this chapter, we will learn another branch of mathematics known as trigonometry.
Investigation
Trigonometric ratios
Do the following steps and answer the questions.
1. Draw ∆ ABC on a piece of paper, where ∠CAB = 30 ํ and ∠BCA = 90 ํ. You can
choose any length for AC but try to draw the triangle as big as possible.
2. Measure and write down the lengths of ∆ ABC.
AB = ..................... cm BC = ..................... cm AC = ..................... cm
K
E 3. Find the ratios BC AC BC
AB , AB and AC, giving each of your answers correct to 2 decimal
Y
places.
BC = 0.50 AC BC
AB ≈ 0.87 and AC ≈ 0.58
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Based on the triangles which you and your classmate have drawn, answer the
following questions.
1) Is your classmate’s triangle in 1. congruent or similar to yours?
The two triangles are similar. The corresponding angles in both triangles are equal.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Compare the three ratios obtained by your classmate in 3. with yours.

What can you say about the values?
The values of the ratios are the same.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
146
3) What is the condition for two right triangles to have the same set of ratios
BC, AC and BC ?
AB AB AC
The two right triangles must be similar triangles.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. The given figure shows ∆ ABC, where ∠C = 90 ํ.

B
C A
1) We have learned that the longest side of a right triangle is called the hypotenuse.
Label the hypotenuse in ∆ ABC. K
E
2) With respect to ∠A in the figure, the side opposite ∠A is called the opposite Y
side. Label the opposite side in ∆ ABC.
3) With respect to ∠A in the figure, there are two sides adjacent to ∠A. One of them
is the hypotenuse. The other side is called the adjacent side. Label the adjacent
side. in ∆ ABC.
6. In terms of the hypotenuse, the opposite side and the adjacent side, the ratio BC
AB can
be rewritten as opposite side . Write down an expression for AC BC
AB and AC, respectively.
hypotenuse adjacent side .
AC can be rewritten as
AB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
hypotenuse
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC can be rewritten as opposite side .
AC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
adjacent side
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
147
From Investigation, we can see that for any two similar right triangles, the three
ratios in 3. and 6. are always equal.
B
Definition
hypotenuse
opposite
C A
adjacent
In a triangle ABC, if ∠C = 90 ํ,
then BC = opposite side is called the sine of ∠A, or sin A = opposite side ,
AB hypotenuse hypotenuse
AC = adjacent side is called the cosine of ∠A, or cos A = adjacent side,
AB hypotenuse hypotenuse
BC = opposite side is called the tangent of ∠A, or tan A = opposite side.
AC adjacent side adjacent side
K
E
Y
These three ratios are known as trigonometric ratios, and they are numbers without
any units because they are ratios of one length to another length.
Thinking Time
Consider ∆ XYZ, where ∠Y = 90 ํ and ∠X = 50 ํ. Are the trigonometric ratios of ∠X the
same as those of ∠A in the previous Investigation? Do trigonometric ratios depend on
the value of the angle? Explain your answer.
sin 50 ํ sin 30 ํ, cos 50 ํ cos 30 ํ, tan 50 ํ tan 30 ํ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Trigonometric ratios depend on the value of the angle because they affect the lengths of the
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sides of the triangle, and hence the ratios.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
148
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4A Questions 1, 2(1), 3(1)
B
1. In ∆ ABC, ∠C = 90 ํ. Name the following.
1) The hypotenuse A C
AB is the hypotenuse.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The side opposite to ∠A

BC is the side opposite to A. ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) The side adjacent to ∠A

AC is the side adjacent to A. ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
R 4 cm P
2. In ∆ PQR, PR = 4 cm, RQ = 3 cm, PQ = 5 cm and
∠R = 90 .ํ State the value of the following trigonometric 3 cm 5 cm
ratios. Q
sin P cos P tan P
sin P = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos P = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan P = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
QR PR QR K
=
..........................................................................
PQ =
..........................................................................
PQ =
..........................................................................
PR E
Y
= 35
.......................................................................... = 45
.......................................................................... = 34
..........................................................................
sin Q cos Q tan Q

sin Q = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos Q = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan Q = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
= PQ PR
.......................................................................... = PQ QR
.......................................................................... = QR PR
..........................................................................
= 45
.......................................................................... = 35
.......................................................................... = 43
..........................................................................
3. In ∆ ABC, AB = c m, BC = a m, AC = b m and B
cm
∠C = 90 ํ.
am A
1) Write down expressions for the following trigonometric ratios. bm
C
sin A cos A tan A
sin A = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos A = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan A = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
= BC
.......................................................................... = AC
.......................................................................... = BC
..........................................................................
AB AB AC
= c a
.......................................................................... = c b
.......................................................................... = ab
..........................................................................
149
sin B cos B tan B
sin B = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos B = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan B = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
= AB AC
.......................................................................... = AB BC
.......................................................................... = BC AC
..........................................................................
= bc
.......................................................................... = ac
.......................................................................... = ba
..........................................................................
2) What do you realize about sin A and cos B?

sin A = cos B = ac
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) What do you realize about cos A and sin B?

cos A = sin B = bc
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) What do you realize about tan A and tan B?

tan A = ab and tan B = ba ; therefore, tan A = tan1 B.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) What do you realize about sin A, cos A and tan A?

Since a ÷ b = a, then sin A = tan A.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K c c b cos A
E
Y
From Practice Now Question 3., we see that ∆ ABC is a triangle where ∠C is the
right angle, and the relationships between the trigonometric ratios of ∠A and ∠B are
as follows:
B • sin A = cos B
c
• cos A = sin B
a • tan A = tan1 B
• sin A
A b C cos A = tan A, where cos A 0
Since A = 90 ํ - B and B = 90 ํ - A,
we have sin A = cos B = cos (90 ํ - A)
cos A = sin B = sin (90 ํ - A)
and tan A = tan1 B = tan (901 ํ - A).
150
Apart from the trigonometric ratios, i.e. sine, cosine and tangent, there are the other
three trigonometric ratios that are the reciprocals of the first three ratios as follows:
1) The cosecant A, represented by cosec A, is the reciprocal of sine A, i.e.
cosec A = sin1 A , where sin A 0.
2) The secant A, represented by sec A, is the reciprocal of cos A, i.e.
sec A = cos1 A , where cos A 0.
3) The cotangent A, represented by cot A, is the reciprocal of tan A, i.e.
cot A = tan1 A , where tan A 0.
Worked Example 1
In ∆ ABC, AB = 13 cm, AC = 12 cm, BC = 5 cm B
13 cm
and ∠C = 90 ํ. Find cosec A, sec A and cot A. 5 cm
Solution: A 12 cm C
Since cosec A = sin1 A , we have cosec A = 15 = 135; K
13 E
Y
sec A = cos A , we have sec A = 121 = 13
1
12;
13
cot A = tan A , we have cot A = 15 = 125.
1
12
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4A Questions 2(2), 3(2)
B
In ∆ ABC, AB = 10 cm, AC = 8 cm, BC = 6 cm
and ∠C = 90 ํ. Find cosec A, sec A and cot A. 10 cm 6 cm
A 8 cm C
Since cosec A = sin1 A , Since sec A = cos1 A, Since cot A = tan1 A,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have cosec A = 16 we have sec A = 18 we have cot A = 16

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 10 8
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 106 = 53. = 108 = 54. = 86 = 43.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
151
Finding Trigonometric Ratios by Given Angles
The following figure shows a right triangle, where ∠A = 25 ํ and ∠C = 90 ํ.
B
C 25 ํ A
If we measure the length of AB and of BC in the figure and find the ratio BC
AB , the
value that we obtain is approximately 0.42.
The following figure shows a right triangle, where ∠A = 35 ํ and ∠C = 90 ํ.
B
K
E
Y
C 35 ํ A
If we measure the length of AB and of BC in the figure and find the ratio BC AB , the
value that we obtain is approximately 0.57.
Since the ratio BC
AB is equal to the trigonometric ratio sin A, by repeating this method
with other right triangles, where 0 ํ < A < 90 ํ, we will be able to obtain a table of values
for the sine ratios. Similarly, we can repeat this for AC BC
AB and AC for different values of
A, where 0 ํ < A < 90 ํ to obtain tables of values for the cosine and the tangent ratios,
respectively.
1) Finding trigonometric ratios of angles from 0 ํ to 90 ํ by tables
In any triangle where the size of one angle is 0 ํ to 90 ํ, we can find the sine,
cosine and tangent of that angle from the following table, in which the angle size is an
integer correct to 3 decimal places.
152
A sin A cos A tan A A sin A cos A tan A
1ํ .017 .999 .017 31 ํ .515 .857 .601
2ํ .035 .999 .035 32 ํ .530 .848 .625
3ํ .052 .999 .052 33 ํ .545 .839 .649
4ํ .070 .998 .070 34 ํ .559 .829 .675
5ํ .087 .996 .087 35 ํ .574 .819 .700
6ํ .105 .995 .105 36 ํ .588 .809 .727
7ํ .122 .993 .123 37 ํ .602 .799 .754
8ํ .139 .990 .141 38 ํ .616 .788 .781
9ํ .156 .988 .158 39 ํ .629 .777 .810
10 ํ .174 .985 .176 40 ํ .643 .766 .839
11 ํ .191 .982 .194 41 ํ .656 .755 .869
12 ํ .208 .978 .213 42 ํ .669 .743 .900
13 ํ .225 .974 .231 43 ํ .682 .731 .933
14 ํ .242 .970 .249 44 ํ .695 .719 .966
15 ํ .259 .966 .268 45 ํ .707 .707 1.000 K
E
16 ํ .276 .961 .287 46 ํ .719 .695 1.036 Y
17 ํ .292 .956 .306 47 ํ .731 .682 1.072
18 ํ .309 .951 .325 48 ํ .743 .669 1.111
19 ํ .326 .946 .344 49 ํ .755 .656 1.150
20 ํ .342 .940 .364 50 ํ .766 .643 1.192
21 ํ .358 .934 .384 51 ํ .777 .629 1.235
22 ํ .375 .927 .404 52 ํ .788 .616 1.280
23 ํ .391 .921 .424 53 ํ .799 .602 1.327
24 ํ .407 .914 .445 54 ํ .809 .588 1.376
25 ํ .423 .906 .466 55 ํ .819 .574 1.428
26 ํ .438 .899 .488 56 ํ .829 .559 1.483
27 ํ .454 .891 .510 57 ํ .839 .545 1.540
28 ํ .469 .883 .532 58 ํ .848 .530 1.600
29 ํ .485 .875 .554 59 ํ .857 .515 1.664
30 ํ .500 .866 .577 60 ํ .866 .500 1.732
153
A sin A cos A tan A A sin A cos A tan A
61 ํ .875 .485 1.804 76 ํ .970 .242 4.011
62 ํ .883 .469 1.881 77 ํ .974 .225 4.331
63 ํ .891 .454 1.963 78 ํ .978 .208 4.705
64 ํ .899 .438 2.050 79 ํ .982 .191 5.145
65 ํ .906 .423 2.145 80 ํ .985 .174 5.671
66 ํ .914 .407 2.246 81 ํ .988 .156 6.314
67 ํ .921 .391 2.356 82 ํ .990 .139 7.115
68 ํ .927 .375 2.476 83 ํ .993 .122 8.144
69 ํ .934 .358 2.605 84 ํ .995 .105 9.514
70 ํ .940 .342 2.748 85 ํ .996 .087 11.430
71 ํ .946 .326 2.904 86 ํ .998 .070 14.301
72 ํ .951 .309 3.078 87 ํ .999 .052 19.081
73 ํ .956 .292 3.271 88 ํ .999 .035 28.636
74 ํ .961 .276 3.487 89 ํ .999 .018 57.290
K
E 75 ํ .966 .259 3.732
Y
Table 4.1
Take a look at the given right triangles, where one angle is 30 ํ, 45 ํ or 60 ํ and
length ratios of both triangles.
30 ํ
2 3 2
2 1
45 ํ 60 ํ
1 1 1
According to these triangles, we can conclude the trigonometric ratios of 30 ํ,
45 ํ or 60 ํ angles from the following table.
154
A sin A cos A tan A
30 ํ 1 3 1
2 2 3
45 ํ 2 2 1
2 2
60 ํ 3 1 3
2 2
Table 4.2
We should remember the trigonometric ratios of 30 ํ, 45 ํ or 60 ํ angles because they

are often used when solving mathematical and real-life problems.
Worked Example 2
Find the values of the following by using the trigonometric tables.
1) sin 18 ํ 2) cos 48 ํ 3) tan 70 ํ
K
Solution: E
Y
From Table 4.1, we have:
1) sin 18 ํ ≈ 0.309
2) cos 48 ํ ≈ 0.669
3) tan 70 ํ ≈ 2.748
Similar Questions
1) sin 35 ํ
From Table 4.1, we have sin 35 ํ 0.574. ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) cos 11 ํ
From Table 4.1, we have cos 11 ํ 0.982. ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) tan 57 ํ
From Table 4.1, we have tan 57 ํ 1.540. ≈
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
155
Worked Example 3
1) sin x ≈ 0.819 2) cos x ≈ 0.588 3) tan x ≈ 0.105
Solution:
From Table 4.1, we have:
1) sin x ≈ 0.819 2) cos x ≈ 0.588 3) tan x ≈ 0.105
x = 55 ํ x = 54 ํ x = 6ํ
Similar Questions
1) sin x ≈ 0.996 2) cos x ≈ 0.857 3) tan x ≈ 5.671
From Table 4.1, we have
................................................................. From Table 4.1, we have
.................................................................. From Table 4.1, we have
..................................................................
sin x ≈ 0.996
................................................................. cos x ≈ 0.857
.................................................................. tan x ≈ 5.671
..................................................................
K x = 85 ํ.
................................................................. x = 31 ํ.
.................................................................. x = 80 ํ.
..................................................................
E
Y
Worked Example 4
Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios.
sin 30 ํ
1) tan 2) sintan4545ํ +ํ cos 60 ํ
60 ํ tan 45 ํ
Solution:
1
sin 30 ํ
1) tan 60 ํ = 2 = 1
3 2 3
tan 45 ํ cos 60 ํ 1 × 12
2) sin 45 ํ + tan 45 ํ =
2
2 +1
1
= 2
2+2
2
= 1
2+2
156
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4A Questions 6, 8
Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios.
tan 30 ํ
1) cos 2) sin 30 ํ cos 60 ํ 3) tan 45cosํ -45sinํ 60 ํ
60 ํ cos 45 ํ - tan 45 ํ
1 1 1 × 2
= 13
.................................................................
................................................................. = 21 2
..................................................................
..................................................................
2
..................................................................
=
..................................................................
2
................................................................. -1
..................................................................
2 1 + 23
..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. 1
.................................................................. 2
..................................................................
= 2
................................................................. = 4
.................................................................. = 2
..................................................................
3
................................................................. 1- 2
.................................................................. 2+ 3
..................................................................
2 2
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. 2
.................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. = 4
.................................................................. = 2
..................................................................
................................................................. ..................................................................
1- 2 ..................................................................
2+ 3
................................................................. = 2
.................................................................. ..................................................................
4(1 - 2)
.................................................................
................................................................. ..................................................................
.................................................................. ..................................................................
..................................................................
2) Finding trigonometric ratios of angles from 0 ํ to 90 ํ by a calculator K

E
With the advance of technology, we can now use a calculator to find the Y
trigonometric ratios of any angle. This method is easier than using the trigonometric
ratio tables and also more accurate than creating a right triangle according to desired
angle sizes in order to find the length of each side and then calculate the trigonometric
ratio of that angle.
As we are computing the values of angles in degrees, remember to set the
mode of your calculator to ‘DEG’. Refer to your calculator manual to find out how you
can do so.
Worked Example 5
Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following (give each of your answers correct
to 2 decimal places).
1) sin 32 ํ 2) cos 15.3 ํ 3) tan 25.96 ํ
4) 2 sin 37 ํ + 5 tan 56 ํ 5) cos 348.1 ํ 6) sin 46.5cosํ - 57tanํ 26.4 ํ
157
Solution:
1) Sequence of calculator keys:
sin 3 2 =
Therefore, sin 32 ํ ≈ 0.53.
cos 1 5 . 3 =
Therefore, cos 15.3 ํ ≈ 0.96.
tan 2 5 . 9 6 =
Therefore, tan 25.96 ํ ≈ 0.49.
2 sin 3 7 + 5 tan 5 6 =
Therefore, 2 sin 37 ํ + 5 tan 56 ํ ≈ 8.62.
K 5) Sequence of calculator keys:
E
Y 3 ÷ cos 4 8 . 1 =
cos 5 7 ÷ ( sin 4 6 . 5 + tan 2 6 . 4 ) =
Therefore, sin 46.5cosํ +57tanํ 26.4 ํ ≈ 0.45.

Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4A Questions 7, 9
Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following (give each of your answers correct
1) cos 24 ํ
Sequence of calculator keys:
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cos 2 4 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, cos 24 ํ ≈ 0.91.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
158
2) tan 74.6 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 7 4 . 6 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tan 74.6 ํ 3.63. ≈

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) sin 72.15 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 7 2 . 1 5 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, sin 72.15 ํ 0.95. ≈

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) 3 sin 48 ํ + 2 cos 39 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 sin 4 8 + 2 cos 3 9 =
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
Therefore, 3 sin 48 ํ + 2 cos 39 ํ 3.78. E
≈
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) tan 518.3 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 ÷ tan 1 8 . 3 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tan18.3 5 ≈ 15.12.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6) tancos48.3 ํ - sin 28.7 ํ

15 ํ - cos 35 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( tan 4 8 . 3 - sin 2 8 . 7 ) ÷ ( cos 1 5 - cos 3 5 ) =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tan 48.3 ํ - sin 28.7 ํ

cos 15 ํ - cos 35 ํ ≈ 4.38.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
159
Exercise 4A
Basic Level
1. For each of the given right triangles, name the following.
1) Q The hypotenuse
a PQ is the hypotenuse.
.........................................................................................................................
The side opposite to ∠a

PR is the side opposite to a. ∠
.........................................................................................................................
The side adjacent to ∠a

R P
QR is the side adjacent to a. ∠
.........................................................................................................................
2) The hypotenuse
Y a X X Y is the hypotenuse.
.........................................................................................................................
The side opposite to ∠a

K X Z is the side opposite to a. ∠
E .........................................................................................................................
Y Z The side adjacent to ∠a
YZ is the side adjacent to a. ∠
.........................................................................................................................
2. For each of the given right triangles, state the values of the following.
1) A
13 cm
12 cm
B
5 cm
C
sin A cos A tan A
sin A = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos A = adjacent side
.......................................................................... tan A = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse adjacent side
= BC
..........................................................................
AB = AC
..........................................................................
AB = BC
..........................................................................
AC
= 135
.......................................................................... = 12
..........................................................................
13 = 125
..........................................................................
160
sin B cos B tan B
sin B = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos B = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan B = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
= AB AC
.......................................................................... = AB BC
.......................................................................... = BC AC
..........................................................................
= 12
..........................................................................
13 = 135
.......................................................................... = 125
..........................................................................
2) B 24 m C
25 m 7m
A
cosec A sec A cot A

cosec A = sin1 A
.......................................................................... sec A = cos1 A
.......................................................................... cot A = tan1 A
..........................................................................
= 241 = 25
..........................................................................
24 = 17 = 257
.......................................................................... = 241 = 247
..........................................................................
25 25 7
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
K
cosec B sec B cot B E
Y
cosec B = sin1 B
.......................................................................... sec B = cos1 B
.......................................................................... cot B = tan1 B
..........................................................................
= 17 = 257
.......................................................................... = 241 = 25
..........................................................................
24 = 17 = 247
..........................................................................
25 25 24
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
3. For each of the given right triangles, write down expressions for x, y and z.
1) P x R
z y
Q
sin P cos P tan P
sin P = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos P = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan P = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
= PQ QR
.......................................................................... = PQ PR
.......................................................................... = PR QR
..........................................................................
= yz
.......................................................................... = zx
.......................................................................... = yx
..........................................................................
161
sin Q cos Q tan Q
sin Q = opposite side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse cos Q = adjacent side
..........................................................................
hypotenuse tan Q = opposite side
..........................................................................
adjacent side
= PQ PR
.......................................................................... = PQ QR
.......................................................................... = QR PR
..........................................................................
= xz
.......................................................................... = yz
.......................................................................... = xy
..........................................................................
2) R
z y
P x Q
cosec P sec P cot P

cosec P = sin1 P
.......................................................................... sec P = cos1 P
.......................................................................... cot P = tan1 P
..........................................................................
= 1y = xy
.......................................................................... = 1z = xz
.......................................................................... = 1y = yz
..........................................................................
K x x z
E .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
Y
cosec Q sec Q cot Q
cosec Q = sin1 Q
.......................................................................... sec Q = cos1 Q
.......................................................................... cot Q = tan1 Q
..........................................................................
= 1z = xz
.......................................................................... = 1y = xy
.......................................................................... = 1z = yz
..........................................................................
x x y
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
4. Find the values of the following by using the trigonometric tables.

1) sin 61 ํ 2) cos 27 ํ 3) tan 15 ํ
..................................................................
sin 61 ํ ≈ 0.875.
................................................................. cos 27 ํ ≈ 0.891.
.................................................................. tan 15 ํ ≈ 0.268.
..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
162
5. Find the values of the following by using the trigonometric tables.
1) sin x ≈ 0.940 2) cos x ≈ 0.829 3) tan x ≈ 1.804
..................................................................
sin x ≈ 0.940
................................................................. cos x ≈ 0.829
.................................................................. tan x ≈ 1.804
..................................................................
x = 70 ํ.
................................................................. x = 34 ํ.
.................................................................. x = 61 ํ.
..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
6. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios.

1) sin 30 ํ + cos 60 ํ 2) tan 45 ํ - cos 60 ํ
= 12 + 12
.............................................................................................................. = 1 - 12
..............................................................................................................
= 1
.............................................................................................................. = 12
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. K
E
3) tan 60 ํ sin 30 ํ 4) sin 45 ํ cos 45 ํ - tan 45 ํ Y
= ( 3)(12)
.............................................................................................................. = ( 22 )( 22 ) - 1
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. = 12 - 1
..............................................................................................................
= 23
.............................................................................................................. = - 12
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
7. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following (give each of your answers correct
1) tan 47 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 4 7 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tan 47 ํ 1.07. ≈

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
163
2) sin 75.3 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 7 5 . 3 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, sin 75.3 ํ ≈ 0.97.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) cos 30.19 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cos 3 0 . 1 9 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) sin 35 ํ + cos 49 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K sin 3 5 + cos 4 9 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y Therefore, sin 35 ํ + cos 49 ํ ≈ 1.23.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) 2 cos 42.3 ํ + 3 sin 16.8 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 cos 4 2 . 3 + 3 sin 1 6 . 8 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, 2 cos 42.3 ํ + 3 sin 16.8 ํ ≈ 2.35.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6) sin 71.6 ํ × tan 16.7 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 7 1 . 6 × tan 1 6 . 7 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, sin 71.6 ํ × tan 16.7 ํ ≈ 0.28.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
164
Intermediate Level
8. Evaluate each of the following trigonometric ratios without a calculator.
1) sinsin3045ํ +ํ cos 45 ํ
cos 60 ํ
cos 30 ํ - tan 45 ํ
2) sin 60 ํ + cos 60 ํ
( 2
2 )( 2 )
= 1 12
.............................................................................................................. 2
3-1
..............................................................................................................
=
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
2+2 3 1
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
2 +2
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
= 12
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. = 5 - 23 3
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
9. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following (give each of your answers correct
1) 25 cos
tan 61.4 ํ
10.3 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 tan 6 1 . 4 ÷ 2 cos 1 0 . 3 = K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
Therefore, 25 cos tan 61.4 ํ ≈ 4.66.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10.3 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) 4(sin 22.5 ํ)2

cos 67.5 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 ( sin 2 2 . 5 ) ∧ 2 ÷ cos 6 7 . 5 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
Therefore, 4(sin 22.5 )
ํ
cos 67.5 ํ ≈ 1.53.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) tan 15sinํ +78.4

cos 33 ํ
ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( tan 1 5 + cos 3 3 ) ÷ sin 7 8 . 4 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tan 15 ํ + cos 33 ํ
sin 78.4 ํ ≈ 1.13.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
165
4) cos tan 47.9 ํ
84 ํ - sin 63 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 4 7 . 9 ÷ ( cos 8 4 - sin 6 3 ) =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, costan 47.9 ํ

84 ํ - sin 63 ํ ≈ -1.41.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5) tancos 67 ํ + sin 89 ํ
63.4 ํ × cos 15.5 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( cos 6 7 + sin 8 9 ) ÷ ( tan 6 3 . 4 × cos 1 5 . 5 ) =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tancos63.467ํ ํ ×+ cos sin 89 ํ ≈ 0.72.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15.5 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6) sintan24.6 ํ ÷ cos 62.1 ํ

21 ํ + cos 14 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ( sin 2 4 . 6 ÷ cos 6 2 . 1 ) ÷ ( tan 2 1 + cos 1 4 ) =
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
Therefore, sintan24.6 ํ ÷ cos 62.1 ํ
21 ํ + cos 14 ํ ≈ 0.66.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7) tansin15.3
57 ํ - cos 73 ํ
ํ × sin 83.4 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( sin 5 7 - cos 7 3 ) ÷ ( tan 1 5 . 3 × sin 8 3 . 4 ) =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tansin15.3 57 ํ - cos 73 ํ ≈ 2.01.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ํ × sin 83.4 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8) costan24.7 ํ × sin 35.1 ํ

57 ํ - cos 15 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( cos 2 4 . 7 × sin 3 5 . 1 ) ÷ ( tan 5 7 - cos 1 5 ) =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, costan24.7 ํ × sin 35.1 ํ

57 ํ - cos 15 ํ ≈ 0.91.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
166
4.2 Applications of Trigonometric Ratios to
Finding Unknown Sides of Right Triangles
In this section, we will learn how trigonometric ratios are used to find the lengths
of the unknown sides of right triangles from the following example.
Worked Example 6
Calculate the value of the unknown in each of the following right triangles (give each of
your answers correct to 2 decimal places).
B
1) 2) P y 37 ํ
Q
12 cm x
5 cm
R
A 72 ํ C
K
Solution: E
Y
1) sin ∠BAC = opposite side = BC 2) sin ∠QPR = opposite side = QR
hypotenuse AB hypotenuse PQ
sin 72 ํ = 12x sin 37 ํ = 5y
Therefore, x = 12 sin 72 ํ Therefore, y = sin537 ํ
≈ 11.41 cm. ≈ 8.31 cm.
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4B Questions 1(1)-(2)
Find the value of the unknown in each of the following right triangles (give each of your
answers correct to 2 decimal places).
1) B sin ∠BAC = opposite side = BC
.........................................................................................................................
hypotenuse AB
11 cm sin 30 ํ = 11x
.........................................................................................................................
x
Therefore, x = 11 sin 30 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
C 30 ํ A = 5.50 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
167
2) R sin QPR = opposite
∠
hypotenuse = PQ
side QR
.........................................................................................................................
8.7 cm sin 67 ํ = 8.7 y

.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, y = sin8.767 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
P 67 ํ y Q
≈ 9.45 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
Worked Example 7 X
In ∆ XYZ, ∠Z = 90 ํ. Given that ∠YXZ = 55 ํ and XY = 12 m, 55 ํ
calculate the length of XY. 12 m
Z
Solution: adjacent side XZ
cos ∠YXZ = hypotenuse = XY
cos 55 ํ = X12Y
Therefore, XY = cos1255 ํ Y
K ≈ 20.92 m.
E
Y Similar Questions
1. In ∆ XYZ, ∠Z = 90 ํ. Given that ∠YXZ = 58 ํ and XZ = 4.9 m, calculate the length
of XY.
Z cos Y Z = adjacent
∠ X
hypotenuse = XY
side Z X
.........................................................................................................................
4.9 m cos 58 ํ = 4.9

.........................................................................................................................
XY
Therefore, XY = cos4.958 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
X 58 ํ Y ≈ 9.25 m.
.........................................................................................................................
2. In ∆ ABC, ∠C = 90 ํ. Given that ∠ABC = 47 ํ and AB = 18 m, calculate the length

of BC.
A
18 m cos ABC = adjacent
∠
side = BC
.........................................................................................................................
hypotenuse AB
B cos 47 ํ = 18 BC
.........................................................................................................................
47 ํ
Therefore, BC = 18 cos 47 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
C ≈ 12.28 m.
.........................................................................................................................
168
Worked Example 8
15 cm
In ∆ PQR, ∠R = 90 ํ. Given that ∠QPR = 42 ํ and R 42 ํ P
PR = 15 cm, calculate the length of QR.
Solution:
tan ∠QPR = opposite side = QR
adjacent side PR Q
tan 42 ํ = QR
15
Therefore, QR = 15 tan 42 ํ
≈ 13.51 cm.
Similar Questions
1. In ∆ PQR, ∠R = 90 ํ. Given that ∠QPR = 53 ํ and PR = 20 cm, calculate the length
of QR. K
E
Y
P 53 ํ 20 cm R tan QPR = opposite
∠
side = QR
.........................................................................................................................
adjacent side PR
tan 53 ํ = 20 QR
.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, QR = 20 tan 53 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
≈ 26.54 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
Q .........................................................................................................................
2. In ∆ XYZ, ∠Z = 90 ํ. Given that ∠YXZ = 35 ํ and YZ = 12 cm, calculate the length

of XZ.
Z tan Y Z = opposite
∠ X
side = YZ
.........................................................................................................................
adjacent side XZ
12 cm 12
tan 35 ํ = XZ
.........................................................................................................................
Y
Therefore, XZ = tan1235 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
≈ 17.14 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
35 ํ
X .........................................................................................................................
169
Worked Example 9 A
In ∆ ABC, ∠C = 90 ํ. Given that ∠ABC = 32 ํ and AB = 24 m,
calculate the length of the following.
C
1) AC
24 m
2) BC
Solution:
opposite side
1) sin ∠ABC = hypotenuse = AC AB
32 ํ
B
sin 32 ํ = AC
24
Therefore, AC = 24 sin 32 ํ
≈ 12.72 m.
2) Method 1:
cos ∠ABC = adjacent side = BC
K hypotenuse AB
E
Y cos 32 ํ = BC
24
≈ 20.35 m.
Method 2:
In ∆ ABC, ∠C = 90 ํ.
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have
AB2 = AC2 + BC2
24 = 12.722 + BC2
BC2 = 242 - 12.722
= 576 - 161.7984
= 414.2016.
Since BC is the side length of the triangle, its value is always positive.
Therefore, BC = 414.2016
≈ 20.35 m.
170
Similar Questions
In ∆ ABC, ∠C = 90 ํ. Given that ∠ABC = 27 ํ and B 23 m A
27 ํ
AB = 23 m, calculate the length of the following.
C
1) BC 2) AC
cos ABC = adjacent
∠
hypotenuse = AB
side BC
............................................................................................................... sin ABC = opposite
∠
hypotenuse = AB
side AC
...............................................................................................................
cos 27 ํ = BC
...............................................................................................................
23 sin 27 ํ = AC
...............................................................................................................
23
............................................................................................................... Therefore, AC = 23 sin 27 ํ
...............................................................................................................
≈ 20.49 m.
.............................................................................................................. ≈ 10.44 m.
..............................................................................................................
Exercise 4B
Basic Level K
1. Find the value of the unknown in each of the following right triangles (give each of E
Y
1) a sin 67 ํ = 15a
.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, a = 15 sin 67 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
15 cm
67 ํ ≈ 13.81 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2) sin 15 ํ = 9.7
.........................................................................................................................
b
15 ํ
9.7 cm Therefore, b = sin9.715 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
b ≈ 37.48 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3) cos 36 ํ = 13.5 a
.........................................................................................................................
13.5 m Therefore, a = 13.5 cos 36 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
≈ 10.92 m.
.........................................................................................................................
36 ํ
a .........................................................................................................................
171
4) 61 ํ cos 61 ํ = 17b
.........................................................................................................................
b
17 m Therefore, b = cos1761 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
≈ 35.07 m.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
5) 28 ํ
tan 28 ํ = 14a
.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, a = 14 tan 28 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
a 14 cm ≈ 7.44 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
6) tan 62.5 ํ = 13b

.........................................................................................................................
b
13 cm Therefore, b = tan1362.5 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
62.5 ํ ≈ 6.77 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
K 2. Find the value of the unknown in each of the following right triangles (give each of
E your answers correct to 2 decimal places).
Y
1) sin 34 ํ = 12a
.........................................................................................................................
12 cm Therefore, a = 12 sin 34 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
a ≈ 6.71 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
34 ํ cos 34 ํ = 12b
.........................................................................................................................
b Therefore, b = 12 cos 34 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
≈ 9.95 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
2) cos 43 ํ = 16c
.........................................................................................................................
43 ํ
Therefore, c = 16 cos 43 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
16 cm ≈ 11.70 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
c
sin 43 ํ = 16d
.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, d = 16 sin 43 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
d ≈ 10.91 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
172
3) e tan 44.2 ํ = 7e
.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, e = 7 tan 44.2 ํ

.........................................................................................................................
7 cm
≈ 6.81 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
f
44.2 ํ cos 44.2 ํ = 7f
.........................................................................................................................
Therefore, f = cos 744.2 ํ

.........................................................................................................................
≈ 9.76 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
4) tan 21.5 ํ = 8.9

.........................................................................................................................
g
21.5 ํ Therefore, g = tan8.9
.........................................................................................................................
21.5 ํ
h
≈ 22.59 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
g sin 21.5 ํ = 8.9
.........................................................................................................................
h
8.9 cm Therefore, h = sin8.9
.........................................................................................................................
21.5 ํ
≈ 24.28 cm.
.........................................................................................................................
Intermediate Level K
E
3. In ∆ ABC, ∠A = 90 .ํ Given that ∠ABC = 56 ํ, A Y
AB = 8.9 m, H lies on BC such that AH is
8.9 m
perpendicular to BC, calculate the length of the
following. B 56 ํ C
H
1) AH
In ABH, ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 56 ํ = 8.9 AH .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, AH = 8.9 sin 56 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 7.38 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) HC
In ABC, ∆ In AHC, we have ACH = 34 ํ.
∆ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ACB = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 56 ํ From 1), we have tan 34 ํ = 7.38 HC .

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 34 ํ. Therefore, HC = tan7.3834 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 10.94 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
173
P
4. In the figure, QS = 25 cm, ∠QSR = 45 ํ and
∠QST = 60 ํ. Find the length of the following.
T Q
60 ํ 25 cm
S 45 ํ
1) TQ
R
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ QST,
∠QST = 180 ํ - 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 90 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 60 ํ = TQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25
Therefore, TQ = 25 sin 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 21.65 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) PT
K
E In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ PQS, In ∆ PQT,
Y
∠QPS = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 60 ํ we have QPT = 30 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 30 ํ. From 1), we have tan 30 ํ = 21.65 PT .

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, PT = tan 21.65

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30 ํ
≈ 37.50 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) PR
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ PQS, Therefore, QR = 25 tan 45 ํ
tan 60 ํ = PQ 25 . = 25 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, PQ = 25 tan 60 ํ Therefore, PR = PQ + QR

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 43.30 cm. ≈ 43.30 + 25

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ QRS, = 68.30 cm.
tan 45 ํ = QR 25 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
174
Advanced Level
5. A figure VWXYZ is made up of three right triangles. Given that VW = 154 m, VY
= 88 m, ∠VXW = ∠VYZ = 90 ํ, ∠VWX = 63 ํ and ∠VZY = 46 ํ, find the following.
V
154 m
W 63 ํ
88 m
46 ํ Z
X Y
1) The perimeter
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ VWX, Since XY is the side length of the triangle,
WX K
cos 63 ํ = 154 its value is always positive.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
WX = 154 cos 63 ํ XY ≈ 105.29 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 69.91 m In ∆ VYZ,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 63 ํ = 154 VX tan 46 ํ = YZ 88

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
VX = 154 sin 63 ํ YZ = tan8846 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 137.22 m. ≈ 84.98 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ VYX, sin 46 ํ = VZ 88
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have VZ = sin8846 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
VX2 = XY2 + VY2 ≈ 122.33 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
137.222 = XY2 + 882 Therefore, the perimeter of the figure VWXZ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XY2 = 137.222 - 882 = WX + XZ + VZ + WV

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XY = 137.222 - 882. ≈ 69.91 + (105.29 + 84.98)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
+ 122.33 + 154
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 536.51 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
175
2) The area
Area of the figure VW YZ = Area of W Y + Area of V Z X ∆ X ∆ X
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (12 × WX × VX) + (12 × XZ × VY)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (12 × 69.91 × 137.22) + [12 × (105.29 + 84.98) × 88]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 13,168.41 m .
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. If y is inversely proportional to (tan x)2 and y = 2 when x = 30 ํ, find the value of y

when this value of x is doubled.
Since y is inversely proportional to (tan x)2, When the value of x is doubled,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
then y = k 2, where k is a constant. we have x = 2(30 ํ)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(tan x)
Since y = 2 when x = 30 ํ, = 60 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have 2 = k Therefore, y = 23 × 1 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(tan 30 )ํ 2 (tan 60 )ํ
k = 2(tan 30 )
ํ 2 = 2 ×
1
3 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
k = 23. = 29.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
176
4.3 Real-life Applications of
Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometry is commonly used to find the heights of buildings and mountains, the
distance of the shore from a point in the sea and the distance between celestial bodies,
etc. In this section, we will learn how to apply trigonometric ratios to solving problems
in real-world contexts.
Investigation
Using a clinometer to find the height of an object
1. Figure 4.5 shows an instrument known as a clinometer.
B
x K
E
Y
y D
A C
Figure 4.5
If we look at the top of a tree or a building through the straw, the instrument will
give us ∠y, which is also equal to ∠x. ∠y is called the angle of elevation. Explain
clearly why ∠y = ∠x.
∠ ABC = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABD = 90 ํ - ∠x
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ ABD, since∠ADB = 90 ํ,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
90 ํ - ∠x + ∠y + 90 ํ = 180 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠x = ∠y.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
177
2. Follow steps 1 - 3 to make a clinometer.
1) Photocopy the protractor in Figure 4.6 and paste it on a piece of cardboard.
Figure 4.6
2) Make a hole in the cardboard, close to the corner of the protractor.
3) Using a straw, a piece of thread, a ball bearing (or any suitable weight) and
some sticky tape, assemble the clinometer as shown in Figure 4.5. Ensure that the
straw lies along the 90 ํ mark along the line AB, and that the thread touches the straw
K at ∠B of the protractor as shown in Figure 4.5.
E
Y
3. Here are the steps to using it to find the height of an object.
1) Stand at a point that is about 10 m to 20 m from an object such as a tree as
shown in Figure 4.7. Measure this distance using a measuring tape.
Top of tree
Line of sight
Angle of elevation
Distance
Figure 4.7
2) Look at the top of the object through the straw of the clinometer. Ask your
classmate to read the angle of elevation from your clinometer.
178
3) Use a trigonometric ratio to find the height of the object, showing your working
clearly. The conditions are as follows:
k represents the distance between the student and the object (meters),
a represents the angle size of elevation (degrees),
h represents the height above the ground to the clinometer (meters), and
p represents the height from the clinometer to the top of the object (meters).
tan a ํ = pk
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
p = k tan a ํ m
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Height of object = h + p
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= h + k tan a ํ m
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 10
A point A on the level ground is 38 m away from the foot F of a building TF. Given K
that AT makes an angle of 33 ํ with the horizontal, calculate the height of the building. E
Y
T
33 ํ
A 38 m F
Solution:
tan 33 ํ = TF
38
TF = 38 tan 33 ํ
≈ 24.68 m
Therefore, the height of the building is approximately 24.68 m.
179
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4C Questions 1-3, 5, 9
1. A point A on level ground is 28 m away from the foot Q P
of a flagpole PQ. Given that AP makes an angle of 54 ํ
?
with the horizontal, find the height of the flagpole.
54 ํ
Q A
tan 54 ํ = PQ 28 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28
PQ = 28 tan 54 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 38.54 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the flagpole is approximately 38.54 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
T
2. The height of a tower TF is 40 m. Given that A is a point
on level ground such that AT makes an angle of 37 ํ with 40 m
the horizontal, find the distance FA. 37 ํ
40 F ? A
K tan 37 ํ = FA
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
Y FA = tan4037 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 53.08 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance is approximately 53.08 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. David uses a clinometer to measure the height of a tree T

TB. From where she stands, the angle of elevation of
the tree is 40 ํ, and the height of the tree is calculated to 18.4 m
be 18.4 m. Given that the clinometer is 1.6 m above the 1.6 m 40 ํ
A B
ground, find the distance AB between David and the foot
of the tree.
tan 40 ํ = 18.4AB- 1.6
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB = tan16.840 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 20.02 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance is approximately 20.02 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
180
Worked Example 11
The height of a building PQ is 32 m. RHS is another building and PH is a horizontal
sky bridge linking the buildings. Given that ∠RPH = 40.7 ํ and ∠HPS = 22.4 ํ, calculate
the height of the building RHS.
R
P 40.722.4
ํ
ํ H
32 m
Q S
Solution:
HS = PQ = 32 m
K
In ∆ PSH, E
32 , Y
tan 22.4 ํ = PH
we have PH = tan3222.4 ํ
≈ 77.64 m.
In ∆ PRH,
we have RH = PH tan 40.7 ํ
≈ 77.64 tan 40.7 ํ
≈ 66.78 m
and RS = RH + HS
≈ 66.78 + 32
= 98.78 m.
Therefore, the height of the building RHS is approximately 98.78 m.
181
Similar Questions
The height of a warehouse WH is 26.5 m. ABC is a vertical mast in front of the warehouse.
BW is a horizontal cable attached to the mast from the top of the warehouse. Given
that ∠AWB = 49.6 ํ and ∠WCH = 32.4 ํ, find the height of the mast.
A
B 49.6 ํ W
26.5 m
C 32.4 ํ H
In CHW, CHW = 90 ํ.
∆ ∠
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 32.4 ํ = 26.5

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CH
K We have CH = 26.5
E ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 32.4 ํ
Y
≈ 41.76 m.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BW = CH = 41.76 m
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ ABW,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 49.6 ํ = 41.76 AB ,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have AB = 41.76 tan 49.6 ํ

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 49.07 m.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since BC = WH = 26.5 m,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have AC = AB + BC
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 49.07 + 26.5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 75.57 m.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the mast is approximately 75.57 m.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
182
Worked Example 12
When a ladder of length 18 m leans against the top edge of a window of a building, it
forms an angle of 57 ํ with the ground. When the ladder leans against the lower edge of the
same window, it forms an angle of 46 ํ with the ground. Calculate the height of the window.
Solution:
In the figure, AP represents the position of the ladder against the top edge
BQ represents the position of the ladder against the lower edge
and PQ represents the height of the window as shown:
P
Q
18 m
18 m
K
E
46 ํ 57 ํ Y
B A R
In ∆ APR,
sin 57 ํ = PR
18 ,
we have PR = 18 sin 57 ํ
≈ 15.10 m.
In ∆ BQR,
sin 46 ํ = QR
18 ,
we have QR = 18 sin 46 ํ
≈ 12.95 m
and PQ = PR - QR
≈ 15.10 - 12.95
= 2.15 m.
Therefore, the height of the window is approximately 2.15 m.
183
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 4C Questions 4, 7-8
When a straight pole of length 14.5 m leans against the top edge of a signboard on
a building, it forms an angle of 53 ํ with the ground. When the pole leans against the
lower edge of the same signboard, it forms an angle of 42 ํ with the ground. Find the
height of the signboard.
In the figure, AP represents the position of the straight pole against the top edge
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BQ represents the position of the straight pole against the lower edge
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and PQ represents the height of the signboard as shown:

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
P
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Q
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14.5 m
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14.5 m
K ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E B
42 ํ 53 ํ
A R
Y ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In APR,∆
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 53 ํ = 14.5 PR ,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have PR = 14.5 sin 53 ํ

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 11.58 m.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ BQR,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 42 ํ = 14.5 QR ,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have QR = 14.5 sin 42 ํ

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 9.70 m
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and PQ = PR - QR
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 11.58 - 9.70
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.88 m.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the signboard is approximately 1.88 m.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
184
Exercise 4C
Basic Level
1. A point A on level ground is 34 m away from the foot B of a Christmas tree TB.
Given that AT makes an angle of 32 ํ with the horizontal, find the height of the
Christmas tree.
T
32 ํ
A 34 m B
tan 32 ํ = TB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
TB = 34 tan 32 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 21.25 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
Therefore, the height of the Christmas tree is approximately 21.25 m.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. The height of a vertical post PQ is 7.7 m. Given that A is a point on level ground
such that AP makes an angle of 27 ํ with the horizontal, find the distance AQ.
P
7.7 m
27 ํ
A Q
tan 27 ํ = AQ 7.7
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AQ = tan7.727 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 15.11 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance AQ is approximately 15.11 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
185
3. Pimpa is standing at B and K is a flying kite. The kite is vertically above A. The string
BK of length 120 m, attached to the kite, makes an angle of 53 ํ to the horizontal.
Assuming the string is taut, find the distance AB.
K
120 m
53 ํ
B A
cos 53 ํ = 120 AB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AB = 120 cos 53 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 72.22 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance AB is approximately 72.22 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K 4. A ladder of length 5 m leans against a nail on a vertical wall. It forms an angle of

E 60 ํ with the ground. Find the following.
Y
1) The height of the nail above the ground
Let the height of the nail above the ground be h m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin 60 ํ = 5h
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h = 5 sin 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 4.33 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the nail is approximately 4.33 m above the ground.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall
Let the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall be d m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cos 60 ํ = 5d
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d = 5 cos 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2.5 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall is approximately
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
186
M
Intermediate Level
5. Lin is standing 7.05 m away from a chedi. The height
of her eyes from her feet is 1.55 m. Given that the
42 ํ
angle of elevation of the top of the chedi from her 1.55 m
eyes is 42 ํ, find the height of the chedi. 7.05 m P
Let the point where the horizontal line from Lin’s eyes meets the chedi be x.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 42 ํ = MX
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.05
MX = 7.05 tan 42 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 6.35 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Height of chedi ≈ 6.35 + 1.55

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 7.90 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the statute is approximately 7.90 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
P
6. The height of a building WH is 8 m. PQR is a flagpole
and WQ is a horizontal cable connected to the top K
E
of the building and to the flagpole. Given that ∠PWQ W 35.4 ํ Q Y
= 35.4 ํ and ∠WRH = 24.3 ํ, find the height of the 8m
H 24.3 ํ R
flagpole.
In HRW,∆ Height of flagpole = PQ + QR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 24.3 ํ = HR 8 ≈ 12.59 + 8

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
HR = tan 824.3 ํ = 20.59 m

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 17.72 m. Therefore, the height of the flagpole PQR is

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
WQ = HR = 17.72 m approximately 20.59 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ PQW,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 35.4 ํ = 17.72 PQ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PQ = 17.72 tan 35.4 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 12.59 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
187
7. A pendulum of length 45 cm swings backward and
30 ํ
forward from X to Z passing through Y, the middle point 45 cm
of oscillation. The angle between the pendulum at X and
at Z is 30 ํ. Find the height in which the pendulum bob
rises above Y. X Y Z
Let the height in which the pendulum rises above Y be h cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cos (302 ํ) = 4545- h

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cos 15 ํ = 4545- h
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45 cos 15 ํ = 45 - h
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h = 45 - 45 cos 15 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 1.53 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height is approximately 1.53 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8. When a ladde
ladder of length 2.5 m leans against the top edge of a window of a building,
K
it forms an angle of 55 ํ with the ground. When the ladder leans against the lower
E edge of the same window, it forms an angle of 38 ํ with the ground. Find the height
Y
of the window, giving your answer in centimeters.
In the figure, In APR,∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AP represents the position of the ladder sin 55 ํ = 2.5 PR ,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
against the top edge we have PR = 2.5 sin 55 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BQ represents the position of the ≈ 2.05 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ladder against the lower edge and In ∆ BQR

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PQ represents the height of the window as sin 38 ํ = QR 2.5 ,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
shown: we have QR = 2.5 sin 38 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
P
≈ 1.54 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Q and PQ = PR - QR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 2.05 - 1.54
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5 m = 0.51 m = 51 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5 m
Therefore, the height of the window is
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
38 ํ 55 ํ
B A R approximately 51 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
188
Advanced Level
9. Two points P and Q, 10 m apart on level ground, are due West of the foot B of a
tree TB. Given that ∠TPB = 23 ํ and ∠TQB = 32 ํ, find the height of the tree.
T
23 ํ 32 ํ
P Q B
10 m
Let the height of the tree be h m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and the distance QB be d m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ TBQ,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 32 ํ = dh
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d = tanh32 ํ . .....➀
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
In ∆ TBP,
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
tan 23 ํ = d +h 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d + 10 = tanh23 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d = tanh23 ํ - 10. .....➁

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From ➀ = ➁, we have
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h h
tan 32 ํ = tan 23 ํ - 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h tan 23 ํ = h tan 32 ํ - 10 tan 32 ํ tan 23 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h tan 32 ํ - h tan 23 ํ = 10 tan 32 ํ tan 23 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h(tan 32 ํ - tan 23 ํ) = 10 tan 32 ํ tan 23 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h = 10 tan 32 ํ tan 23 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 32 ํ - tan 23 ํ
≈ 13.24 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the tree is approximately 13.24 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
189
Summary
B
hypotenuse
opposite
C A
adjacent
In ∆ ABC, ∠C = 90 ํ,
then sin A = opposite side = BCAB
hypotenuse
cos A = adjacent side = AC
AB
hypotenuse
tan A = opposite side = AC
BC.
adjacent side
B
K
E
Y c
a
A b C
∆ ABC is a triangle, where ∠C is the right angle. The relationships between the
trigonometric ratios of ∠A and ∠B are as follows:
• sin A = cos B • tan A = tan1 B
• cos A = sin B sin A = tan A, where cos A 0
• cos A
Since A = 90 ํ - B and B = 90 ํ - A,
we have sin A = cos B = cos (90 ํ - A)
cos A = sin B = sin (90 ํ - A)
and tan A = tan1 B = tan (901 ํ - A).
190
Review Exercise 4
1. Find the value of the unknown in each of the following right triangles (give each of
1) 2)
9.8 cm
a b
52 ํ
12 cm
43 ํ
sin 43 ํ = 12a
………………………………………………………………………………..
b
tan 52 ํ = 9.8
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Therefore, a = sin1243 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. Therefore, b = 9.8 tan 52 ํ
…………………………………………………………………………………..
≈ 17.60 m.
……………………………………………………………………………….. ≈ 12.54 m.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
2. In ∆ ABC, AB = 24 m and ∠B = 90 ํ. Given that sin ∠ACB = 35 , find the following.

1) The length of AC
sin ACB = 35
∠
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
24 3 E
AC = 5
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
We have AC = 24 × 53
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 40 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The length of BC
In ABC, B = 90 ํ.
∆ ∠ BC2 = 1,024
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have BC = 1,024

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AC2 = BC2 + AB2 Since BC is the side length of the triangle,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
402 = BC2 + 242 its value is always positive.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC2 = 402 - 242 Therefore, BC = 32 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1,600 - 576.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
191
3) The value of cos ∠ACB + tan ∠BAC
cos ∠ACB + tan ∠BAC = 32 + 32
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40 24
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2 152
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. The coordinates of point Q are (2, h) and ∠POQ = 60 ํ. Find the following.
Y
Q(2, h)
K
E 60 ํ
Y O P X
1) The length of OQ 2) The value of h

2
cos 60 ํ = OQ
……………………………………………………………………………….. In OPQ, OPQ = 90 ํ.
∆ ∠
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Therefore, OQ = cos260 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have
…………………………………………………………………………………..
= 4 units.
……………………………………………………………………………….. OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. 42 = 22 + h2
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. h2 = 42 - 22
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. = 16 - 4
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. = 12.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. Since h is the value of y in the coordinate

…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. plane within Quadrant I, its value is always

…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. positive.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….. Therefore, h = 12 ≈ 3.46 units.

…………………………………………………………………………………..
192
X
4. In the figure, XH and ZK are perpendicular to YZ and
XY, respectively. Given that the ratio of the length of K
XH to the length of ZK is 3 : 4, find the value of sin X
sin Z .
Y H Z
In K Z, sin = ZK
∆ X X .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XZ
In ∆ HXZ, sin Z = XXHZ .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
sin X = ZK ÷ XH
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
sin Z XZ XZ
= ZK × XZ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XZ XH
= XZKH
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 43
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
P
5. In ∆ PQR, PQ = 50 cm. Given that point K above 30 ํ 46 ํ
QR makes PK perpendicular to QR, ∠QPK = 30 ํ and 50 cm
∠RPK = 46 ํ, find the following. K
E
1) The length of QK Q K R Y
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ QPK,
sin 30 ํ = QK 50 .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, QK = 50 sin 30 ํ
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
= 25 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The length of QR
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ QPK, KR = 43.30 tan 46 ํ
cos 30 ํ = PK ≈ 44.84 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50
PK = 50 cos 30 ํ Therefore, QR = QK + KR
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 43.30 cm. ≈ 25 + 44.84
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ RPK, = 69.84 cm.
tan 46 ํ = 43.30 KR
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
193
6. Find the values of the following.
1) sin 60 ํ cos 30 ํ
tan 45 ํ
=
( 2
3 )( 3 )
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 34
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) (sin 30 ํ - cos 60 ํ)tan 45 ํ

= (12 - 12)(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
sin 60 ํ - cos 60 ํ
3) tan 45 ํ + cos 30 ํ
3-1 = ( 3 - 1)(2 - 3 )
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 2 (2 + 3)(2 - 3)
=...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 + 23
= 2 3 -43--32 + 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3-1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2+ 3
= 2 3-5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) cot cosec
30 ํ - tan 45 ํ
60 ํ
1 -1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= tan 30 ํ = 2( 3 - 1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3
sin 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 -1
1 = 2( 3 - 1) × 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 3
= 31
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 = 6 - 32 3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
194
7. The lower edge L of a window UL in a house is 15 m U 66.75 ํ
L
vertically above a point A on level ground. B is another
15 m
point on level ground such that BU makes an angle 27.4 ํ
A B
of 27.4 ํ with the horizontal and ∠ALB = 66.75 ํ. Find
the height of the window.
In...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ ABL, Therefore, the height of the window UL
tan 66.75 ํ = AB
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15 = AU - AL
AB = 15 tan 66.75 ํ ≈ 18.10 - 15
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 34.91 m. = 3.10 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ ABU,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
tan 27.4 ํ = 34.91 AU

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AU = 34.91 tan 27.4 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 18.10 m.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
T K
8. H is a point on level ground due West of a building TF E
47 ํ Y
of height 72 m, while K is a point which is in line with
72 m
H and due East of the building. Given that HT makes
H 54 ํ K
an angle of 54 ํ with the horizontal and ∠FTK = 47 ํ, F
find the distance HK.
In FHT, ∆ Therefore, HK = HF + FK
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 54 ํ = HF 72 ≈ 52.31 + 77.21

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
HF = tan7254 ํ = 129.52 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 52.31 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ FKT,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
tan 47 ํ = FK
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
72
FK = 72 tan 47 ํ
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
≈ 77.21 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
195
9. An aerial mast is supported by four cables. The cables are attached from the top of
the mast to points on level ground, 57 m away from the foot of the mast. Given that
each cable forms an angle of 32 ํ with the ground, find the height of the mast.
Let the height of the mast be h m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 32 ํ = 57h
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
h = 57 tan 32 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 35.62 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the height of the mast is approximately 35.62 m.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10. A ladder of length 6.5 m leans against a vertical wall and touches a window sill
forming an angle of 61 ํ with the ground. Find the following.
1) The height of the windows sill above the ground
Let the height of the windows sill above the ground be h m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K h
E sin 61 ํ = 6.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
h = 6.5 sin 61 ํ
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
≈ 5.69 m
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Therefore, the height of the windows sill above the ground is approximately 5.69 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) The distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall
Let the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall be d m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cos 61 ํ = 6.5 d
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d = 6.5 cos 61 ํ
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
≈ 3.15 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall is approximately
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.15 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
196
Challenge Yourself
B
The figure shows a kite ABCD, where ∠ADC = 40 ํ. Given A C
that the area of the kite is 900 units2, find its perimeter.
40 ํ
D
Draw BD to bisect ADC, we have ADB = CDB = 20 ํ. ∠ ∠ ∠
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Let AB be x units and AD be y units.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In ∆ ADB and ∆ CDB, we have:
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BC = AB = x
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CD = AD = y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BD = BD. (Common sides in ∆ ADB and ∆ CDB)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ADB ≅ ∆ CDB. (SSS)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
1 × x × y = 900 E
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 2 Y
xy = 900 .....➀
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 20 ํ = xy
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = y tan 20 ํ .....➁
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute ➁ into ➀, we have:
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(y tan 20 ํ)y = 900
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y2 = tan90020 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y = tan90020 ํ .
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since y is the side length of the quadrilateral, its value is always positive.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
y ≈ 49.73
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Substitute y ≈ 49.73 into ➀, we have:
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x ≈ 49.73 900 ≈ 18.10.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the perimeter ≈ 2(49.73 + 18.10) = 135.66 units.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
197
K
E
Y
198
Chapter 5
Circles
Structures such as bridges and archways are
sometimes in the shape of an arc of a circle. The balcony
of an apartment may also take the shape of an arc. If
we are given an arc of a circle, are we able to determine
the center of the circle?
K
E
Y
Indicator
• Understand and apply circle theorems to solving mathematical
problems. (MA 2.2 G. 9/3)
Compulsory Details
• Circles, chords and tangents
• Circle theorems
199
5.1 Circle Theorems of
Chords and Tangents
In primary school, we have learned about circles and parts of a circle as follows:
The circumference of circle O
A The center of circle O
OC is the radius of circle O, which is a line

O
segment starting from point O to any point on
the circumference.
C
AB is the diameter of circle O, which is a line
B segment passing through the midpoint from point
K
E A to point B, and it is twice as long as OC.
Y
At this level, we will learn about parts of a circle as follows:
S
ATTENTION
O A circle is named according to its

diameter. For example, if a circle
P Q has point O as its diameter, then
we call it circle O.
R
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1 shows circle O where PQ is the chord of circle O and arc PRQ–a
part of the circumference–is the arc of circle O. Here, arc PRQ represented by PRQ
is called the minor arc, and arc PSQ represented by PSQ is called the major arc.
200
1. Angles at Center and Angles at Circumference
P Y Z
B
O
O O
B B A R
A X A Q
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.2(a) shows a circle with center O. ∠AOB is INFORMATION
an angle at the center of the circle by the minor arc AXB. The longest chord of a circle
is its diameter that bisects the
∠APB is an angle at the circumference of the circle by
circumference into two arcs of
the same minor arc AXB. equal length. The parts that
Figure 5.2(b) shows another circle with center O. ∠AOB are blocked by the diameter K
and the divided arcs are called YE
is an angle at the center of the circle by the major arc semicircles.
AYB. ∠AQB is an angle at the circumference of the circle
by the same major arc AYB.
Semicircle
One way to recognize which angle is subtended by
O
which arc is to look at the shape of the arc. For example, Semicircle
the shape of the arc indicating ∠APB in figure 5.2(a) is the
same shape as that of the minor arc AXB which subtends
the angle, and the shape of the arc indicating the reflex
angle AOB in figure 5.2(b) is the shape as that of the
major arc AYB which subtends the angle.
Consider figure 5.2(c). Can you identify the angle subtended at the center of the
circle and the angle subtended at the circumference by the semicircle AZB?
201
Class Discussion
Identifying angles at the center and at the circumference
Work in pairs to identify each of the following by using a different colored pencil or pen
to draw the angle in each circle.
1) An angle at the center subtended by minor arc AQB (in purple)
2) An angle at the circumference subtended by minor arc AQB (in red)
3) An angle at the center subtended by major arc APB (in black)
4) An angle at the circumference subtended by major arc APB (in green)
Q
B P
A
O O P O
B
A A B
K P Q Q
E
Y
2. Perpendicular bisector of a chord
Investigation
Circle symmetric property 1
Go to https://www.shinglee.com.sg/e-resources/students-resources
Scroll down to “New Syllabus Mathematics - 7th Edition”.
Click “Investigation - Circle Symmetric Property 1” to download the GSP file.
Open the file and then you have circle O, chord AB and OM with three conditions:
Condition A: OM passes through the center of circle O.
Condition B: OM is perpendicular to chord AB.
Condition C: OM bisects chord AB.
Note that chord AB must not be the diameter of the circle.
202
Part 1
1. The template shows a circle with center O and OM perpendicular to chord AB.
Which two of the three conditions on the previous page are given?
Figure 5.3
2. Click and drag point A or B to change the chord. Click and drag point R to change
the size of the circle.
1) What do you notice about the length of AM and MB? K
AM = MB E
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Y
2) What do you call point M?
M is the mid point of AB.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Part 2
3. Click on the “Next” button. The next page of the template shows a circle with center
O and OM bisecting chord AB. Which two of the three conditions on the previous
page are given?
Figure 5.4
203
4. Click and drag point A or B to change the chord. Click and drag point R to change
the size of the circle. What do you notice about the size of ∠AMO and ∠BMO?
∠ AMO = ∠BMO = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Part 3
5. Use a sheet of paper to draw and cut out a circle. To find the center of a circle, fold
the circle into two equal halves, and then fold again into two equal halves as shown
in Figure 5.5.
Figure 5.5
Open up the paper as shown in Figure 5.6 where the dotted lines indicate the lines
K obtained from the above paper folding.
E
Y
Figure 5.6
Mark the center of the circle. Why is it the center of the circle?
It...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
has an equal distance from all of the points on its circumference.
6. Using the same circle as in 5., fold along chord AB that is not a diameter of the
circle and then fold it into two equal halves as shown in Figure 5.7.
A B A M B M B
Figure 5.7
204
Open up the paper as shown in Figure 5.8 where the dotted lines indicate the lines
obtained from the paper folding.
A M B
Figure 5.8
As the paper is folded into two equal halves, line segment  bisects chord AB and
∠AMB. Since ∠AMB = 180 ,ํ  is perpendicular to chord AB.
1) Which two of the three conditions on page 202 are satisfied?
Conditions B and C
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Does line segment  pass through center O of the circle that you have marked
in 5.? K
E
Yes.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Y
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Investigation, it is in accordance with the theorem as follows:

Theorem
1. If line segment  passes through the center of a circle and is perpendicular to
chord AB (which is not the diameter of the circle), then line segment  bisects
chord AB.
2. If line segment  passes through the center of a circle and bisects chord AB
(which is not the diameter of the circle), then line segment  is perpendicular
to chord AB.
3. If line segment  bisects chord AB of a circle and is perpendicular to chord AB
(i.e.  is the perpendicular bisector of chord AB), then line segment  passes
through the center of the circle.
205
Worked Example 1
In the figure, AB and PQ are chords of the circle with center Q
O. Point M lies on AB such that OM is perpendicular to N
4 cm
AB and point N lies on PQ such that ON is perpendicular P O
7 cm
to PQ. Given that AB = 12 cm, OM = 7 cm and ON = 4 M
A 12 cm B
cm, find the length of chord PQ (give your answer correct
Solution:
AM = MB (OM is the perpendicular bisector of AB.)
= 122
O
= 6 cm
Consider ∆ OMA. 7 cm
A M B
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: 6 cm 6 cm
2 2 2
OA = AM + OM = 6 + 7 = 85 2 2
K
E Since OP = OA, (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
Y
2
we have OP = OA = 85.2
Consider ∆ ONP.
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: O
4 cm
OP2 = ON2 + PN2 P N
2 2 2
OA = 4 + PN (OP = OA)
2
85 = 16 + PN
PN2 = 85 - 16
= 69
PN = 69.
Since PN is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
PN ≈ 8.31
Since ON is the perpendicular bisector of PQ,
we have PQ = 2 × PN
≈ 2 × 8.31
= 16.62 cm.
206
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 5A Questions 1-6, 8
In the figure, PQ and XY are chords of the circle with center Y
O. Point M lies on PQ such that OM is perpendicular to N 3 cm
PQ, and point N lies on XY such that ON is perpendicular O 8 cm Q
to XY. Given that XY = 26 cm, OM = 8 cm and ON = X
M
3 cm, find the length of chord PQ (give your answer P
correct to 2 decimal places).
X N = NY (ON is the perpendicular bisector of XY.)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 262
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 13 cm
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ ONX.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O 3 cm
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: X 13 cm N 13 cm Y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 2 2
OX = ON + XN
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 32 + 132
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 178.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
Since OP = OX, (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
we have OP = OX = 178. 2 2 O
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8 cm
Consider ∆ OMP. P M
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have:
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OP2 = OM2 + MP2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OX2 = 82 + MP2 (OX = OP)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
178 = 64 + MP
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MP2 = 178 - 64
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 114
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MP = 114.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since MP is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MP ≈ 10.68
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since OM is the perpendicular bisector of PQ,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have PQ = 2 × MP
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 2 × 10.68
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 21.36 cm.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
207
Class Discussion
Application of perpendicular bisectors of chords to real-world contexts
Work in pairs and do the following activity.
1. Construct a circle that passes through three given points A, B and C.
B
C
A
O
2. The diagram shows the plan of a living room with 1m Balcony 0.5 m
a balcony (not drawn to scale). The living room is 3m
rectangular (6 m by 4 m), and the balcony is an
K arc of a circle. Using a scale of 0.8 cm to represent
E Living room 6m
Y 1 m, draw an accurate scale drawing of the living
room with the balcony.
Hint Use the method in 1. to draw the arc of the
balcony. 4m
C
0.5 m
1m A B
Living room 6m
4m
208
Investigation
Open the file and do the following activity.
Part 1
1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle with center O and two equal chords.
K
E
Y
Figure 5.9
2. Click and drag point A or B to change the lengths of both chords.
Click and drag point R to change the size of the circle.
Click and drag point P until it coincides with point A.
What do you notice about the distance of both chords from center O?
The distance of both chords from center O is equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. In the same circle, what do you notice about the distance of equal chords from the
center?
The distance is equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
209
Part 2
4. What do you notice about the lengths of m(AB) ATTENTION
and m(PQ)? The length of arc AB is represented

The lengths of both arcs are equal.
............................................................................................................................................. by m(AB).
5. If two chords are equal in length, what do you The length of arc PQ is represented
by m(PQ).
notice about the corresponding arcs?
Equal
.............................................................................................................................................
Part 3
6. ∠AOB is subtended at the center of the circle by arc AB. ∠POQ is subtended at
the center of the circle by arc PQ. What do you notice about the sizes of ∠AOB
and ∠POQ?
The sizes of both angles are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. What do you notice about the sizes of angles at the center subtended by equal
chords?
K Equal
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E What do you notice about the sizes of angles at the center subtended by equal
Y
arcs of a circle?
Equal
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Part 4
8. Click on the “Next” button to do the activity in Part 4. The template shows two
chords of a circle that are equidistant from its center O.
ATTENTION
The distance of a point from a line

is the perpendicular distance of the
point from the line. This distance
is also the shortest distance from
the point to the line.
Figure 5.10
210
9. Click and drag point M to change the distance of both chords from center O. Click
and drag point R to change the size of the circle. Click and drag point P until both
chords coincide. What do you notice about the lengths of both chords?
The lengths of both chords are equal.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10. In the same circle, what do you notice about the lengths of chords when the chords
are equidistant from the center of the circle?
Equal
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Theorem In the same circle or congruent circles:

1. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center of the circle. K
E
Y
2. If two chords are equal in length, the corresponding arcs are equal in length.
3. Equal chords subtend equal angles at the center.
Equal arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the center.
The converse for each of the above is also true.
Theorem In the same circle or congruent circles:

1. Chords that are equidistant from the center of a circle are equal in length.
2. If two arcs are equal in length, the corresponding chords are equal in length.
3. Equal angles at the center are subtended by equal chords.
Equal angles at the center are subtended by equal arcs.
211
Worked Example 2
The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle of radius 12 cm are 8 cm and 14 cm,
respectively. Find the distance between the chords.
Solution:
There are two possible cases about the positions of two chords AB and XY
(equal chords).
Let AB = 8 cm and XY = 14 cm.
Case 1: The chords are on opposite sides of center O.
Consider ∆ AON. 4 cm
A N B
ON2 = 122 - 42 = 128 12 cm
ON = 128. O
12 cm
Since ON is the length of the line segment,
its value is always positive. X M Y
K 7 cm
E ON ≈ 11.31 cm
Y
Consider ∆ YOM.
OM2 = 122 - 72 = 95
OM = 95.
Since OM is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
OM ≈ 9.75 cm
Distance between chords = MN
= MO + ON
≈ 9.75 + 11.31 = 21.06 cm
Case 2: The chords are on the same side of center O.
= ON - OM O
≈ 11.31 - 9.75
12 cm 12 cm
7 cm M 7 cm
= 1.56 cm X A N BY
4 cm
212
Similar Questions
The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle of radius 20 cm are 10 cm and 30 cm,
There are two possible cases about the positions of two chords AB and Y (equal chords). X
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 cm
Case 1: The chords are on opposite sides of center O. A N B
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ AON.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 cm
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: O
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 2 2 20 cm
ON = 20 - 5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 375 X M Y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15 cm
ON = 375.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since ON is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ON ≈ 19.36 cm
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ YOM.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: E
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
OM2 = 202 - 152
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 175
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OM = 175.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OM ≈ 13.23 cm
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= MO + ON
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 13.23 + 19.36
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 32.59 cm
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Distance between chords = MN O
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= ON - OM 20 cm 20 cm
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15 cm 15 cm
≈ 19.36 - 13.23 X M Y
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A N B
= 6.13 cm 5 cm
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
213
Exercise 5A
Basic Level
1. Find the values of the unknowns in the following circles.
1) 12 cm 2) 3)
7.1 cm
22 cm
O b O c
O 73.1 ํ
a
7.1 cm
a = 12 cm
................................................................. b = 222 = 11 cm
.................................................................. ∠ c = 73.1 ํ
..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
9.5 cm 16 cm
4) d 5) 6)
K 40.8 ํ
50.2 ํ 117 ํ
E O 4.3 cm O f
Y 40.8 ํ
e 16 cm
d = 4.3 cm
................................................................. e = 9.5 cm
.................................................................. ∠ f = 117 ํ
..................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................
2. Find the value of a in the given circle.

10 mm
Let the radius of the circle be r mm.
......................................................................................................................................................................
a From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have:

......................................................................................................................................................................
O r2 = 52 + 62 = 61
......................................................................................................................................................................
5 mm
a2 = r2 - 52 = 61 - 25 = 36
......................................................................................................................................................................
12 mm
a = 36.
......................................................................................................................................................................
Since a is the length of the line segment, its value is always
......................................................................................................................................................................
positive.
......................................................................................................................................................................
a = 6 mm
......................................................................................................................................................................
214
3. A chord of length 24 m is at a distance of 5 m from the center of a circle. Find the
radius of the circle.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r2 = 52 + 122 = 169 O
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r 5m
r = 169. A B
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
24 m
Since r is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r = 13 m
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the radius of the circle is 13 m.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. A chord of a circle of radius 8.5 cm is 5 cm from the center. Find the length of the
chord.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d 2 = 8.52 - 52
(2)2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
d = 47.25 O
4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.5 cm 5 cm
d = 189.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A d B K
Since d is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
d ≈ 13.75 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
Therefore, the chord of the circle is approximately 13.75 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Intermediate Level
5. The perpendicular bisector of a chord XY cuts XY at N and the circle at P. Given
that XY = 16 cm and NP = 2 cm, calculate the radius of the circle.
Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OX2 = ON2 + XN2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r2 = (r - 2)2 + 82 O
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r2 = r2 - 4r + 4 + 64 8 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4r = 68 X N Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
P 2 cm
r = 17.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, the radius of the circle is 17 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
215
6. The figure shows two concentric circles with center O. Points A and E lie on the
circumference of the larger circle, while points B and D lie on the circumference
of the smaller circle. Given that ABCDE is a straight line, OB = 9 cm, AB = 6 cm,
BC = 7 cm and AC = CE.
O
9 cm
A B C D E
6 cm 7 cm
Find the following:
1) The length of OC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OC2 = 92 - 72
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 32
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E OC = 32.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
Since OC is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OC ≈ 5.66 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The length of OE
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OE2 = 32 + (6 + 7)2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 201
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OE = 201.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since OE is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OE ≈ 14.18 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
216
7. The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle of radius 5 cm are 6 cm and 8 cm,
There are two possible cases about the positions of two chords AB and Y (equal chords). X
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Case 1: The chords are on opposite sides of center O.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ AON. 3 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A N B
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ON2 = 52 - 32 5 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O 5 cm
= 16
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 cm 4 cm
ON = 16. X M Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since ON is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ON = 4 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ YOM.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
OM2 = 52 - 42
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
= 9
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OM = 9.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OM = 3 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= MO + ON
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3+4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 7 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O
= ON - OM 5 cm 5 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4-3 4 cm M 4 cm
X Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A N B
= 1 cm 3 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
217
Advanced Level
8. The radius of a circle is 17 cm. Chord XY lies 9 cm from the center and divides
the circle into two segments. Find the perimeter of the minor segment.
Hint cos 58.03 ํ ≈ 179
cos HO = 179
∠ X
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠HOX ≈ 58.03 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠XOY ≈ 2 × 58.03 ํ = 116.06 ํ O

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17 cm
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: 9 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
X H Y
2 2 2
XH = 17 - 9 = 208
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XH = 208.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since XH is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XH ≈ 14.42 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
XY ≈ 2 × 14.42 = 28.84 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K Perimeter of minor segment = XY + m(XY)
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y ≈ 28.84 + ( 116.06 ํ × 2π × 17)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
360 ํ
≈ 63.29 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Radius of a Circle and Tangent to a Circle
A B
C X D
(a) (b)
Figure 5.11
In Figure 5.11(a), a straight line cutting a circle at two distinct points is called a
secant, i.e AB is a secant.
In Figure 5.11(b), a straight line and a circle have only one point of contact, then
that line is called a tangent, i.e. CD is a tangent and X is the point of contact.
218
Investigation
1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle with center O and radius OP,
which is perpendicular to the chord at A.
K
E
Y
Figure 5.12
2. Click on the button “Click here to show or hide Secant”. It will reveal a secant that
coincides with the chord, i.e. the secant is also perpendicular to radius OP. Unlike
a chord which is a line segment with two end points, a secant is a line that cuts
the circle at two different points.
3. Click and drag point P to move radius OP and the secant around the circle. Click
and drag point R to change the size of the circle. Click and drag point A until it
coincides with point P.
1) What do you notice about the secant?
The secant is perpendicular to the radius.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What is the angle between the tangent at the point of contact P and the radius
of the circle?
It is a right angle.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. What is the relationship between the tangent to a circle and the radius of a circle?
Perpendicular
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
219
Theorem The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the radius

of the circle.
Worked Example 3
In the figure, PX is a tangent to the circle with center O. Given that PX = 6.8 cm and
OX = 4.3 cm.
X
6.8 cm
4.3 cm
P O
Find the following:

K 1) The length of OP
E 2) The area of ∆ OPX
Y
Solution:
1) ∠OXP = 90 ํ (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.)
Consider ∆ OPX.
OP2 = OX2 + XP2
= 6.82 + 4.32
= 64.73
OP = 64.73.
Since OP is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
OP ≈ 8.05 cm
2) Area of ∆ OPX = 12 × PX × OX
= 12 × 6.8 × 4.3
= 14.62 cm2
220
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 5B Questions 1-2, 4-5, 7
In the figure, PA is a tangent to the circle with center O. Given that PA = 10.5 cm and
OA = 4.5 cm. Find the following.
A
10.5 cm
4.5 cm
P
O
1) The length of OP
∠ OAP = 90 ํ (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ OPA.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OP2 = OA2 + AP2

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4.52 + 10.52
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 130.5
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
OP = 130.5.
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
Since OP is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OP ≈ 11.42 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) The area of ∆ OPA

Area of ∆ OPA = 12 × PA × OA
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 12 × 4.5 × 10.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 23.625 cm2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
221
Investigation
1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle and two tangents from an
external point P touching the circle at A and B, respectively.
ATTENTION
Although a tangent is a line (i.e.

without any endpoint) and so its
length is infinite, the length of a
tangent from an external point is
K the distance between the external
E
Y point and the point of contact
with the circle. In this case, the
lengths of the two tangents are
AP and BP.
Figure 5.13
2. Click and drag point P to change the position of the external point, but P must
remain outside the circle. Click and drag point R to change the size of the circle.
1) What do you notice about the length of AP and of BP?
AP = BP
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What do you notice about the sizes of ∠OPA and ∠OPB?

∠ OPA = OPB ∠
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. 1) What is the relationship between two line segments drawn from an external point
of a circle and touching the circle?
The two line segments are of equal length.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
222
2) Regarding an angle obtained by two line segments drawn from an external point
of a circle and touching the circle and a line segment drawn from the center of a
circle to an external point of the circle, what is the relationship between them?
The line segment drawn from the center of a circle to an external point bisects the angle
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
between the two line segments drawn from an external point of a circle and touching the circle.
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Prove the two results in 3.

Hint For 3., how are ∆ OAP and ∆ OBP related?
OA = OB (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90 ํ (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the radius
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of the circle.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OP = OP (Common side)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ OAP ≅ ∆ OBP (SAS)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, tangents from an external point are equal in length, and the line from the center of a
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
circle to an external point bisects the angle between the two tangents from the external point. K
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Theorem
1. Tangents from an external point are equal in length.
2. The line segment from the center of a circle to an external point bisects the
angle between the two tangents from the external point.
223
Worked Example 4
A
In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle with
8 cm
center O. Given that OA = 8 cm and ∠OPB = 26 ,ํ find P O
the following. 26 ํ
1) The size of ∠AOB 2) The length of AP B
Solution:
1) ∠OBP = ∠OAP = 90 ํ (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the
radius of the circle.)
∠OPA = ∠OPB = 26 ํ (Symmetric properties of tangents to a circle)
∠AOB = 360 ํ - ∠OAP - ∠OBP - ∠APB (The sum of interior angles of a
quadrilateral is 360 ํ.)
= 360 ํ - 90 ํ - 90 ํ - (26 ํ + 26 ํ)
= 128 ํ
K 2) Consider ∆ OAP.
E tan ∠OPA = OA
Y AP
tan 26 ํ = AP 8
AP = tan826 ํ ≈ 16.4 cm
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 5B Questions 3, 6
In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle with B
center O. Given that OA = 14 cm and ∠BOP = 62 ํ, find
the following. P C
62 ํ
O
14 cm
A
1) The size of ∠OPB
∠ OBP = 90 ํ (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
to the radius of the circle.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ OPB = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 62 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 28 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
224
2) The size of ∠OAC
∠ AOP = BOP = 62 ํ ∠ (Symmetric properties of tangents to a circle)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OC = OA (The radii of the same circle are equal.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠OAC = ∠OCA = 180 ํ - 62 ํ = 59 ํ

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) The length of BP
Consider ∆ BOP.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan ∠BOP = BO BP
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
tan 62 ํ = BP
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14
BP = 14 tan 62 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
≈ 26.33 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 5B K
E
Y
Basic Level
1. In the figure, BP is a tangent to the circle with center O. Given that ∠APO = 33 ,ํ
find the size of ∠PBA.
P
33 ํ
A B
O
∠ OPB = 90 ํ (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OA = OP (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠OAP = ∠OPA = 33 ํ (The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PBA = 180 ํ - (33 ํ + 90 ํ) - 33 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 24 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
225
2. In the figure, O is the center of the circle passing
T O B
though points A and B. TA is a tangent to the circle 64 ํ
at A. Given that ∠AOT = 64 ํ, find the following.
A
1) ∠ATB 2) ∠TAB
∠ OAT = 90 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. OA = OB
………………………………………………………………………………..
∠ATB = ∠ATO
……………………………………………………………………………….. ∠OAB = ∠OBA = 64 ํ = 32 ํ
………………………………………………………………………………..
2
= 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 64 ํ = 26 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. ∠TAB = 90 ํ + 32 ํ = 122 ํ
………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Given that PA and PB are tangents to each of the following circles with center O,
find the values of the unknowns.
1) ∠a = 180 ํ - ∠OPA - ∠PAO
......................................................................................................................................................................
B
15 cm = 180 ํ - OPB - PAO ∠ ∠
......................................................................................................................................................................
O a 32 ํ = 180 ํ - 32 ํ - 90 ํ
P ......................................................................................................................................................................
b = 58 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
A b = BP = 15 cm
......................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 2) ∠ OAP = OBP ∠ ∠ c = 180 ํ - 56 ํ - 90 ํ
Y B ......................................................................................................................................................................
10 m d = 90 ํ = 34 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
O 112 ํ c P OA = OB tan 56 ํ = 10d
......................................................................................................................................................................
∠POA = 112 ํ d = 10 tan 56 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
A 2
= 56 ํ ≈ 14.83 m
......................................................................................................................................................................
Intermediate Level
4. In the figure, TP is a tangent to the circle C
44 ํ
at A. C is a point on the circle such that O B
46 ํ
∠ACB = 44 ํ. Given that ∠OBA = 46 ํ and
69 ํ T
∠PAC = 69 ํ, find the sizes of the following. P A
1) ∠BAT 2) ∠PTC
∠ OAT = 90 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. ∠ CAT = 180 ํ - 69 ํ
………………………………………………………………………………..
OA = OB
……………………………………………………………………………….. = 111 ํ
………………………………………………………………………………..
∠OAB = ∠OBA = 46 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. ∠PTC = 180 ํ - 44 ํ - 111 ํ
………………………………………………………………………………..
∠BAT = 90 ํ - 46 ํ = 44 ํ
……………………………………………………………………………….. = 25 ํ
………………………………………………………………………………..
226
5. The tangent from point P touches a circle at N. Given that the radius of the circle
is 5.6 cm and that P is 10.6 cm away from the center, find the length of tangent PN.
∠ ONP = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PN2 = 10.62 - 5.62 = 81 P 10.6 cm O
O
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PN = 81. 5.6 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
N
Since PN is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PN = 9 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. The tangents from point T touches a circle with center O, at points A and B. Given
that ∠AOT = 51 ํ, find the size of ∠BAT.
∠ OAT = OBT = 90 ํ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
∠OAB = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 51 ํ = 39 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
T 51 ํ O
∠BAT = 90 ํ - 39 ํ = 51 ํ O
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B K
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
Advanced Level
7. Two concentric circles have radii 12 cm and 25.5 cm, respectively. A tangent to the
inner circle cuts the outer circle at points H and K. Find the length of HK.
∠ OPK = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O
PK2 = 25.52 - 122 = 506.25
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O 25.5 cm
12 cm
PK = 506.25. H P K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since PK is the length of the line segment, its value is always positive.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PK = 22.5 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
HK = 2 × 22.5 = 45 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
227
5.2 Circle Theorems of Angles
1. Angles at the Center and the Arcs of a Circle
In this section, we will learn about the angle properties of circles.
Investigation
Circle angle property 1
Click “Investigation - Circle Angle Property 1” to download the GSP file.
K 1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle with center O. ∠AOB is an
E
Y angle at the center, while ∠APB is an angle at the circumference subtended by the
same (minor or major) arc AB.
Figure 5.14
2. Click on the action buttons in the template to set ∠AOB to the values in the table.
You can also move point R to change the size of the circle and point P to change
∠APB. Complete the table.
228
∠AOB 60 ํ 90 ํ 120 ํ 145 ํ 250 ํ 320 ํ
∠APB 30 ํ 45 ํ 60 ํ 72.5 ํ 125 ํ 160 ํ
∠AOB
2 2 2 2 2 2
∠APB
3. What is the relationship between ∠AOB and ∠APB?

∠ AOB = 2( APB) ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. In the same circle, what is the size of an angle at the center of the circle compared
to any angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc?
Twice
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Theorem An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle at the
circumference subtended by the same arc. K
E
Y
To prove the circle angle property 1, we have to consider four cases. The following
proof applies to cases 1 and 2.
Cases 1 and 2
Figure 5.15 shows case 1 (angles subtended by minor arc AB) and case 2 (angles
subtended by major arc AB). The proofs for both cases are actually the same. Join P
to O and produce PO to cut the circle at X. Let ∠APX = a ํ and ∠BPX = b ํ.
Case 1 Case 2
P P B
aํ bํ aํ bํ
A
O
O
B
A X X
Figure 5.15
229
Since OA = OP, (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
∆ AOP is an isosceles triangle.
We have: ∠OAP = ∠OPA = a ํ (The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.)
∠AOX = ∠OAP + ∠OPA = 2a ํ (The size of an exterior angle of a triangle
equals the sum of interior angles that are not the adjacent angles to the exterior angle.)
Similarly, ∆ BOP is an isosceles triangle.
∠OBP = ∠OPB = b ํ
∠BOX = 2b ํ
Therefore, ∠AOB = ∠AOX + ∠BOX ∠ AOB = 2(∠APX + ∠BPX)
= 2a ํ + 2b ํ = 2(∠APB)
= 2(a ํ + b ํ)
Thinking Time
K Figure 5.16 shows cases 3 and 4 (two special cases of angles subtended by minor arc
E
Y AB). In each case, prove the circle angle property 1.
Case 3 Case 4
P
P
O O
A B B
A
Figure 5.16
Case 3 P
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Let ∠APB = a .ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
aํ
Since OP = OB,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O
∆ BOP is an isosceles triangle.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: ∠OBP = ∠OPB = a ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A B
∠AOB = ∠OBP + ∠OPB = 2a ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2(∠OPB) = 2(∠APB)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
230
Case 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
P
Let ∠OPB = a .ํ bํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since OB = OP, O aํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ BOP is an isosceles triangle.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: ∠OBP = ∠OPB = a ํ C
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B
∠BOC = ∠OBP + ∠OPB = 2a ํ
A
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2(∠OPB)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Let ∠OPA = b .ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since OA = OP,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ AOP is an isosceles triangle.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We have: ∠OAP = ∠OPA = b ํ Therefore, ∠AOB = ∠BOC - ∠AOC
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠AOC = ∠OAP + ∠OPA = 2b ํ = 2(∠OPB) - 2(∠OPA)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2(∠OPA) = 2(∠OPB - ∠OPA)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2(∠APB).
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E
Y
Worked Example 5
A
A, B, C and D are four points on the circumference of a
37 ํ
circle with center O. Given that AD is a diameter of the circle
B O
and ∠CAD = 37 ,ํ find the sizes of the following.
1) ∠COD 2) ∠ABC C
D
Solution:
1) ∠COD = ∠ 2(CAD) (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any
angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
= 2 × 37 ํ
= 74 ํ
2) Reflex angle AOC = 180 ํ + 74 ํ = 254 ํ
Therefore, ∠ABC = 254 ํ
2 (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any
angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
= 127 ํ.
231
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 5C Questions 1, 10
P, Q, R and S are four points on the circumference of a P
28 ํ
circle with center O. Given that PS is a diameter of the
circle and ∠OPR = 28 ํ, find the sizes of the following. O Q
1) ∠SOR S R
∠SOR = 2(∠SPR) (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle at
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2 × 28 ํ the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 56 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ∠PQR
Reflex angle POR = 180 ํ + 56 ํ = 236 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∠PQR = 236 ํ (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle at
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
= 118 ํ. the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E Investigation
Y
Circle angle property 2
1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle with center O. ∠AOB is an
angle at the center while ∠APB is an angle at the circumference. Both angles
subtended by arc AB.
Figure 5.17
232
2. Click on the action button in the template to set ∠AOB = 180 ํ. You can also move
point R to change the size of the circle and point P to change ∠APB.
1) What is the size of ∠APB?
∠ APB = 90 ํ
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) What do we call each segment when ∠AOB = 180 ํ such that AB bisects a
circle?
Semicircle
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. What is the size of angle in the semicircle?

90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Prove the angle property in 3.

∠ AOB = 180 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠APB = 180 ํ (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle at
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
= 90 ํ the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
From Investigation, it is in accordance with the theorem as follows: E
Y
Theorem An angle in a semicircle is always 90 ํ.
Worked Example 6
C
A, B, C and D are four points on the circumference of a D 29 ํ
circle with center O. Given that AB is a diameter of the x B
z y
circle, CD is parallel to AB and ∠DCA = 29 ํ, find the O
A
angles marked ∠x, ∠y and ∠z.
Solution:
ACB = 90 ํ ∠ (An angle in a semicircle is 90 ํ.)
∠CAB = 29 ํ (Alternate angles are equal.)
We have: ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 29 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
= 61 ํ
233
y = ∠ 2(∠ACD) (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any
= 2 × 29 ํ = 58 ํ angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
∠DAO = ∠ADO (The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.)
= 180 ํ - 58 ํ = 61 ํ
2
∠z = ∠DAO - ∠CAB
= 61 ํ - 29 ํ = 32 ํ
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 5C Questions 2, 11-12
P, Q, R and S are four points on the circumference of a Q
R
circle with center O. Given that PS is a diameter of the X
circle, PQ is parallel to OR and ∠ROS = 50 ํ, find the P
O
50 ํ S
sizes of the following.
1) ∠OPR
K ∠ POR = 180 ํ - 50 ํ (A straight angle is 180 ํ.)
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y = 130 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since OP = OR, (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠OPR = 180 ํ - 130 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
= 25 .
ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ∠QOR
∠ QPO = 50 ํ (Corresponding angles on the same side of the transversal are
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
QPR = 50 ํ - 25 ํ = 25 ํ
∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠QOR = 2(∠QPR) (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2 × 25 ํ = 50 ํ at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) ∠PXQ
∠PQO = ∠QOR = 50 ํ (Alternate angles are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PXQ = 180 ํ - 50 ํ - 25 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 105 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
234
2. Angles in Same or Opposite Segments
Figure 5.18(a) shows a circle with chord AB that divides the circle into two segments.
The larger segment APQB is called the major segment (shaded blue), while the smaller
segment AXYB is called the minor (shaded green). ∠APB and ∠AQB are angles subtended
at the circumference of the circle by the same minor arc AB. Since ∠APB and ∠AQB
lie in the same major segment, they are called angles in the same segment. ∠AXB and
∠AYB are angles subtended at the circumference of the circle by the same major arc
AB. Since ∠AXB and ∠AYB line in the same minor segment, they are called angles in
the same segments.
Q Q
P
B B
A Y A K
E
X X Y
(a) (b)
Figure 5.18
Figure 5.18(b) shows a circle with chord AB that ATTENTION
divides the circle into two segments, AQB and AXB. Opposite segments must be
These segments are called opposite segments (not formed by the same chord.
different segments). ∠AQB and ∠AXB are angles
subtended at the circumference of the circle by minor
arc AB and by major arc AB, respectively. Since ∠AQB
and ∠AXB lie in opposite segments, they are called
angles in opposite segments.
235
Class Discussion
Angles in the same or opposite segments F
zE
Work in pairs.
A w yD
The figure on the right shows a circle with four angles
labeled ∠w, ∠x, ∠y and ∠z. Identify which pairs of the four x
C
angles are in the same segment and which pairs of the four B
angles are in opposite segments, and explain your answer.
∠x and y are angles in the same segment obtained by chord BE intersecting the circle.
∠
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠w and ∠z are angles in opposite segments obtained by chord BF intersecting the circle.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Investigation
K
E
Y Circle angle property 3
1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle with center O. ∠APB and
∠AQB are angles in the same (minor or major) segment.
Figure 5.19
236
2. Click and drag point A or B to change the size of ∠APB and ∠AQB.
Click and drag point P or Q to change the positions of ∠APB and ∠AQB.
What do you notice about ∠APB and ∠AQB?
∠ APB = AQB ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. What are the sizes of angles in the same segment?

Equal
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Prove the angle property in question 3.

∠ AOB = 2( APB) ∠ (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle at
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ AOB = 2(∠AQB) the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ APB = ∠AQB
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Theorem Angles in the same segment are equal. K
E
Y
Worked Example 7
In the figure, P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference Q
of a circle. Given that PR and QS intersect at point X,
∠RPS = 20 ํ and ∠PRQ = 52 ํ, find the sizes of the 52 ํ R
X
following. P 20 ํ S
1) ∠SQR 2) ∠QSP 3) ∠PXQ
Solution:
1) ∠SQR = ∠RPS (Angles in the same segment are equal.)
= 20 ํ
2) ∠QSP = ∠PRQ (Angles in the same segment are equal.)
= 52 ํ
3) ∠PXQ = ∠SQR + ∠PRQ
= 20 ํ + 52 ํ
= 72 ํ
237
Similar Questions
Practice Now Exercise 5C Questions
3-4, 5(1), 13, 18
In the figure, P, B, C and D are points on the circumference C
of a circle. Given that AC and BD intersect at point X, D
25 ํ
∠BAC = 44 ํ and ∠ACD = 25 ํ, find the sizes of the
X
following. A 44 ํ B
1) ∠CDX 2) ∠ABX 3) ∠CXB

∠ CD = CDB = CAB
X ∠ ∠
................................................................ ∠ AB = DC X ∠ X
................................................................ ∠ C B = CD + DC
X ∠ X ∠ X
................................................................
= 44 ํ
................................................................ = 25 ํ
................................................................ = 44 ํ + 25 ํ
................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................ = 69 ํ
................................................................
Investigation
K
E Circle angle property 4
Y Go to https://www.shinglee.com.sg/e-resources/students-resources
1. From the GSP program, the template shows a circle with center O. ∠APB and ∠AQB
are angles in opposite (minor or major) segments.
Figure 5.20
238
2. Click and drag point A or B to change the sizes of ∠APB and ∠AQB.
Click and drag point P or Q to change the positions of ∠APB and ∠AQB.
What do you notice about ∠APB and ∠AQB?
∠ APB + AQB = 180 ํ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. What is the sum of angles in opposite segments?

180 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Prove the angle property in question 3.

∠ AOB = 2( APB) ∠ (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Reflex angle AOB = 2(∠AQB) at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since ∠AOB + reflex angle AOB = 360 ํ,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we have 2(∠APB) + 2(∠AQB) = 360 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∠APB + ∠AQB = 180 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Investigation, it is in accordance with the theorem as follows: K

E
Y
Theorem The sum of angles in opposite segments is equal to 180 ํ.
Worked Example 8
In the figure, P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference S T
of a circle. Given that PT and QT intersect at point T, P
102 ํ R
∠PQR = 74 ํ and ∠QRS = 102 ํ , find the sizes of the
following. 74 ํ
Q
1) ∠QPS 2) ∠RTS 3) ∠RST
Solution:
1) ∠QPS = 180 ํ - 102 ํ (The sum of angles in opposite segments is 180 ํ.)
= 78 ํ
2) ∠RTS = 180 ํ - 74 ํ - 78 ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
= 28 ํ
239
3) ∠RST = 102 ํ - 28 ํ (For an exterior angle extended from one side of a triangle,
= 74 ํ that exterior angle equals the sum of interior angles which
are not adjacent angles to the exterior angle.)
Similar Questions
Exercise 5C Questions
Practice Now 5(2), 6-7
In the figure, A, B, C and D are points on the circumference Q
21 ํ
of a circle. Given that PB, QB, PC and QA intersect the C
circle, ∠BPC = 31 ํ, ∠AQB = 21 ํ and ∠PBQ = x ํ, find D
the following.
P 31 ํ xํ B
1) The size of ∠BAD in terms of x A
∠ BAD = 180 ํ - 21 ํ - x ํ (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (159 - x) ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
2) The size of ∠BCD in terms of x
∠ BCD = 180 ํ - 31 ํ - ํ x (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= (149 - x) ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) The value of x
∠ BAD + BCD = 180 ํ ∠ (The sum of angles in opposite segments is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(159 - x) ํ + (149 - x) ํ = 180 ํ 2x ํ = 128 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
308 ํ - 2x ํ = 180 ํ x = 64
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) The size of ∠PAD

∠ PAD = 21 ํ + 64 ํ (For an exterior angle extended from one side of a triangle,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 85 ํ that exterior angle equals the sum of interior angles which are
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
not adjacent angles to the exterior angle.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
240
3. Tangent-Chord Theorem
In the figure, TA is the tangent to the circle at A, and
AQ is a chord at the point of contact. ∠TAQ is the angle P
between tangent TA and chord AQ at A. ∠QPA is the angle Q
subtended by chord AQ in the alternate segment. We will
now learn a theorem that states how they are related. T A
Investigation
Tangent-chord theorem
Scroll down to “think! Mathematics Additional Mathematics (New Syllabus Additional
Mathematics - 10th Edition”. K
Click “Investigation - Tangent-Chord Theorem” to download the GSP file. Open the file E
Y
and do the following activity.
Figure 5.21
Figure 5.21 shows circle O where ∠x, the pink angle, is the point of contact and is
between chord AB and tangent AT and where ∠y, the yellow angle, is the arc subtended
by chord AB. Also, ∠x and ∠y are angles on the different sides of chord AB.
241
1. Click and drag to move points A, B or P to change the sizes of ∠x and ∠y. Click
and drag point R to change the size of the circle. State what you observe about
the relationship between ∠x and ∠y.
∠ x ∠ = y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Can you prove that your observation in 1. is true for all ∠x and ∠y?
OA = OB (The radii of the same circle are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∆ AOB is an isosceles triangle.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠AOB = 180 ํ - ∠OAB - ∠OBA (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 180 ํ - 2(∠OAB)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x = 90 ํ - ∠OAB (The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ AOB = 2 ∠ x (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠AOB = 2(∠APB) at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2∠y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
K
E 2∠x = 2∠y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
∠x = ∠y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Theorem The angle between a tangent and a chord at the point of contact is
equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.
Worked Example 9 B
Given that PA and PB are tangents to a circle with center C x
58 ํ
O P
O, ∠ABP = 58 ํ and ∠BAC = 45 ,ํ find the values of ∠x
45 ํ
and ∠y. y A
Solution:
∠ x = 58 ํ (The angle between a tangent and a chord at the point of
contact equals the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate
segment.)
242
∠ PAB = 58 ํ (The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.)
∠y = 180 ํ - 58 ํ - 45 ํ (A straight angle is 180 ํ.)
= 77 ํ
Similar Questions
BC is the diameter of a circle and TA is the tangent to the
B 33 ํ
circle at A. Given that ∠ABC = 33 ,ํ find the size of ∠ATC.
C
A T
∠ BAC = 90 ํ (An angle in a semicircle is 90 ํ.)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠TAC = 33 ํ (The angle between a tangent and a chord at the point of contact
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
equals the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.)

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ ATC = 180 ํ - 33 ํ - (90 ํ + 33 ํ) (The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 ํ.)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 24 ํ K
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
Y
Worked Example 10
In the figure, O is the center of the smaller circle passing P
through points P, S, R and T. Points P, Q, R and O lie
Q 42 ํ S O
on the larger circle. Given that ∠PQR = 42 ํ, find the size T
of ∠PSR. R
Solution:
POR = ∠ 180 ํ - 42 ํ (The sum of angles in opposite segments is 180 .ํ )
= 138 ํ
Reflex angle POR = 360 ํ - 138 ํ
= 222 ํ
∠PSR = 222 ํ (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any
2
= 111 ํ angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
243
Similar Questions
In the figure, O is the center of the smaller circle passing A
through points A, D, C and K. Points A, B, C and O lie B D 114 ํ
O
in the larger circle. Given that ∠ADC = 114 ํ, find the size K
of ∠ABC. C
Reflex angle AOC = 2 × 114 ํ (An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any angle at
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 228 ํ the circumference subtended by the same arc.)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ AOC = 360 ํ - 228 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 132 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABC = 180 ํ - 132 ํ (The sum of angles in opposite segments is 180 ํ.)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 48 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Worked Example 11
In the figure, A, B, C and D are points on the circumference C
K of a circle. PAB and PDC are straight lines. D
E
Y P
1) Show that ∆ PAD is similar to ∆ PCB. A
2) Given that PA = 12 cm, AD = 7 cm and PC = 28 cm, B
find the length of BC.
Solution:
1) Let BCD = x ํ. ∠
We have ∠BAD = 180 ํ - x ํ (The sum of angles in opposite segments is 180 ํ.)
∠PAD = 180 ํ - (180 ํ - x ํ)
= x ํ. 28 cm C
xํ
Consider ∆ PAD and ∆ PCB. D
7 cm
We have: ∠APD = ∠BPC (Common angle) P x ํ 180 ํ - x ํ
12 cm A
∠PAD = ∠PCB
B
The two angles of ∆ PAD are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ PCB.
Therefore, ∆ PAD is similar to ∆ PCB.
244
2) Since ∆ PAD is similar to ∆ PCB, P
BC PC
DA = PA
BC = 28 A
7 12 7 cm D 28 cm
BC = 28 12 × 7
= 16 13 cm. B C
Similar Questions
In the figure, A, P, B and Q are points on the circumference P
of a circle. Chords AB and PQ intersect at right angles X. A B
X
1) Show that ∆ AXQ is similar to ∆ PXB.

A Q = P B = 90 ํ
∠ X ∠ X
Q
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠QAB = ∠BPQ (Angles in the same segment are equal.) K
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
∠QAX = ∠BPX
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
∠AQP = ∠PBA (Angles in the same segment are equal.)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠AQX = ∠PBX
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ AXQ are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ PXB.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ AXQ is similar to ∆ PXB.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Given that AX = 5 cm, QX = 10.5 cm and PX = 3.4 cm, find the length of BX.
Since ∆ AXQ is similar to ∆ PXB,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AX = XQ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PX XB
5 = 10.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4 XB
X B = 10.5 × 3.4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
= 7.14 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
245
Exercise 5C
Basic Level
1. Find the unknown value in each of the following circles with center O.
1) 2)
40 ํ
O 230 ํ
a O
b
∠ a = 2 40 ํ ×
.............................................................................................................. ∠ b = 12 230 ํ ×
..............................................................................................................
= 80 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 115 ํ
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
3) 4)
40 ํ
K O O
E
Y d
98 ํ
c 21 ํ
∠ O = 2 40 ํ = 80 ํ ×
.............................................................................................................. Angle at circumference = 12 98 ํ = 49 ํ ×
..............................................................................................................
∠c = 180 ํ - 80 ํ = 50 ํ
..............................................................................................................
180 ํ - 98 ํ = 41 ํ
..............................................................................................................
2 2
.............................................................................................................. ∠ d = 180 ํ - 41 ํ - 41 ํ - 21 ํ - 49 ํ = 28 ํ
..............................................................................................................
1) 2)
40 ํ a b
O O
∠ a = 180 ํ - 40 ํ - 90 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ b = 90 ํ - 60 ํ
..............................................................................................................
= 50 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 30 ํ
..............................................................................................................
246
1) 2) y
O
100 ํ
x 50 ํ 68 ํ
∠x = 50 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ y = 180 ํ - 100 ํ - 68 ํ = 12 ํ
..............................................................................................................
4. In the figure, ∠TPQ = 100 ํ and ∠PSQ = 20 ํ, find the size of ∠PQT.
P PTQ = PSQ = 20 ํ
∠
......................................................................................................................................................................
100 ํ Q ∠PQT = 180 ํ - 100 ํ - 20 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
T 20 ํ = 60 ํ
R ......................................................................................................................................................................
S
......................................................................................................................................................................
1) 2)
y K
E
54 ํ Y
40 ํ
O
x
∠x + 54 ํ + + 54 ํ = 180 ํ
∠x
.............................................................................................................. 40 ํ + 90 ํ + (180 ํ - y) = 180 ํ ∠
..............................................................................................................
2∠x + 108 ํ = 180 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠y = 130 ํ
..............................................................................................................
2∠x = 72 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
∠x = 36 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
6. In the figure, A, B, C and D are points on the A

circumference of a circle with AX passing through
point D and BX passing through point C, which meet D
at point X. Given that ∠ABC = 80 ํ and ∠AXB = 30 ,ํ B
80 ํ
C
30 ํ X
find the following.
1) ∠BAD 2) ∠XCD
∠ BAD = 180 ํ - 80 ํ - 30 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ ADC = 180 ํ - 80 ํ = 100 ํ
..............................................................................................................
= 70 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠XCD = 100 ํ - 30 ํ = 70 ํ
..............................................................................................................
247
7. In the figure, O is the center of the circle. Find the sum of ∠PQR, ∠PRS and ∠PTS.
Q ∠ PQR = 90 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
∠PRS + ∠PTS = 180 ํ

......................................................................................................................................................................
P R ∠PQR + ∠PRS + ∠PTS = 90 ํ + 180 ํ

......................................................................................................................................................................
O
= 270 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
S
......................................................................................................................................................................
T
......................................................................................................................................................................
8. Given that TD is the tangent to the circle and point A is the point of contact, find
the values of the unknowns.
B
1) C D 2) b
T
a
33 ํ A C
B A
64.9 ํ
K
E T
Y D
∠ a = 33 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ b = 64.9 ํ
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
9. Given that XZ is the tangent to the circle and point A is the point of contact, find
X s = 180 ํ - 81 ํ - 43 ํ
∠
......................................................................................................................................................................
= 56 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
u A
C 81 ํ 43 ํ t ∠t = 81 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
∠u = 56 ํ
Z ......................................................................................................................................................................
s ......................................................................................................................................................................
B ......................................................................................................................................................................
248
Intermediate Level
10. In the figure, find the size of ∠BAD.
D Reflex angle AOC = 360 ํ - 144 ํ = 216 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
P B ∠ADC = 216 ํ = 108 ํ
A 145 ํ ......................................................................................................................................................................
2
144 ํ C ∠ APD = 180 ํ - 145 ํ = 35 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
O
∠BAD = 180 ํ - 108 ํ - 35 ํ = 37 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
11. In the figure, find the value of ∠x.

20 ํ ∠x = 180 ํ - 20 ํ - 90 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
= 70 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
O ......................................................................................................................................................................
x
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
12. In the figure, find the area of the circle.

Consider ABD. ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
A ∠BAD = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................... Y
D If ∠BAD is a right angle in a semicircle, then BD is the diameter
......................................................................................................................................................................
B 6 cm 8 cm of the circle.
......................................................................................................................................................................
Consider ∆ BCD.
......................................................................................................................................................................
C
∠BCD = 90 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
BD2 = BC2 + CD2
......................................................................................................................................................................
= 62 + 82
......................................................................................................................................................................
= 100
......................................................................................................................................................................
BD = 100.
......................................................................................................................................................................
Since BD is the length of the line segment, its value is always
......................................................................................................................................................................
positive.
......................................................................................................................................................................
BD = 10 cm
......................................................................................................................................................................
Area of circle = π × 52
......................................................................................................................................................................
2
≈ 78.54 cm
......................................................................................................................................................................
249
A
13. In the figure, A, Q, B and X are points on the 24 ํ
circumference of a circle. AB is a diameter of the O Q

circle. Given that ∠BAP = 24 ํ and ∠BPA = 35 ,ํ find 35 ํ P
the size of ∠BQX. X B
∠ X B Q = 24 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠AQB = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BQP = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BQX = 180 ํ - 24 ํ - 35 ํ - 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 31 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B
14. In the figure, O is the center of the circle. Given that
C
CD = DE, find the size of ∠BAD.
O
A D E
K ADC = 90 ํ
E ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
∠DCE = ∠DEC = 180 ํ 2- 90 ํ = 45 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BCD = 180 ํ - 45 ํ = 135 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BAD = 180 ํ - 135 ํ = 45 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15. In the figure, A, B, C and D are points on the C B

circumference of a circle. Tangents from point T touch
D 130 ํ O
the circle at points A and C. Given that ∠TAD = 45 ํ
and ∠AOC = 130 ,ํ find the sizes of the following. T 45 ํ
A
1) ∠CBD 2) ∠ATC
∠ ABD = 45 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ OAT = OCT = 90 ํ ∠
..............................................................................................................
∠ABC = 130 ํ = 65 ํ ∠ATC = 360 ํ - 90 ํ - 90 ํ - 130 ํ
2
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
∠CBD = 65 ํ - 45 ํ = 20 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 50 ํ
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
250
16. In the figure, points P, A, B and X lie on the circumference of the larger circle, and
Q, B, A and Y lie on the circumference of the smaller circle. Given that ∠BAX =
58 ํ, ∠PBX = 26 ํ and ∠ABY = 23 ํ, find the following.
A Y Q
P 58 ํ
23 ํ
26 ํ B
X
1) ∠AQB 2) ∠AYQ
∠ X PA = 26 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ AYQ = 180 ํ - 23 ํ - 26 ํ
..............................................................................................................
∠YAQ = 26 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 131 ํ
..............................................................................................................
∠YBQ = 26 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
26 ํ + 58 ํ = 23 ํ + 26 ํ + ∠AQB
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
∠AQB = 35 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
K
E
17. In the figure, O is the center of the larger circle passing Y
through points A, C and D with DA as a diameter. P O P
D A
is the center of the smaller circle through points O, B
B
and A with OA as a diameter.
C
1) Show that ∆ ABO is similar to ∆ ACD.
∠ BAO = CAD ∠ (Common angle)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠OBA = ∠DCA (An angle in a semicircle is 90 ํ.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The two angles of ∆ ABO are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ ACD.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ∆ ABO is similar to ∆ ACD.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Given that AP = 4 cm and BO = 4.5 cm, find the lengths of OC and CD.
OC = OA Since ABO is similar to ACD,
∆ ∆
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2 × AP OA = BO
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DA CD
= 2×4 8 4.5
16 = CD
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8 cm. CD = 4.5 × 168 = 9 cm.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
251
Advanced Level A
18. In the figure, A, B, C and E are points on the 18 ํ
circumference of a circle, and AD is the height of

∆ ABC. Given that ∠CAD = 18 ํ, find the size of ∠BAE.
B D C
E
∠ ACD = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 18 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 72 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠AEB = 72 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABE = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠BAE = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 72 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 18 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
19. In the figure, A, Q, C, P, B and R are points on the
circumference of a circle. AP, BQ and CR are the angle R Q
K bisectors of ∠A, ∠B and ∠C, respectively. Given that
E
Y ∠A = 50 ,ํ ∠B = 70 ํ and ∠C = 60 ,ํ find the sizes of
B C
∠P, ∠Q and ∠R. P
∠ CRQ = 35 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠CRP = 25 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠R = 35 ํ + 25 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 60 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PQB = 25 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠RQB = 30 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠Q = 25 ํ + 30 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 55 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠RPA = 30 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠APQ = 35 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠P = 30 ํ + 35 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 65 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
252
Summary
Circle theorems of radius, chord and tangent
Perpendicular bisector of a chord
The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes

O
through the center of the circle, i.e. AM = MB when
A B OM ⊥ AB.
M
Equal chords
Chords that are equidistant from the center of a K

B E
N circle are equal in length, i.e. AM = PQ when Y
A
O OM = ON
If the two chords are equal in length, the arcs
P M Q
subtended by the two chords are also equal in
length, i.e. AB = PQ when m(AB) = m(PQ).
Tangent perpendicular to radius
O
The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to
the radius of circle, i.e. PQ ⊥ OA.
P A Q
253
Equal tangents
A Tangents from an external point are equal in length.

The line from the center of a circle to an external point
P O
bisects the angle between the two tangents from the
external point, i.e. PA = PB.
B
Angle properties of circle

Angle at the center and angle at the circumference
P
K
E An angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any
Y O angle at the circumference subtended by the same
arc, i.e. ∠AOB = 2 × ∠APB.
B
A
Angle in semicircle
An angle in a semicircle is always equal to 90 ํ, i.e.

A B
O AB is a diameter when ∠APB = 90 ํ.
254
Angles in the same segment
Q
P R
Angles in the same segment are equal, i.e.
∠APB = ∠AQB = ∠ARB.
A B
Angles in opposite segments
The sum of angles in opposite segments is equal to

B
D 180 ํ, i.e. ∠DAB + ∠DCB = 180 ํ.
K
E
Y
C
Tangent-chord theorem
y The angle between a tangent and a chord at the point

of contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord
in the alternate segment, i.e. ∠x = ∠y.
x
P A B
255
Review Exercise 5
1. Given that PT is a tangent to each of the following circles with center O at point A,
find the values of the unknowns.
1) ∠ OAP = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
xO 90 ํ - 25 ํ = 65 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠x = 180 ํ - 65 ํ - 65 ํ = 50 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
y 25 ํ
T A P ∠y = 90 ํ - 65 ํ = 25 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
2) x ∠ OAP = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
90 ํ - 24 ํ - 32 ํ = 34 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
y ∠x = 34 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
24 ํ 32 ํ
T P ∠y = 90 ํ + 24 ํ = 114 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
A
K
E OAP = 90 ํ
Y 3) y x ∠
.........................................................................................................................
∠TOA = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 33 ํ = 57 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
∠x = 57 ํ = 28.5 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
2
T 33 ํ ∠y = 33 ํ
A P
2 = 16.5 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
4) ∠ OAP = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x ∠x = 90 ํ - 64 ํ = 26 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
180 ํ - 64 ํ = 116 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
T 64 ํ y P ∠y = 180 ํ - 116 ํ - 26 ํ = 38 ํ
A .........................................................................................................................
5) 32 ํ ∠ OAP = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠AOP = 2 × 32 ํ = 64 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
y ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 64 ํ = 26 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
T x P ∠y = 180 ํ - 32 ํ = 148 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
A
256
6) x ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 28 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
= 62 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
y O
∠y = 180 ํ - 62 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
28 ํ
T A P = 118 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
2. Given that PA and PB are tangents to circle O at points A and B, respectively, find
1) ∠ OAP = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
B ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 20 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
= 70 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O x 20 ํ P 180 ํ - 70 ํ = 55 ํ
2
.........................................................................................................................
y ∠y = 90 ํ - 55 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
A
= 35 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
K
E
2) ∠ AOP = 90 ํ - 22 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
Y
y B = 68 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠x = 68 ํ
O 22 ํ P
2
.........................................................................................................................
x = 34 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠y = 34 ํ + 22 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
A
= 56 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
3) ∠ OAP = OBP ∠
.........................................................................................................................
B = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠x + 48 ํ + 90 ํ + 90 ํ = 360 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O x y 48 ํ P ∠x = 132 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠y = 360 ํ - 132 ํ
A 2
.........................................................................................................................
= 114 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
257
4) OAP = OBP
∠ ∠
.........................................................................................................................
B = 90 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠x = 360 ํ - 150 ํ
O 150 ํ y P 2
.........................................................................................................................
x = 105 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠y + 150 ํ + 90 ํ + 90 ํ = 360 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
A
∠y = 30 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
5) ∠ OAP = OBP = 90 ํ Consider OBP.

∠ ∆
.........................................................................................................................
B
x
∠AOB = 180 ํ - 50 ํ tan 25 ํ = ∠3x
.........................................................................................................................
3 cm = 130 ํ ∠x = 3
.........................................................................................................................
O 50 ํ P tan 25 ํ
∠y + ∠y + 130 ํ = 180 ํ ∠x ≈ 6.43 cm
.........................................................................................................................
y ∠y = 25 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
A
.........................................................................................................................
K
E
Y 3. Find the unknown value(s) in the following circles with center O.
1) ∠x = 124 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
2
= 62 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x 124 ํ
O y ∠y = 180 ํ - 62 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
= 118 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2) ∠x = 2 58 ํ ×
.........................................................................................................................
12 ํ
= 116 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x O 180 ํ - 116 ํ = 32 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
58 ํ 2
∠y = 180 ํ - 12 ํ - 32 ํ - 32 ํ - 58 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
y
= 46 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
258
3) x ∠x = 230 2
ํ
.........................................................................................................................
y y = 115 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
230 ํ Reflex angle O = 360 ํ - 230 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
= 130 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠y + ∠y + 115 ํ + 130 ํ = 360 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠y = 57.5 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
4) Angle at center = 15 ํ + 10 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
= 25 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
x 10 ํ ∠x = 2 × 25 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
15 ํ = 50 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
K
E
5) ∠x = 90 ํ - 18 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
Y
80 ํ
= 72 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O ∠y = 180 ํ - 80 ํ - 72 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x y = 28 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
18 ํ .........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
6) ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 42 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
O
= 48 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
42 ํ x 26 ํ ∠y = 48 ํ - 26 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
y = 22 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
259
4. Find the unknown value(s) in the following circles with center O.
1) ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 49 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
= 41 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x
O .........................................................................................................................
49 ํ .........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2) ∠ y = 108 ํ - 78 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x = 30 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
108 ํ y 180 ํ - 108 ํ = 72 ํ

.........................................................................................................................
∠x = 180 ํ - 72 ํ - 30 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
78 ํ
= 78 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
3) x ∠x = 180 ํ - 72 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
y = 108 ํ
K .........................................................................................................................
E 36 ํ
O
72 ํ
∠y = 180 ํ - 36 ํ
Y .........................................................................................................................
= 144 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
4) 180 ํ - 66 ํ = 114 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
180 ํ - 114 ํ = 66 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
yx O ∠x = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 66 ํ = 24 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
66 ํ ∠y = 66 ํ - 24 ํ = 42 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
5) ∠x ∠ + y = 88 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
x
y ∠x + (180 ํ - ∠y) + 30 ํ = 180 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
88 ํ
∠y = ∠x + 30 ํ ∠y = 29 ํ + 30 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
30 ํ ∠x + ∠x + 30 ํ = 88 ํ = 59 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
∠x = 29 ํ
.........................................................................................................................
260
Q
5. In the figure, P, Q R and S are points on the P
circumference of a circle. Express ∠PQR in terms of x
∠x and ∠y. y R
S
∠ PSR + + y = 180 ํ ∠x ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PSR + ∠PQR = 180 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PSR + ∠PQR = ∠PSR + ∠x + ∠y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠PQR = ∠x + ∠y
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
6. In the figure, A, B, E, and F are points on the E 40 ํ
circumference of a circle, AB is the diameter of the 150 ํ
A D
circle. Given that ∠BEC = 40 ํ and ∠FCD = 150 ํ, find B C
the size of ∠EBF.
∠ BEF = 180 ํ - 40 ํ = 140 ํ K

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
∠BAF = 180 ํ - 140 ํ = 40 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
∠AFB = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABF = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 40 ํ = 50 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ABE = 40 ํ + 30 ํ = 70 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠EBF = 70 ํ - 50 ํ = 20 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. In the figure, Q, A and C are points on the circumference Q

O
of a circle with center O, ∠OAC = 66 ํ and ∠OBC = 32 .ํ
Find the sizes of the following. 32 ํ 66 ํ
B C A
1) ∠CQA 2) ∠QCA
∠ AOC = 180 ํ - (2 66 ํ) ×
.............................................................................................................. ∠ AOQ = 66 ํ + 32 ํ
..............................................................................................................
= 48 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 98 ํ
..............................................................................................................
∠CQA = 48 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠QCA = 98 ํ
..............................................................................................................
2 2
= 24 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 49 ํ
..............................................................................................................
261
8. Find the values of ∠x and ∠y in the following figure.
A ∠ CBE = 180 ํ - 138 ํ = 42 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
x
∠ABE = 95 ํ - 42 ํ = 53 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
B 95 ํ
∠x = 180 ํ - 53 ํ - 53 ํ = 74 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
O
y E ∠BED = 180 ํ - 130 ํ = 50 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
130 ํ 138 ํ
C ∠y = 50 ํ + 53 ํ = 103 ํ
......................................................................................................................................................................
D
9. TP and TQ are tangents to the circle with center O Q
at points A and B, respectively. Given that BC = BA B
and ∠ATB = 48 ํ, find the sizes of the following. C
O
48 ํ T
P A
1) ∠TAB 2) ∠ACB 3) ∠CAP
K ∠ TAB = 180 ํ 2- 48 ํ
................................................................ ∠ ACB = TAB ∠
................................................................ ∠ ABC = 180 ํ - 66 ํ - 66 ํ
................................................................
E
Y = 66 ํ
................................................................ = 66 ํ
................................................................ = 48 ํ
................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................ ∠CAP = ∠ABC

................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................ = 48 ํ
................................................................
10. The figure shows a circle with AB as a diameter. Given D C

that ∠ADE = ∠DCA and ∠CBA = 70 ํ, find the sizes F
A 70 ํ B
of the following. E
1) ∠FEB 2) ∠EFC
Let ADE = DCA = ํ .
∠ ∠ x
.............................................................................................................. ∠ EFC = 360 ํ - 90 ํ - 90 ํ - 70 ํ
..............................................................................................................
∠ACB = 90 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 110 ํ
..............................................................................................................
∠DAE = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - x ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
= 90 ํ - x ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
∠FEB = 90 ํ - x ํ + x ํ = 90 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
262
F
11. In the figure, O is the center of the circle. BE is parallel E
to OF, OB = BC = 2 cm and ∠CBE = y ํ. Find the A 2 cm C
O yํ B
following.
1) The length of BE
Since the two angles of ∆ CEB are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ CFO,
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OF = OB = 2 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BE BC
OF = OC
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BE = 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 4
BE = 1 × 2 = 1 cm
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
2) The size of ∠FAO in terms of y ํ
∠ BOF = CBE = y ํ ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ FAO = 12 y ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... K
E
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y
12. In the figure, AB and PQ are parallel chords in a

center at center O. H and K are the midpoints of AB O
and PQ, respectively. Given that AB = 26 cm, PQ = A H B
P 4 cm Q
22 cm and HK = 4 cm, find the following. K
1) The length of OH
Let the radius of the circle be r cm. Substitute ➀ into ➁.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
From Pythagoras’ theorem, we have: 132 + OH2 = 112 + (4 + OH)2

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
OA2 = AH2 + OH2 169 + OH2 = 121 + OH2 + 8OH + 16

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r2 = 132 + OH2 .....➀ OH = 4 cm

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
and OP2 = PK2 + OK2

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r2 = 112 + (4 + OH)2. .....➁

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
263
2) The radius of the circle
r2 = 132 + OH2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 132 + 42
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 185
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 185
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Since r is the radius of the circle, its value is always positive.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
r ≈ 13.6 cm.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13. PA is a diameter of a circle and PT is a tangent, where P is the point of contact.

S is a point on the circumference of it such that ∠SPT = 46 ํ. Find the sizes of the
following.
1) ∠PAS
K ∠ APT = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
S
E
Y ∠ PSA = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
T R
∠ SPA = 90 ํ - 46 ํ = 44 ํ A
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
46 ํ
∠ PAS = 180 ํ - 90 ํ - 44 ํ = 46 ํ P
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ∠PRS where R is any other point on minor arc PS of the circle

∠ PRS = 180 ํ - 46 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 134 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
264
14. L, M and N are three points on the circumference of a circle. The tangents at L and
M intersect at P. Given that ∠LPM = 58 ํ, find the size of ∠LNM.
or
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
L L
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
N N
O 58 ํ P O 58 ํ P
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
M M
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ OLP = OMP ∠ ∠ OLP = OMP ∠
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 90 ํ = 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠LOM = 360 ํ - 90 ํ - 90 ํ - 58 ํ ∠LOM = 360 ํ - 90 ํ - 90 ํ - 58 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 122 ํ = 122 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠LNM = 122 ํ Reflex angle LOM = 360 ํ - 122 ํ
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 61 ํ = 238 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠LNM = 238 ํ K
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
= 119 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
15. In the figure, O is the center of the circle passing

through points A, B, C and D. Points C, D, P and Q A D
lie on the circumference of another circle and ∠AOC 156 ํ P
= 156 ํ. Find the sizes of the following. O
B C Q
1) ∠PDC 2) ∠PQC
∠ ABC = 156 ํ
..............................................................................................................
2 ∠ PQC = 180 ํ - 78 ํ
..............................................................................................................
= 78 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 102 ํ
..............................................................................................................
∠ADC = 180 ํ - 78 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
= 102 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
∠PDC = 180 ํ - 102 ํ

.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
= 78 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
265
16. The figure shows two circles ABCD and CDPQ A 64 ํ D P
intersecting at C and D. Given that ∠PAR = 64 ํ and
∠ARP = 54 ํ, find the sizes of the following.
B C Q
54 ํ
1) ∠APR 2) ∠BCQ R
∠ APR = 180 ํ - 64 ํ - 54 ํ
.............................................................................................................. ∠ BCD = 180 ํ - 64 ํ
..............................................................................................................
= 62 ํ
.............................................................................................................. = 116 ํ
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ∠DCQ = 180 ํ - 62 ํ

..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. = 118 ํ
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ∠BCQ = 360 ํ - 118 ํ - 116 ํ

..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. = 126 ํ
..............................................................................................................
17. Given that CA is a diameter of the smaller circle, D

K determine if ∠ADE is a right angle. A
E
Y
C E
B
Since CA is the diameter of the smaller circle,

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ ABC = 90 ํ.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ ABE = 180 ํ - 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
∠ ADE = 180 ํ - ∠ABE

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 180 ํ - 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 90 ํ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Therefore, ADE is a right angle.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
266
Challenge Yourself
The figure shows the plan of a circular hall of a jewelry
exhibition. C is a hidden video camera which scans an angle
of 45 ํ. How many more such video cameras must be installed
on the walls of the hall so that they will cover the entire C 45 ํ
hall? Indicate the position where each video camera must be
mounted. How many video cameras are required if each one
can scan angles of 35 ํ, 60 ํ, 90 ํ and 100 ํ?
We use the knowledge of the fact that an angle at the center of a circle is twice that of any
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
For all cameras which scan an angle of 45 ํ,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
number of cameras needed = 2 360 ํ = 4.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 45 ํ
Therefore, 3 more video cameras must be installed so that they will cover the entire hall.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The 4 cameras can be placed at any point on the 4 different quadrants. K
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y
45 ํ 45 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45 ํ 45 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
C
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
number of cameras needed = 2 360 ํ ≈ 6.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 35 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 60 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× 90 ํ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
number of cameras needed = 2 ×360100ํ ํ ≈ 2.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
267
Problems
in Real-World Contexts
Problem 1 Building a bridge over a canal
To build a bridge over a canal, we have to know the width of the canal since it
affects material choices and cost calculations. If we do not know the width of the canal,
how can we use the knowledge we have learned to find it?
K
E
Y Choose one canal or river that is near your house or school, and then find its width
using the knowledge of similar triangles.
Problem 2 Alcohol for killing germs

70% Ethyl alcohol or ethanol or up
can be used to kill bacteria or viruses. If
you were an entrepreneur and owned a
large amount of 60% and 90% alcohol, in
which more intense alcohol costs higher,
how would you mix both types of alcohol
that could kill bacteria or viruses and also
cost the lowest as possible?
268
Problems
Key in Real-World Contexts
Problem 1 (page 268)

Suggested answer
From the figure, point B is the position of a utility pole by the canal. Points C, A and
E are the positions of a walking path by the canal, in which points C, A and E are
aligned and parallel to the canal. Point D is the point that makes DE perpendicular to
straight line CAE and makes points D, A and B aligned.
B
Canal
K
E
1m
Y
C 4m A E
2m
D
Consider ∆ BCA and ∆ DEA.
We have: ∠BCA = ∠DEA
∠CAB = ∠EAD
The two angles of ∆ BCA are equal to the two corresponding angles of ∆ DEA.
According to this, ∆ BCA is similar to ∆ DEA.
We have BC = AC
DE AE
BC = 4
2 1
BC = 4 × 2
= 8.
Therefore, the width of the canal is equal to 8 m.
269
Problem 2 (page 268)
Suggested answer
From the fact that more intense alcohol costs higher, and in order to have the alcohol
that can be used to kill bacteria or viruses from the 60% and 90% alcohol and costs the
lowest as possible, we have to mix them into 70% alcohol according to the following ratio.
Let the volume of 60% alcohol be x
and the volume of 90% alcohol be y.
If we would like to have 1  of 70% alcohol,
then x+y = 1 .....➀
and 0.6x + 0.9y = 0.7(x + y) . .....➁
We have x = 1 - y. .....➂
Substitute 1 - y for x in ➁.
K
E We have 0.6(1 - y) + 0.9y = 0.7[(1 - y) + y]
Y
0.6 - 0.6y + 0.9y = 0.7
0.3y = 0.1
y = 13 .
Substitute 13 for y in ➀.
We have x + 13 = 1
x = 1 - 13
x = 23 .
Therefore, for mixing the 60% and 90% alcohol together to obtain 70% alcohol, the
ratio of 60% to 90% alcohol is x : y
= 23 : 13
= 2 : 1.
270
Note
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272
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274
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276
EY ING
MASTERMATICS
W
ork
-Textbook
MASTERING
Wor
k-Textb
oo
k
AcȺiɖȫ Learning
K
Mastering Mathematic
MATHE MATHEMATICS
Master
ing Ma
s
themat
S.3B
ics S.3A
y
3 in 1!
3A
ar y
Se co nd
3B
Yeap Ban Har, Ph.D.
Har, Ph.D. Ph.D. Joseph Yeo Boon Wooi, Ph.D. Seco ndar y
ge
Yeap Ban
Boon Wooi, Teh Keng Seng
Joseph Yeo g
matics
1447
360.-
S.3A
20
Teh Keng
Sen
Content, Activities and
Exercises
Mastering Mathematics – the Work-Textbooks that include content, activities and
exercises developed based on the B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017) revised version of Thailand’s Basic
Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008) and adapted from the most renowned
mathematics series for secondary level in Singapore
Active Learning Activities – include various activities to help increase knowledge and
enhance thinking skills
Investigation Journal Writing
Class Discussion Performance Task
Thinking Time
Marginal Notes – allow students to extend and increase their understandings on what they
have learned
Attention Recall
Information Just for Fun
Problem Solving Tip Internet Resources
Problems in Real-World Context – let students apply their mathematical knowledge

to real-life situations
Aksorn Charoen Tat ACT. CO., Ltd.

142 Tanao Road, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand 10200
Tel. /Fax. +66 2622 2999 (auto phone switch 20 lines) www.aksorn.com

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K Worked Example Exercise

Practice Now Summary

Investigation Class Discussion

Thinking Time Journal Writing

RECALL JUST FOR FUN INTERNET RESOURCES

This contains certain This contains puzzles, This guides students to

System of Simultaneous 2 Factorizing Polynomials of 62

Similarity 84 Trigonometric Ratios 144

Problems in Real - World Contexts 268

Chapter 2: Factorizing Polynomials of Degrees Greater than

3.2 Similar Triangles ✓

Taught in other levels

4.2 Applications of Trigonometric Ratios to Finding

4.3 Real-life Applications of Trigonometric Ratios ✓

5.2 Circle Theorems of Angles ✓

2. Consider the linear equations 3x - 4y = 10 and 5x + 7y = 3.

From Investigation, the graphs of 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x - y = 2 intersect at the point

The graphs intersect at the point (6, -4).

The graphs intersect at the point (1, 2).

Therefore, the solution is x = 1 and y = 2.

Coincident lines and parallel lines

2. What type of simultaneous equation has no solution?

Therefore, the solution is

The graphs intersect at the point (4, 2).

K Therefore, the solution is

The graphs intersect at the point (2.6, -2.6).

Therefore, the solution is

x = 2.6 and y = -2.6.

form of x as y = 2x + 9. (-4, 1).

Therefore, the solution is x = -4 and y = 1.

The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are identical.

K Therefore, the simultaneous equations have an infinite number of solutions.

Therefore, the simultaneous equations have no solution.

The graphs of each pair of simultaneous equations are identical.

Therefore, the simultaneous equations have an infinite number of solutions.

are (1, 11), (2, 9), (3, 7), etc.

It is a good practice to check your K

3x - 6y = 4 .....➁ The coefficient of x in both the

If the absolute values of the coefficients are unequal, it is sometimes necessary

2. Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Using Substitution

4x + 3y = 5 .....➁ We have 4(2y 3+ 8) + 3y = 5

From ➀, express x in terms of y. 8y + 32 + 9y = 15

We have 3x = 2y + 8 17y = -17

Therefore, the solution is x = 2 and y = 1.

We have 3(x - 1) = 2(y - 3) -x + 6 = -3

3x - 2y = -3. .....➂ Substitute x = 9 into ➃.

From ➁, express y in terms of x. We have y = 2(9) - 3

We have 2(x - 2) = y - 1 = 15.

Therefore, the solution is x = 9 and y = 15.

............................................................................................................. x = -2 and y = -4.

From ➀, express x in terms of y. 24 - 10y + 3y = -4

x = 12 2- 5y . .....➂ Substitute y = 4 into ➂.

Therefore, the solution is x = -4 and y = 4.

6x + 5y = 9 .....➁ We have 6(3y +4 25) + 5y = 9

From ➀, express x in terms of y. 9y + 75 + 5y = 9

x = 3y +4 25. .....➂ Substitute y = -3 into ➂.

Therefore, the solution is x = 4 and y = -3.

From ➀, express y in terms of x. x x

We have y = - 5x - 2. .....➂ x = 15.

Therefore, the solution is x = 15 and y = -5.