7th NEW SYLLABUS

MATHEMATICS
EDITION

WORKBOOK FULL SOLUTIONS

with
New Trend
Questions
4
1
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First Published 2013

Reprinted 2014, 2015, 2016
Revised Edition 2017
Revised Edition 2018

ISBN 978 0 19 940755 2

Printed in Singapore

1
 ANSWERS
1
Chapter 1 Linear Inequalities In Two (c) y  3 – x, y < x–2
2
Variables
y
Basic
5
1. (a) 2x + y  3, y > x + 2
4
y
3
12
1
2 y= x–2
10 2
y=x+2
8 1
x
6 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 –1
–2
2
x –3 y=3–x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 –4
–2
–5
–4
–6
2x + y = 3 (d) x > 0, 2x + y < 10, y < 6
–8
y
–10
11
10
(b) y  2x + 1, x + 2y < 4
8
y=6
y 6

10 4
y = 2x + 1
8 2
6 x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
4 –2

2 –4
2x + y = 10
x –6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2 –8
–4 x + 2y = 4 –10
–6
–8
–10

1 1
 1
(e) x – 5 < 0, x < 5 – y, y <
2
x+3 Intermediate
y 2. (a) y  1, 2y  x + 2, 4x + 3y < 12, y < 2x + 4
x=5–y x=5
11
(b) x  1, x < 4, 2y + x  4, 2y < x + 4
10 3. Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the unshaded
8 region into x + 3y.
6 x = 0, y = 1: 0 + 3(1) = 3
4 x = 1, y = 0: 1 + 3(0) = 1
1 2
x = 5, y = 5: 5 + 3(5) = 20
y= x+3
2 x = 0, y = 5: 0 + 3(5) = 15
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 ∴ The greatest value of x + 3y is 20 and the least value is 1.
–2
1
–4 4. (a) x + y < 25, x  5, y  x
2
–6 (b)
–8 y
x=5
–10 25
20
(f) x  0, y  0, x + y < 7, y > 2x 15
x + y = 25

10
y y = 2x
5
10 2y = x
x
8 0 5 10 15 20 25
6
(c) Let the amount of syrup that Kate has be C litres.
4
x+y=7 C = x + 0.5y
2 Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the
x unshaded region into C = x + 0.5y.
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2 x = 5, y = 2.5: C = 5 + 0.5(2.5)
–4 = 6.25
–6 x = 5, y = 20: C = 5 + 0.5(20)
= 15
–8
x = 16, y = 9: C = 16 + 0.5(9)
–10
= 20.5
∴ The maximum possible amount of syrup Kate has
(g) 3y > x, y < 2x, x < 6, y < 2 + x
is 20.5 litres.
x=6
5. (a) 6x + 10y < 100, 3x + 6y  30, 4 < x < 8
y
(b)
14 y

12 10 6x + 10y = 100
y=2+x x=4 x=8
10 9
y = 2x
8 8
6 7
4 6
2 3y = x 5 3x + 6y = 30

x 4
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2 3
–4 2
–6 1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2
 (c) Let the restaurant owner’s expenses on flour be $E. y−1 3−1
Equation of l2: =
x−3 2−3
E = 6x + 10y
y−1
Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the = –2
x−3
unshaded region into E = 6x + 10y.
y – 1 = 6 – 2x
x = 4, y = 3: E = 6(4) + 10(3)
2x + y = 7
= 54
y−3 3− 2
x = 4, y = 7.6: E = 6(4) + 10(7.6) Equation of l3: =
x−2 2−0
= 100 y−3 1
x = 8, y = 5.2: E = 6(8) + 10(5.2) =
x−2 2
= 100 2y – 6 = x – 2
x = 8, y = 1: E = 6(8) + 10(1) 2y = x + 4
= 58 Equation of l4: y = –2x
∴ The restaurant owner should buy 4 “Economy” 2x + y = 0
packets and 3 “Giant” packets to minimise his ∴ The inequalities are 3y > 2x – 3, 2x + y < 7,
expenses on flour. 2y < x + 4 and 2x + y  0.
7. Draw the lines y = 2x, 2y = x and x + y = 6.
Advanced Shade the regions not required by the inequalities:
6. (a) y < 2x, 2y  x and x + y < 6
y
(i) Above y = 2x
4 (ii) Below 2y = x
3 (iii) Above x + y = 6
2
l1 l2 y
1
x 10
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x+y=6 y = 2x
8

2 6
Equation of l1: y = x+2 2y = x
3 4
3y = 2x + 6 2
Equation of l2: y = –2x + 4 x
2x + y = 4 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2
∴ The inequalities are y  0, 3y < 2x + 6
–4
and 2x + y < 4.
(b) –6
l4 y l2
–8
l3
3 (2, 3) –10
(–1, 2) 2
l1
1 (3, 1) Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the unshaded
x region into 2x + y:
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x = 0, y = 0: 2(0) + 0 = 0
–1
x = 2, y = 4: 2(2) + 4 = 8
1 − ( −1) x = 4, y = 2: 2(4) + 2 = 10
y−1
Equation of l1: = ∴ The maximum value of 2x + y is 10
x−3 3− 0
y−1 2
=
x−3 3
3y – 3 = 2x – 6
3y = 2x – 3

3 1
8. Draw the lines x = 10, y = 10, x = y , x = 2y, x + y = 100 9. Draw the lines 2x = y, 2x = 3y, y = 8 – 2x and y = 16 – 2x.
and 4x + y = 100. Shade the regions not required by the inequalities:
Shade the regions not required by the inequalities: 2x  y, 2x < 3y, y  8 – 2x and y < 16 – 2x.
x  10, y  10, x  y, x < 2y, x + y < 100 and (i) Above 2x = y
4x + y  100. (ii) Below 2x = 3y
y (iii) Below y = 8 – 2x
x = 10
(iv) Above y = 16 – 2x
100 y
90 16

80 15
x + y = 100 x=y y = 16 – 2x
70 14

60 13

50 4x + y = 100 12
2x = y
x = 2y 11
40
30 10

20 9
y = 10 8
10
y = 8 – 2x
x 7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6 2x = 3y
We obtain the greatest value of x from the intersection of 5
x = 2y and x + y = 100. 4
1 3
x + x = 100
2
2 2
x = 66
3 1
Least value of x = 20 x
Greatest value of y = 50 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
–1
We obtain the least value of y from the intersection of
4x + y = 100 and x = 2y. Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the unshaded
4(2y) + y = 100 region into 5x + 2y.
9y = 100 x = 3, y = 2: 5(3) + 2(2) = 19
1 x = 2, y = 4: 5(2) + 2(4) = 18
y = 11
9
x = 4, y = 8: 5(4) + 2(8) = 36
x = 6, y = 4: 5(6) + 2(4) = 38
∴ The greatest value of 5x + 2y is 38 and the least value
is 18.

1 4
10. Draw the lines y = 2x + 4 and y = 10 – 2x. 11. Draw the lines 2y + 3x = 40 and y + 2x = 24.
Shade the regions not required by the inequalities: Shade the regions not required by the inequalities:
x  0, y  0, y < 2x + 4 and y < 10 – 2x x  0, y  0, 2y + 3x < 40 and y + 2x < 24
(i) Left of the y-axis (i) Left of the y-axis
(ii) Below the x-axis (ii) Below the x-axis
(iii) Above y = 2x + 4 (iii) Above 2y + 3x = 40
(iv) Above y = 10 – 2x (iv) Above y + 2x = 24
y
11 y
10
y = 2x + 4 24
9
22
8
20
7 y + 2x = 24
18
6 16
5 14
y = 10 – 2x
4 12
3 10
2 8
1
6
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4
2y + 3x = 40
2
Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the
x
unshaded region into x + 2y. –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
x = 0, y = 0: 0 + 2(0) = 0 –2

x = 0, y = 4: 0 + 2(4) = 8 –4
x = 1.5, y = 7: 1.5 + 2(7) = 15.5
x = 5, y = 0: 5 + 2(0) = 5 Substitute the coordinates of the vertices of the
∴ The greatest value of x + 2y is 15.5 and the least unshaded region into 20x + 12y.
value is 0. x = 0, y = 0: 20(0) + 12(0) = 0
x = 0, y = 20: 20(0) + 12(20) = 240
x = 8, y = 8: 20(8) + 12(8) = 256
x = 12, y = 0: 20(12) + 12(0) = 240
∴ The greatest value of 20x + 12y is 256.

5 1
12. (a) 2000x + 5000y  100 000
2
y  20 –x
5
4000x + 3000y  100 000
1 4
y  33 – x
3 3
(b) y

35
4000x + 3000y = 100 000
30
25
20
15
10 2000x + 5000y = 100 000
5
x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

(c) From the unshaded region, the least number of

machines that can package the required quantity of
canned drinks and cup noodles is 15 + 14 = 29.

1 6
Chapter 2 Further Sets 5. (i) n(A  B) will have the greatest value when B ⊆ A.
Greatest value of n(A  B) = n(B)
Basic
= 10
1. Let A = {pupils who forgot to bring their compasses} and A and B cannot be disjoint sets since
B = {pupils who forgot to bring their protractors}. n(A) + n(B) > n(ξ)
Let x be the number who forgot to bring both their Least value of n(A  B) = (24 + 10) – 32
compasses and protractors. =2
ξ (ii) Since A and B cannot be disjoint sets, greatest value
A B of n(A  B) = 32
n(A  B) will have the least value when B ⊆ A.
22 – x x 18 – x Least value of n(A  B) = n(A)
= 24

(22 – x) + x + (18 – x) = 27
Intermediate
40 – x = 27 6. Let C = {customers who ordered chicken rice}
x = 13 D = {customers who ordered duck rice}
∴ 13 pupils had forgotten to bring both instruments. F = {customers who ordered fried rice}
2. Let A = {students without school badges} and ∴ n(C) = 45, n(D) = 52, n(F) = 51
B = {students without proper school shoes}. Let x represent the customers who ordered chicken rice and
Let x be the number of students who did not commit any duck rice only, y to represent the customers who ordered
of the offences. duck rice and fried rice only, z to represent the customers
ξ who ordered chicken rice and fried rice only, c to represent
A B the customers who ordered chicken rice only, d to represent
the customers who ordered duck rice only, f to represent
9–3 3 12 – 3 the customers who ordered fried rice only and r for the
customers who did not order anything.
x
ξ C D
(9 – 3) + 3 + (12 – 3) + x = 39
x
18 + x = 39 c d
x = 21 24
z y
∴ 21 students did not commit any of the offences.
3. Let x be n(B). f r

ξ F
A B
n(C  D) = 31
13 – 7 7 x–7 x + 24 = 31
x=7
n(D  F) = 33
y + 24 = 33
Since n(A  B) = 50 y=9
(13 – 7) + 7 + (x – 7) = 50 n(C  F) = 37
6 + x = 50 z + 24 = 37
x = 44 z = 13
∴ n(B) = 44 n(C) = 45
4. n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) c + 7 + 13 + 24 = 45
= 22 + 5 – 13 c=1
= 14 n(D) = 52
d + 7 + 24 + 9 = 52
d = 12

7 1
 n(F) = 51 (ii) n(S  B) = 20
f + 13 + 24 + 9 = 51 y + 8 = 20
f=5 y = 12
n(ξ) = 160 n(S) = 62
r = 160 – 24 – 7 – 9 – 13 – 1 – 12 – 5 s + 14 + 12 + 8 = 62
= 89 s = 28
∴ There are 28 members who play squash only.
ξ C D
(iii) n(B) = 7 + 12 + 8 + 58
7 = 85
1 12
24 ∴ There are 85 members who play badminton.
11 9 (iv) n(ξ) = 200
89 r = 200 – 68 – 28 – 12 – 58
5
= 34
F
∴ There are 34 members who do not play any of the
(i) Number of customers who ordered more than one type games.
of rice = 7 + 13 + 9 + 24 8. Let A = {schools without proper fire exit signs},
= 53 B = {schools with insufficient fire extinguishers},
(ii) Number of customers who visited but decided not to C = {schools with faulty fire alarm systems}.
patronise the stall = 89 ξ A B
7. Let T = {members who play tennis},
S = {members who play squash}, x
a b
B = {members who play badminton}. 4
y 1
ξ T S
8 r
x
t s C
8
z y Let x represent the number of schools without proper fire
r exit signs and insufficient fire extinguishers only, y to
58
represent the number of schools without proper fire exit
B
signs and faulty fire alarm systems only, a to represent
Let x represent the number of members who play tennis the number of schools without proper fire exit signs only,
and squash only, y to represent the number of members b to represent the number of schools who had insufficient
who play squash and badminton only, z to represent the fire extinguishers only and r to represent the number of
number of members who play tennis and badminton only, schools without any faults.
t to represent the number of members who play tennis only (i) Since there are 5 schools with exactly two faults,
and s to represent the number of members who play squash x+y+1=5
only. x+y=4
(i) n(T  S) = 22 n(A) = 18
x + 8 = 22 a = 18 – 4 – 4
x = 14 = 10
n(T  B) = 15 ∴ There are 10 schools without proper fire exits only.
z + 8 = 15
z=7
n(T) = 68
t + 14 + 7 + 8 = 68
t = 39
∴ There are 39 members who play tennis only.

1 8
 (ii) n(C) = 15 (iv) Number of respondents who use only one of the
y = 15 – 4 – 1 − 8 products = 100 + 47 + 58
=2 = 205
x+2=4 10. (i) A′ = ∅
x=2 (ii) B  C = {x: 8  x  20}
n(B) = 24 C
b = 24 – 2 – 4 – 1 B
= 17 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 810 15 20 22 25
∴ There are 17 schools who had only insufficient fire
extinguishers. (iii) C  D = {–20 < x  18}
(iii) n(ξ) = 120 D
r = 120 – 18 – 17 – 1 – 8 C
= 76 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15
18
20 25
∴ There are 76 schools without any of the three faults.
9. (i) According to this survey, A is the most popular (iv) B  D = {x : –30  x  22}
product. =ξ
(ii) Let A = {respondents who use product A}, D
B
B = {respondents who use product B},
8 18 22
C = {respondents who use product C}. –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25

ξ A B (v) B  D′ = {x: 8 < x  22}

B
x
100 47 D′
23 8 18 22
–20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25
15 y
1
z 11. A is the set of points on the straight line y = x + 9 with
2
C
1
gradient and y-intercept 9.
Let x represent the number of respondents who use A 2
and B but not C, y to represent number of respondents B is the set of points on the line y = px + q.
who use B and C but not A, and z to represent the Since n(A  B) = 0, the two lines do not intersect.
number of respondents who use only C. 2
Therefore, they must be parallel, i.e. p = .
3
n(B  C) = 40
q can take any value except 9, one possible value of q is 5.
y + 23 = 40
12. (i) Since A and B are disjoint sets,
y = 17
n(A  B) = 0
n(ξ) = 280
(ii) Since A and B are disjoint sets,
158 + 47 + 17 + z = 280
n(A  B) = 55 + 12
z = 58
= 67
∴ 58 respondents use product C only.
13. (i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
(iii) n(A) = 158
= 75 + 28 – 15
x = 158 – 100 – 15 – 23
= 88
= 20
(ii) n(P  Q) = 46 + 24
Number of respondents who use at least two products
= 70
= 20 + 15 + 17 + 23
(iii) n(R  S) = n(R)
= 75
= 43
75
Required fraction =
280

= 15
56

9 1
Advanced (ii) The number of pupils proficient in both languages is
at its least when K  G = ∅.
14. (i) If d = 0,
Least possible number of pupils proficient in both
n(ξ) = n(X) + n(Y) – n(X  Y)
Korean and German = 0
120 = (a + b) + (b + c) − b
(iii) There is a maximum number of pupils proficient in
b = 80 + 48 – 120
only one foreign language when K  G = ∅.
=8
Maximum number of pupils proficient in only one
(ii) n(X) = a + b
foreign language = K  G
a + b = 80
= 14 + 17
n(Y) = b + c
= 31
2b = 48
b = 24
∴ c = 24
Substitute b = 24 into a + b = 80:
a + 24 = 80
a = 56
d = 120 – 56 – 24 – 24
= 16
(iii) d will have the greatest value when Y ⊆ X.
Greatest value of d = 120 – n(X)
= 120 – 80
= 40
15.
ξ History English

6
x 2x
4
2 5

Agriculture

(i) Since there are 42 students who do not study

Agriculture,
x + 6 + 2x = 42
3x = 36
x = 12
(ii) Total number of pupils studying English
= 6 + 4 + 5 + 2(12)
= 39
16. Let K = {pupils proficient in Korean} and
G = {pupils proficient in German}.
(i) The number of pupils proficient in both languages is
at its maximum when K ⊆ G.
Maximum possible number of pupils proficient in both
Korean and German
= n(K)
= 14

1 10
Chapter 3 Probability of Combined Events 1
5. (a) P(a ‘5’) =
12
Basic 2 1
(b) P(a heart) = =
1. The fifteen cards are labelled 16, 17, 18, …, 30. 12 6
2 6 1
(a) P(contains 7) = (c) P(a spade) = =
15 12 2
10 2 6 1
(b) P(contains at least a 2) = = (d) P(a picture card) = =
15 3 12 2
5 1 (e) P(the ace of diamond) = 0
(c) P(multiple of 3) = = 6. (a)
15 3 y
4
(d) P(prime) = 1 2 3 4 5 6
15
3 1 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5
(e) P(divisible by 5) = =
15 5
2. There are 5 red balls, 6 white balls and 9 green balls. 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4
9 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3
(a) P(green) =
20 x
11 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2
(b) P(red and white) =
20 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1
(c) There are no yellow balls.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
P(yellow) = 0
(d) P(red, green or white) = 1 15 5
(b) (i) P(negative) = =
3. The ten cards are numbered: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 36 12
7 6 1
(a) P(prime number) = (ii) P(positive and even) = =
10 36 6
4 2 30 5
(b) P(divisible by 3) = = (iii) P(non-zero) = =
10 5 36 6
4. There are x white marbles (W), y blue marbles (B) and 10 5
(iv) P( 2) = =
8 red marbles (R). 36 18
y 8 24 2
P(B) = = (v) P(not a multiple of 3) = =
x+y+8 15 36 3
8x + 8y + 64 = 15y 7. There are 9 men (M), 6 women (W), 12 boys (B) and
8x + 64 = 7y — (1) 3 girls (G).
x 1 9 + 12 7
P(W) = = (a) P(male) = =
x+ y+8 5 30 10
5x = x + y + 8 6 + 12 + 3 7
(b) P(W or B or G) = =
4x – 8 = y — (2) 30 10
8. There are x red balls and (35 − x) blue balls.
Substitute (2) into (1):
x
8x + 64 = 7(4x − 8) (a) P(red) =
35
8x + 64 = 28x – 56
(b) After 5 red balls are removed, there are (x − 5) red
20x = 120
balls and (30 − x) blue balls.
x = 6
x–5 x 1
∴ x = 6 P(red) = = –
30 35 14
y = 4(6) − 8 = 16
x–5 2x – 5
∴ Total number of marbles = 6 + 16 + 8 = 30 =
30 70
70x − 350 = 60x – 150
10x = 200
∴ x = 20

11 1
9. There are x red balls (R), (x + 3) blue balls (B) and (3x − 1) 39
(viii) P(divisible by 3 or 5) =
white balls (W). 64
x x 11
(a) P(R) = = (ix) P(divisible by 3 and 4) =
11 x + ( x + 3) + (3 x – 1) 64
11x = 10x + 4 11. (a)
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
∴ x = 4
(b) There are 4R, 7B, 11W. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11
11 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13
(i) P(W) = =
22 2
7 6 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15
(ii) P(BB) = × =
22 21 11 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17

Intermediate × 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
3
10. (a) (i) P(< 4) = P(1, 2 or 3) = 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 24
8
4 1 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 40
(ii) P(a prime number) = P(2, 3, 5, 7) = =
8 2
2 1 7 7 14 21 28 35 42 56
(iii) P(6 or 8) = =
8 4 9 9 18 27 36 45 54 72
(b)
× 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 26 13
(b) (i) P(sum > 5) = =
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 28 14
12 3
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 (ii) P(sum  9) = =
28 7
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 11
(iii) P(sum is prime) =
28
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 6 3
(iv) P(sum is a multiple of 5) = =
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 28 14
12 3
(v) P(product is odd) = =
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 28 7
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 16 4
(vi) P(product is even) = =
28 7
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 22 11
(vii) P(product consists of two digits) = =
28 14
16 1
(i) P(odd) = = 8 2
64 4 (viii) P(product is divisible by 4) = =
28 7
1 3
(ii) P(even) = 1 − P(odd) = 1 − = 15
4 4 (ix) P(product  20) =
28
12 3
(iii) P(a perfect square) = = 3
64 16 (x) P(product is a perfect square) =
28
(iv) P(not a perfect cube) = 1 − P(a perfect cube)
12. A = {2, 3}, B = {1, 3, 9}, C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
6
= 1 − (a) A  B = {3}
64
5
29 (b) P(number is in C) =
= 8
32
1
8 1 (c) P(number is in B) =
(v) P(a prime number) = = 2
64 8
21
(vi) P(a multiple of 6) =
64
38 19
(vii) P( 20) = =
64 32

1 12
13. ξ = {41, 42, 43, …, 59, 60} 16. (a) {(5C, 0W), (4C, 1W), (3C, 2W), (2C, 3W), (1C, 4W),
10 1 (0C, 5W)}
(a) P(an even number) = =
20 2 = {20, 15, 13, 5, 0, −5}
1 1
(b) P(a perfect square) = (b) (i) P(20 marks) =
20 6
3 1
(c) P(a multiple of 7) = (ii) P(0 marks) =
20 6
(d) P(product of its two digits is odd) 3 1
(iii) P(> 6 marks) = =
= P(51, 53, 55, 57, 59) 6 2
5 1
= (iv) P(< −3 marks) =
20 6
1 17. (a)
= + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4
(e) (i) P(sum > 10) = P(47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
7
= 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
(ii) P(sum > 4) = 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(iii) P(sum > 15) = 0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
14. (a) P(Michael does not proceed to JC or Poly)
3 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
= 1 − −
8 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
7
= 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
24
(b) P(Michael proceeds to JC while Shirley proceeds to 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
neither JC nor Poly)
3   5 1  32 1
= × 1 –  +  (b) (i) P(even) = =
8   8 4  64 2
3 32 1
= (ii) P(odd) = =
64 64 2
(c) P(only one proceeds to JC) 23
(iii) P(prime) =
= P(Michael proceeds to JC and Shirley does not) or 64
P(Shirley proceeds to JC and Michael does not) 43
(iv) P( 10) =
64
3  5  3 5
= × 1 –  + 1 –  × 54 27
8  8  8 8 (v) P(> 5) = =
64 32
17
= 22 11
32 (vi) P(multiple of 3) = =
64 32
15. There are 8 white discs (W), 12 green discs (G) and
18. (a) First Second
x yellow discs (Y). animal animal
x 2 4
(a) P(Y) = =  
8 + 12 + x 7 8 Elephant
7x = 40 + 2x 5
Elephant
 
5x = 40 9 4 Horse
x = 8  
8
8 7 2
(b) (i) P(WW) = × = 5
28 27 27  
4 8 Elephant
12 11 11  
(ii) P(GG) = × = 9 Horse
28 27 63 Horse
 3
(iii) P(WY) = P(WY or YW)  
8
8 8 8 8
= × + ×
28 27 28 27
32
=
189
(iv) P(G and black) = 0
13 1
 (b) (i) P(first animal is horse and second is elephant) (iii) P(2 marbles of different colours)
4 5 = P(RB , RY, YB, BR, YR, BY)
= ×
9 8  15 55 15 50 50 55 
=  × + × + ×  × 2
5  120 119 120 110 120 119 
=
18 865
(ii) P(at least one of the animals is an elephant) =
1428
= 1 − P(both horses) 20. There are x red balls (R) and (15 − x) white balls (W).
4 3 x
= 1 − × (a) P(R) =
9 8 15
5 x x –1 x ( x – 1)
= (b) P(RR) = × =
6 15 14 210
Alternatively, x x – 1 12
P(at least one of the animals is an elephant) (c) × =
15 14 35
= P(Elephant, Elephant) or P(Elephant, Horse) 35x(x − 1) = 12 × 210
or P(Horse, Elephant) x(x − 1) = 72
5 4 5 4 4 5 x2 − x = 72
= × + × + ×
9 8 9 8 9 8 (d) x − x − 72 = 0
2

5 (x + 8)(x − 9) = 0
=
6 ∴ x = −8 (NA) or x = 9
(iii) P(second animal chosen is a horse) ∴ There are 6 white balls in the bag.
= P(Elephant, Horse) or P(Horse, Horse) 1
60°
5 4 4 3 21. (a) P(Y) = =
= × + × 360° 6
9 8 9 8 120 120 1
4 (b) (i) P(RB) = × =
= 360 360 9
9 (ii) P(G at second spin)
19. There are x red marbles (R), y yellow marbles (Y) and = P(GG, RG, BG, YG)
55 blue marbles (B). 60 60 120 60 120 60
1 x = × + × + ×
(a) P(R) = = 360 360 360 360 360 360
8 x + y + 55 60 60
8x = x + y + 55 + ×
360 360
y = 7x − 55 — (1) 1
5 x =
P(Y) = = 6
12 x + y + 55 (iii) P(Y or R)
12y = 5x + 5y + 275 = P(YY, YR, RY, RR)
7y = 5x + 275 — (2) 1 1 1 120 120 1
(b) Substitute (1) into (2) : = × + × + ×
6 6 6 360 360 6
7(7x − 55) = 5x + 275 120 120
+ ×
49x − 385 = 5x +275 360 360
44x = 660 1
=
x = 15 4
Substitute x = 15 into (1) : (iv) P(different colours at both spins)
y = 7(15) − 55 = 1 − P(same colour at both spins)
= 50 = 1 − P(RR or YY or BB or GG)
(c) Now, there are 15 R, 50 Y and 55 B. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 −  × + × + × + × 
15 14 1 3 3 6 6 3 3 6 6
(i) P(RR) = × =
120 119 68 13
=

(ii) P(one R and one B) 18
= P(RB or BR)
15 55 55 15
= × + ×
120 119 120 119
55
=
476

1 14
22. (a) First coin Second coin (d) P(box B is chosen and prime number on ball)
4 1 3
= ×
8 50¢ 2 6
5 50¢ 1
=
9 4 10¢ 4
9
8 24. (a) P(both alive) = 0.45 × 0.5 =
40
5 (b) P(only wife alive) = P(man dies and wife survives)
4 8 50¢ = (1 − 0.45) × 0.5
9 10¢ 11
3 10¢ =
40
8 (c) P(at least one of them survives)
(b) (i) P(20 cents in total) = P(10 cents, 10 cents) = 1 − P(both do not survive)
4 3 = 1 − (1 − 0.45) × (1 − 0.5)
= ×
9 8 11
= 1 −
1 40
=
6 29
=
(ii) P(60 cents in total) 40
= P(10 cents, 50 cents) or P(50 cents, 10 cents) 25. (a) 5
4 5 5 4 9 R
= × + × 5 R
9 8 9 8
9 4 G
5
= 9 R: Red
9
G: Green
(c) (i) P(70 cents in total) 5
= P(50 cents, 10 cents, 10 cents) or 4 8 R
P(10 cents, 50 cents, 10 cents) or 9 G
P(10 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents) 3 G

5 4 3 4 5 3 4 3 5 8
= × × + × × + × ×
9 8 7 9 8 7 9 8 7 5 5 25
(b) (i) P(RR) = × =
5 9 9 81
=
14 (ii) P(different colours) = P(RG or GR)
(ii) P(at least $1.10) 5 4 4 5
= × + ×
= P(50 cents, 50 cents, 50 cents) or 9 9 9 8
P(50 cents, 50 cents, 10 cents) or 85
=
P(10 cents, 50 cents, 50 cents) or 162
P(50 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents) (iii) P(at least three green balls are left)
5 4 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 = 1 – P(RR) – P(RG) – P(GR)
= × × + × × + × × 5 5 5 4 4 5
9 8 7 9 8 7 9 8 7 = 1 – × – × – ×
5 4 4 9 9 9 9 9 8
+ × × 1
9 8 7 =
6
25
=
42 26. (a) P(only LL solves)
1 = P(LL solves and LS does not solve)
23. (a) P(box B is chosen) =
2 1  2
= × 1 – 
(b) P(even number on ball) = P(A even or B even) 2  5
1 4 1 3 3
= × + × =
2 9 2 6 10
17 (b) P(at least one of them solves)
=
36 = 1 − P(both do not solve)
(c) P(box A is chosen and even number on ball) 3 1
1 4 = 1 − ×
= × 5 2
2 9 7
2 =
= 10
9
15 1
 13 12 1
27. (a) P(two diamonds) = × = Advanced
52 51 17
4 3 1 1
(b) P(two Queens) = × = 30. (a) P(to Q) =
52 51 221 3
(c) P(one heart and one spade) (b) P(to T) = P(straight and right)
= P(heart, spade or spade, heart) 1 1
= ×
13 13 13 13 2 6
= × + × 1
52 51 52 51 =
13 12
= (c) P(to U) = P(straight and straight)
102
28. There are 7 toffees in green paper (TG), 4 barley sugar in 1 1
= ×
red paper (BR), 3 toffees in red paper (TR) and 6 barley 2 2
1
sugar in green paper (BG). =
4
10 4 2
(a) P(T and BR) = × = 31. There are 3 red socks (R) and 5 green socks (G) in the
20 19 19
first bag and 6 red socks (R) and 4 green socks (G) in the
10 9 9
(b) P(TT) = × = second bag.
20 19 38
6 5 3 (a) P(both R) = P(RR)
(c) P(BG, BG) = × = 3 6
20 19 38 = ×
(d) P(same flavour) = P(TT or BB) 8 5
10 9 10 9 9
= × + × =
20 19 20 19 40
9 (b) P(at least one is G) = 1 − P(RR)
= 9
19 = 1 −
(e) P(different colour) = P(GR or RG) 40
13 7 7 13 31
= × + × =
20 19 20 19 40
91 (c) P(different colours) = P(RG or GR)
= 3 4 5 6
190 = × + ×
29. There are 6 yellow marbles (Y) and 3 green marbles (G). 8 10 8 10
6 6 4 21
(a) P(YY with replacement) = × = =
9 9 9 40
6 5 5 5
(b) P(YY without replacement) = × = 32. P(getting distinction in English) = P(E) =
9 8 12 7
3
P(getting distinction in Maths) = P(M) =
4
5
P(getting distinction in Science) = P(S) =
6
2 1 1 1
(a) P(no distinction) = × × =
7 4 6 84
(b) P(exactly one distinction)
= P(EM’S’ or E’MS’ or E’M’S)
5 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 5
= × × + × × + × ×
7 4 6 7 4 6 7 4 6
1
=
8
(c) P(qualify for entry)
= 1 − P(no distinction or exactly one distinction)
1 1
= 1 – –
84 8
145
=
168

1 16
33. (a) 33.
33. (a)
(a)
R: Red R: Red
R: Red 5 55 (b) (i) (b)(b) (i)
(i) P(one ball of each colour)
P(one ball of each colour)
P(one ball of each colour)
B: Blue B: Blue
B: Blue G GG
14 5 14
14 55 = P(GBR
==
or GRB
P(GBR
P(GBRor BGR or GRB
or GRBor BRG
or BGR
or BGRor RGB or
or BRG
or BRGor RGB or
or RGB or
G: Green G: Green
G: Green
14 1414 RBG) RBG) RBG)
G GG B BB
7 5  774  55 44 
4 44 =  × = = × ×× × 6 ××  × 6 × 6
6 66  16 15 16 16
14 15 15 14 14
14 14
14R RR
15 15
15 6 66 1 11
= ==
G GG 4 44
14 14
14
5 55 4 44
(ii) P(exactly one is blue)
(ii)
(ii) P(exactly one is blue)
P(exactly one is blue)
15 15
15 14 14
14
G GG B BB B BB = P(BB’B’ or B’BB’ or B’B’B)
== P(BB’B’ or B’BB’ or B’B’B)
P(BB’B’ or B’BB’ or B’B’B)
4 44 5 11 55 1011 11 1110 10 5 11 11 10 55 10
10
= × = = × ×× + ×× × ++ × ×× ××
14 14
14R RR 16 1516 16 1415 15 1614 14 1516 16 1415 15 14 14
4 44 6 66 11 1011 11 5 10 10 55
14
G
14
14
GG + × ++ × ×× ××
15 15
15 5 55 16 15 16
16 14 15
15 1414
14 14
14 55 55
55
R RR B BB = ==
112 112
112
3 33
7 77 (iii) P(no red balls) = P(R’R’R’)
(iii)
(iii) P(no red balls) = P(R’R’R’)
P(no red balls) = P(R’R’R’)
16 16
16 14 14
14R RR
6 66
12 111212 1011 11 10 10
= ×= = × ×× ××
14
G
14
14
GG 16 151616 1415 15 14 14
4 44
11 11
11
14 14
14 = ==
G GG B BB 28 28
28
4 44 (iv) P(second ball is G)
(iv)
(iv) P(second ball is G)
P(second ball is G)
7 77
15 15
15 14 14
14R RR = P(GG any, BG any, RG any)
== P(GG any, BG any, RG any)
P(GG any, BG any, RG any)
7 77 7 6 77 665 7 55 774 7 44 77
G GG = × = = × 1 +
×× × 1 +
× 1 +
× × 1 +
×× × 1 +
× 1 +
× × 1×× × 1
× 1
5 55 4 44 14 3 14
14 33 16 15 1616 15
15
16 15 16
16 15
15
16 15 16
16 15
15
16 16
16 16 16
16 14 14
14 7 77
B BB B BB B BB = ==
16 1616
4 44 34. There are 4 white counters (W) and 3 black counters (B).
34.
34. There are 4 white counters (W) and 3 black counters (B).
There are 4 white counters (W) and 3 black counters (B).
∴ There are 15 − 11 = 4 black balls.
14 14
14R RR
P(two counters of each colour are left)
P(two counters of each colour are left)
P(two counters of each colour are left)
n = 11 or n = 18 (NA)
4 44 7 77
G GG = P(WWB or WBW or BWW)
= = P(WWB or WBW or BWW)
P(WWB or WBW or BWW)
(n − 11)(n − 18) = 0
16 16
16 14 4 14
14 44
4 3 44 3 334 33 3 44 3 33 3 334 333 44 33
n2 − 29n + 198 = 0
14 1414 = × = = ×
××+ ××× ++× ××+ ××× ++× ×× ××
R RR B BB 7 6 775 66 7 55 6 775 66 7 55 6 775 66 55
n2 − 29n + 198 = 0 (shown)
3 33 18 18
18 210 − 29n + n2 = 12
= = =
14 14
14R RR 35 35
35
35 210
=
4 44 6 66 2 210 – 29n + n
G GG
2

16 16
16 14 14
14
210
5 55 =
New Trend
New
NewTrend
Trend
210 – 29n + n
14 14
14
2
G GG B BB
15 – n  1415–––nnn14
15 14 –– nn
 15  14
3 33 35. (a) P(both balls are black) =
35.
35. (a)
(a) P(both balls are black) =
P(both balls are black) =
  P(both balls are black) =
7 77   
15  14 15  14
15 14 
15 – n  14 – n 

15 15
15 14 14
14R RR 2 22 rend
7 77 210 – 29n210
210
+ n–– 29n
29n++nn
G GG




=
=
=
14 210 210
210
5 55 4 14
14 44
210 – 29n210
210
+ n–– 29n
2
2+nn
29n+
22
22
15 15
15 (b) (b)
(b) = =
=
R RR B BB 14 14
14 210 210
210 35
35
35
35
B BB
3 33 210 − 29n 210 − 29n
210 − 29n
+ n2 = 12++nn22 = 12
= 12 18
n − 29n + 198 = 0 (shown)
2
nn − 29n + 198 = 0 (shown)
22
− 29n + 198 = 0 (shown)
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5
14 14
14R RR × × + × × + × ×
3 33 7 77 (c) n2 − 29n + 198 = 0
(c)
(c) nn22 − 29n + 198 = 0
− 29n + 198 = 0
4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3
G GG
15 15
15 14 5 14
14 55 (n − 11)(n − 18) = 0
(n − 11)(n − 18) = 0
(n − 11)(n − 18) = 0
(WWB or WBW or BWW)

n = 11 or n = 18 (NA)
n = 11 or n = 18 (NA)
n = 11 or n = 18 (NA)
wo counters of each colour are left)
14 14
14
R RR B BB ere are 4 white counters (W) and 3 black counters (B).
∴ There are 15 − 11 = 4 black balls.
∴ There are 15 − 11 = 4 black balls.
∴ There are 15 − 11 = 4 black balls.
2 22 16
=
14 14
14R RR 7
16 15 16 15 16 15
= × × 1 + × × 1 + × × 1
7 6 5 7 4 7
= P(GG any, BG any, RG any)

17 17
17
(iv) P(second ball is G)

=
28 1
11
16 15 14
= × ×
12 11 10
(iii) P(no red balls) = P(R’R’R’)
36. (a) (i) P(student from School A who obtains . 4 3
(iii) P(neither bulb is good) = ×
30 marks) 15 14
23 + 19 2
= =
160 35
21 (iv) P(one bulb is defective)
=
80 = P(first is good and second is defective)
(ii) P(student gets a score  20 marks)
+ P(first is defective and second is good)
17 + 9
= 11 4 4 11
160 = × + ×
15 14 15 14
13
= 44
80 =
(b) P(both students from School B who obtain . 105
40 marks) 39. (a) First Outcome
22 21 1 2 3 4 5 6
= ×
160 159
= 0.0182 (to 3 s.f.) 6 (1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6)

Second Outcome
5 5 (1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (6, 5)
37. (a) P(prime) =
10 4 (1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (5, 4) (6, 4)
1
= 3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3)
2
1 1 2 (1, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2) (6, 2)
(b) P(both even) = ×
2 2
1 (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1) (6, 1)
1
=
4 (b) Total number of outcomes = 30
(c) P(sum is 3) = P(1, 2) + P(2, 1) 2
(i) P(both numbers more than 4) =
2 2 2 2 30
= × + ×
10 10 10 10 1
=
2 15
=
25 (ii) P(sum of numbers is 12) = 0
P(sum is not 3) = 1 − P(sum is 3) 8
(iii) P(product is less than 6) =
2 30
= 1 −
25 4
=
23 15
=
25 (iv) P(neither counter has an odd number)
38. (a) First Second = P(both counters have even numbers)
bulb bulb 6
 10  =
30
 
 14  Good 1
 11  =
  Good 5
 15  4 Defective
 
 14 
 11 
 
 14  Good
4
  Defective
 15  Defective
3
 
 14 
(b) (i) P(first bulb is good and second bulb is defective)
11 4
= ×
15 14
22
=
105
11 10
(ii) P(both bulbs are good) = ×
15 14
11
=
21

1 18
40. (i) (a) P(girl who comes to school by public transport) 1 1
(b) (i) P(blue, red) = ×
8 3 2
=
40 1
=
1 6
=
5 (ii) P(same colour at both spins)
(b) P(boy who comes to school by private transport) = P(blue, blue) or P(red, red) or P(yellow, yellow)
7 1 1 1 1 1 1
= = × + × + ×
40 3 3 2 2 6 6
(c) P(pupil who comes to school by public transport) 7
=
20 18
=
40 (iii) P(different colours at both spins)
1 = 1 − P(same colour at both spins)
=
2 7
= 1 −
19 18
(d) P(pupil is a boy) =
40 11
=
21 20 18
(ii) (a) P(both female) = ×
40 39
7
=
26
(b) P(neither are boys taking public transport)
28 27
= ×
40 39
63
=
130
41. (a)
First spin Second spin
1
  Blue
 3
1
 
Blue 2
Red

1 1
    Yellow
 3 6
1
  Blue
1  3
1
   
2 2
Red Red

1
  Yellow
6
1
  1
6   Blue
 3
1
 
2
Yellow Red

1
  Yellow
6

19 1
Chapter 4 Statistical Data Analysis 3. (a) Arrange the given data in ascending order.
lower half upper half
Basic
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10
1. (a)
Cumulative
Period of time (t min)
Frequency
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
x < 30 12 For the given data, n = 7.
x < 45 30 ∴ Q2 = 6
Q1 = 3
x < 60 57 Q3 = 9
x < 75 96 Range = 10 − 2 = 8
Lower quartile = 3
x < 90 112
Median = 6
x < 105 120 Upper quartile = 9
Interquartile range = 9 − 3 = 6
(b) (i) Number of cars which stayed < 60 min = 57
(b) Arrange the given data in ascending order.
(ii) Number of cars which stayed > 75 min
= 120 − 96 = 24 lower half upper half
(iii) Number of cars which stayed 45 < t < 90 48, 55, 60, 66, 76, 82, 87, 95
= 112 − 30 = 82
2. (a)
Price of motorcycles Number of Q1 Q2 Q3
($p) motorcycles For the given data, n = 8.
66 + 76
p < 10 000 25 ∴ Q2 = = 71
2
p < 20 000 99 55 + 60
Q1 = = 57.5
p < 30 000 228 2
82 + 87
Q3 = = 84.5
p < 40 000 272 2
p < 50 000 289 Range = 95 − 48 = 47
Lower quartile = 57.5
p < 60 000 297 Median = 71
p < 70 000 300 Upper quartile = 84.5
Interquartile range = 84.5 − 57.5 = 27
(b) (i) Number of ‘Best selling’ motorcycles
(c) Arrange the given data in ascending order.
= 300 − 272
lower half upper half
= 28
(ii) Number of ‘Average selling’ motorcycles 96, 140, 152, 167, 170, 181, 208, 219, 223
= 300 − 99
= 201 Q1 Q2 Q3
(iii) Number of ‘Worst selling’ motorcycles
For the given data, n = 9.
= 300 − 25
∴ Q2 = 170
= 275
140 + 152
Q1 = = 146
2
208 + 219
Q3 = = 213.5
2
Range = 223 − 96 = 127
Lower quartile = 146
Median = 170
Upper quartile = 213.5
Interquartile range = 213.5 − 146 = 67.5

1 20
4. (a) (i) From the graph, median time = 51 minutes. 8. (a) Arrange the given data in ascending order.
(ii) From the graph, lower quartile = 47 minutes. lower half upper half
(iii) From the graph, upper quartile = 53.5 minutes.
9, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31
∴ Interquartile range = 53.5 − 47 = 6.5 minutes
(iv) Number of participants who took longer than
56 minutes = 120 − 104 = 16 Q1 Q2 Q3
40 For the given data, n = 9.
(b) 40% of the participants = × 120 = 48,
100 ∴ Q2 = 21
i.e. 48 participants were given a merit certificate. 16 + 17
Q1 = = 16.5
From the graph, 48 participants completed the race in 2
less than 50 minutes. 26 + 28
Q3 = = 27
∴ x = 50. 2
(c) Generally, the performance of the participants is not
9 31
too good because only 16 out of 200 were given a 16.5 21 27
merit certificate. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5. (a) From the graph, median diameter = 29 cm. (b) Arrange the given data in ascending order.
(b) From the graph, lower quartile = 26 cm,
lower half upper half
upper quartile = 33 cm.
∴ Interquartile range = 33 − 26 = 7 cm 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.06, 0.08, 0.08, 0.09, 0.13
21
(c) Fraction with diameters < 18 cm or > 37 cm =
100 Q1 Q2 Q3
6. (a) Fraction which sold the watch for < $56.50
For the given data, n = 8.
94
= ∴ Q2 = 0.07
100
0.04 + 0.06
47 Q1 = = 0.05
= 2
50
0.08 + 0.09
(b) Median price = $55.30 Q3 = = 0.085
2
(c) From the graph, lower quartile = $54.40,
upper quartile = $55.70.
0.02 0.13
∴ Interquartile range = 55.70 − 54.50 = $1.30 0.05 0.07 0.085
(d) The 10th percentile = $53.60 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
(e) The 90th percentile = $56.10
(c) Arrange the given data in ascending order.
186 + 188
7. (i) Median = = 187 lower half upper half
2
(ii) Range = 236 − 155 = 81 58, 80, 85, 92, 92, 95, 95, 96, 98, 100, 105, 113
169 + 170
(iii) Lower quartile = = 169.5
2
Q1 Q2 Q3
196 + 197
Upper quartile = = 196.5 For the given data, n = 12.
2
∴ Interquartile range = 196.5 − 169.5 = 27 ∴ Q2 = 95
85 + 92
Q1 = = 88.5
2
98 + 100
Q3 = = 99
2

58 113
88.5 95 99
55 65 75 85 95 105 115

21 1
9. (a) Median = 3.4 hours 11.
x f fx fx2
(b) Range = 6 − 0.5 = 5.5 hours
(c) Lower quartile = 5 hours 0 8 0 0
Upper quartile = 3 hours 1 11 11 11
∴ Interquartile range = 5 − 3 = 2 hours
10. (a) 2 5 10 20
x x2
3 7 21 63
0 0
4 4 16 64
2 4
5 0 0 0
23 529
6 2 12 72
19 361
Sum Σf = 37 Σfx = 70 Σfx = 230
2

5 25
Σ fx 70
16 256 Mean, x = = = 1.89
Σf 37
24 576 Σ fx 2
Standard deviation = – x2
Σf
8 64
230
Σx = 97 Σx = 1815
2 = – 1.89 2
37
Σx 97 = 1.63 (to 3 s.f.)
Mean, x = = = 12.125
n 8
Intermediate
Σx2
Standard deviation = – x2 12. (a) (i) From the graph, median = 13.7 km.
n
(ii) From the graph, the 10th percentile = 5.5 km.
1815
= – 12.125 2 (iii) From the graph, lower quartile = 11 km,
8
upper quartile = 19 km.
= 8.94 (to 3 s.f.)
∴ Interquartile range = 19 − 11
(b)
x x2 = 8 km
45.5 2070.25 (b) From the graph, number of workers who travelled less
than 30 km = 82
75.6 5715.36 ∴ Number of workers who stay far away = 90 − 82
40.7 1656.49 = 8
8
66.3 4395.69 Percentage = × 100% = 8.89% (to 3 s.f.)
90
18.9 357.21 (c)
Distance in km Number of workers
27.1 734.41
<5 7
52.8 2787.84
< 10 22
Σx = 326.9 Σx2 = 17 717.25
< 15 52
Σx 326.9
Mean, x = = = 46.7 < 20 72
n 7
Σx2 < 25 78
Standard deviation = – x2
n 82
< 30
17 717.25
= – 46.7 2 < 35 86
7
< 40 88
= 18.7 (to 3 s.f.)
< 45 90

1 22
13. (a) (i) From the graph, median = 71 kg. 15. (a) (i) From the graph for Geography,
(ii) From the graph, lower quartile = 64.5 kg, median mark = 44 marks.
upper quartile = 77 kg. From the graph for Geography,
∴ Interquartile range = 77 − 64.5 lower quartile = 39 marks,
= 12.5 kg upper quartile = 52 marks.
(iii) From the graph, number of students with weights ∴ Interquartile range = 52 − 39 = 13 marks
greater than 78 kg = 500 − 390 (ii) From the graph for Geography, number of students
= 110 who scored >75 marks
(iv) From the graph, number of students with weights = 200 – 190
62 kg or less = 75. = 10
75 10
Percentage = × 100% = 15% ∴ Percentage = × 100% = 5%
500 200
(b) For College A, (b) (i) From the graph for History,
number of students with weights 75 kg and above median mark = 51 marks.
= 500 − 460 From the graph for History,
= 40 lower quartile = 37 marks,
40 upper quartile = 62 marks.
Percentage overweight = × 100% = 8%
500 ∴ Interquartile range = 62 − 37 = 25 marks
For College B, (ii) From the graph for History, number of students
number of students with weights 75 kg and above who scored > 75 marks
= 500 − 330 = 200 − 180
= 170 = 20
170 20
Percentage overweight = × 100% = 34% ∴ Percentage = × 100% = 10%
500 200
(c) Generally, students from College B weigh heavier as (c) The Geography test is more difficult as compared to
compared to students from College A as the median the History test since the median score for the former
weight is higher in College B as compared to that of is lower, i.e. students generally scored lower for the
College A. College B also has a higher percentage Geography test as compared to the History test.
of students who are overweight as computed in (b). 16. (a) From the graph, lower quartile = 10.5 marks,
14. (a) From the graph, median mark = 64 marks. median = 15 marks,
(b) From the graph, lower quartile = 54 marks, upper quartile = 21 marks.
upper quartile = 73 marks. (b) From the graph, number of students who took the test
∴ Interquartile range = 73 − 54 in School Y = 35.
= 19 marks (c) Interquartile range = 35 − 21.5 = 13.5 marks
(c) From the graph, 20th percentile = 50 marks. (d) Number of students who scored < 40 marks = 31
(d) From the graph, 90th percentile = 79 marks. Percentage who received a distinction
(e) 75% of students passed the test means 25% of the 35 – 31
= × 100%
students failed. 35
25 = 11.4% (to 3 s.f.)
25% of 60 students = × 60 = 15 students failed
100 (e) Yes, I agree because School Y has a higher median
the test.
score as compared to School X.
From the graph, 15 students scored less than 54 marks. 17. (a) The minimum length is 10 cm and the maximum
∴ The pass mark is 54 marks. length is 110 cm. The lengths of the objects have a
lower quartile of 30 cm, a median of 42 cm and an
upper quartile of 50 cm.
(b) Interquartile range = 50 − 30 = 20 cm
(c) Range = 110 − 10 = 100 cm

23 1
18. (a) For City A, (iii) Interquartile range = 124 − 89 = 35
lower quartile = 116 For City B :
median = 136 Arrange the given data in ascending order.
upper quartile = 152 lower half upper half
For City B,
15, 19, 24, 29, 31, 44, 51, 55, 77, 80
lower quartile = 40
median = 64
upper quartile = 88 Q1 Q2 Q3
(b) For City A, interquartile range = 152 − 116 = 36 For the given data, n = 10.
For City B, interquartile range = 88 − 40 = 48 31 + 44
∴ Q2 = = 37.5
(c) City B shows a greater spread. 2
(d) City A has worse air pollution than City B since the Q1 = 24
median PSI for City A is much higher than that of Q3 = 55
City B. (i) Range = 80 − 15 = 65
19. (a) Arrange the given data in ascending order. (ii) Median = 37.5
lower half upper half (iii) Interquartile range = 55 − 24 = 31
(b) City A shows a greater spread.
17, 20, 27, 33, 46, 50, 56, 67, 80, 91
(c) The air pollution of City A is worse than City B since
the median PSI for City A is much higher than that of
Q1 Q2 Q3 City B.
For the given data, n = 10. 21. (a) For Class B,
46 + 50 Mid-
∴ Q2 = = 48
2 Marks value f fx fx2
Q1 = 27 (x)
Q3 = 67 10 < x < 30 20 4 80 1600
∴ x1 = 17, x2 = 27, x3 = 48, x4 = 67, x5 = 91
30 < x < 50 40 9 360 14 400
(b) Range = 91 − 17 = 74
(c) Interquartile range = 67 − 27 = 40 50 < x < 70 60 12 720 43 200
(d) Percentage of cities whose API is considered
70 < x < 90 80 5 400 32 000
unhealthy
4 Σfx Σfx2
= × 100% Sum Σf = 30
10 = 1560 = 91 200
= 40%
Σ fx 1560
20. (a) For City A: (i) Mean, x = = = 52 marks
Σf 30
Arrange the given data in ascending order.
Σ fx 2
lower half upper half (ii) Standard deviation = – x2
Σf
68, 76, 89, 91, 110, 112, 122, 124, 153, 167 91 200
= – 52 2
30
Q1 Q2 Q3 = 18.3 marks (to 3 s.f.)
For the given data, n = 10.
(b) Class A performed better since its mean mark is higher
110 + 112
∴ Q2 = = 111 than that of Class B.
2
Q1 = 89
Q3 = 124
(i) Range = 167 − 68 = 99
(ii) Median = 111

1 24
22. 25. (a) For Mr Lim,
Mid- 52 + 21 + 37 + 6 + 24 + 40
(i) mean distance =
Time (min) value f fx fx2 6
(x) = 30
30 < x < 35 32.5 4 130 4225 (ii) standard deviation

35 < x < 40 37.5 2 75 2812.5 (52 – 30)2 + (21 – 30)2 + (37 – 30)2 +
(6 – 30)2 + (24 – 30)2 + (40 – 30)2
40 < x < 45 42.5 4 170 7225 =
6
45 < x < 50 47.5 5 237.5 11 281.25 = 14.9
For Mr Tan,
50 < x < 55 52.5 3 157.5 8268.75
25 + 14 + 21 + 48 + 18 + 9
172.5 9918.75 (i) mean distance =
55 < x < 60 57.5 3 6
60 < x < 65 62.5 4 250 15 625 = 22.5
(ii) standard deviation
65 < x < 70 67.5 5 337.5 22 781.25
2 2 2
(25 – 22.5) + (14 – 22.5) + (21 – 22.5) +
Σfx Σfx2 2 2
(48 – 22.5) + (18 – 22.5) + (9 – 22.5)
2
Sum Σf = 30 =
= 1530 = 82 137.5 6

Σ fx 1530 = 12.5
(i) Mean, x = = = 51 min (b) Mr Tan’s performance was more consistent since his
Σf 30
Σ fx 2 standard deviation is smaller which means a smaller
(ii) Standard deviation = – x2 spread in data.
Σf
(c) Mr Tan was a better shooter since the mean distance
82 137.5
= – 512 from the centre of target each shot hit is smaller.
30
= 11.7 min (to 3 s.f.) 33 + 34
26. (a) (i) Median = = 33.5 months
2
23. 15 + 6 + 18 + 9 + 2 + x = 9 × 6
(ii) Range = 44 − 12 = 32 months
50 + x = 54
(iii) Lower quartile = 24 months
x=4
Upper quartile = 37 months
Standard deviation
∴ Interquartile range = 37 − 24 = 13 months
(15 – 9)2 + (6 – 9)2 + (18 – 9)2 + (9 – 9)2 + (iv) Mean
(2 – 9)2 + (4 – 9)2 12 + 15 + 16 + 22 + 24 × 2 + 25 × 2 + 33 ×
=
6 2 + 34 + 36 + 37 × 3 + 38 + 40 × 2 + 41 + 44
=
= 5.77 (to 3 s.f.) 20
24. 145 + 126 + 137 + 150 + x + 2x = 130 × 6 = 30.65
558 + 3x = 780 = 30.7 (to 3 s.f.)
x = 74 (v) Standard deviation
Standard deviation 2
(12 – 30.65) + (15 – 30.65) +
2

2 2
(145 – 130)2 + (126 – 130)2 + (137 – 130)2 + (16 – 30.65) + (22 – 30.65) +
(24 – 30.65) × 2 + (25 – 30.65) ×
2 2
(150 – 130)2 + (74 – 130)2 + (148 – 130)2
= 2
2 + (33 – 30.65) × 2 + (34 – 30.65) +
2

6 2 2
(36 – 30.65) + (37 – 30.65) × 3 +
=
26.3 (to 3 s.f.) 2 2
(38 – 30.65) + (40 – 30.65) × 2 +
2 2
(41 – 30.65) + (44 – 30.65)
=
20
= 9.27 (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Brand Y because the mean lifespan of the lightbulbs
is higher.

25 1
27. (a) (i) Mean (ii)
x f fx fx2
11 + 13 + 13 + 20 + 27 + 35 + 36 + 37 + 37 + 41
=
10 1 4 4 4
= 27 hours
2 3 6 12
(ii)
x x–x (x – x) 2
3 0 0 0
11 –16 256 4 2 8 32
13 –14 196 5 3 15 75
13 –14 196 6 3 18 108
20 –7 49 7 6 42 294
27 0 0 8 4 32 256
35 8 64 9 1 9 81
36 9 81 10 1 10 100
37 10 100 Sum Σf = 27 Σfx = 144 Σfx2 = 962
37 10 100
Σ fx 2
Standard deviation = – x2
41 14 196 Σf

Sum Σf(x – x)2 = 1238 962

= – 5.332
27
Σ ( x – x )2 = 2.69 (to 3 s.f.)
Standard deviation =
n 29. (a) (i) For Class X,
1238 x f fx fx2
=
10
= 11.1 (to 3 s.f.) 2 2 4 8
(b) Brand B since it has a higher mean and a smaller 3 3 9 27
standard deviation indicating a longer lifespan and
4 6 24 96
a more consistent performance as compared to
Brand A. 5 11 55 275
27 + 35 6 10 60 360
(c) (i) Median = = 31
2
Lower quartile = 13 7 7 49 343
Upper quartile = 37 8 1 8 64
∴ x1 = 13, x2 = 31, x3 = 37
Sum Σf = 40 Σfx = 209 Σfx2 = 1173
(ii) x3 − x1 = 37 − 13 = 24
It represents the interquartile range. Σ fx
mean, x =
28. (a) Number of pupils = 4 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 6 + 4 + 1 + 1 Σf
= 27 209
=
(b) The most common number of correct answers is 7. 40
(c) Percentage who answered less than 6 correctly = 5.225
4 + 3+ 2+ 3 = 5.23 hours (to 3 s.f.)
= × 100%
27 Σ fx 2
standard deviation = – x2
= 44.4% (to 3 s.f.) Σf
(d) (i) Mean 1173
= – 5.225 2
1× 4 + 2 × 3+ 4 × 2 + 5 × 3+ 6 × 3+ 7 × 6 + 40
8 × 4 + 9 + 10 = 1.42 hours (to 3 s.f.)
=
27
=
5.33 (to 3 s.f.)

1 26
 (ii) For Class Y, 31. (a) For Factory F,
x f fx fx
2
Mid-
Lifespan value f fx fx2
2 4 8 16 (x)
3 4 12 36 600 < x < 699 649.5 2 1299 843 700.5
4 9 36 144 700 < x < 799 749.5 9 6745.5 5 055 752.25
5 8 40 200 800 < x < 899 849.5 16 13 592 11 546 404
6 7 42 252 900 < x < 999 949.5 21 19 939.5 18 932 555.25
7 5 35 245 1000 < x < 1099 1049.5 29 30 435.5 31 942 057.25
8 3 24 192 1100 < x < 1199 1149.5 18 20 691 23 784 304.5
Sum Σf = 40 Σfx = 197 Σfx = 1085
2
1200 < x < 1299 1249.5 5 6247.5 7 806 251.25
Σ fx Σf = Σfx = Σfx2 =
mean, x = Sum
Σf 100 98 950 99 911 025
197
= Σ fx 98 950
40 p = Mean = = = 989.5
= 4.925 Σf 100
= 4.93 hours (to 3 s.f.) Σ fx 2
q = Standard deviation = – x2
Σf
Σ fx 2
standard deviation = – x2
Σf 99 911 025
= – 989.5 2
1085 100
= – 4.925 2 = 141.5
40
= 1.69 hours (to 3 s.f.) 8 + 10 + 12 + 16 + r + 18 + 12 = 100
(b) Class Y spends less time on surfing the Internet since 76 + r = 100
the mean time spent by pupils on the Internet is less r = 24
as compared to Class X. (b) The two factories produced light bulbs of the same
30. (a) Mean of Dodo = 20 life span because their means are the same.
21 + 43 + x + 8 + 34 + 24 + 12 + 2 (c) Factory F’s light bulbs have more consistent life spans
= 20 because its standard deviation is smaller indicating a
8
144 + x = 160 smaller spread in data.
x = 16 32. (a)
Frequency Frequency
Mean of Nana = y Score
for Group A for Group B
6 + 9 + 15 + 26 + 10 + 14 + 21 + 3
=y 10 < x < 20 1 6
8
y = 13 20 < x < 30 2 0
∴ x = 16, y = 13
30 < x < 40 3 0
(b) Dodo was more careless because the mean number of
mistakes she made is higher than Nana’s. 40 < x < 50 1 0
(c) Nana was more consistent because her standard
50 < x < 60 3 2
deviation is smaller than Dodo’s, i.e. the number of
mistakes is not as widely spread as Dodo’s. 60 < x < 70 3 8

70 < x < 80 3 5

80 < x < 90 4 4

90 < x < 100 2 0

27 1
 (b) (i) For Group A, 34. (a) (i) From the graph, the number of pellets that take
mean, x 25.5 seconds or less to dissolve in water = 710
Σ fx (ii) Upper quartile = 24.3 seconds
=
Σf (iii) From the graph, the number of pellets that take
(1 × 15) + (2 × 25) + (3 × 35) + (1 × 45) + 21.5 seconds or less to dissolve in water = 90
(3 × 55) + (3 × 65) + (3 × 75) +
Percentage of pellets that take more than
(4 × 85) + (2 × 95)
= 21.5 seconds
1+ 2 + 3+1+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 4 + 2
=
60.5 (to 3 s.f.) 760 – 90
= × 100%
90
Σ fx 2
standard deviation = – x2 = 88.2% (to 3 s.f.)
Σf
(b) (i) From the graph, median = 23.7,
92 750 lower quartile = 22.5,
= – 60.5 2
22 upper quartile = 24.3.
= 23.6 (to 3 s.f.)
∴ x1 = 22.5, x2 = 23.7, x3 = 24.3
(ii) For Group B,
(ii) x3 − x1 = 24.3 − 22.5 = 1.8
mean, x
It represents the interquartile range.
Σ fx
= 35. (a) (i) From the graph,
Σf
median length of service = 19 years.
(6 × 15) + (2 × 55) + (8 × 65) + (5 × 75) +
(4 × 85) (ii) From the graph, lower quartile = 15 years,
=
6+2+8+5+4 upper quartile = 23 years.
=
57.4 (to 3 s.f.) ∴ Interquartile range = 23 − 15
Σ fx 2 = 8 years
standard deviation = – x2 (iii) From the graph, number of men whose length of
Σf
service < 18 years = 85
98 225
= – 57.4 2 85 17
25 ∴ Proportion = =
= 25.2 (to 3 s.f.) 200 40
(iv) Percentage of men whose length of service is
(c) Group A performed better because it has a higher mean
> 33 years
as compared to Group B.
12
= × 100%
200
Advanced
= 6%
33. (a) From the diagram, there were 20 children. (b) a = 40, b = 20, c = 20
(b) Mass of lightest child = 30.2 kg (c)
(c) (i) Min = 30.2 kg 10 40
15 19 23
40.2 + 40.6
Lower quartile = = 40.4 kg 10 20 30 40
2
Upper quartile = 50.6 kg 36. 16 + 21 + 22 + 18 + x + y = 19 × 7
40.9 + 50.3 97 + x + y = 133
Median = = 45.6
2 x + y = 36 — (1)
∴ x1 = 30.2, x2 = 40.4, x3 = 45.6, x4 = 50.6 (16 – 19)2 + (21 – 19)2 + (22 – 19)2 +
(ii) x4 − x2 = 50.6 − 40.4 = 10.2 (18 – 19)2 + (20 – 19)2 +
It represents the interquartile range. ( x – 19)2 + ( y – 19)2
= 3.742
(d) (i) Median after 3 months = 42 kg 7
Decrease in median = 45.6 − 42 = 3.6 kg 24 + (x − 19)2 + (y − 19)2 = 98
(ii) Upper quartile after 3 months = 46 kg (x − 19)2 + (y − 19)2 = 74 — (2)
Decrease in upper quartile = 50.6 − 46 = 4.6 kg Solving (1) and (2),
(iii) The masses of the children decreased after x = 12, y = 24.
being encouraged to exercise as indicated by the
decrease in median and upper quartile.

1 28
37. (a) No, we cannot because they are two different (c)
Wholesale
individual sets of data. Number of Cumulative
price of items
items sold (f) Frequency
(b) No, we cannot because they are two different ($ x)
individual sets of data.
1 11 11
(c)
2 23 34
Number of Number of
fx fx2
hours (x) students (f) 3 68 102

10 3 + 16 = 19 190 1900 4 54 156

15 12 + 22 = 34 510 7650 5 32 188

20 19 + 34 = 53 1060 21 200 6 7 195

25 36 + 18 = 54 1350 33 750 7 76 271

30 22 + 10 = 32 960 28 800 8 5 276

35 5 280 9800 9 15 291

Sum Σf = 200 Σfx = 200 Σfx = 103 100

2
10 9 300

4350
Combined mean = = 21.75 = 21.8 (to 3 s.f.)
200
103100

Cumulative Frequency
Standard deviation = – 21.75 2 300
200
= 6.51 (to 3 s.f.)
200
38. (a) (i) Candy, lowest mean.
(ii) Dodi, highest mean.
100
(b) (i) Eifer, interquartile range = 30 seconds
(ii) Candy, interquartile range = 140 seconds
(c) From fastest to slowest, 0
Price
1 2 3 4
Candy, Beggy, Eifer, Afi, Dodi.
(d) No. A histogram or bar graph does not show the lower (i) Median = $3.9 million
and upper quartiles thus not allowing us to obtain the (ii) Lower quartile = $2.5 million
interquartile range. Upper quartile = $6.3 million
39. (a) (i) No. ∴ Interquartile range = 6.3 − 2.5 = $3.8 million
(ii) Exact cost price Yes, NSG should represent the data with a
= 1 × 11 + 2 × 23 + 3 × 68 + 4 × 54 + 5 × 32 cumulative frequency curve.
+ 6 × 7 + 7 × 76 + 8 × 5 + 9 × 15 + 10 × 9 40. (a) No, it was misleading.
= $14.76 million (b) For Math quiz,
Exact loss = 14.76 − 13.5 = $1.26 million standard deviation
The exact cost price is lower than $15 million (2 – 6)2 × 5 + (10 – 6)2 × 5
=
and the exact cost is also less than $1.5 million as 10
claimed by NSG. Hence, the calculation of NSG =4
is misleading. For Science quiz,
(b) (i) Profit = 5.50 × 3 − 14.76 = $1.74 million (Proven) standard deviation
(ii) No, the price rise should not be approved because (2 – 6)2 + (3 – 6)2 + (4 – 6)2 + (6 – 6)2 ×
NSG is actually making a profit instead of loss of 2 + (7 – 6)2 × 3 + (8 – 6)2 + (10 – 6)2
=
$1.5 million as claimed. 10
= 2.28 (to 3 s.f.)
(c) The scores for the Science quiz had a better spread
but the scores for Math had greater variability.

29 1
New Trend
41. (a)
Mid- City G City P
Temperature
value
(x °C)
(x) f fx fx2 f fx fx2

15.0 < x < 15.5 15.25 3 45.75 697.69 22 335.5 5116.385

15.5 < x < 16.0 15.75 14 220.5 3472.88 27 425.25 6697.69

16.0 < x < 16.5 16.25 26 422.5 6865.63 19 308.75 5017.19

16.5 < x < 17.0 16.75 33 552.75 9258.56 20 335 5611.25

17.0 < x < 17.5 17.25 21 362.25 6248.81 16 276 4761

17.5 < x < 18.0 17.75 10 177.5 3150.63 5 88.75 1575.31

18.0 < x < 18.5 18.25 3 54.75 999.19 1 18.25 333.06

Sum Σf = 110 Σfx = 1836 Σfx2 = 30 693.39 Σf = 110 Σfx = 1787.5 Σfx2 = 29 111.88

For City G,
Σ fx
(i) mean, x =
Σf
1836
=
110
= 16.7°C (to 3 s.f.)

Σ fx 2
(ii) standard deviation = – x2
Σf
30 693.39
= – 16.69 2
110
= 0.689°C (to 3 s.f.)
For City P,
Σ fx
(i) mean, x =
Σf
1787.5
=
110
= 16.25°C
Σ fx 2
(ii) standard deviation = – x2
Σf
29 111.88
= – 16.25 2
110
= 0.769°C (to 3 s.f.)
(b) City G is warmer because its mean temperature is higher.
(c) City G’s temperature is more consistent because its standard deviation is smaller.
(d) For City G, mean = 19.7°C
standard deviation = 0.689°C
For City P, mean = 19.25°C
standard deviation = 0.769°C

1 30
42. (a) (i) From the graph, median mark = 68 marks. 45. (a) (i) From the graph, median = 51 marks.
(ii) From the graph, the 75th percentile = 73 marks. (ii) 100% – 65% = 35% of the students failed.
(iii) From the graph, lower quartile = 62 marks, 35
35% of 500 students = × 500 = 175 students
upper quartile = 73 marks. 100
∴ Interquartile range = 73 − 62 scored less than 43 marks.
= 11 marks ∴ The passing mark is 43.
(iv) From the graph, the number of students who (b) Interquartile range = 63 − 37 = 26
scored 60 marks or less is 18.
(b) Number of students who were not given the grade 500
‘Distinction’ = 80 − 10 = 70
From the graph, the lowest mark required to qualify 400
for ‘Distinction’ = 77 marks.

Cumulative Frequency
(c) The cumulative frequency curve for School B will be 300
on the right of School A’s.
43. (a) Lower quartile = 69 marks
200
Median = 76 marks
Upper quartile = 94 marks
100
(b) Minimum = 62 marks Lower Upper
Maximum = 100 marks quartile quartile
(c) Interquartile range = 94 − 69 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
= 25 marks Marks

44. (a) For Bank A, (c) (i) Median = 42 marks

Lower quartile = 34 marks
Mid-
Time (min) value f ft ft2 Upper quartile = 48 marks
(t) ∴ Interquartile range = 48 − 34 = 14 marks
(ii) Yes, because the median score is higher for the
10 < t < 12 11 5 55 605
Geography test as compared to the Science test
12 < t < 14 13 29 377 4901 which indicates that students generally did better
14 < t < 16 15 10 150 2250 for Geography as compared to Science.

16 < t < 18 17 12 204 3468

18 < t < 20 19 4 76 1444

Σft Σft2
Sum Σf = 60
= 862 = 12 668

Σ ft 862
(i) mean, t = = = 14.4 min (to 3 s.f.)
Σf 60
Σ ft 2
(ii) standard deviation =
2
–t
Σf
12 668
= – 14.4 2
60
= 1.94 min (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Bank B is more efficient since its mean waiting time
is shorter than that of Bank A.

31 1
 46 + 46
46. (a) (i) Median mark = = 46 marks
2
(ii) Range = 87 − 7 = 80 marks
34 + 35
(iii) Lower quartile = = 34.5 marks
2
62 + 62
Upper quartile = = 62 marks
2
∴ Interquartile range = 62 − 34.5 = 27.5 marks
7 + 12 + 24 + 28 + 30 + 34 + 35 + 39 + 43 + 45 + 46 + 46 + 46 + 47 + 49 + 50 + 51 + 62 + 62 + 66 + 78 + 83 + 85 + 87
(iv) Mean =
24
= 48.125
∑ x2 2
Standard deviation = –x
n
66 099
= – 48.125 2
24
= 20.9 (to 3 s.f.)
(b) The correct median is now 46 + 3 = 49 whereas the standard deviation is not affected by the error.

47. 48. (a) (i) From the graph,

Blood Mid- number of cars whose speed < 35 km/h = 320
pressure value f fx fx2 (ii) From the graph, median = 33 km/h.
(mm Hg) (x) (iii) From the graph, lower quartile = 29,
55 < x < 60 57.5 1 57.5 3306.25 upper quartile = 38.
∴ Interquartile range = 38 − 29
60 < x < 65 62.5 4 250 15 625
= 9 km/h
65 < x < 70 67.5 10 675 45 562.5 (iv) Number of cars whose speed > 43 km/h
= 500 − 430
70 < x < 75 72.5 21 1522.5 110 381.25
= 70
75 < x < 80 77.5 35 2712.5 210 218.75 70 7
Fraction = =
80 < x < 85 82.5 29 2392.5 197 381.25 500 50
(b) (i) Median = 41 km/h
85 < x < 90 87.5 13 1137.5 99 531.25 Interquartile range = 50 – 37
90 < x < 95 92.5 7 647.5 59 893.75 = 13
(ii) Yes, because the median speed of the second
Σfx Σfx2
Sum Σf = 120 group of cars is higher than that of the first group.
= 9395 = 741 900

Σ fx 9395
Mean, x = = = 78.3 mm Hg (to 3 s.f.)
Σf 120
Σ fx 2
Standard deviation = – x2
Σf
741 900
= – 78.29 2
120
= 7.29 mm Hg (to 3 s.f.)

1 32
49. (a) (i) From the graph, median = $237.50.
(ii) From the graph, 90th percentile = $345.
(iii) From the graph, lower quartile = $182.50,
upper quartile = $295.
∴ Interquartile range = 295 − 182.50
= $112.50
(iv) From the graph, number of workers whose weekly
wage  $220 = 500 − 205
= 295
(b) From the graph, lower quartile = $145,
upper quartile = $230.
∴ Interquartile range = 230 − 145 = $85
(c) From the graph, he would have been given $190 if he
had been employed by Factory B.
(d) Agree. Factory B paid the workers better than Factory
A because the median wage for Factory B is higher
than that of Factory A.
50. (a)
Mid-
Distance
value f fx fx2
(x km)
(x)

0<x<5 2.5 12 30 75

5 < x < 10 7.5 21 157.5 1181.25

10 < x < 15 12.5 46 575 7187.5

15 < x < 20 17.5 27 472.5 8268.75

20 < x < 25 22.5 10 225 5062.5

25 < x < 30 27.5 7 192.5 5293.75

30 < x < 35 32.5 5 162.5 5281.25

35 < x < 40 37.5 2 75 2812.5

Σfx Σfx2
Sum Σf = 130
= 1890 = 35 162.5

Σ fx 1890
Mean, x = = = 14.5 km (to 3 s.f.)
Σf 130
Σ fx 2
Standard deviation = – x2
Σf
35 162.5
= – 14.5 2
130
= 7.76 km (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Percentage of commuters
5+2
= × 100%
130
5
=5 %
13
(c) P = 33 + 46 = 79
Q = 116 + 7 = 123

33 1
Chapter 5 Matrices  –5 –9   3 11 
(d) 
 7 5  – 4D =  
Basic    –5 5 
 7  –5 –9   3 11 
2 3  1  9 4  4D = 
1. (a)   +   =    7 5  –  –5 5 
 1 –4   –4 3   –3 –1     
(b) NA  –8 –20 
= 
(c) NA  12 0 
 
 5 3 2   –4 0 3   1 3 5  –2 –5 
     
(d)  1 –1 3  +  –3 2 5  =  –2 1 8  D= 
 3 0 
 –4 –3 5   11 3 –1   7 0 4   
  
4 5   –4 1 
(e)  – 2E = 
 0 –5  – 3E
 2 1   1 –1   –1 –2   4 2 
(e)   +   –   =    3 –2 
   
 –1 3   0 –2   3 4   –4 –3 
 
 –4 1   4 5 
2 4 7 1 E=  –
(f)   – 2   +   =    0 –5   3 –2 
 3 6  5  –4     
 –8 –4 
(g) (3 2 4) + (1 5 6) = (4 7 10) = 
 –3 –3 
(h) (1 3) + (9 5) – 2(7 8) = (–4 –8)  
3 2 6 1 4 2   6 –4 
2. (a) A +   =   (f) 2F + 3  =  
3 –4   1 8 
1 7 5 4 
6 1 3 2  6 –4   12 6 
2F = 
 1 8  –  9 –12 
A=  –
 
 5 4   1 7     
   
 –6 –10 
 3 –1  =  
= 
 4 –3   –8 20 
 
 9 1   10 1   –3 –5 
F= 
(b) 2B –  =
 –3 4   3 6   –4 10 
     
 3 2   2   18 
 10 1   9 1  3. (a)  =
2B =  +    1 4   6   26 
 3 6   –3 4     
   
1  2 –1 
 19 2  (
(b)   2 –1 =  ) 
= 
 0 10   3  6 –3 
  7
( )
(c) 4 –1   = (22)
1  19 2  6
B=  
2  0 10  (d) NA
 
 
4 1 1 –8   3 1 4 2 3   3 5
(c)  – 3C = (e)  =
 –1 –2 1   1 –4   –5
 
 3 5  –4 

  0    –1 0   5 
 
4 1   1 –8   1 –1  
3C =   –     4 –3 1   6 –2 –1 
3 5   0 –4  
 (f)  3 2    =  8 –11 7 
3  –2 4   –2 –1 2   –16 2 6 
= 
9   
3 
 9   0 1  –2 
  3
1 3 (g)  2 3    =  0 
 –1 4   –2 
 
C=    –11 
1 3   

 0 3 
 
(
(h) 1 2 3  1 ) –2  = ( –1 11 )
 –1 4 


1 34
  3 –1  3 a 9 7  Equating the corresponding elements, we have
4. (a) 
 –4 6  + 2  b c  =  8 –24  6+a=1
     
a = −5
 3 a   9 7   3 –1 
2 = –  −7 + b= −1
 b c   8 –24   –4 6 
      b=6
3 a 1  6 8  3+c=3
  =  
c=0
 b c  2  12 –30 
3 a 3 4  h + 4 = −2
  =   h = −6
 b c   6 –15  k + 3 = −3
Equating the corresponding elements, we have k = −6
a = 4, b = 6, c = −15 t+9=4
 –6 h   1 2h   –7 –9  t = −5
(b) 
 5 2  –  k –3  =  3k 5  ∴ a = −5, b = 6, c = 0, h = −6, k = −6, t = −5
     
 2 1   x y  x 6 
 –7 –h   –7 –9       
  =   (e)  –4 –6  + 3  –1 4  =  h 2k 
 5 – k 5   3k 5   –3 8   9 2   3t 14 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
     
−h = −9  3x 3y   x 6   2 1 
     
h=9  –3 12  –  h 2k  = –  –4 –6 
5 − k = 3k  27 6   3t 14   –3 8 
     
1
k=1  2x 3y – 6   –2 –1 
4    
1  –3 – h 12 – 2k  =  4 6 
∴ h = 9, k = 1  27 – 3t –8   3 –8 
4   
3 2  7 5 b c  Equating the corresponding elements, we have
(c)  + 3 =
 1 4   –1 a   d 2a  2x = −2
      x = −1
 21 15   b c  3 2 3y − 6 = −1
  –   = –  
 –3 3a   d 2a  1 4 y=1
2
 21 – b 15 – c   –3 –2  3
  =  −3 − h = 4
 –3 – d a   –1 –4 
h = −7
Equating the corresponding elements, we have 12 − 2k = 6
21 − b = −3 k=3
b = 24 27 − 3t = 3
15 − c = −2 t =8
c = 17 2
∴ x = −1, y = 1 , h = −7, k = 3, t = 8
−3 − d = −1 3
d = −2  –7 a b   –7 
a = −4 (f)  (
 =   1 2 –3 )
 –1 –2 3   –1 
∴ a = −4, b = 24, c = 17, d = −2
 –7 a b   –7 –14 21 
 1 –1 3   a b c   6 –7 3    =  
(d)   –   =    –1 –2 3   –1 –2 3 
 –2 –3 4   4 3 9   h k t 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
 6 –7 3   a b c   1 –1 3 
  +   =   a = −14, b = 21
 h k t   4 3 9   –2 –3 4 
 6 + a –7 + b 3 + c   1 –1 3 
  =  
 h + 4 k + 3 t + 9   –2 –3 4 


35 1
  7 –2   p q   1 0  Equating the corresponding elements, we have
(g)     =   3a − 4 = −7
 10 3   r s   0 1  a = −1
 7 p – 2r 7q – 2s   1 0  3ac + 3 = 6
  =  
 –10 p + 3r –10q + 3s   0 1  c = –1
Equating the corresponding elements, we have a + 4b = 21
7p − 2r = 1 — (1) 22
b=
7q − 2s = 0 — (2) 4
1
−10p + 3r = 0 — (3) =5
2
−10q + 3s = 1 — (4)
ac − 3b = d
2
From (2) : q = s — (5) 1
7 d = −15
2
2 
Substitute (5) into (4) : −10  s  + 3s = 1 1 1
7  ∴ a = −1, b = 5 , c = –1, d = −15
2 2
1
s=1  2 1   k t x   –7 6 –5 
7 (j)     =  
s=7  –3 h   –1 2 –3   5 t 3k 
2  2k – 1 2t + 2 2x – 3   –7 6 –5 
Substitute s = 7 into (5) : q = ×7=2   =  
7 –3k – –3t 2h –3x 3h
 h + −   5 t 3k 
10
From (3): r = p — (6) Equating the corresponding elements, we have
3
 10  2k − 1 = −7
Substitute (6) into (1) : 7p − 2  p  = 1 k = −3
3 
1 2t + 2 = 6
p =1
3 t =2
p =3 2x − 3 = −5
10 x = −1
Substitute p = 3 into (6) : r = (3) = 10
3 −3k − h = 5
∴ p = 3, q = 2, r = 10, s = 7 h = −3(−3) − 5
 a –2   –1   –11  =4
(h) 
 –5 1   b  =  10  ∴ h = 4, k = −3, t = 2, x = −1
 
 –a – 2b   –11  2 1  3 5 
5. (a) X +  =
 =    4 –3   7 –9 
 5 + b   10     
Equating the corresponding elements, we have 3 5  2 1 
−a − 2b = −11 — (1) X=  –
 7 –9   
5 + b = 10 — (2)    4 –3 
From (2) : b = 10 − 5 = 5 1 4 
= 
 3 –6 
Substitute b = 5 into (1) : −a − 2(5) = −11  
a=1  2 –4   1 7 
(b) Y –  =
∴ a = 1, b = 5  –5 –6   9 3 
   
   1 c   –7 6 
(i)  3a –1   =   1 7  2 –4 
 a b   4 –3   21 d  Y=  +
 9 3   
   –5 –6 
   
 
 3a – 4 3ac + 3   –7 6  3 3 
  =   = 
 a + 4b ac – 3b   21 d 
  4 –3 
 

1 36
  3 1   6 10   10 8   4 –1   –1 –3 
(c) Z + 2  = (c) AB − C =  –
 –4 5   12 3   –5 4   7 –3   0 4 
        
 6 10   6 2   96 –34   –1 –3 
Z=  – =  –
 12 3   –8 10   8 –7   0 4 
       
 0 8   97 –31 
=  = 
 20 –7   8 –11 
   
 1 –3  5 7   10 8   –1 –3   4 –1 
(d) P – 3  = 2 (d) AC + B =  +
 4 –2   3 –4   –5 4   0 4   7 –3 
        
 10 14   3 –9   –10 2   4 –1 
P=  + =  +
 6 –8   12 –6   5 31   7 –3 
       
 13 5   –6 1 
=  = 
 18 –14   12 28 
   
 1 2 5   4 7 –9   4 –1   –1 –3   10 8 
(e) Q + 3  = (e) BC − 2A =  – 2
 4 –6 7   –13 12 21   7 –3   0 4   –5 4 
        
 4 7 –9   –4 –16   20 16 
Q=  =  –
 –13 12 21   –7 –33   –10 8 
     
  –24 –32 
–  3 6 15  = 
 12 –18 21 
  3 –41 
  
 1 1 –24   10 8   4 –1   –1 –3 
=  (f) ABC = 
 −25 30 0 
  –5 4   7 –3   0 4 
    
 –1 –3 –9   7 3 –5   96 –34   –1 –3 
(f) R – 2  = = 
 5 8 –10   8 –9 4 
  8 –7   0 4 
     
7 3 –5   –96 –424 
R=  = 
8 –9 4 
  –8 –52 
  
 –1 –3 –9  7. (i) (a) Determinant = (3 × 2) – (2 × 3)
+ 2
 5 8 –10  =0
 
(b) Since determinant = 0, the matrix has no inverse.
 5 –3 –23 
=  (ii) (a) Determinant = (2 × 3) – (0 × 1)
 18 7 –16 
  =6
 10 8  4 –1   –1 –3  1⎛ 3 0 ⎞
6. A =  ,B=   , C =  (b) Inverse = ⎜
 –5 4  7 –3 

6 ⎝ −1 2 ⎟⎠
    0 4 
 10 8   4 –1   –1 –3  ⎛ 1 ⎞
(a) A + B − 2C = 
 –5  +   − 2   ⎜ 2 0⎟
 4   7 –3   0 4  = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 1 ⎟
 16 13  ⎜⎝ 6 3 ⎟⎠
=  
 2 –7 
 (iii) (a) Determinant = (1 × 6) – (4 × 5)
(b) 2A + 5B − 3C = −14
 10 8   4 –1   –1 –3  1 ⎛ 6 −4 ⎞
= 2 + 5 − 3 (b) Inverse =
 –5 4   7 –3   0 4  −14 ⎜⎝ −5 1 ⎟⎠
     
 20 16   20 –5   –3 –9  ⎛ 3 2 ⎞
=  + –
 –10 8   35 –15   0 12  ⎜− ⎟
      = ⎜ 7 7 ⎟
 43 20  ⎜ 5 − 1 ⎟
⎜⎝ 7 14 ⎟⎠
= 
 25 –19 
 

37 1
 ⎛ 1⎞
(iv) (a) Determinant = (2 × 8) – (5 × 3) 8. (i) Determinant = ⎜ 0 × ⎟ – (p × 0)
⎝ p⎠
=1
=0
⎛ 8 −5 ⎞
(b) Inverse = ⎜ ∴ The inverse does not exist.
⎟
⎝ −3 2 ⎠ (ii) Determinant = (a × a) – (−a × a)
(v) (a) Determinant = (3 × 9) – (8 × 4) = 2a2
= −5 ∴ The inverse exists.
1 ⎛ 9 −8 ⎞ 1 ⎛ a a⎞
(b) Inverse = Inverse =
−5 ⎜⎝ −4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟
2a 2 ⎜⎝ −a a ⎟⎠
⎛ 9 8 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜− ⎟
= ⎜ 5 5 ⎟ ⎜ 2a 2a ⎟
= ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 −3⎟ ⎜− 1 1 ⎟
⎜⎝ 5 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2a 2a ⎟⎠
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ (iii) Determinant = (3 × 3) – (0 × 0)
(vi) (a) Determinant = ⎜ × − ⎟ – ⎜ × ⎟
⎝2 4⎠ ⎝ 4 8⎠
=9
5
=− ∴ The inverse exists.
32
1⎛ 3 0 ⎞
⎛ 1 1⎞ Inverse = ⎜ ⎟
− − 9⎜ 0 3 ⎟
32 ⎜ 4 4 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
(b) Inverse = − ⎜ ⎟
5 ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎞
− ⎜ 0⎟
= ⎜ 3
⎜⎝ 8 2 ⎟⎠
⎟
⎜ 0 1⎟
⎛ 8 8 ⎞ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
⎜ 5 5 ⎟
= ⎜ ⎟ (iv) Determinant = (0 × 0) – (−1 × −1)
⎜ 4 16 ⎟
⎜⎝ 5
−
5 ⎟⎠ = −1
∴ The inverse exists.
⎛ 1 1⎞
(vii) (a) Determinant = ⎜ × ⎟ – ⎛⎜ 3 × 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 0 1⎞
⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 8 8⎠ Inverse = − ⎜ ⎟
5 ⎜⎝ 1 0 ⎟⎠
=
64 ⎛ 0 − 1⎞
⎛ 1 3⎞ = ⎜ ⎟
− ⎜⎝ −1 0 ⎟⎠
64 ⎜ 4 8 ⎟
(b) Inverse = ⎜ ⎟
5 ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ 9. | A| = (2 × 3) – (4 × 1)
⎜⎝ − 8 2 ⎟⎠ =2
⎛ 16 24 ⎞ ∴ A−1 exists.
⎜ 5 − 5 ⎟ 1⎛
A−1 = ⎜ 3 −4 ⎟
⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎝ −1 2 ⎠
⎜ − 8 32 ⎟
⎜⎝ 5 5 ⎟⎠ AX = B
(viii) (a) Determinant = (1 × 1) – (−1 × −1) A AX = A−1B
−1

=0 (A−1A)X = A−1B
(b) Since determinant = 0, the matrix has no inverse. IX = A−1B
1 ⎛ 3 −4 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞
X= ⎜
2 ⎝ −1 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 13 ⎟⎠

1 ⎛ −4 ⎞
=
2 ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
⎛ −2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠

1 38
10. (a) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix (c) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix
form as form as
⎛ 3 2⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 4 5⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
= ⎜ 9 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 5⎟⎜ y⎟ = ⎜ 1⎟
⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ y ⎟⎠ ⎝ 24 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3 2⎞ ⎛ 45⎞
Determinant of = (4 × 5) – (5 × 2)
Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (3 × 3) – (2 × 4) ⎜ 25⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠
= 10
=1 −1
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 45⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ y⎟ = ⎜
−1
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 3 2⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ y⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 25⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 24 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 5 −5 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎛ 3 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ =
= ⎜ 10 ⎜⎝ −2 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ −4 3 ⎠ ⎝ 24 ⎠
1 ⎛ −5 ⎞
⎛ ⎞ =
= ⎜ −21 ⎟ 10 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
⎝ 36 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
∴ x = −21, y = 36 ⎜ −2 ⎟
(b) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
form as ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3 2⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 1 2
y
⎝⎜ −3 2 ⎠⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠ ∴x=− ,y=
2 5
⎛ 3 2⎞
Determinant of ⎜ (d) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix
⎟ = (3 × 2) – (2 × −3)
⎜⎝ −3 2 ⎟⎠ form as
= 12 ⎛ 3 2⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
−1 ⎜ −4 1 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 14 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ y⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎝ −3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −4 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 3 2⎞
Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (3 × 1) – (2 × −4)
1 ⎛ 2 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎝ −4 1 ⎠
= ⎜ ⎟
12 ⎜ 3 3 ⎟ ⎜⎝ −4 ⎟⎠ = 11
⎝ ⎠
−1
1 ⎛ 28 ⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 3 2⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
=
12 ⎜⎝ 18 ⎟⎠ ⎜ y⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −4 1 ⎠ ⎝ 14 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
=
⎜ 23⎟ 11 ⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 14 ⎟⎠
= ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 11 ⎟
= 1 −22
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎛ ⎞
11 ⎜⎝ 66 ⎟⎠
1 1
∴x=2 ,y=12 ⎛ ⎞
3 = ⎜ −2 ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
∴ x = −2, y = 6
(e) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix
form as
⎛ 5 1⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜ 10 2 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 5 1⎞
Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (5 × 2) – (1 × 10)
⎝ 10 2 ⎠
=0

Hence ⎜ 5 1 ⎟ is a singular matrix and its inverse

⎛ ⎞
⎝ 10 2 ⎠
matrix does not exist.
5x + y = 2 and 10x + 2y = 4 represent the same line.
There is an infinite number solutions.

39 1
  3 x  x  y 
(f) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix (d)  =
 5 0   x   –10 
form as  
⎛ 6 −1 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞  3x + x 2   y 
  =  
⎜ 6 −1 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠  5 x   –10 
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
⎛ 6 −1 ⎞
Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (6 × −1) – (−1 × 6) 3x + x2 = y — (1)
⎝ 6 −1 ⎠
5x = −10 — (2)
=0 From (2) : x = −2
Hence ⎜ 6 −1 ⎟ is a singular matrix and its inverse Substitute x = −2 into (1) : y = 3(−2) + (−2)2 = −2
⎛ ⎞
⎝ 6 −1 ⎠ ∴ x = −2, y = −2
matrix does not exist.  x 3 4 y 1 0
5x + y = 2 and 10x + 2y = 4 represent two parallel (e)     =  
 –1 4   1 x   0 1 
lines. There is no solution.
 4 x + 3 xy + 3x   1 0 
  =  
 0 4 x – y   0 1 
Intermediate
 Equating the corresponding elements, we have
0
11. (a) ( p q )  –43  =
2 
( –3 6 ) 4x + 3 = 1
1
x =−
( 3p – 4q ) ( –3 6 )
2q = 2
xy + 3x = 0
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
1  1
3p − 4q = −3 — (1) − y = −3  – 
2  2
2q = 6 — (2)
y = −3
From (2) : q = 3
1
Substitute q = 3 into (1) : 3p − 4(3) = −3 Substitute x = – and y = −3 into 4x − y :
2
p =3  1
∴ p = 3, q = 3 4  –  − (−3) = 1
 2
 a b   1   15  1
(b)  = ∴ x = − and y = −3
 3 2a   4   11  2
 
2
 a + 4b   15  12. (a) AB =   (–1 4)
  =    3
 3 + 8a   11 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have  –2 8 
= 
a + 4b = 15 — (1)  –3 12 
 
3 + 8a = 11 — (2)
2
From (2) : a = 1 (b) 2BA = 2(–1 4)  
 3
Substitute a = 1 into (1) : 1 + 4b = 15
= 2(10)
1
b=3 = (20)
2
1 1
∴ a = 1, b = 3 13. AB =   (2 4)
2
 3
 x 2   4   –2 
(c)  =
 2 y 0   –1   8  2 4 
= 
   6 12 
 4 x – 2   –2   
 =   1
 8y   8  BA = (2 4)  
Equating the corresponding elements, we have  3
4x − 2 = −2 = (14)
x=0
8y = 8
y=1
∴ x = 0, y = 1

1 40
 x  –4 2  z t 
14. (a) 3A − 2X = B 16.   (3 y) = 
1  1 –3   
 –6 –16   –1 –5    3 5
3 − 2X = 
 13 9   4 6   3x xy   –4 z + 6 –4t + 10 
      =  
 –18 –48   –1 –5   3 y   z–9 t – 15 
2X =  –
 39 27   4 6  Equating the corresponding elements, we have
   
3x = −4z + 6 — (1)
1 –17 –43
 
X=   xy = −4t + 10 — (2)
2  35 21 
3 = z − 9 — (3)
a b y = t − 15 — (4)
(b) Let Y = 
 c d  From (3) : z = 12
 
YB = A Substitute z = 12 into (1) : 3x = −4(12) + 6 = −42
 a b   –1 –5   –6 –16  x = −14
    =   Substitute (4) and x = −14 into (2) : −14(t − 15) = −4t + 10
 c d   4 6   13 9 
10t = 200
 –a + 4b –5a + 6b   –6 –16 
  =   t = 20
 –c + 4d –5c + 6d   13 9  Substitute t = 20 into (4) : y = 20 − 15 = 5
Equating the corresponding elements, we have ∴ t = 20, x = −14, y = 5, z = 12
−a + 4b = −6 — (1)  3 0   a b  x
17.     =   (2 1)
−5a + 6b = −16 — (2)
 –1 4   c 4   4 
−c + 4d = 13 — (3)
 3a 3b   2 x x 
− 5c + 6d = 9 — (4)   =  
From (1) : a = 4b + 6 — (5)  –a + 4c –b + 16   8 4 
Substitute (5) into (2) : −5(4b + 6) + 6b = −16 Equating the corresponding elements, we have
−14b = 14 3a = 2x — (1)
b = −1 3b = x — (2)
Substitute b = −1 into (5) : a = 4(−1) + 6 = 2 −a + 4c = 8 — (3)
From (3) : c = 4d − 13 — (6) −b + 16 = 4 — (4)
Substitute (6) into (4) : − 5(4d − 13) + 6d = 9 From (4): b = 12
−14d = −56 Substitute b = 12 into (2): x = 36
d=4 1
Substitute x = 36 into (1): a = × 2(36) = 24
Substitute d = 4 into (6) : c = 4(4) − 13 = 3 3
1
 2 –1  Substitute a = 24 into (3): c = × (8 + 24) = 8
∴Y=  4
 3 4 
  ∴ a = 24, b = 12, c = 8, x = 36
 x 
x
( )
15. (1 3)   = 1 3 –1  2 x 
 3  
 3
(x + 9) = (x + 6x – 3)
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
x + 9 = x + 6x − 3
6x = 12
x=2

41 1
  2x 0   3  6  3 0 k 0   6 0 
18.    =   20.  =
 3y – z   4   11   5 2   3 3h   m 2h – 7 
      
 6x   6   3k 0  6 0 
 =     =  
 9 y − 4 z   11   5k + 6 6h   m 2h – 7 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have Equating the corresponding elements, we have
6x = 6 3k = 6
x=1 k =2
9y − 4z = 11 — (1) 5k + 6 = m
 2 x 0   5   10  m = 16
    =   6h = 2h − 7
 3y – z   –15   –15 
3
 10 x   10  h = −1
  =   4
 15 y + 15z   –15 
3
Equating the corresponding elements, we have ∴ h = −1 , k = 2, m = 16
4
10x = 10 21. The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix form
x=1 as
15y + 15z = −15
⎛ 9 q ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
y + z = −1 — (2) ⎜ ⎟⎜ y⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18 −6 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
From (2): y = −1 − z — (3)
Substitute (3) into (1): 9(−1 − z) − 4z = 11 ⎛ 9 q ⎞
Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (9 × −6) – (q × 18)
−13z = 20 ⎝ 18 −6 ⎠
20 = −54 – 18q
z=−
13 Since the equations have no solution, −54 – 18q = 0
20 7 q = −3
Substitute z = − into (3): y =
13 13
7 20 Advanced
∴ x = 1, y = ,z=–
13 13
a b
22. Let C =  .
 8 –6   4 –3   3 –3   c d 
19. L =  ,M=  and N =  
 –5 2    
   9 –5   –2 5   2 1   3 –1   a b   1 0 
(a) 2L + 3M − N       =  
 –1 3   4 –2   c d   0 1 
 8 –6   4 –3   3 –3 
= 2 + 3 –  10 –4   a b   1 0 
 –5 2   9 –5   –2 5      =  
     
 9 –5   c d   0 1 
 16 –12   12 –9   3 –3 
=  + –  10a – 4c 10b – 4d   1 0 
 –10 4   27 –15   –2 5    =  
     
 9a – 5c 9b – 5d   0 1 
 25 –18 
=  Equating the corresponding elements, we have
 19 –16 
  10a − 4c = 1 — (1)
 8 –6   4 –3   3 –3  10b − 4d = 0 — (2)
(b) LMN = 
 –5 2   9 –5   –2 5  9a − 5c = 0 — (3)
   
 –22 6   3 –3  9b − 5d = 1 — (4)
=  2
 –2 5   –2 5  From (2): b = d — (5)
   5
 –78 96  2 
=  Substitute (5) into (4): 9  d  − 5d = 1
 –16 31  5 
 
5
d=−
7

1 42
 5 2 1 0 2 1
Substitute d = − into (5): b = − 26. CBA =   0  (1 0 2 3)
7 7  3 1 0   
5
  2
From (3): a = c — (6) 5
9 =   (1 0 2 3)
5   3
Substitute (6) into (1): 10  c  − 4c = 1  5 0 10 15 
9 
= 
9  3 0 6 9 
c=  
14  0.25 0.2 0.3 5   1.20   1.73 
9 5    2.50   1.37 
Substitute c = into (6): a = 0.2 0.15 0.25 4 
14 14 27. (a)    =  
 0.3 0.25 0.25 5   1.10   1.86 
1  5 –4   0.25 0.3 0.28 3     
 0.12   1.27 
∴C=    
14  9 –10 
 1.73 
 1.37 
23. AB = BA (b) (350 380 420 290)   = (2406.10)
 1.86 
 –3 h   k 0   k 0   –3 h   
    =      1.27 
 –1 1   1 2   1 2   –1 1  ∴ The total cost is $2406.10.
 –3k + h 2h   –3k kh  8
  =    2500 1400 1200   12  =  53 600 
 – k + 1 2   –5 h + 2  28. (a) 
 4600 2800 2600     106 800 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have    14 
−3k + h = −3k — (1)  53 600 
(9.8 12)   = (1 806 880)
h =0  106 800 
2h = kh — (2) ∴ The total revenue is 1 806 880 cents.
h = 0 or k = 2  53 600 
(b) (x x)   = (1 806 880)
−k + 1 = −5 — (3)  106 800 
(160400x) = (1 806 880)
k =6
x = 11.26 cents (to nearest
∴ k = 2 is rejected since it does not satisfy (3).
0.01 cents)
2 = h + 2 — (4)
h=0  60 65 95 50   250   63 750 
   200  
∴ h = 0, k = 6 29. (a)  20 25 30 15    = 20 950 
 25 20 30 15   150   21 200 
 
 –1 –1   –1 –1     430 
24. A2 =    
 3 3 
  3 3   63 750 
 –2 –2  (1 1 1)  20 950  = (105 900)
=    
 6 6   21 200 

 –2 ∴ The total cost of preparing the food is 105 900 cents.
–2   –1 –1 
A3 =     250 
 6 6   3 3 
  200 
(b) (2 1.5 2.5 1.2)   = (1691)
 –4
= 
–4 
  150 
 
 12
 12   430 
 250 
 –16 –16   –64 –64   200 
∴ A5 =   and A7   ∴ H = (2 1.5 2.5 1.2), K =   and the total
 48 48   192 192   150 
 
x  430 
25. (x y)   = (13) time in preparing the food is 1691 minutes.
y
(x2 + y2) = (13)
x2 + y2 = 13
∴ x = 4, y2 = 9 or x2 = 9, y2 = 4
2

∴ x = 2, y = 3 or x = 3, y = 2

43 1
  3 1.5 6 2 0 
  Determinant of (A + B) = (2 × −2) – (0 × 6)
30. (24 36 28)  2 2 8 0 2 
1 2 0 2 3 = −4
 
1 –2 0
⎛ ⎞
= (172 164 432 104 156) Inverse =
−4 ⎜⎜⎝ –6 2 ⎟⎟⎠
 3.2 
 12  ⎛ 1 ⎞
 
⎜ 0 ⎟
(172 164 432 104 156)  1.85  = (19 749.6) 2
= ⎜ ⎟
 50  3 1
  ⎜ − ⎟
 72  ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
∴ The total cost of the hampers is $19 749.60.
1⎛ 1 0 ⎞
⎛ 1 –1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 –1 ⎞ =
31. A2
= ⎜ 2 ⎜⎜⎝ 3 −1 ⎟⎟⎠
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 –1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 –1 ⎠
⎛ –1 0 ⎞ New Trend
= ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 0 –1 ⎟⎠ 5 3 2 
32. (a) D =  
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 0 4 1 
B2 = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (b) E = DC
⎜⎝ 4 –1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 –1 ⎟⎠
 
 5 3 2   1.6 0.2 
⎛ 5 0⎞ =    1.1 −0.1 
= ⎜
⎜⎝ 0
⎟
5 ⎟⎠  0 4 1   3.2 −0.3 
 
⎛1 –1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞  17.7 0.1 
AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =  
⎜⎝ 2 –1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 –1 ⎟⎠  7.6 −0.7 
⎛ –3 2 ⎞ (c) Amount of savings = $0.70
= ⎜ ⎟ 92
⎜⎝ –2 3 ⎟⎠ (d) Amount Yan pays = × $17.70
100
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 –1 ⎞ = $16.28 (to 2 d.p.)
BA = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 4 –1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 –1 ⎟⎠ 33. (a) The duration of time frame is not specified.
The intervals of number of hours are not consistent.
⎛ 3 –2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ 0 or 1 hour option not available.
⎜⎝ 2 –3 ⎟⎠
Unable to capture the range of 3-4 or 5-6 hours.
⎛ –3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 –2 ⎞ The question does not specify the subject of the tuition.
(AB + BA) = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟ Any two of the above.
⎜⎝ –2 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 –3 ⎟⎠
 24 15 17 
⎛ 0 0⎞ (b) Q =  
= ⎜ ⎟  18 22 16 
⎝ 0 0⎠
 
⎛1  24 15 17   15 
–1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ (c) (i) QS = 
A+B= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟   18 
⎜⎝ 2 –1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 –1 ⎟⎠  18 22 16   20 
 
⎛2 0 ⎞  970 
= ⎜ ⎟ =  
⎜⎝ 6 –2 ⎟⎠  986 
 
⎛2 0 ⎞⎛ 2 0 ⎞  24 15 17   10 
(A + B)2 = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (ii) QC =    15 
⎜⎝ 6 –2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 –2 ⎟⎠  18 22 16   18 
 
⎛ 4 0⎞  771 
= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 4⎠ =  
 798 
P = QS − QC
 970   771 
=   −  
 986   798 
 199 
=  
 188 
1 44
 (iii) P represents the profits earned by each shop
respectively. $199 represents the profit earned
by shop A and $188 represents the profit earned
by shop B.
199
(iv) Percentage profit of A = × 100%
771
= 25.8% (to 3 s.f.)
188
Percentage profit of B = × 100%
798
= 23.6% (to 3 s.f.)
∴ Shop A performed better that day since it has
a higher percentage profit.

(v) T = ( 24 +18 15 + 22 17 +16 )

= ( 42 37 33 )

 
 27 9 6   5   168 
34. (a)    3  =  
 26 12 4   1   170 
 
(b) The elements represent the total points gained by each
soccer team from the matches they played in a recent
season.

35. (a) T = 4A + 3B
 84 37 38   26 95 70 
= 4  + 3  
 48 24 27  82 43 
  15
 336 148 152   78 285 210 
=   +  
 192 96 108   45 246 129 
 414 433 362 
= 
 237 342 237 
 
 1 
 
(b) P =  1.5 
 2 
 
(c) E = TP
 
 414 433 362   1 
=    1.5 
 237 342 237   2 
 
 1787.5 
=  
 1224 
(d) They represent the total amount of money earned by
each shop respectively for a week.
 
 48 22 10   10  
36. (a)  684 

95 101 4   7  = 
 
   5   1677 
 
(b) It represents the total amount of money collected for
each day.

45 1
Chapter 6 Further Geometrical 4.
y
Constructions
6
Basic R Q
5
1.
4
y
3
6 2 C B
(6, 5)
1
A P
4 x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(2, 3)
2 ∴ P(10, 0), Q(10, 5) and R(0, 5)
Area of OABC = 2 × 4
x = 8 units2
0 2 4 6
Area of OPQR = 5 × 10
∴k=5 = 50 units2
2. Area of OABC 8 4
= =
y Area of OPQR 50 25
5.
6
y
10
4 9 M

(2, 3) (h, k) 8 (ii)

2 7
6 B
x 5
0 2 4 6
4
∴ h = 5, k = 3 Q
N 3
3.
y C 2
(i)
B´ R 1
6
L
x
5 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 P2 3 A4 5 6
4
B
3
6.
2 y
1 7
A/A´ Q(2, 6)
x 6
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y(6, 5)
–1 5
R(–2, 4)
C –2 4
–3 3
B(2, 3)
–4 2
C´ C/Z(0, 2)
1
∴ A´(−4, 0), B´(4, 6) and C´(0, −4) A/P(2, 0)
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1
–2
–3
–4
X(6, –4)

1 46
7. A B C A´ B´ C´ 9. (a)
⎛ 1 0 ⎞⎛ 1 5 1⎞ ⎛ 1 5 1 ⎞ y
⎜ 0 −1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 1 1 3 ⎟⎟ = ⎜ −1 −1 −3 ⎟ x+y=0
4
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3
y 2
4 1
C
3 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
2 –1 (3, –1)
1 A B –2
x –3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1, –3)
–1 A´ B´ –4
–2
–3 C´ The coordinates of the image of (3, −1) is (1, −3).
–4
⎛ 0 −1 ⎞
(b) The matrix is ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ −1 0 ⎠
The matrix represents a reflection in the x-axis. (c) The coordinates of the point are (−5, 1).
8. A B C A´ B´ C´ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 0⎞⎛ 2 0⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
10. (i) E2 ⎜ ⎟ =
⎛ 0 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 2 6 ⎞ ⎛ −3 −7 −4 ⎞ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −1 ⎟⎠
⎜ 1 0 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 3 7 4 ⎟⎟ = ⎜ 2 2 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 4 0 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
y ⎝ 0 4 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
⎛ 4 ⎞
8 = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (4, −4)
B(2, 7) ⎝ −4 ⎠
7
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
C´(–4, 6) (ii) R ⎜
6
−1 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 −1 ⎟ ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
5
C(6, 4) ⎛ −1 ⎞
4 = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (−1, 1)
⎝ 1 ⎠
3
A´(–3, 2) A(2, 3) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 0 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
2 (iii) ER ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (−2, 2)
B´(–7, 2) ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 2 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
x (iv) RE ⎜
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 −1 ⎟ ⎜ −2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (−2, 2)
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
–1
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
–2 ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎜ 1 2 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 0 ⎟ ⎛ −2 ⎞
11. (i) E ⎜
2
⎟ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
The transformation is a 90° anticlockwise rotation about ⎜⎝ 0 1 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 1 2 ⎟⎠
the origin, (0, 0).
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 12 0 ⎟ ⎛ −3 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 11 ⎟⎝ 3 ⎠
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞
−4
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎛ 1 1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ i.e. ⎜ −4 , 4 ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎝ 2 2⎠
⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
2
⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
(ii) T2 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ −6 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (−6, 8)
⎝ 8 ⎠

47 1
 ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
(iii) TE ⎜ 2 ⎟ = T ⎜ ⎟ 16. A 180° rotation about the mid-point of AQ followed by
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
an enlargement with centre at A and scale factor 2.
⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ 17. A reflection in the line x = 2 followed by an enlargement
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎟ 2
1
⎛ −5 ⎞ with centre at Q and scale factor 1 .
= ⎜ 2
⎟ i.e. (−5, 6)
⎝ 6 ⎠ 18. ABCD A´ B´ C´ D´
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 0 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 1 2 6 ⎞ ⎛ −1 −2 −5 −4 ⎞
(iv) ET ⎜ −2 ⎟ = E ⎜ −4 ⎟ ⎜ −1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 5 4 ⎟ = ⎜ −5 −1 −2 −6 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
y
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 12 0 ⎟ ⎛ −4 ⎞ 5 C
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 4 D
⎜ 0 11 ⎟⎝ 5 ⎠
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 3
⎛ −6 ⎞ 2 B
= ⎜ 1 ⎟ i.e. ⎛⎜ −6,  7 1 ⎞⎟ 1
⎜7 ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠ A
⎝ 2⎠ x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ B´ –1
12. (i) M ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (2, 0) C´
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0⎠ –2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ –3
(ii) E2 ⎜ ⎟ = E ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (5, 8)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 8⎠ –4

⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ –5
(iii) EM ⎜ 2 ⎟ = E ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (3, 0)
⎛ ⎞ A´
⎝ 2⎠ 0
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0⎠ D´
–6

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
(iv) ME ⎜ 2 ⎟ = M ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜
⎛ ⎞
⎟ i.e. (3, −2) The matrix represents a reflection in the line y + x = 0.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
19. (a) ⎜ 0 −1 ⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ −1 0 ⎞
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ (b)
⎜ 0 −1 ⎟
13. (i) R ⎜ 2 ⎟ = R ⎜
2
⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (−3, −2) ⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
⎛ 10⎞
(c) ⎜ 0 1 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞ (d) ⎜ ⎟
(ii) E2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = E ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ −1 0 ⎝ 01⎠
⎝ 6⎠ ⎟ i.e. (8, 12) ⎝ ⎠
⎝ 12 ⎠
(e) ⎜ 0 −1 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
(f) ⎜ −1 0 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
(iii) ER ⎜ ⎟ = E ⎜ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (2, −9) ⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 −1 ⎠
⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ −9 ⎠ 20. (a) A 90° anticlockwise rotation about O.
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
(iv) RE ⎜ ⎟ = R ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (6, −5) (b) A translation represented by ⎜ ⎟.
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 8⎞ (c) A reflection in the x-axis.
14. (i) E2 ⎜ ⎟ = E ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (8, 6)
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ (d) An enlargement with centre at (2, 0) and scale factor
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ of −2.
(ii) R2 ⎜ ⎟ = R ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (3, 3) 21. (a) A translation of 4 cm along AC.
⎝ 1⎠ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
(b) A 180° rotation about the midpoint of BE.
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
(iii) ER ⎜ ⎟ = E ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (2, 6) (c) A reflection in the line BE.
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ 22. (i) A 120° clockwise rotation about O.
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ (ii) A 60° clockwise rotation about O followed by a
(iv) RE ⎜ ⎟ = R ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (4, 0)
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 0⎠ reflection in the perpendicular bisector of CD.
15. (i) A reflection in the line OB followed by a 60° clockwise
rotation about O.
(ii) A reflection in the line FC followed by a 120°
clockwise rotation about O.

1 48
 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
23. (a) EM ⎜ ⎟ = E ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 28. T+ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ −9 ⎠ 5
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
EM ⎜ ⎟ = E⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ∴ T = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 30⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
(b) E = ⎜ ⎟ ,M= ⎜ ⎟ A´ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 −1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 3⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
24. (a) 3 = 2x – 1 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
2x = 4 B´ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ −2 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x=2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
⎛9 0 ⎞ C´ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ = ⎜
(b) A = ⎜ 3 0 ⎟ ⎜ 3 0 ⎟ = ⎜
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ 3 ⎟ ⎟
2
2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎝ 0 2x − 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 2x − 1 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ( 2 x − 1) ⎟⎠
y
(c) 3(2x – 1) = 9(2x – 1)2 9 C3
9(2x – 1) – 3(2x – 1) = 0
2
8
3(2x – 1)[3(2x – 1) – 1] = 0
7 (iii)
3(2x – 1)(6x – 4) = 0
6
1 2
x= or x =
2 3 5
25. (i) rOED (v) rOQR 4
(ii) rORS (vi) rOBC C1 C
3
A3 B3
(iii) rOQR (vii) rOST (ii) (i)
2
(iv) rOAB (viii) rOAF
1
26. (i) A 180° rotation about O. B1 A1 A B
x
(ii) An enlargement centre at B and scale factor 2. –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
(iii) An enlargement centre at B and scale factor 2 followed A2 C2
by a reflection in the line AC. –2
(1, –2)
–3 (iii)
(iv) Area of rOAB = 4x cm2 B2
∴ Area of rhombus ABCD = 4(4x) = 16x cm2 –4
27. (i) A reflection in the line AD.
(ii) A 180° clockwise rotation about O. (ii) X is a reflection in the y-axis.
(iii) An enlargement centre at O and scale factor 2. (iii) Y is a 90° clockwise rotation about (1, −2).
(iv) A reflection in the line AD followed by an enlargement ⎛ 3 0⎞⎛ 12 1⎞ ⎛ 36 3⎞
(iv) ⎜ = ⎜ ⎟
centre at O and scale factor 2. ⎟ ⎜
⎝ 0 3⎠⎝ 11 3⎠
⎟
⎝ 339⎠
(v) A 90° clockwise rotation about O followed by an ∴ A3(3, 3), B3(6, 3) and C3(3, 9).
1
enlargement centre at O and scale factor .
2

49 1
29.
y

14
13
P Q
12
11
10
(ii)
9
8
7
6
5
A (i) B
4
M (iii) N
3
R
2
C
1
L
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1
–2
T U (iv)
–3
Z(A) Z(B)
–4
–5
S
–6
–7
Z(C)
–8

(ii) X is an enlargement with centre at O and scale factor 3.

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
(iv) A to S: YZ ⎜ ⎟ = Y ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ −5 ⎟
4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
B to T: YZ ⎜ ⎟ = Y ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
C to U: YZ ⎜ ⎟ = Y ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ −3 ⎠

1 50
30.
y

10
9
8
(i)
B1 C1
7
6
A1
5
4
3
(ii)
C2 B2 B C
2
1 A
A2
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
–1
A3 B3
–2
–3 (iii)(a) A4
–4
C3 (iv)(a)
–5
–6 C4
B4
–7

⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ ⎞
(ii) X + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ −4 ⎟
1
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
X = ⎜ −4 ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
⎛ −6 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
B to B1: X ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
C to C1: X ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
(iii) (b) Z is a 90° clockwise rotation about O.
(iv) (b) S is an enlargement with centre at O and scale
factor 3. T is a reflection in the x-axis.

51 1
31.
y
Q
8
7
(b)
6
5
M
4 B/P R
(c) (a)
3
2 A C
N L
1
180̊
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
–1
Z X
–2

(d) –3
–4
Y
–5
–6

(d) A reflection in the x-axis.

32. y
12
N 11 C´
(b) 10
M 9 B´
L A´ R
8
7
(a)
6
5
C P Q
4
3
A B
2
1
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
–1
–2
–3

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(b) A to A´: ⎜ −1 ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 9⎠
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 6⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
B to B´: ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = ⎜ 9 ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
C to C´: ⎜ −1 ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠

1 52
33.
y

8
F
7 R1
6 D (d)(i) y = x
(c) E
(d)(ii) 5
4
P1 Q1
3
(1, 3)
2 (b) B C

1
A Q R x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6 P

y=x –7
–8

(b) X is an enlargement with centre at (1, 3) and scale

factor 3.
(c) Centre of rotation is (0, 4), angle of rotation is 90°
anti-clockwise.
34. y
6
y+x=0 C
5
4 (b) (6, 4)
(a)
3
Q
2
A B
1 (a)
R
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1 P
–2
–3
–4
–5 R´

–6
–7
–8
Q´ –9 P´
–10

(b) X is a 90° anticlockwise rotation about (6, 4).

⎛ 0 −1 ⎞
(c) The matrix representing Y is ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ −1 0 ⎠

53 1
35.
y

10
9
H
(a) 8
(d) x = 0
7
I 6

G 5
C
C´ 4
(a)
3
(–2, 2) 2 A B
1
(2, 0)
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
E –4 D
–5
–6 (a)
–7
–8
F

(b) X is an enlargement at (2, 0) and scale factor −2.

(c) Y is a 90° anticlockwise rotation about (−2, 2).
⎛ −1 0 ⎞
(d) The equation of line l is x = 0 and the matrix is ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 0 1⎠

1 54
36. y
C1 12
11
10
9
8 (a)
7
(d)(i) x + y = 2 6 B1
A1
5
C
4
3
2 B
A
1
R P
x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
–1
(d)(ii)
–2
–3 Q
A2
–4 C2
–5
–6
–7 B2
–8

(b) X is an enlargement centre at (4, 0) and scale factor 3.

55 1
37. y
8 (b) x = 1
(d) 7 A2
6
B2
5
C2 (1, 4) (4, 4) (e)
4
(b) y = 4 C1
3 C
(c) (a)
2 B
B1
1 A1 A C3
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
–1
–2 B3

–3
–4
A3 –5
–6
–7
–8

(d) R is a 180° rotation about (1, 4) or an enlargement

centre at (1, 4) and scale factor −1.
(e) The centre of enlargement is (4, 4) with scale factor
3. The coordinates of C3 are (4, 1).

Advanced
38. y
12
11
10 F(4, 10)
(c)
9
E(–2, 8)
8
7
6
C Q
5 (a)
B
4 P (a)
D(0, 4)
3
2 (d) (4, 2) R
A
1
N (4, 0)
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) –1
L –2
–3
M
–4
–5

1 56
 ⎛ 0 −1 ⎞
(b) (i) The matrix which represents the rotation is ⎜ ⎟
⎝1 0 ⎠
⎛ 0 ⎞
(ii) The matrix which represents the translation is ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −4 ⎠
(c) (i) The coordinates of D are (0, 4).
(iii) Scale factor = 2

(iv)
△
area of  DEF
=4
△
area of ABC
(d) (i) Centre of rotation = (4, 2)
(ii) 90° clockwise rotation
39. y

(b) x = –1
9
8
R
7
(a)
6
5
Q P
4 C

3 (a)

2
A B
1
x
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
–1
–2
–3
B1 (c)(i)
A1 –4
–5
–6
–7
C1 –8
–9

(b) Equation of l: x = −1

(c) (ii) ⎜ −2 0 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎝ 0 −2 ⎠

(iii)
△
area of  A1 B1C1
=4
△
area of  ABC

57 1
40. y

10
C1
9
(c) 8
7 (b) y = x + 2
A1
B1
6
5
C
4 P
3 (a)

2 A B
1
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1
(e)
B3 A3 –2 A2
(d)
–3
C3 –4 C2
–5 B2
–6

(b) The equation of the line is y = x + 2.

⎛ −1 0 ⎞
(e) The matrix is ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 0 −1 ⎠
(f) H is a 90° clockwise rotation about the origin.
⎛ 0 1⎞
The matrix is ⎜ ⎟.
⎜⎝ −1 0 ⎟⎠
41.
y

8
7
C2 A (a) C (b) Q(14, 6)
6
5
(d) 4 B2 B
3
2
A2
1
(2, 0) (b) P(8, 0)
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
–1
A3 –2 A1
–3
–4 B3 B1
–5 (c)(i)
C3 –6 C1
–7
–8

1 58
 (b) From the graph, P(8, 0) and Q(14, 6). 45.
∴ m = 8, h = 14 and k = 6
y
(c) (ii) X is a 90° clockwise rotation about the origin
(0, 0). 6
⎛ 0 1⎞
(iii) The matrix is ⎜⎜ ⎟. 5 y=x
(a)
⎝ −1 0 ⎟⎠ 4
B
(e) R is a 180° rotation about (2, 0). 3
(f) (ii) A reflection in the x-axis.
2
42. (a) A 90° anticlockwise rotation about the origin. (a)
1
⎛ 6⎞ A
(b) ⎜ ⎟ x
⎝ 2⎠ –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
(c) The coordinates of P are (3, 11).
–2
(d) (i) The centre of enlargement is A(6, 12).
(ii) (a) k = 9 –3
1 –4
(b) Scale factor = 1 (c) C
2 –5
(c) The coordinates of E are (0, −3). –6
(d) The ratio is 4 : 9.
43. (a) (i) Scale factor = 2
(b) A reflection in the line y = x.
(ii) The centre of enlargement is (−10, −4).
(d) A reflection in the x-axis.
(b) A reflection in the y-axis.
(c) A reflection in the line y = x.
(d) V is a 90° clockwise rotation about (2, −4).
4−0
44. (a) Gradient of DC =
1− 9
1
=−
2
(b) Area of ABCD = 2 × 8
= 16 units2
(c) The coordinates of the image of D is (1, 0).
1 + 9 6 + 0⎞
(d) The coordinates of the point are ⎛⎜ ,
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
i.e. (5, 3)

59 1
Chapter 7 Vectors  3  1
2. a =   –  
→ → →  5  1
1. AB = OB – OA 2
=  
2 1 4
=   –  
 3  6   5   3
b=   –  
1  3   3
=  
 –3  2
→ → → =  
CD = OD – OC 0
4 7
6  3 c=   –  
=   –    6   3
6 4
 –3 
 3 =  
=   3
2
→ → →  3  8 
EF = OF – OE d=   –  
1  3
6 9  –5 
=   –   =  
4 4  –2 
 –3  9 9
=   e=   –  
0 1 6
→ → →
GH = OH – OG 0
=  
 3  9   –5 
=   –  
 3  1   11   10 
f=   –  
 –6  1 6
=  
2 1
=  
→ → →  –5 
PQ = OQ – OP
 11   17 
 11   11  g=   –  
=   –   6 3
6 2
 –6 
0 =  
=    3
4
→ → →  15   12 
LM = OM – OL h=   –  
3 2
 12   13   3
=   –   =  
1 7 1
 –1   14   16 
=   k=   –  
 –6  2 2
→ → →
UV = OV – OU  –2 
=  
 14   15  0
=   –    16   16 
5 3 l=   –  
 –1  6 4
=   0
2 =  
→ → → 2
XY = OY – OX
 7  1
=   –  
 1  1
6
=  
0

1 60
3. 5. d = e + a + b + c
y  –1   4   2   –3 
=  + + + 
 5   1   –3   1 
15
2
14 → 2 =  
(e) PQ =   4
13 5 → → →
6. AC = AB + BC
12
 –2   1 
11 =  + 
 4  5
10
 –1 
9  –2  =  
(b) b =   9
8  –1  4 →
(d) c =   | AC | = (–1)2 + 9 2 = 9.1 units (to 1 d.p.)
7
 –5  → → →
6 →  –1 7. LM = LK + KM
5 (g) XY =    8   –4 
4 =  + 
4  3  11   –8 
(a) a =  
3 1 4
(c) =  
2 → 3  3
AB =   →
1  –2  | LM | = 4 2 + 32 = 5 units
x → → → →
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8. AD = AB + BC + CD
–1
 –1   4   3 
–2 =  + + 
0  2   –3   9 
–3 (f) d =  
 –4 6
–4 =  
→ 5 8
–5 (h) LM =  
 –3 →
–6 | AD | = 6 2 + 8 2 = 10 units

 3 Intermediate
4. (a)  
 –7 
→  0 
 –1  9. (a) XY =  
(b)    –13 
 –5  →
| XY | = 0 2 + (–13)2 = 13 units
 –2 
(c)   →
6 a
(b) PQ =  
8  12 
(d)   → →
5 | XY | = | PQ |
 –1 
(e)   13 = a 2 + 12 2
 –9 
169 = a2 + 144
4
(f)   a = ± 25
 –5 
 –7  = ±5
(g)  
9
4
(h)  
 10 

61 1
 → →  –6 
10. (a) | AB | = 12 2 + (–5)2 = 13 units (viii) NM =  
→ 0
 t 
(b) CD =   → 4
 24  (ix) DQ =  
→ →  –5 
| CD | = 2| AB | → 2
(x) QG =  
t 2 + 24 2 = 26 5
t2 + 576 = 676 → 8
(xi) PN =  
1
t = ± 100
= ±10
→  –6 
(xii) UM =  
→  3
11. (a) (i) TQ → 6
→ (xiii) AT =  
(ii) KF  –6 
→ → 6
(iii) LH (xiv) TG =  
→ 7
(iv) MP →  –4 
→ (xv) PB =  
(v) NQ 5
→ →
(vi) PN (d) (i) AD
→ →
(vii) TM (ii) BK
→ → → →
(viii) MQ (iii) FL or GM or KS
→ → →
(ix) QL (iv) LE or MF
→ →
(b) (i) 3 AB (v) SA
→ →
(ii) 3 AB (vi) SU
→ →
(iii) 4 AB (vii) KR
→ →
(iv) 2 AB (viii) TA
→ →
(v) 4 AB (ix) SD
→
(vi) 7 AB
→
(vii) 4 AB
→ → 2 6
(c) (i) KF = 3 AB = 3   =  
1  3
→ → 2 8
(ii) LH = 4 AB = 4   =  
1 4
→ → 2  –14 
(iii) HS = –7 AB = –7   = 
1  –7 
→ 4
(iv) PQ =  
0
→  –4 
(v) CA =  
 –1 
→  10 
(vi) KH =  
3
→ 0
(vii) LD =  
4

1 62
12.

 4 
(f) –2a – 3b = 
 –17 

 7
(g) 3a – 2b =  
 6

 –5 
(e) 2b – a =  
 2

(a) a + b
 –1  –6 
(d) 2a + b =   (b) 3b =  
 7  9
 0
=  
 11

(c) –2a
 –2 
=  
 –8 

6 → → →  3   –2   5 
13. (a) –3q =   14. (a) OR = OP – OQ =   –   =  
 15   1   4   –3 
 3   –2   8  ∴ The coordinates of R are (5, –3).
(b) 2p – q = 2   –   =  
 4   –5   13  → → → 3  –2   –1 
∴ The coordinates are (8, 13). (b) OS = OP + 2 OQ =   – 2   =  
1  4   9 
 3  –2   –8 
(c) –2(2p + q) = –4   – 2   =   ∴ The coordinates S(x, y) are (–1, 9), where x = –1
4  –5   –6 
and y = 9.
 1
1   3   –2   1  5   2 2  → → →  5     
(d) (p – q) =    –    =   =   15. (a) OA = OL – 2OM =   – 2  2  =  1 
2   4   –5   2  9   4 1   –2   3   –8 
 2
∴ The coordinates of A are (1, –8).
1 1   3   –2   →
(e) (5p – 3q) = × 5   – 3  (b) | OA | = 12 + (–8)2 = 8.1 units (to 2 s.f.)
7 7  4  –5  
1  21 
=  
7  35 
 3
=  
5

63 1
 → → → 1 8  9  →
16. (a) PR = PQ + QR =   +   =   20. (a) DA = –3q
 4   6   10  → → →
(b) AC = AD + DC = 3q + p
→
(b) | QR | = 8 2 + 6 2 = 10 units → → → →
(c) BC = BA + AD + DC
→ → → 5  1   4 
(c) (i) ST = OT – OS =   –   =   = –4p + 3q + p
 k   –3   k + 3

 = 3(q – p)
→ →
(ii) If ST // PQ, → 1 → 3
(d) BM = BC = (q – p)
 1  2 2
→  4    → → → →
ST =   = 4 k + 3  = 4 PQ (e) AM = AB + BM
 k+3
  4 
   3
= 4p + (q – p)
 1  2
  1  1
 k+3  =   = (5p + 3q)
 4  4  2
  → → 1 →
21. (a) PA = – AP = – AB = –2s
∴ k = 13 2
→ → → 1 →
(iii) If | ST | = | PQ |, (b) Since BQ = BC ,
3
4 2 + ( k + 3)2 = 12 + 4 2 → 2 → 2
QC = BC = (–6t) = –4t
16 + (k + 3)2 = 1 + 16 3 3
→ → →
k + 3 = ±1 (c) PD = PA + AD = –2s – 6t = –2(3t + s)
k = 1 – 3 or k = –1 – 3 → → → →
=–2 = –4 (d) PQ = PD + DC + CQ
∴ k = –2 or –4. = –2s – 6t + 4s + 4t
 = 2(s – t)
–3   2   
 , p =  h  and q =
7
17. a =   , b =    → → →
 2   –10  5 k  (e) QD = QC + CD = –4t – 4s = –4(t + s)
→
     –5  22. (a) RU = 2b
(a) 3a + 2b = 3  –3  + 2  2 = 
 2   –10   –14  → → →
(b) QU = QP + PU = 2b + a
 –3   2   –5  → → →
(b) a – b =  – = 
 2   –10   12  (c) PT = PU + UT = a + d
→ → →
(c) |a – b| = (–5)2 + 12 2 = 13 units (d) SQ = SR + RQ = –c – a = –(a + c)
→ → →
→ → → –3 = +2  –3
4 =+–3
4  =  4–2 =  –2 
–2 (e) RT = RU + UT = 2b + d
18. (a) m = OM = OL + LM   +   +     → → →
 1   11   131   13    3  (f) QT = QU + UT = a + 2b + d
→
(b) | LM | = (–6)2 + 2 2 = 6.3 units (to 2 s.f.) → → → →
(g) SP = SR + RQ + QP = 2b – a – c
→ →    
(c) ON = ML = 2  –3  =  6 
→ → → →
1 –2 23. (a) EF = ED + DC + CF = 2p + 2q – 3p = 2q – p
   
→ → → →
∴ The coordinates of the point N are (6, –2). (b) BC = BA + AF + FC = –p – 2q + 3p = 2(p – q)
→ →  →  –9  –9 → → →
19. (a) b = OB = OA + –9 =  7 + 7  =
=+ –2
 7–2   –2 
(c) EC = EF + FC = 2q – p + 3p = 2(p + q)
AB +  +   =  
 12   124  12
164   164    16  → → → →
→ (d) AD = AF + FE + ED
(b) | AB | = (–9)2 + 12 2 = 15 units
= –2q + p – 2q + 2p
→ →  
(c) OC = BA =  –9  = 3p – 4q
 12  → → → →
∴ The coordinates of the point C are (9, –12). (e) EB = EF + FA + AB
= 2q – p + 2q + p
= 4q

1 64
 → → → 27. (a) P
24. (a) AB = AE + EB =a–b
→ → → p
(b) EC = EB + BC = a + a – b = 2a – b
→ → →
(c) DE = DC + CE = 4a + b – 2a = 2a + b B
O Q
→ → → 1
(d) AD = AE + ED = –b – 2a – b = –2(a + b) q
2
→ → →
25. (a) BC = BA + AC = a + 3c
→ → → –2p
(b) AE = AF + FE =b+c
→ → → 5
(c) ED = EC + CD = b – 2a
2
→ → → 5
(d) FD = FE + ED = c + b – 2a
2 A
26. (a) (i) From the diagram, → → →
→ → → (b) QA = OA – OQ = –2p – q
ST + TQ = SQ
(ii) From the diagram,
→ → → 1
PB = PO + OB = q – p
→ → → 2
PR + RT = PT 28. (a) T P
(iii) From the diagram,
→ → → →
PS + SQ + QR = PR t t
(iv) From the diagram,
→ → → → →
RQ + QT + TP + PS = RS S
→ → O 1
(b) (i) PT + u = PQ s
→ 2 1
From the diagram, u = TQ . – t
2
→ →
(ii) ST + u = SQ Q
→
From the diagram, u = TQ . → → → 1 1 1
→ (b) PQ = OQ – OP = s – t – s – t = (s – 3t)
(iii) SQ + u = 0 2 2 2
→ → → →
From the diagram, u = QS . 29. (a) OQ = OP + PQ = 4a + 4b
→ → → → →
(iv) SQ + u = RQ (b) OX = OR + RX = 2a + 4b
→ → → →
From the diagram, u = RS . (c) QS = QR + RS = 8b – 4a
→ →
(v) u + SP = RP
→
From the diagram, u = RS . Advanced
→ → → →
(vi) TQ + u = TS 30. (a) (i) EF = – BA = –p
→
From the diagram, u = QS . → → →
→ → → (ii) BE = BA + AE = q – p
(vii) PS + u + TR = PR →
→ (b) | AE | = 2 units
From the diagram, u = ST . → →
→ → | AO | = | OE | = 1 unit
(viii) SR + u + TS = 0
→ → →
From the diagram, u = RT . Since the figure is a regular octagon, | OB | = | OD |
→ → → = 1 unit
(ix) PT + TS + u = PS
From the diagram, u = 0. Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
→
(c) (i) From the diagram, | BD | = 1 + 1 = 2 units
→ → → →
SQ + (– QT ) = SQ (c) BD = 2 q
(ii) From the diagram,
→ → →
PR + (– QR) = PQ
(iii) From the diagram,
→ → → →
RS + QP + (– QS ) = RP

65 1
 → → → → → →
31. (a) RP = RO + OQ = p – q 33. (a) (i) PQ = OQ – OP = 2(b – a)
→ → → → 1 →
OQ = OR + RQ = p + q (ii) PM = PQ = b – a
2
(b) (i) Rhombus → → →
(ii) 90° (iii) OM = OQ + QM = 2b + a – b = a + b
→ → → → → → 3
(c) (i) AQ = OQ – OA = p + q – 2p = q – p (iv) RS = OS – OR = 4b – (2a) = 4b – 3a
2
→ → →
BQ = OQ – OB = p + q – 2q = p – q 3 4
(v) Since RN = RS, NS = RS
→ → → 7 7
(ii) AB = OB – OA = 2q – 2p = 2(q – p) → 4 → 4
∴ NS = RS = (4b – 3a)
AB 2( q – p ) 7 7
= =2
QB p–q → → →
(vi) ON = OS + SN
→ 1 → 4
32. (a) (i) XC = DC = p = 4b – (4b – 3a)
3 7
→ →
QR = AB = 3p 12
= (a + b)
XC : QR = 1 : 3 7
(ii) nAXC is similar to nAQR and XC : QR = 1 : 3, OM a+b a+b 7
(b) = = =
AC : AR = 1 : 3 since the ratio of all corr. sides MN 12 5 5
(a + b ) – (a + b ) (a + b )
7 7
is equal for similar figures.
(iii) nAXC is similar to nAQR. ∴ OM : MN = 7 : 5
∴ AX : AQ = 1 : 3 since the ratio of all corr. sides
→ 5 → 5
(c) MN = OM = (a + b)
is equal for similar figures. 7 7
nADX is similar to nAPQ.
∴ DX : PQ = AX : AQ = 1 : 3 New Trend
→ 2 → → → →
(b) (i) DX = DC = 2p 34. (a) OB = OA + AB
3 1  7 
→ → → =   +  
(ii) AC = AB + BC = 3p + 2q  2   −3 
→
(iii) Since AC : AR = 1 : 3, AR = 3(3p + 2q)  8 
→ → → =  
(iv) BR = AR – BA  −1 
= 3(3p + 2q) – 3p ∴ The coordinates of B are (8, –1).
→ → →
= 6(p + q) (b) (i) BC = BA + AC
→ →  7  1
(v) RQ = BA = –3p = –  +  
→  –3   5 
(vi) Since DX : PX = 1 : 3, PQ = 3(2p) = 6p  
→ =  –6 
(vii) Since AD : AP = 1 : 3, AP = 3(2q) = 6q  8 
→ →  
Since M is the midpoint of BC , BM =  –3 
→ → →
(viii) PB = PA + AB = 3(p – 2q)
→ → →  4 
(ix) BQ = BR + RQ → → →  7   –3   4 
AM = AB + BM =  + = 
= 6(p + q) – 3p  –3   4   1 
= 3(2q + p) →
(ii) | AM | = 4 2 + 12 = 4.12 units (to 3 s.f.)
→ → →
(x) DR = DP + PR = 4q + 6p + 3p = 4q + 9p

1 66
 (c) For ABPC to be a parallelogram, → → →
37. (a) XY = XO + OY
→ →  7 
CP = AB =  .  3   −12 
 –3  = −   +  
 7   7   −9 
→ →
OP – OC =    −15 
 –3  =  
→ → →  7   −16 
OP – ( OA + AC ) =   → 2 2
 –3  (b) | XY | = (−15) + (−16) = 21.9 units (to 3 s.f.)
→  7  1 1 9 → →
OP =  + + =  (c) YX = 2 XZ
 –3   2   5   4   15  → →
  = 2( XO + OZ )
 7  1 1 9  16 
 + + = 
 –3   2   5   4   7.5    →
∴ The coordinates of P are (9, 4).   = −  3  + OZ
→  8  7
 
35. (a) (i) AB = b − 2a
→ → → →  7.5   3
(ii) AC = MC − MA OZ =   +  
 8  7
= 6a − 2b − (2a − 2b)
 10.5 
= 4a =  
→ → →  15 
(iii) CD = OD − OC
= 3b − 6a ∴ The coordinates of the point Z are (10.5, 15).
= 3(b − 2a) 2
→ → → → 38. (a) Gradient of AB = −
(b) CD = 3 AB so CD // AB . 3
2
AOB = COD (common ) Equation of AB is y = − x+c
3
OAB = OCD (corr. s, CD // AB) When x = 10, y = −4
∴ nOAB is similar to nOCD. (2 pairs of corr. 2
−4 = − (10) + c
s equal) 3
Area of nOAB 1 
2 8
1 c=
(c) =   = 3
Area of nOCD  3 9 2 8
∴ Equation of AB is y = − x + .
∴ The ratio of area of nOAB to area of ACDB is 1 : 8. 3 3
2 8
→ → → (b) y = − x + −− (1)
36. (a) PQ = OQ − OP 3 3
4y = x + 18 −− (2)
= 2q − p
Substitute (1) into (2):
→ 1
RQ = (2q − p)  2 8
3 4 – x +  = x + 18
→ 1 →  3 3
(b) SQ = OQ 8 32
4 − x+ = x + 18
1 3 3
= (2q) 11 22
4 x = −
1 3 3
= q x = −2
2
→ → → 2 8
SR = SQ + QR y = − (−2) +
3 3
1 1
= q + (−2q + p) =4
2 3
1 1 ∴ The coordinates of the point of intersection are
= − q + p (−2, 4).
6 3
→
Since SR ≠ kp, OP and SR are not parallel.

67 1
 → → → PM a + 2b 3
39. (a) (i) AB = OB − OA (c) (i) = =
PN 4 4
= b − a (a + 2 b )
→ → → 3
(ii) OP = OB + BP
∴ PM : PN = 3 : 4
1
= b + (a − b) 1
4 Area of nMTP × PM × h
1 3 (ii) = 2
= a+ b Area of nMTN 1
4 4 × MN × h
→ → → 2
(iii) PC = OC − OP 3
=
1 3  1
= (a − b) −  a + b
4 4  ∴ The ratio of area of nMTP to area of nMTN is 3 : 1.
3 7
= a − b → → →
4 4
41. (a) AB = OB − OA
(b) nAPX is similar to nOCX.
 −3   5 
∴ PX : CX = 3 : 4 since the ratio of all corr. sides is =   −  
equal for similar figures.  4  8
→ 3 →
  −8 
PX = PC =  
7  −4 
3 3 7 
=  a − b →
7 4 4  (b) | AB | =
2
(−8) + (−4)
2
= 8.94 units (to 3 s.f.)
9 3 → →
= a − b
28 4 (c) 4 AX = AB
→ → → → 1 →
OX = OP + PX AX = AB
4
1 3 9 3
= a+ b+ a − b 1  −8 
4 4 28 4 =  
4 4  −4 
= a (shown)
7  −2 
1 =  
Area of nAPQ 2 × AQ × AP × sin∠PAQ  −1 
(c) =
Area of nAPC 1 → → →
× AC × AP × sin∠PAC 42. (a) (i) AB = OB − OA
2
2 = 4b − 4a
=
3 → → →
(ii) OC = OA + AC
∴ The ratio of area of nAPQ to area of nAPC is 2 : 3. 3
→ → → = 4a + (4b − 4a)
40. (a) (i) PM = PS + SM 2
= 6b − 2a
= a + 2b → → →
→ → → (iii) NC = OC − ON
(ii) TR = TS + SR = 2a – 2b
3
→ → → = 6b − 2a − (4b)
(iii) MN = MR + RN 4
→ → = 3b − 2a
= MR − NR → → →
→ 1 → (iv) MC = MA + AC
= MR − TR = 2a + 6b − 6a
3
1 = 6b − 4a
= a − (2a − 2b)
3 →
1 (b) MC = 6b − 4a
= (a + 2b) = 2(3b − 2a)
3
→ 1 → →
(b) MN = PM = 2 NC
3
MC = 2NC and M, N and C are collinear.
P, M and N are collinear, with M being the common
point.

1 68
Chapter 8 Loci
Basic
1. Locus of P is a circle with centre at O and radius 8 cm.
2.

4.5 cm

3. P

3.5 cm

A B

3.5 cm

P
4. Q is a point on two parallel lines, one above and the other
below and parallel to l.

69 1
5.
P

A B
12 cm

6. (i) P

R S
X

4 cm

1 70
(ii) P

3.5 cm

R X S

3.5 cm

(iii) P

R X S

71 1
 (iv) P

R X S

Q
Intermediate
7.

(ii)
A
2.4 cm

(iii)

5 cm
7 cm 2.4 cm
(iv)
(i)

B 8 cm C

1 72
8.

Q 6 cm R

6 cm
6 cm

60°
P 6 cm S

PR = 10.4 cm

9.

(ii)(b)
R

9 cm

(iii)
(ii)(a)

(i) 110° 2 cm
Q
6 cm P

73 1
10.

65 m

(ii)(a)

18 m

(iii) P
Q
86 m

(i)
18 m

80°

A 110 m B

(ii)(b)

1 74
Advanced
11.

4 cm

12.
U 50 m V

(ii)(a)

A (iii)(a) B

40 m
(ii)(b) S
Z W

25 m

D C

Y X

(iii) (b) Area = 20 × 2 20 2 − 10 2

= 693 m2
The area of the seating space is 693 m2.

75 1
13.
(ii) Y
(i) X

S R

6 cm

Z
115°

P 9 cm Q

PR = 12.8 cm

1 76
14. P

40 m

120 m (c) S
85 m

(b)(i)

Q 140 m R

(b)(ii)

(a) Smallest angle = 37.5°

(d) RS = 8.2 cm
∴ The distance of the security post from R is 82 m.

77 1
15. N

(b)(ii)

D
170°

80 km

100 km

130°
A

(c)
N

W 50 km

(b)(i)
N C
(a)(i) 255°
75°

35°
B

(a) (i) ABC = 35°,

The bearing of C from B is 075°.
(ii) AB = 7 cm,
The distance of Bangpra from Arunya is 70 km.
(b) (ii) The bearing of Watpoo from Daogam is 170°.

1 78
16.

(a)(iii)
(c)

7.2 cm

(b) A
(a)(i)

3.5 cm
108°

X Y
8.5 cm

(a)(ii)

79 1
Chapter 9 Numbers and Algebra 8. (a) 700 billion = 700 × 109
= 7 × 1011
Exercise 9A
= 7 × 10n
1. (a) 46 × 5 nanometres = 46 × 5 × 10–9 \ n = 11
= 2.30 × 10–7 m (b) 700 billion – 9.5 × 109 = 7 × 1011 – 9.5 × 109
4 = 6.905 × 1011
(b) Volume = p(5 × 10–9)3
3 9. (a) 00 40 – 21 47 = 2 hours 53 minutes
= 5.24 × 10–24 m3 = 173 minutes
2. (a) 4.5 × 109 = 4.5 × 106 × 103 (b) 22 20 + 7 h + 12 h 35 min = 17 55 on Wednesday
= (4.5 × 106) thousands (c) (i) 03 45 – 6 h = 21 45 on Sunday
\ k = 4.5 × 106 (ii) 10 45 – 6 h + 11 h 50 min = 16 35 on Monday
4.5 × 10 9 × 10 3
(b) Time taken = s  5 1
3 × 10 8 10. (a)  7 – 3 of tank = 56 l
= 1.5 × 104 s  
1.5 × 10 4 Full tank = 147 l
= min 2
60 \ Additional volume = × 147
= 250 min 7
24.8 × 1012 = 42 l
3. (a) Number of thumb drives = (b) Time left = 04 18 – 8 h 43 min = 19 35 on Sunday
2.58 × 10 9
= 9600 (to nearest 100) 5.4 3
(c) = 4.147 (to 4 s.f.)
24.8 × 1012 7.85 × 23.4
(b) Number of pages =
4.85 × 10 3 11. (a) 3.3 trillion × 1.46 = S$3.3 × 1012 × 1.46
= 5113 × 106 (to nearest million) = S$4.82 × 1012 (to 3 s.f.)
4. (a) 310 nanometres = 310 × 10–9 m 4.818 × 1012
(b) Number of apartments =
= 3.1 × 10–7 m 1.25 × 10 6
62 = 3 854 400 (to nearest 1000)
(b) Number of protons =
3.1 × 10 –7 385
12. (a) Number of litres =
= 2 × 108 13.5
5. (a) 2.2 femtoseconds = 2.2 × 10–15 s = 29 l (to nearest litre)
5 50
(b) Number of times = (b) Number of km = × 13.5
2.2 × 10 –15 2.17
= 2.3 × 1015 (to 2 s.f.) = 311 km (to nearest km)
6. (a) 120 gigabytes = 120 × 109  50 50 
(c) Difference =  –  × 13.5
= 1.2 × 1011 bytes 1.58 2.17 
1.2 × 1011 = 116 km (to nearest km)
(b) Number of files =
540 × 10 3 3
(d) Number of km = x × 13.5
= 2.22 × 105 (to 3 s.f.) 4
3.507 × 0.089 1
7. (a) = 1.62 (to 3 s.f.) = 10 x km
0.0029 + 0.036 8
2 2 13. (a) A = 3.8 × 1012 × 2.4 × 1056 × 5.6 × 1074
(b) 3p + = 3(3.5 × 107) +
q 7.98 × 10 –8 = 5.107 × 10143 (to 4 s.f.)
= 1.30 × 10 (to 3 s.f.)
8
100 m 100 9.58
(b) = km ÷ h
1
 1 3 9.58 s 1000 3600
1 1
(c) 25 –0.5
+ 27  = + 3
= 37.58 km/h (to 2 d.p.)
  25 27
(c) 4116 = 22 × 3 × 73
1 1
= + 2 4116
5 3
2 2058
8
= 7 1029
15
7 147
7 21
3
\ Smallest whole number needed = 3 × 7
= 21
1 80
 5
14. (a) 7.77 (to 3 s.f.) 22. (a) When F = 158, C = × (158 – 32)
9
(b) 0.770 (to 3 s.f.)
= 70 °C
(c) –1.74 (to 3 s.f.)
5
15. (a) Total time = 35 × 58 min (b) When C = 16, 16 = × (F – 32)
9
= 2030 min F – 32 = 28.8
2030 F = 60.8 °F
(b) Number of DVD needed =
120 5
≈ 17 (c) When C = F, F = (F – 32)
9
Total cost = 17 × 0.90 4 5
= $15.30 F= × (–32)
3
9 9
 x  F = –40 °F
16. (a) 8500 1 +  = 9355.98
 100  (d) F = (15 + C) × 2 = 2(15 + C)
x 9355.98 (e) When C = 16, F = 2(15 + 16)
1+ = 3
100 8500 = 62 °F
= 1.0325 (to 5 s.f.) 62 – 60.8
(f) Percentage error = × 100%
\ x = 3.25 (to 3 s.f.) 60.8
(b) Total amount of interest = 1.97% (to 2 d.p.)
8200 × 3.88 × 5  3.85 
5
23. (a) 85% of total = $3570
= + 9400 1 +  – 9400
100  100  3570
\15% of downpayment = × 15
= $3545.10 (to 2 d.p.) 85
12 × 1000 = $630
17. Number of people =
0.75 (b) 16% of income = $216
= 16 000 216
\ Amount spent = × 84 × 12 = $13 608
15 000 16
18. (a) Total amount left =
1 1 (c) Let x be the number of apples bought originally.
1– –
8 4 15 000 
(x – 200)  + 10 – 15 000 = 5000
= $24 000  x 
12 000 × 7 3 000 000
(b) Amount left behind = 15 000 + 10x – – 2000 – 15 000 = 5000
5 2 5 x
1– – 1 – 
12 3  12  10x – 3 000 000 – 7000x = 0
2

= $450 000 x2 – 700x – 300 000 = 0

 58 42  (x + 300)(x – 1000) = 0
(c)  –  of total number of votes = 400 votes
100 100  x = –300 (NA) or x = 1000
\ Total number of votes = 2500. \ 1000 apples were bought originally.
19. (a) 1 h turns 30° (d) Let the cost be $x.
1 85
16 40 – 10 10 = 6 h x× = 209.10
2 100
1 x = 246
\ 6 h turn 30° × 6.5 = 195°
2 105
(b) 25 + 8 + 7 = 40 min \ He must sell it for $246 × = $258.30.
100
07 20 – 40 min = 06 40 5600 × 2.85 × 4
24. (a) Simple interest =
20. (a) Greatest perimeter = (6.35 + 7.85) × 2 100
= 28.4 cm = $638.40 (to 2 d.p.)
(b) Least area = 6.25 × 7.75
4
 2.79 
(b) Interest earned = 5600 1 +  – 5600
= 48.4 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)  100 
575 = $651.60 (to 2 d.p.)
21. (a) Highest fuel consumption =
46.5 4
25. (a) Property tax payable = $13 500 ×
= 12.4 km/litre (to 1 d.p.) 100
585 = $540
(b) Lowest fuel consumption =
45.5
= 12.9 km/litre (to 1 d.p.)

81 1
 (b) Income liable for tax (b) S$1 = RM$3.09
= 34 500 – 3000 – 3(2000) – 6380 2880
RM$2880 = S$
= $19 120 3.09
\ Tax payable = S$932.04 (to nearest cent)
= (8000 × 0.03) + (19 120 – 8000) × 0.05  1 
(c) After 1st month = 50 000 1 +  – 4200
= $796  100 
26. (a) Let $x be the selling price of each book. = 46 300
48 × x – 48 × 18.50 = 264  1 
After 2nd month = 46 300 1 +  – 4200
 100 
x = 24
= 42 563
\ Each book was sold at $24.
90.3$MR = 1$S )b( (b) Incomexliable at rof for
elbatax1il emocnI )b(
45 After 3rd month = 42 563 1 + – 3(2000) – 4200
(b) Cost price × 1 +
 0 882
 = $174 0836 –=)34 000500 0003 100
2(3 –– 3000 – 005 43 =– 6380
 100 S = 0882$MR
90.3 = $19 = 38 120
788.63 021 91$ =
)tnec tseraen ot174 ( 40.239$S = \ Tax = $38 payable
788.60 elba(toyapnearest
xaT \ 10 cents)
\ Cost price = = $120.
 1  1.45 50.0 × )000842 =– (8000
0000
21 9×1×R (+ 0.03)
) 30
3 0 .+0 (19
× 0 0120
08( –= 8000) × 0.05
0024 –  + 1 000 05 = htnom ts1 retfA )c( ×
27. (a) Let $x be 00the
1 amount
 Jun Wei gets. = $796 12 6 9 7$ =
30. (a) 3412.50 =
\ Devi gets $(x0–04) 3 6and
4 = Khairul gets $(x – 4 –1) .koo26.
b hc(a)
ae fLet
o ec$x 100
irpbe gnthe
illesselling
eht ebprice x$ teof
L each
)a( .6book.
2
= $(x – 5).
1  341 250
0024 –  + 1 003 64 = htnom dn2 retfA R = 4846×2x=– 048 5.8×1=18.50 84 –=x264
×3.25 × 84
x + x – 040+1 x –5 = 42 42 000 × 2.5
42 = x x = 24
3x – 936=542 24 = \ Rate is 3.25% per annum.
.42\$ Each
ta dlobook
s sawwas koobsold hcaatE $24.
\
 1 100 × (14 490 – 12 000)
+ 13x = 51
 (b) T =
0024 –   365 24 = htnom 3 retfA
dr
 543  45 
 001 x = 17 (b)12
47Cost
1000= price
× 3 ×+ 11 +× 100 ecirp t=so174
C )b(
36.8$17.
87 83 =  0014  
\ Jun Wei gets
)stnec 01 tseraen ot( 06.887 83$ = = 5 years 6 months47and 1 12 174 days
10 .0\21$Cost = price ==8 ecirp ts=oC$120. \
03 680 × 1.25 × 12 31. Total amount = 7600 1 +
 544.8 .1  1.45
(b) Simple interest =× R × 000 24 
21 100 = 05.2143 )a( .03 27.
.ste(a)
g ieWLetn$x tnu100
uJ be the
omaamount
eht eb Jun x$ teWei
L )agets.
( .72
001 (to 3 d.p.)
= $7.08 = $8494.10
Devi (to
gets nearest
)1– 4 – x($ steg luriahK dna )4 – x($ steg iveD \
\ $(x – 4) 10
and cents)
Khairul gets $(x – 4 –1)
052 143 110
= $(x – 5). 110
(c) 30 months 52= .3 2.5
= years =R 32. (a) Marked price × = 1200 ×.)5 – x($ =
5
Interest rate compounded . 2 × 000half-yearly
24 = 1.3% x + 100
x –244 += x5 –– 5x =+ 42 100
4–x+x
.munna rep %52.3 si etaR \ 1200
2 4 3x
= 9×––1.1
9
x =
3 42
 1.3 
5
\ Marked price =
Compound )interest
000 21 =– 2800 094 411(+× 001 – 2800
 100  = T )b( 15 =0.8 x33x = 51
3 = $1650 x = 17
3= ×$186.79
000 21 71 = x
4 (b) Number of pencils \ Jun left Wei = 1440 – 40 × 12 – 30 × 12
.71$getssteg$17. ieW nuJ \
syad 21 dnaxshtnom 6 sraey 5 = = 600 10
28. (a) 225 = 200 18 +  01
  8.100
4  × 52.1 × 0286 680 × 1.25 ×
+ 1 0067 = tnuoma latoT .13 21(b) Simple 116 interest = 12
x = tseretni elpmiS )b(
1.125 = 1 + 
001  1440 × 0.25 0×01 3 100
)stnec 01 tsera100 en ot( 01.4948$ = 100
).p.d 3 ot( 80.7$ = = $7.08 (to 3 d.p.)
x0= = 40 × 3.60 + 30 × 4.20 + 600 × x cents
11100(0.125) 011 (c) 30 months sraey=52.5 .2 =years
shtnom 03 )c(
× 0021 = × ecirp dekraM )a( .23 420 – 144 – 126
0=
0112.5 001 %3.1x == ylraey-flaInterest
h dednurate opmcompounded
oc etar tserethalf-yearly
nI = 1.3%
(b) New salary1= .1 2400
× 002×1 1.08 600
= ecirp dekraM \
5
1.3 
5
3.1
= 0.25  
= $2592
8.0 0082 –  + 1Compound
 0082 = tseinterestretni dnu=o2800 pmoC1 +  – 2800
\ He  0must
01 sell  the remaining pencils at 25 100each.
 cents 
New expenditure 05=61(2400
$ = – 350) × 1.09
21 × 03 – 21 × 04 – 0441 = =tfe$2234.50 l slicnep fo rebmuN )b( 97.681$ = 7.6 8 = $186.79
8
 x   100 x 
He was able0to 06save= $(2592 – 2234.50) = $357.50 28. (a)
33. (a) Amount = 50 225=
50 000
000 11+200 4
+ 7.6+11+
×002 = 522 )a( .82
2  001100  100 4 
100 × I 611
29. (a) t = 3 = A$58 125.07 x x
PR × 52.0 × 0441 1.125 = 1 + + 1 = 521.1
001 (b) Amount of S$ he got = 58 0100
0125.07
1 × 0.9876
s=tn100
ec x ×× 337.50
006 + 02.4 × 03 + 06.3 × 04 = x = 100(0.125)
)=52S$57
1.0(0404.32
01 = x
2500 × 3 621 – 441 – 024
= x Amount of S$ he paid = 12.5for = 550 .21000
= × 1.2789
1 006
= 4 years (b) New salary =
80.1 × 0042==S$63 2400 1.08
s weN )b(
yrala945
×
2 52.0 =
\ He lost a total of 63 2959452=$$2592
=
– 57 404.32
.hcae stnec 52 ta slicnep gniniamer eht lles tsum eH \ 0.1 × )053New 4expenditure dn=ep(2400
xe we–N350) × 1.09
=9S$6540.50 –(to00nearest
2( = e50 ruticents)
8
 6.7  05.4322$ = = $2234.50
 
 4 + 1 000 05 = tnuomA )a( .33 05.753$ = )05.4322 –He295was2($ able
evas to ot save
elba $(2592
saw eH– 2234.50) = $357.50
 001  82
1 100 × I I × 001
70.521 85$A = 29. (a) t = = t )a( .92
PR RP
6789.0 × 70.521 85 = tog eh $S fo tnuomA )b(
100 × 337.5005.733 × 001
23.404 75$S = = =
2500 ×33× 0052
9872.1 × 000 05 = rof diap eh $S fo tnuomA
1 1
 92
34. (a) Number of days = = 23 (c) Amount in S$ = 96 080.76 × 2.096
4
= S$201 385.28 (to 2 d.p.)
(b) On Wednesday, 3rd December 2008
40. Cost price × 1.25 = 240
(c) After 2nd week, 92 – 40 = 52 man-days are needed.
240
52 Cost price =
(d) Number of days needed now = 1.25
6
= $192
2
=8 212 – 192
3 Percentage profit sold at $212 = × 100%
2 192
\ Number of days less needed = 13 – 8 = 10.4% (to 3 s.f.)
3
1 41. (a) Expenditure in June
=4
3 105 105 110 75
= 520 × + 120 × + 480 × + 360 ×
35. (a) Amount of salt = 6 × 0.4 100 100 100 100
= 2.4 kg = $1470
Let x kg be the amount of salt to add. (b) Difference = 520 + 120 + 480 + 300 – 1470
2.4 + x 6 = 10
=
6+x 10 10
\ Percentage decrease = × 100%
36 + 6x = 24 + 10x 1480
12 = 4x = 0.676% (to 3 s.f.)
x =3 42. Profit per dozen = 12 × 15 – 150
\ 3 kg of salt is needed. = 30 cents
920 × 0.55 + 880 × 0.45 30
(b) Percentage = \ Percentage profit = × 100%
1800 150
= 50.11% (to 2 d.p.) = 20%
36. Number of months = 10 72 000
43. (a) Amount in A$ initially =
 2 
10
1.263
Amount needed to pay = 4500 1 + 
 100  5.8
R= = 2.9
= $5485.47 (to 2 d.p.) 2
125 90
37. (a) Cost × = $24 T= = 15
100 6
15
\ Cost = 24 ÷ 1.25 72 000  2.9 
After 90 months, amount = 1 + 
= $19.20 1.263  100 
(b) Let x be the number of apples thrown away. = A$87 530.57 (to 2 d.p.)
87 530.57
(240 – x)(0.35 – 0.25) = 19.80 (b) Amount in S$ =
0.848
(240 – x)(0.1) = 19.80
= S$103 220.01 (to 2 d.p.)
240 – x = 198
80
= 42 44. (a) Cost × = 240
42 100
\ Percentage of apples thrown away = × 100% \ Cost = 240 ÷ 0.8
240
= 17.5% = $300
38. Extra cost = 100 + 24 × 28 – 620 115
\ He must sell at $300 × = $345.
= $152 100
(b) 107% of price = 285
152
Percentage of cash price = × 100% 285
620 \ 7% GST = ×7
= 24.5% ( to 3 s.f.) 107
= $18.64
200 000
39. (a) Amount of £ bought = 2
2.105 (c) Selling price = (650 – 62) ×
= £95 011.88 (to 2 d.p.) 14
= $84
(b) Total amount at the end of 3 months
3 84 – 70
95 011.88 × 4.5 × \ Percentage gain = × 100%
95011.88 × 4.5 × 312 70
= 95 011.88 +
100100
× 12 = 20%
= £96 080.76 (to 2 d.p.)

83 1
45. (a) Extra cost = (160 + 24 × 40) – 940 50. Let the percentage gain/loss be x.
= $180  100 – x   100 + x 
180  540 000 × ×  = 535 000
(b) Percentage difference = × 100%  100   100 
940
10 000 – x 2 535
= 19.1% (to 3 s.f.) =
10 000 540
46. (a) Cost = 24 + 50 × 0.25 107
= $36.50 =
108
(b) 44 = 24 + 0.25 × x units 1 080 000 – 108x = 1 070 000
2

x = 80 units 10 000
(c) A = 24 + 0.25n x=
108
(d) When n = 50, = 9.6225 (to 5 s.f.)
A = 24 + 0.25(50) 100 – 9.6225
= $36.50 \ Mr Ong paid 540 000 × = $488 038.50
100
When A = 44, 51. (a) Bill for food only = 12 + 8 + 28 + 16 + 5(0.5 + 0.3)
44 = 24 + 0.25n = $68
44 – 24 (i) Bill with service charge = 68 × 1.1
n=
0.25 = $74.80
= 80 units (ii) Bill with service charge and GST = 74.80 × 1.07
105 = $80.04
47. (a) A = 320 ×
100 (b) There is no difference.
= $336
Bill with GST then service charge = (68 × 1.07) × 1.1
103
B = 8 + 320 × = $80.04
100
52. (a) $11 050 = 5 shares
= $337.60
11 050
\ He should choose Scheme B. \ Total profit = × 15
5
105 103
(b) x × =8+x× = $33 150
100 100 35
 2  288 000 × 7 ×
x =8 (b) Simple interest = 12
 100  100
x = 400 = $58 800
\ He is earning $400 now. 1
(c) (i) 33 % of cost = $5.40
103 3
(c) 8x + 512 000 × = 529 440
100 \ Cost = $16.20
8x = 2080 \ Selling price = 16.20 + 5.40
x = 260 = $21.60
\ There are 260 employees. 80
(ii) = 14.7 (to 3 s.f.)
1840 – 52 5.45
48. (a) Number of boxes =
6 \ 14 cakes can be bought.
= 298 (d) Let x be the profit in 2014.
(b) Profit = 298 × 1.85 – 350 – 298 × 0.04 118
\ Profit in 2015 is x × = 1.18x
= $189.38 100
49. Let the original mixture be 1 kg.  75 
Profit in 2016 = 1.18x  
\ New weight of paint = 450 g and of turpentine is  100 
550 g + 40 × 10 = 950 g = 0.885x
450 0.885 x
\ Percentage of paint = × 100% \ Percentage of profit = × 100%
1400 x
= 32.1% (to 3 s.f.) = 88.5%.

1 84
Exercise
Exercise9B
9B 4.4. (a)
(a) vv==
kk
, ,where
wherekkisisaaconstant.
constant.
pp
1.1. (a)
(a) yy==k(2x
k(2x++1), 1),where
wherekkisisconstant.
constant.
When
Whenpp==25, 25,vv==40,40,
When
Whenxx==2,2,yy==k(5) k(5)
kk
When
Whenxx==7,7,yy==k(15) k(15) 4040 ==
2525
15k
15k––5k 5k==44
kk ==200
200
22
kk== 200
200
55 \v\v==
22 pp
\\yy== (2x (2x++1) 1) (b)
(b) When
Whenpp==36, 36,
55
(b)
(b) When
Whenyy==5,5, 200
200
vv==
22 36
36
55== (2x+1) (2x+1) 11
55 ==3333
25
25==4x 4x++22 33
2323 5.5. 11::600
600000 000i.e.
i.e.11cm cmrepresents
represents66km km
xx== 28
28
44 (a)
(a) 288
288km km isisrepresented
representedby by cm
cmi.e.
i.e.48
48cm
cmon onthe
the
33 66
==55 map
map
44 (b)
(b) 11cm cm22represents
represents(6 (6km)
km)22==36 36kmkm22
kk
2.2. (a)
(a) yy== , ,where
wherekkisisconstant.
constant. \ \Actual
Actualarea areaof ofthe
thelake
lake==24 24××3636
33xx++22
==864
864kmkm22
kk
When
Whenxx==0,0,yy== 6.6. 44cm
cm22 represents
represents11km km22
22
\\22cm cmrepresents
represents11km km
kk
When
Whenxx==2,2,yy== 11cm
cmrepresents
represents500 500m, m,i.e.
i.e.5050000
000cmcm
88
kk kk (a)
(a) 4545kmkm22isisrepresented
representedby by4545××44==180 180cmcm22
–– ==99 11
22 88 (b)
(b) 9.2
9.2cmcmrepresents
represents9.2 9.2×× ==4.6 4.6km
km
kk ==24 24 22
24
24 (c)
(c) 11::50 50000
000
\\yy== 7.7. (a)
(a) 6x6x++2y 2y==13x 13x––3y 3y
33xx++22
(b)
(b) When
Whenxx==6,6, 5y
5y==7x 7x
24
24 xx 55
yy== ==
3(6)
3(6)++22 yy 77
==1.2
1.2 \ \xx::yy==55::77
kk 33
3.3. (a)
(a) yy== 22 , ,where
wherekkisisaaconstant.
constant. (b)
(b) (x(x––2y) 2y)==3y 3y––xx
xx ++33 44
When
Whenxx==1,1,yy==15, 15, 3x
3x––6y 6y==12y 12y––4x4x
kk 7x
7x==18y 18y
15
15==
11++33 xx 18 18
==
kk==6060 yy 77
60
60 \ \xx::yy==18 18::77
\\yy== 22
xx ++33 8.8. 24
24men
menworking
working99hr/day h/day
h/daytake
take45 45days
days
(b)
(b) When
Whenxx==5,5, 18
18
(a)
(a) 1818men
menworking
working99hr/day
h/day
h/daywill willtake
take45
45÷÷ ==60
60days
days
60
60 24
24
yy== 22
55 ++33 88 11
1818men
menworking
working88hr/day
h/day
h/daywillwilltake
take60
60÷÷ ==67 67 days
days
11 99 22
==22
77 11
1818men
menwill willtake
take6767 days daystotobuild
buildthe
thesame
samehouse
house
22
ififthey
theywork
work88hr/day.
h/day.
h/day.

85
85 1
 20 8
(b) 20 men working 9 h/day will take 45 ÷ = 54 days 14. (a) Distance moved = 286 × km
24 3600
48 1 143
20 men working 9 ÷ = 10 h/day will take = km
54 8 225
48 days 5
1 = 635 m
\ 20 men must work 10 h/day for the house to be 9
8 5 θ
completed in 48 days. 635 = × 2p × 364
9 360
56 30 \ θ = 100.0° (to 1 d.p.)
9. (a) Total time = +
16 18 55 × 2 + 70 × 3
1 (b) Average speed =
=5 h 2+3
6 = 64 km/h
Total distance = 56 + 30 15. (a) A : B : C = 5 : 7 : 13
= 86 km 2 units = $5200
86 5200
\ Average speed = \ C receives 13 × = $33 800
1 2
5
6 (200 + 160) km
20 (b) Average speed =
= 16 km/h  200 160 
31  + h
 60 48 
(b) 8 men take 12 days to repair 4 km
1 man takes 12 × 8 = 96 days to repair 4 km = 54 km/h
8 × 60
6 men take 96 ÷ 6 = 16 days to repair 4 km 16. (a) articles = 24 articles
20
3
6 men take 16 × = 12 days to repair 3 km (b) 72 boys need 120 loaves of bread for 5 days
4
5
\ It will take 6 men 12 days to repair a road of length 1 boy needs 120 ÷ 72 = loaves for 5 days
3
3 km.
5
10. JW : K : L = 7 : 8 : 6 72 + 12 = 84 boys need × 84
3
1 unit = 18 sweets
= 140 loaves for 5 days
(a) Total number of sweets = 18 × (7 + 8 + 6)
140
= 378 84 boys need × 4 = 112 loaves for 4 days
5
(b) Khairul receives 8 × 18 = 144 sweets \ 112 loaves of bread are needed for the next 4 days.
11. A:B:C= 5:9:7 17. (a) y = kx, where k is a constant.
2 units = 12 sweets When x = 3, y = 21,
12 21 = k(3)
(a) Original number = (5 + 9 + 7)
2 k =7
= 126 sweets
\ y = 7x
(b) Basu receives 6 × 9 = 54 sweets
2
12. J : B : H = 2 : 3: 11 (b) (i) When x = 2 ,
7
(a) 1 unit = $2.50 2
\ Original sum = 2.50(2 + 3 + 11) y=7×2
7
= $40 = 16
(b) John has 2 × 2.50 = $5, Bala has 3 × 2.50 = $7.50 (ii) When y = 42.7,
John now has $5 + $5 = $10 42.7 = 7x
J : B = 10 : 7.50 x = 6.1
=4:3
3× 6 + 2 × 8
13. (a) Average speed =
3+ 2
= 6.8 km/h
6.8 × 1000
(b) 6.8 km/h = m/s
60 × 60
8
= 1 m/s
9

1 86
 k
18. (a) p = k(nq + 1), where k is a constant. (c) I = , where k is a constant.
d2
When q = 1, p = 16,
1
16 = k[n(1) + 1] When d = 4, I = 4 ,
2
16 = k(n +1) — (1) 1 k
When q = 2, p = 28, 4 = 2
2 4
28 = k[n(2) + 1] k = 72
28 = k(2n +1) — (2) 72
(2) 28 2n + 1 \I= 2
: = d
(1) 16 n +1 When d = 6,
28n + 28 = 32n = 16 72
12 = 4n I = 2
6
\n=3 =2
(b) When q = 1, p = 16, \ The illumination at a distance of 6 m is 2 candle-
16 = k[3(1) +1] power.
k =4 20. 1 : 25 000, i.e. 1 cm represents 250 m.
\ p = 4(3q + 1) (a) 8 cm represents 8 × 250 m = 2 km
When q = 3, 2 km 1
(b) Length of side = = km
p = 4[3(3) + 1] 4 2
= 40 2
1 1
k Area of lake =   km2 = km2
19. (a) y = 3 , where k is a constant. 2 4
x –1
1
When x = 2, y = 28, 21. (a) 1 : 20 000, i.e. 1 cm represents 200 m or km.
5
k 1
2
28 = 3 1
2 –1 1 cm2 represents   km2 = km2
5 25
k = 196 40
196 40 cm2 represents km2
\y= 3 25
x –1 2
When x = 1.5, 1 : 40 000, i.e. 1 cm represents km
5
196 25
y= \ 1 km2 is represented by cm2
1.5 3 – 1 4
10 40 40 25
= 82 km2 is represented by × = 10 cm2
19 25 25 4
k Or
(b) R = 2 , where k is a constant.
r 25 1
When R = 0.45, r = 0.4, \ Area in new map = 40 × ×
4 25
k = 10 cm2
0.45 =
0.4 2 3
k = 0.072 (b) 1 : 75 000, i.e. 1 cm represents km.
4
0.072  3
2
9
\R= 1 cm2 represents   km2 = km2
r2 4 16
When r = 0.6, 16
0.072 \ 54 km2 is represented by 54 ×
R= 9
0.6 2 = 96 cm2 on the map.
= 0.2 1
22. 1 cm represents 250 m or 1 cm represents km.
\ The resistance when the radius is 0.4 cm is 0.2 ohms. 4
1
(a) 13.5 km is represented by 13.5 ÷ = 54 cm
4
2
1
(b) 1 cm2 represents   km2
4
1
\ 240 cm2 represents 240 × = 15 km2
16

87 1
 kk
23.
23. yy== , ,where
wherekkisisaaconstant.
constant. 27.
27. 11::x,x,i.e.
i.e.11cm
cm22represents
representsxx22cm
cm22
22xx++33
40
40cmcm represents
22
represents144
144000
000mm 22
(a)
(a) When
Whenxx==1,1,
11cm
cm22represents
represents3600
3600mm22
kk
yy== 11cm
cmrepresents
represents60 60mm==6000
6000cm cm
2(1)
2(1)++33
kk \\xx==6000 6000
== 28.
28. (a)
(a) 191946 46
55
When
Whenxx==3,3, (b)
(b) 202030 30
kk (c)
(c) 11hour
hour
yy==
2(3)
2(3)++33 (d)
(d) Time
Timetaken
taken ==19
1958
58––181848 48
kk ==11hh10
10min
min
==
99 42
42 kmkm
(i)
(i) Speed
Speed ==
kk kk 11
–– ==44 11 hh
55 99 66
4k
4k==180 180 ==36
36km/h
km/h
kk==45 45 3636××1000
1000 mm
(ii)
(ii) Speed
Speedininm/s
m/s==
45
45 60
60××6060 ss
\\yy==
22xx++33 ==1010m/sm/s
(b)
(b) When
Whenxx==7,7, 29.
29. (a)
(a) Total
Totalfees
fees==55××10.50
10.50++15 15××6.50
6.50++22××7.50
7.50
4545 ==$240
$240
yy==
2(7)
2(7)++33 (b)
(b) Total
Totalfees
fees==55××8.508.50++88××5.505.50++16 16××6.50
6.50
11
11 ==$190.50
$190.50
==22
17
17 11 11
30.
30. (a)
(a) In
Inaaday,
day,John
Johnpaints
paints , ,PeterPeterpaints
paints of ofaahouse.
house.
24.
24. (a)
(a) Let
LetCCrepresent
representcopper,
copper,TTrepresent
representtin
tinand
andZZrepresent
represent 1515 xx
zinc.
zinc. 11 11 11
++ ==
CC::TT==33::5,5,TT::ZZ==33::77 15
15 xx 10 10
33 55 33 77 \\xx==30 30
CC::TT::ZZ == ::  ++  ::
88 88 10 10 1010 (b)
(b) Let
Letthe
thedistance
distancebe beddm. m.
==15
15::3737::28
28 dd dd
Total
Totaltime
time == ++
28
28 uu vv
(b)
(b) Weight
Weightof ofZZ== ××90
90
15
15 dd((uu++vv))
==
==168
168kgkg uv
uv
22dd
25.
25. TT==kk ll, ,where
wherekkisisaaconstant.
constant. Average
Averagespeed
speed==
dd((uu++vv))
When
Whenll==8,8,TT==3.1,
3.1,
uv
uv
3.1
3.1 ==kk 88 22uv
uv
3.1
3.1 == m/s
m/s
kk == uu++vv
88 11 11
31.
31. (a)
(a) In
Inone
oneday,
day,Ahmad
Ahmadcan cando do , ,Ali
Alican
cando
do of ofwork.
work.
3.1
3.1 66 33
\\TT== ll
88 11 11 11
Together
Togethertheytheycan
cando do ++ == of ofwork.
work.
When
Whenll==10, 10, 66 33 22
3.1
3.1 \\They
Theywill
willtake
take22days
daysififthey
theywork
workon
onitittogether.
together.
TT== 10
10 (b)
(b) AAworked
worked32 32man-days,
man-days,
88
==3.47
3.47ss(to
(to33s.f.)
s.f.) BBworked
worked36 36man-days,
man-days,
26.
26. 44cm
cm::xxkm km CCworked
worked40 40man-days.
man-days.
\\1616cmcm22::xx2km
km22 32
32
\\AAisispaid
paid$675
$675×× ==$200
$200
xx22 11 3232++3636++40 40
52
52cmcm22represent
represent ××52
52==33 xx22km
km22
1616 44

1 88
88
 X x 50
32. V = and v = 36. (a) Amount = $320 + (435 – 300) ×
T t 100
X VT V T = $387.50
= =   (b) Amount = $60 + 450 × 0.7
x vt v t
5 7T = $375
=  
2 4 t  1 7
(c) 320 + (x – 300) × = 60 + x ×
T 5×4 10 2 10
= =
t 2×7 7 1 7
170 + x = 60 + x
\ T : t = 10 : 7 2 10
 d1 
A1
2
110
33. A = kd , i.e.
2
=   x =
7 1
A2  d2  –
2
10 2
A1  2.95  = 550
(a) 9 = 
 1 
7.06 × 10 \ The cost will be the same for 550 km travelled.
\ Surface area of Jupiter = 7.06 × 109 × 2.952 37. 25x = 125y
= 6.1 × 1010 km2 52x = 53y
2
5.2 × 10 8  n \ 2x = 3y
(b) 7 = 
 1 
3.8 × 10 4x = 16z = 42z
52 \ x = 2z
\n= = 3.7 (to 1 d.p.) x:y =3:2
3.8
34. y = kxn =6:4
y x:z =2:1
=6:3
\x:y:z=6:4:3
y = kx

Exercise 9C
1. (a) 3x – 2(x – 3) + 3(5 – 4x) = 3x – 2x + 6 + 15 – 12x
x = 21 – 11x
0
1 3 5 6 + 9 – 10
(b) + – =
(a) (i) n = 3 2x 4x 6x 12 x
1 5
(ii) n = – =
2 12 x
1 x x x  1 1 1
(iii) n = (c) + + = x + + 
4 3 4 5  3 4 5
(b) y = kx2 47 x
=
1 3 60
When x = ,y= , x +1 x x–2 4 x + 4 – 2 x – 3x + 6
4 4 (d) – – =
2 3 6 4 12
3  1
= k  10 – x
4  4 =
12
= 12
2x – 1 x+5 8 x – 4 – 3 x – 15
\ y = 12x2 (e) – =
3 4 12
When x = 2.5,
5 x – 19
y = 12(2.5)2 = 75 =
12
35. 1 : 20 000 3( a – b ) 3a + 4 b a–b
(a) PQ = 1.35 × 20 000 cm (f) – +
5 10 2
= 270 m 6 a – 6 b – 3a – 4 b + 5 a – 5 b
=
315 10
(b) Angle of elevation = tan–1
270 8 a – 15 b
=
= 49.4° (to 1 d.p.) 10

89 1
 x+y x–y 2(3 x – 2 y ) k
(g) – + 3. (a) T = (x – y)
2 3 3 yl
3 x + 3 y – 2 x + 2 y + 12 x – 8 y When k = 3, y = 5 and x = 7,
=
6 3
T = (7 – 5)
13 x – 3 y 5
=
6 1
=1
5 4 5 4 5
(h) – = +
x–y y–x x–y x–y (b) Given that a = 2b,
9 2 a + 7b 2(2 b ) + 7 b
= =
x–y 25 b – 2 a 25 b – 2(2 b )
8 a2 b3 4 a 3b 2 8 a2 b3 9 bc 11
2. (a) ÷ = × =
3c 3
9 bc 3c 3
4 a 3b 2 21
6b 2 (c) x2 – y2 = 48
= (x + y)(x – y) = 48
ac 2
6 y2 z 3 4(x – y) = 48
(b) 4 xy2 ÷ 9 x2 3 = 4 xy2
3 3 3
×
12 x yz 6y z 12 x yz 9 x3 (x – y) = 12
\ 5(x – y) = 5(12) = 60
2 y4 z2
= 2 2 2(b + a )
9 x4 (d) + =
a b ab
m2 + 2 m – 3 ( m – 1)( m + 3)
(c) = 2(5)
m 2 + 8 m + 15 ( m + 3)( m + 5) =
4
m –1 1
= =2
m+5 2
x 1 x ( x + 2) + ( x – 2) 2 x + 3y 5
(d) + = (e) =
x–2 x+2 ( x – 2)( x + 2) 2 x – 3y 3
x 2 + 3x – 2 6x + 9y = 10x – 15y
= 24y = 4x
( x – 2)( x + 2)
x
1 1 2 x – 1 – ( x + 1) =6
(e) – = y
x +1 2x – 1 ( x + 1)(2 x – 1)
3x 3 x
x–2 \ = ×
= 5y 5 y
( x + 1)(2 x – 1)
3
1 1 1 1 = (6)
(f) + 2 = + 5
x+2 x + 3x + 2 x+2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
3
( x + 1) + 1 =3
= 5
( x + 1)( x + 2) 1
 1 3 1 1 1
1 4. (a) (–2) +   + 2–3 =
–2
2 +
3
+ 3
=  8 (–2) 8 2
x +1 1 1 1
= + +
2x 5x 2 x ( x – 3) – 5 x ( x + 7) 4 2 8
(g) – =
x+7 x–3 ( x + 7)( x – 3) 7
=
–3 x 2 – 41x 8
=
( x + 7)( x – 3) (b) 6 = 2 + c + (–17)
2 2

3 1 2x – 5 36 = 4 + c – 17
2
(h) + – 2
x–2 x+2 x –4 c2 = 36 + 17 – 4
3( x + 2) + ( x – 2) – 2 x + 5 = 49
=
( x + 2)( x – 2) \ c = –7 (since c < 0)
2x + 9 (c) 12(3)(3) + 42(3)(3) – 8(3)(–2) +13(–2)(–2)
=
( x + 2)( x – 2) = 586

1 90
 4
–1 1
 8 3  27 
5. (a) 4x7 × 7x–4 = 28x3 (f) 4–11 × 49 ÷   = 4–2 ×  3 
1 1  27   8 
(b) 7p5 × 2p– 2 = 14p4 2
4
2 4 x12 1  3
(c) (2x3)4 ÷ (4 x )3 = = ×  
3
42 2
44 x 2
1 81
10 1 = ×
x 2
16 16
=
4 81
2 =
b b2 256
(d) (5a b ) ÷ 2 = 25a b × 2
3 2 2 6 4

a a 1 2 1 1 2
(g) 3 × 12 3 × 4 = (3 × 4) × 12 3
3 3 3
= 25a4b6
8 x3 = 121
(e) (2x)3 ÷ (3x)2 = = 12
9 x2
8x 5x + 3
= 7. (a) y=
9 6 – 7x
4
1  1 4 5x + 3 = 6y – 7xy
(f)  x  × (4x) = x × 64x3
3
2 16 x(5 + 7y) = 6y – 3
= 4x7 6y – 3
\x=
–2 1
1 7y + 5
6. (a) 27 3 × 8 3 = 3 × 38
( 27 )2 w 2x
(b) =
1 k a–x
= ×2 2xk = wa – wx
9
2 x(2k + w) = wa
= wa
9 \x=
– 3 1 2k + w
(b) 5.30 + 16 4 = 1 + 4
( 16 )3 p (1 + 3 x )
(c) A =
1 2x – k
=1+ 2Ax – Ak = p + 3px
8
1 x(2A – 3p) = p + Ak
=1
8 p + Ak
x =
–2
1
1 2A – 3p
(c) 8 3
+ 32 2 = + 5
32
( 3 8 )2 q–x
(d) p=
1 1 + qx
= +2 p + pqx = q – x
2
1 x(pq + 1) = q – p
=2
2 q– p
\x=
 3
–1
1 1 pq + 1
(d)  2  ÷ 16–1.25 = ÷ 4
 4 11 ( 16 )5
x
4 (e) y=
x+2
4 1
= ÷ x
11 32 y2 =
7 x+2
= 11 x = xy2 + 2y2
11
2 3 1
x(1 – y ) = 2y2
2

(e) 27 3 + 81 4 × 16 2 = ( 3 27 )2 + ( 16 )3 × 16
2 y2
= 9 + 27 × 4 \x=
1 – y2
= 117
x
(f) y=
2 a – 3x
x = 2ay – 3xy
x(1 + 3y) = 2ay
2 ay
\x=
1 + 3y

91 1
 y(x – a) 9. (a) 2 120 168 288 360
(g) T=
x–b
2 60 84 144 180
Tx – Tb = yx – ya
2 30 42 72 90
x(T – y) = Tb – ya
3 15 21 36 45
Tb – ya 5 7 12 15
\x=
T–y
Greatest possible length = 23 × 3 = 24 cm
2x + y (b) Number of pieces = 24 × 5 × 7 × 12 × 15
(h) y=
3x – 5 = 151 200
2x + y 10. (a) 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19, 25, 32
y =
2

3x – 5 (b) 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 65

3xy2–5y2 = 2x + y (c) 3, 4, 6, 10, 18, 34, 66, 130
x(3y2 – 2) = y + 5y2 11. (a) 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, …
y + 5 y2
\x= \ Tn = n(n + 1)
3y2 – 2
(b) 3, 6, 11, 20, 37, 70, …
x2 + g2 \Tn = n + 2n
(i) t = 2p
x2 (c) 2, 3, 5, 9, 17, 33, …
4 π ( x + g2 )
2 2
\ Tn = 1 + 2n – 1
t2 =
x2 12. (a) 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, 45
x t = 4p x + 4p2g2
2 2 2 2
(b) 15, 18, 16, 19, 17, 20, 18
x (t – 4p2) = 4p2g2
2 2
4 3 8 5 12
(c) , , , ,
4 p2 g2 5 4 11 7 17
x2 = 2
t – 4 p2 4 6 8 10 12 14 7 16
= , , , , , = ,
2 pg 5 8 11 14 17 20 10 23
x=
t 2 – 4 p2 13. (a) 72 – 62 = 7 + 6
x+5 82 – 72 = 8 + 7
y
(j) = 3
(b) 1562 – 1552 = 156 + 155 = 311
2 2x + 1
y3 x+5 (c) 102 – 112 + 122 – 132 + 142 – 152 + 162
= = 162 – 152 + 142 –132 + 122 – 112 + 102
8 2x + 1
8x + 40 = 2xy3 + y3 = 16 + 15 + 14 + 13 + 12 + 11 + 100
x(8 – 2y3)= y3 – 40 = 181
y 3 – 40 14. (a) (i) xy 3x2y 2xy3
x=
8 – 2 y3 3x 2y2
y+b 3 + 4(–2) 5 \ LCM = xy(3x)(2y2)
8. (a) (i) x = = =–
y + 5c 3 + 5(1) 8 = 6x2y3
(ii) xy + 5cx = y + 4b
(ii) 4b 4a2bc 8a3b2 12bc3
y(x – 1) = 4b – 5cx
a2c a2c 2a3b 3c3
4 b – 5 cx 1 2ab 3c2
y=
x –1
\ LCM = 4a2bc(2ab)3c2
b(c + d ) –8(–1 + 9)
(b) (i) a = = = 64 = 8 = 24a3b2c3
c –1
(b) (i) n4 – 4n2m2 = n2(n2 – 4m2)
bc + bd
(ii) a2 = = n2(n + 2m)(n – 2m)
c
m n + 2m = m2(n + 2m)
2 3
a2c = bc + bd
(ii) HCF = (n + 2m)
c(a2 – b) = bd
bd 2 x – 3y 2(2 t – 4) – 3(3t + 5)
\c= 2 15. =
a −b 2y – 5x 2(3t + 5) – 5(2 t – 4)
–5 t – 23
=
–4 t + 30

1 92
16. (a) 7A – 3B = 7(2x2 – 3x + 5) – 3(7x2 – 4x + 9) (e) 9t2 + 18t – 16 = (3t + 8)(3t – 2)
= 8 – 9x – 7x2 (f) 6a2 – 3a – 30 = 3(2a2 – a – 15)
(b) Let Peter be x years old and Jane be (36 – x) years old = 3(2a + 5)(a – 3)
6 years ago, (g) 6t2 – 18t = 6t(t – 3)
Peter’s age = (x – 6) years old (h) 6ax – 3by – 6ay + 3bx = 6a(x – y) + 3b(x – y)
Jane’s age = (36 – x – 6) = 3(2a + b)(x – y)
= (30 – x) years old (i) x2y2 – 15xy + 56 = (xy – 7)(xy – 8)
x – 6 = 2(30 – x) (j) (x + 2y)2 – 2(x + 2y) – 15 = [(x + 2y) + 3][(x + 2y) – 5]
3x = 66 = (x + 2y + 3)(x + 2y – 5)
x = 22 19. (a) (i) a2 – 2ab + b2 = 19 — (1)
i.e. Jane is 14 years old now. a2 + 2ab + b2 = 37 — (2)
\ In 5 years’ time, Peter will be 27 years old and Jane (1) – (2) : 4ab = 18
will be 19 years old. \ 8ab = 36
v (ii) (1) + (2) : 2a2 + 2b2 = 56
17. (a) u=
6 uw 2 – 1 56
\ 3a2 + 3b2 = ×3
6u2w2 – u = v 2
v+u = 84
w2 =
6u 2 (b) (x + y)(x – y) = 42
v+u Since x – y = 7,
\w=± 7(x + y) = 42
6u 2
m( y + z ) \x+y=6
(b) k= 4x + 4y = 24
4
my + mz (c) 3(x – y)2 = 3(x2 + y2 – 2xy)
k2 = = 3[84 – 2(14)]
4
my + mz = 4k2 = 168
mz = 4k2 – my 20. (a) 2(x + 5) + x2 – 25 = 2(x + 5) + (x + 5)(x – 5)
4 k 2 – my = (x + 5)(2 + x – 5)
\z=
m = (x + 5)(x – 3)
kb – a (b) 4x3 + 4x2 – 3x = x(4x2 + 4x – 3)
(c) p =
k–b = x(2x + 3)(2x – 1)
pk – bp = kb – a (c) x + x – 1 – x = x2(x + 1) – (1 + x)
3 2

k(p – b) = bp – a = (x + 1)(x2 – 1)
bp – a = (x + 1)(x + 1)(x – 1)
k =
p–b = (x + 1)2(x – 1)
a + 2y (d) x2 – 2x + 2xy – 4y = x(x – 2) + 2y(x – 2)
(d) x2 = b – 3y = (x – 2)(x + 2y)
a + 2y (e) 5(3x – 4)2 – 45 = 5[(3x – 4)2 – 9]
x4 = = 5[(3x – 4) + 3][(3x – 4) – 3]
b – 3y
a + 2y = bx4 – 3x4y = 5(3x – 1)(3x – 7)
y(2 + 3x4) = bx4 – a (f) 2(x2 + 3) + 7(x2 – 1) = 9x2 –1
bx 4 – a = (3x + 1)(3x – 1)
y=
3x 4 + 2 (h) 21 – x – 2x2 = (7 + 2x)(3 – x)
18. (a) 4 – 16x = 4(1 – 4x2) = 4(1 + 2x)(1 – 2x)
2
(i) 1 – a2 – a2b2 + b2 = (1 – a2) + b2(1 – a2)
(b) 2a – 2b + 3c(b – a) = 2(a – b) – 3c(a – b) = (1 – a2)(1 + b2)
= (a – b)(2 – 3c) = (1 – a)(1 + a)(1 + b2)
(c) x3 + x2 – 6x = x(x2 + x – 6) (j) 3pq – 6pr + 2r – q = 3p(q – 2r) – (q – 2r)
= x(x + 3)(x – 2) = (q – 2r)(3p – 1)
(d) 4b2 – 6b + 6bk – 9k = 2b(2b – 3) + 3k(2b – 3)
= (2b – 3)(2b + 3k)

93 1
21. Given that 5x = 3, 28. (a)
(a) 125x = (53)x Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5
= (5x)3 n 1 2 3 4 5
= 27 Number of
(b) 25 2x + 1
= (52)2x + 1 V 6 9 12 15 18
vertices
= 54x × 52
= (5x)4 × 25 Number of
E 7 12 17 22 27
= 34 × 25 edges
= 2025 Number of 1 × 1
X 2 4 6 8 10
22. 5a – 7b = 2a + 9b unit squares
3a = 16b
Number of 2 × 2
a 16 Y 0 1 2 3 4
= unit squares
b 3
5a 5  16  8 (b) (i) X = 2n
\ =   = 8
13b 3 3 9 (ii) Y = n – 1
23. X = 18, Y = 15 (iii) V = 3(n + 1)
24. (a) 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 (c) (i) Fig. 23
(b) (i) 36, 44 (ii) 46
(ii) 180 = 12 + 8n (d) (i) V + X = E + 1
n = 21 (ii) E = 7 + 5(n – 1)
\ It would have 21 cubes. = 2 + 5n
(iii) Number of rods = 12 + 49(8) (iii) 5V – 3E = 9
= 404 5
E= V–3
25. (a) x3 + y – x2y – x = x2(x – y) – (x – y) 3
= (x – y)(x2 – 1) (e) 5(111) – 3E = 9
= (x – y)(x + 1)(x – 1) E = 182
(b) 16x4 – 81y8 = (4x2 – 9y4) (4x2 + 9y4) \ The figure which has 111 vertices has 182 edges.
= (2x + 3y2)(2x – 3y2)(4x2 + 9y4)
26. (a) a = 15, b = 21 Exercise 9D
1
(b) h = n – 1, k = n(n + 1) 1. (a) 5(3x – 2) – 2(4x – 1) = 20
2
15x – 10 – 8x + 2 = 20
1
(c) 105 = n(n + 1) 7x = 28
2
n2 + n – 210 = 0 x=4
(n + 15)(n – 14) = 0 x x 1
(b) – =
\ It is figure 14. 4 5 3
1 1
1 x =
(d) 435 = n(n + 1) 20 3
2
2
n2 + n – 870 = 0 x =6
3
(n – 29)(n + 30) = 0
x–2 x+3 1
n = 29 (c) – =
7 9 11
h = 28
99(x – 2) – 77(x + 3) = 63
\ 28 lines have been added to A.
22x = 63 + 198 + 231
27. (a) p = 30, q = 61, r = 42, s = 85
4
(b) (i) m = ab x = 22
11
(ii) n = 2m + 1 2 7
(c) When a = 101, (d) =
x x+4
m = 101 × 102 7x = 2x + 8
n = 2(101 × 102) + 1 5x = 8
= 20 605 3
x =1
(d) All the numbers in the n column are odd. 5

1 94
 2
 6  6
(e) x =4 (d)  x +  +  x +  – 30 = 0
x x
x = 16
a 27  6   6 
(f) =   x + x  + 6    x +  – 5 = 0
3 a   x 
a2 = 81 6 6
\x+ +6 =0 or x+ –5 =0
a =±9 x x
 1   1  x2 + 6x + 6 = 0 x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
(g) 4  – 1 = 3  – 2
 3x   9x  –6 ± 6 2 – 4(1)(6)
4 1 x= (x – 2)(x – 3) = 0
–4 = –6 2(1)
3x 3x
x = –1.27 or –4.73 x = 2 or 3
1
= –2 \ x = –1.27, –4.73, 2 or 3
x
3. (a) 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
1
x =– (2x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
2
1 1 1
(h) (3t – 3) + 2 = t – (2t – 10) \ x = – or 3
4 3 2
3 3 2 10 (b) (x – 6)2 = 25
t– +2 =t– t+ x – 6 = 5 or x – 6 = –5
4 4 3 3
t =5 \ x = 11 or 1
(i) (x + 2)2 = 25 (c) 3x2 – 7x – 5 = 0
x + 2 = 5 or x + 2 = –5 –(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(3)(–5)
\ x = 3 or –7 x =
2(3)
(j) (3x – 4)2 = 5(3x – 4) = 2.91 or –0.57
(3x – 4)[(3x – 4) – 5] = 0 (d) (3x + 1)2 = (x + 4)2
3x – 4 = 0 or 3x – 9 = 0 3x + 1 = x + 4 or 3x + 1 = – x – 4
1 1 1
\ x = 1 or 3 \x=1 or –1
3 2 4
2. (a) (2x – 7)(x – 2) = 9 10
(e) x+3=
2x2 – 11x + 14 – 9 = 0 x
2x2 – 11x + 5 = 0 x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
(2x – 1)(x – 5) = 0 (x – 2)(x + 5) = 0
1 \ x = 2 or – 5
\x= or 5
2 8 5
12 (f) –3 =
1 x 2x + 1
(b) – =1
( x + 1)2 x +1 8(2x + 1) – 3x(2x + 1) = 5x
12 – (x + 1) = (x + 1)2 6x2 – 8x – 8 = 0
12 – x – 1 = x2 + 2x + 1 3x2 – 4x – 4 = 0
x + 3x – 10 = 0
2
(3x + 2)(x – 2) = 0
(x – 2)(x + 5) = 0 2
\ x = – or 2
\ x = 2 or x = –5 3
5 1 3
(c) x =3+ (g) – =2
x x 2x + 1
x2 = 3x + 5 2x + 1 – 3x = 2x(2x +1)
x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 4x2 + 3x – 1 = 0
–(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(1)(–5) (4x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
x=
2(1) 1
\x= or –1
= 4.19 or –1.19 4

95 1
 (h) 5x2 – 7x – 13 = 0 x +1 3x
(g) =
–(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(5)(–13) 3x – 2 x+6
x= 3x(3x – 2) = (x + 1)(x + 6)
2(5)
9x2 – 6x = x2 + 7x + 6
= 2.46 or –1.06
8x – 13x – 6 = 0
2
(i) 2x2 + 9x – 7 = 0
(8x + 3)(x – 2) = 0
–(9) ± 9 2 – 4(2)(–7)
x= 3
2(2) x = – or 2
8
= 0.68 or –5.18
5
(j) 3x2 – 14x – 9 = 0 (h) =x–3
x–3
–(–14) ± (–14)2 – 4(3)(–9) (x – 3)2 = 5
x=
2(3) x – 3 = 5 or x – 3 = – 5
= 5.24 or –0.57 x = 5.24 or 0.76
4. (a) 3x2 + 4x – 7 = 0 5
(i) + 4 = 3x
(3x + 7)(x – 1) = 0 x
1 5 + 4x = 3x2
x = –2 or 1
3 3x – 4x – 5 = 0
2

(b) 11x2 + 14x – 1 = 0 –(–4) ± (–4)2 – 4(3)(–5)

x=
–14 ± 14 2 – 4(11)(–1) 2(3)
x=
2(11) = 2.12 or – 0.79
= 0.07 or –1.34 x 8
(j) =2+
(c) 11 + 3x – 3x2 = 0 x–3 x
x2 = 2x(x – 3) + 8(x – 3)
–3 ± 32 – 4(–3)(11)
x= x2 = 2x2 – 6x + 8x – 24
2(–3)
x + 2x – 24 = 0
2
= –1.48 or 2.48
(x + 6)(x – 4) = 0
(d) 2 – 5x – 7x2 = 0
x = –6 or 4
(2 – 7x)(1 + x) = 0
5. (a) 5x + 4y = 49 — (1)
2
x= or –1 4x – 5y = –10 — (2)
7
1 1 1 (1) × 5 : 25x + 20y = 245 — (3)
(e) + = (2) × 4 : 16x – 20y = – 4 — (4)
x –1 x+2 2
2(x + 2) + 2(x – 1) = (x + 2)(x – 1) (3) + (4) : 41x = 205
4x + 2 = x2 + x – 2 x =5
x – 3x – 4 = 0
2 Substitute x = 5 into (1) : 5(5) + 4y = 49
(x + 1)(x – 4) = 0 y=6
x = –1 or 4 \ x = 5, y = 6
3 5 (b) x–y =4 — (1)
(f) =3–
x +1 x–3 2x + 3y = 13 — (2)
3(x – 3) = 3(x + 1)(x – 3) – 5(x + 1) (1) × 3 : 3x – 3y = 12 — (3)
3x – 9 = 3x2 – 6x – 9 – 5x – 5 (2) + (3) : 5x = 25
3x2 – 14x – 5 = 0 x =5
(3x + 1)(x – 5) = 0 Substitute x = 5 into (1) : 5 – y = 4
1 y =1
x = – or 5
3 \ x = 5, y = 1

1 96
 2x + y + 3 3x – y + 1 (h) 2x + 3y = 2 — (1)
(c) =
2 12 2
6x – y = 2 — (2)
24x + 12y + 36 = 6x – 2y + 2 3
18x + 14y = –34 — (1) (2) × 3 : 18x – 3y = 8 — (3)
3x – 2y = 16 — (2) (1) + (3) : 20x = 10
(2) × 6 : 18x – 12y = 96 — (3) 1
x=
(1) – (3) : 26y = –130 2
y = –5 1  1 2
Substitute x = into (2) : 6   – y = 2
Substitute y = 5 into (2) : 3x – 2(–5) = 16 2  2  3
x =2 1
y=
\ x = 2, y = –5 3
1 1
(d) 3x + 5y = 60 — (1) \x= ,y=
2 3
2x – y = 14 — (2)
6. (a) 5x – 4 < 26 and 26 < 7x – 1
(2) × 5 : 10x – 5y = 70 — (3)
5x < 30 27 < 7x
(1) + (3) : 13x = 130
6
x = 10 x <6 3 <x
7
Substitute x = 10 into (2) : 2(10) – y = 14 6
y =6 \3 <x<6
7
\ x = 10, y = 6 (b) 2x + 6 < 5x and 5x < 25
(e) 5x + 3y – 12 + 3 = 0 — (1) 6 < 3x x <5
18x – 12 + 10y – 25 + 3 = 0 — (2) 2 <x
(1) × 10 : 50x + 30y = 90 — (3) \2<x<5
(2) × 3 : 54x + 30y = 102 — (4) (c) 2x – 3 < 21 and 21 < 4x – 3
(4) – (3) : 4x = 12 2x < 2 24 < 4x
x =3 x < 12 6 <x
Substitute x = 3 into (1) : 5(3) + 3y = 9 \ 6 < x < 12
y = –2 (d) 9 < 2x – 1 and 2x – 1 < 15
\ x = 3, y = –2 10 < 2x 2x < 16
(f) 5x – 2y = 29 — (1) 5 <x x <8
x + 4y = –3 — (2) \5<x<8
(1) × 2 : 10x – 4y = 58 — (3) x
(2) + (3) : 11x = 55 7. (a) + 3x < 23
2
x =5 4
x<6
Substitute x = 5 into (2) : 5 + 4y = –3 7
y = –2 \x=6
\ x = 5, y = –2 (b) x – 1 < 25 25 < 3x – 1
(g) 4x – 3y = 17 — (1) x < 26 26 < 3x
5x + 6y = –8 — (2) 2
x >8
(1) × 2 : 8x – 6y = 34 — (3) 3
(2) + (3) : 13x = 26 \ x = 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
x=2 1
(c) 3x – 4 > 5
Substitute x = 2 into (1) : 4(2) – 3y = 17 2
y = –3 1
3x > 9
\ x = 2, y = –3 2
1
x>3
6
\x=4
(d) 2k + 8 > 3k + 3
5 >k
\k=4

97 1
 2 x–4 (c) 6x3 = 384
8. x– <5
3 4 x3 = 64
2 1
x– x+1 <5 x = 3 64
3 4
=4
5
x <4 (d) 93x + 4 = 273x – 5
12
3 32(3x + 4) = 33(3x – 5)
x <9 6x + 8 = 9x – 15
5
\x=9 3x = 23
9. (a) 6p < 39 2
x =7
1 3
p<6 (e) 25x – 4 = 1253x + 1
2
\p=6 52(x – 4) = 53(3x + 1)
(b) 3q – 1 > 35 2x – 8 = 9x + 3
3q > 36 7x = –11
q > 12 4
x = –1
\ q = 13 7
10. (a) 5 – 7x = 27 – 12x – 11x (f) 493x – 5 = 3437 – 2x
16x = 22 72(3x – 5) = 73(7 – 2x)
3 6x – 10 = 21 – 6x
x =1 12x = 31
8
(b) 2x2 + 10x – 3x – 15 = 2x2 + 22x – 9x – 99 7
x =2
6x = 84 12
x = 14 12. 4<x–2 and x–2 <8
(c) 9x – 12x + 4 = 0
2 6<x x < 10
(3x – 2)(3x – 2) = 0 6 < x < 10
2 x = 7, 8, 9
x= 9 < 2x + 1 and 2x + 1 < 17
3
(d) 4x(x + 1) = 8x + 1 8 < 2x 2x < 16
22x(x + 1) = 23(x + 1) 4<x x <8
2x2 + 2x = 3x + 3 4<x<8
2x2 – x – 3 = 0 x = 5, 6, 7
(2x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 \ The integer value of x is 7.
1 13. x+1 <7 and 7 < 2x + 5
x = 1 or –1
2 x <6 2 < 2x
11. (a) 43x – 2 = 32 1 <x
22(3x – 2) = 25 \1<x<6
6x – 4 = 5 \ The integer values of x include 2, 3, 4 and 5.
9 14. 6xy + 9x – 4y = 6
x=
6 6xy – 4y + 9x – 6 = 0
1 2y(3x – 2) + 3(3x – 2) = 0
=1
2 (3x – 2)(2y + 3) = 0
(b) 4x + 2 = 82x – 7 2 1
22(x + 2) = 23(2x – 7) \x= or y = –1
3 2
2x + 4 = 6x – 21 15. –5 < x < 3, –8 < y < 6
4x = 25 (a) Largest 2x + 3y = 2(3) + 3(6) = 24
1 (b) Least 3xy = 3(–5)(6) = –90
\x=6
4 (c) Greatest x2 + y2 = (–5)2 + (–8)2 = 89
(d) Least x2 – y2 = 02 – (–8)2 = –64

1 98
16. –5 < 3x + 1 and 3x + 1 < 2x + 13 25. Upper bound of 20 × 25 = 20.5 × 25.5
–2 < x x < 12 = 522.75
\ –2 < x < 12 Lower bound of 20 × 25 = 19.5 × 24.5
–3 < y < 4 = 477.75
(a) Greatest x = 12 26. Let x and y be number of people who bought $5 tickets
(b) Smallest y = –3 and $3 tickets respectively.
(c) Smallest (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2 5x + 3y = 760 — (1)
= 02 – 42 3 2
x + y = 128 — (2)
= –16 5 3
17. 2 < x < 6, –2 < y < 3 1 7
(2) × 4 : 2 x + 3y = 576 — (3)
(a) Smallest xy = 6(–2) = – 12 2 10
y 3 1 7
(b) Greatest = =1 (1) – (3) : 5x – 2 x = 760 – 576
x 2 2 10
(c) Greatest x2 – y2 = 62 – 02 = 36 3
2 x = 184
18. –7 < x < 4, –5 < y < 2 10
x = 80
(a) Greatest x2 + y = (–7)2 + 2 = 51
\ 80 bought $5 tickets.
(b) Least xy = 4(–5) = –20
27. Let p represent pencils and r represent rulers.
(c) Least x2 – y2 = 02 – (–5)2 = –25
4p + r = 1.00 — (1)
19. –2 < x < 4, –6 < y < 5
6p + 3r = 2.10 — (2)
(a) Greatest 2x – y = 2(4) – (–6) = 14
(1) × 3 : 12p + 3r = 3.00 — (3)
(b) Greatest 2x2 – y2 = 2(4)2 – 02 = 32
(3) – (2) : 6p = 0.9
(c) Smallest (x – y)3 = (–2 – 5)3 = –343
p = 0.15
20. 2 < x < 8, –4 < y < –2
Substitute p = 0.15 into (1): 4(0.15) + r = 1.00
(a) Greatest x – y = 8 – (–4) = 12
r = 0.40
x 8
(b) Least = = –4 3p + 13r = 3(0.15) + 13(0.4) = $5.65
y –2
28. ax + by +1 = 0 — (1)
x 2 + y2 8 2 + (–4)2
(c) Least = = –20 (b – 1)x + 5y + 3x = 0 — (2)
y–x –2 – 2
Substitute x = 2 and y = –5 into (1) and (2) :
21. –4 < x < 1, 2 < y < 9
a(2) + b(–5) + 1 = 0
(a) Least x2 – y = 02 – 9 = –9
2a – 5b + 1 = 0 — (3)
x2 (–4)2
(b) Greatest = =8 2(b – 1) + 5(–5) + 3(2) = 0
y 2
(c) Least y – x2 = 2 – (–4)2 = –14 2b = 25 – 6 + 2
(d) Greatest x2 – 2xy + y2 = (x – y)2 = (–4 – 9)2 = 169 1
b = 10
22. Upper bound of perimeter = 3 × 6.45 2
1  1
= 19.35 cm Substitute b = 10 into (3) : 2a – 5  10  + 1 = 0
2  2
Lower bound of perimeter = 3 × 6.35 3
= 19.05 cm a = 25
4
7.6 + 4.5 7.65 + 4.55 3 1
23. Upper bound of = \ a = 25 , b = 10
2.4 2.35 4 2
= 5.19 (to 3 s.f.) 29. x = 11y + 6 — (1)
7.6 + 4.5 7.55 + 4.45 x + 8 = 13y — (2)
Lower bound of =
2.4 2.45 11y + 6 + 8 = 13y
= 4.90 (to 3 s.f.) y =7
24. Upper bound of combined mass = 4.55 + 5.65 + 6.25 Substitute y = 7 into (1) : x = 11(7) + 6
= 16.45 kg = 83
Lower bound of combined mass = 4.45 + 5.55 + 6.15 \ x = 83, y = 7
= 16.15 kg

99 1
30. Let the number be 10x + y. 80 80
35. (a) – = 14.5
x + y = 7 — (1) x – 0.6 x
80x – 80(x – 0.6) = 14.5x(x – 0.6)
(10y + x) – (10x + y) = 9 — (2)
14.5x2 – 8.7x – 48 = 0
9y – 9x = 9
y – x = 1 — (3) –(–8.7) ± (–8.7)2 – 4(14.5)(–48)
x=
(1) + (3) : 2y = 8 2(14.5)
y=4 = 2.144 or –1.544 (to 3 d.p.)
Substitute y = 4 into (1) : x + 4 = 7 (b) Cost in Dec 2008 = 2.144 – 0.60
x =3 = $1.54 (to nearest cent)
\ The number is 34 or 43. 36. (a) Let x be the present age of the son.
31. (a) 2x + 3y = 2 — (1) (x – 8)(3x – 8) = 112
6x – 5y = 48 — (2) 3x2 – 32x + 64 – 112 = 0
(1) × 3 : 6x + 9y = 6 — (3) 3x2 – 32x – 48 = 0
(3) – (2) : 14y = –42 (3x + 4)(x – 12) = 0
y = –3 4
\ x = – (NA) or x = 12
Substitute y = –3 into (1) : 2x + 3(–3) = 2 3
1 \The son is 12 years old and his father is 36 years
x =5
2 old.
1 (b) 3x2 – 7x – 17 = 0
\x=5 , y = –3
2 –(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(3)(–17)
(b) 2x + 3y = 2 — (1) x=
2(3)
4x + 6y = 4 — (2) = 3.82 or –1.48 (to 3 s.f.)
There will be an infinite number of solutions since the 1
37. (a) 2a + b = 1 — (1)
two lines are parallel and do not intersect each other. 2
5 5 3
32. x– x = 750 3a – 2b = –4 — (2)
6 16 4
25 (1) × 2 : 4a + 2b = 3 — (3)
x = 750 ÷
48 3
(2) + (3) : 7a = –1
= 144 4
33. (x + 1) + (x + 3) = 70 1
a=–
x = 33 4
\ 2x + 5 = 2(33) + 5 = 71 1  1 1
Substitute a = – into (1) : 2  –  + b = 1
34. Let x days be the number of days a mechanic takes to do 4  4 2
his job alone. b =2
1 1
In 1 day, the mechanic can do of his job. \a=– ,b=2
x 4
1 1 1
In 1 day, the helper can do of his job. (b) =–
x+6 x 4
1 1 1 \ x = –4
+ = 1
x x+6 4 =2
1 y
x + 6 + x = x(x + 6) 1
4 \y=
x2 + 6x = 8x + 24 2
x2 – 2x – 24 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 6) = 0
\ x = 6 (since number of days > 0)
\ The mechanic takes 6 days while his helper takes
12 days.

1 100
38. (a) 14x + 9y = 90 — (1) 43. x(x + 2) = 7(x + 2)
(b) 4x + 6y = 36 — (2) x2 + 2x = 7x + 14
(c) (1) × 2 : 28x + 18y = 180 — (3) x – 5x – 14 = 0
2

(2) × 3 : 12x + 18y = 108 — (4) (x – 7)(x + 2) = 0

(3) – (4) : 16x = 72 x = 7 or –2 (NA)
x = 4.5 \ The two numbers are 7 and 9.
Substitute x = 4.5 into (2) : 4(4.5) + 6y = 36 80
44. (a) Time taken = h
y =3 x
\ PQ = y + y = 6 cm, QR = x + x = 9 cm 80
(b) Time taken = h
39. Let x min be the time taken by the larger pipe. x–3
1 1 1 80 80 4
+ = (c) – =
x x+8 3 x–3 x 3
3(x + 8 + x) = x(x + 8) 4x(x – 3) = 3[80x – 80(x – 3)]
x2 + 2x – 24 = 0 4x2 – 12x – 720 = 0
(x – 4)(x + 6) = 0 x2 – 3x – 180 = 0
x = 4 or –6 (NA) (x – 15)(x + 12) = 0
\ The larger pipe takes 4 minutes to fill the water cistern x = 15 or –12 (NA)
alone. \ x = 15
40. x(x + 2) = 483 45. Let width be x cm.
x2 + 2x – 483 = 0 x(x + 4) = 96
(x – 21)(x + 23) = 0 x2 + 4x – 96 = 0
x = 21 or –23 (x + 12)(x – 8) = 0
\ The two numbers are 21 and 23. x = –12 (NA) or 8
41. (a) 9x2 – 1 = 15x + 5 \ The length of the rectangle is 12 cm.
9x – 15x – 6 = 0
2 46. (x + 2)2 – x2 = 48
3x2 – 5x – 2 = 0 x2 + 4x + 4 – x2 = 48
(3x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 4x = 44
1 x = 11
\ x = – or 2 \ The two numbers are 11 and 13.
3
(b) Let the two numbers be x and y. 130 36 1 13
47. (a) + =3 =
x + y = 10 — (1) x x – 25 4 4
xy = 24 — (2) 13x(x – 25) = 4[130(x – 25) + 36x]
From (1) : x = 10 – y — (3) 13x2 – 325x = 664x – 13000
Substitute (3) into (2) : (10 – y)y = 24 13x – 989x + 13000 = 0
2

10y – y2 = 24 –(–989) ± (–989)2 – 4(13)(13 000)

(b) x =
y – 10y + 24 = 0
2
2(13)
(y – 6)(y – 4) = 0 = 59.18 or 16.90 (to 4 s.f.) (NA)
y = 6 or 4 1 166
Time saved = 3 h – h = 26.7 min (to 3 s.f.)
x = 10 – 6 or 10 – 4 4 59.18
= 4 or 6 1
48. (a) (3x + 5)(x + 3) = (11x – 9)(2x + 1)
\ The two numbers are 4 and 6. 2
42. x(x + 3) = 108 2(3x2 + 14x + 15) = 22x2 – 7x – 9
x2 + 3x – 108 = 0 16x2 – 35x – 39 = 0
(x + 12)(x – 9) = 0 (16x + 13)(x – 3) = 0
x = –12 or 9 13
x=– (NA) or x = 3
\ The two numbers are 9 and 12 or –12 and –9. 16

101 1
 (b) PQ = 24, QR = 7, AD = 14, CD = 6 (d) (x – 60)(x + 54) = 0
Using Pythagoras′ Theorem, x = 60 or –54 (NA)
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 5000
Number of kg bought =
PR = 24 + 62 2 60 – 6
5
= 25 cm = 55
9
Using Pythagoras′ Theorem,
1.2 × 10 6
AC2 = AD2 + CD2 52. Max. number =
2000
AC = 14 2 + 7 2 = 600
= 15.2 cm (to 3 s.f.) 1.2 × 10 6
Min. number =
600 600 3000
49. (a) , + 220
x x = 400
320
53. (a) (i)
 600   1   600  x
(b) x = x–5   + 220 
 x   2  x  320
(ii)
x + 0.2
3300 320 320
600 = 600 – + 220x – 1210 (b) – = 20
x x x + 0.2
220x2 – 1210x – 3300 = 0  1  1
20x  x +  = 320  x +  – 320x
2x2 – 11x – 30 = 0  5  5
(c) (2x – 15)(x + 2) = 0 20x2 + 4x – 64 = 0
1 5x2 + x – 16 = 0
x = 7 or –2 (NA)
2
–1 ± 12 – 4(5)(–16)
600 (c) x =
\ Speed of car = = 80 km/h 2(5)
7.5
x = 1.692 or –1.892 (to 3 d.p.) (NA)
20
50. (a) h 320
v (d) Number of litres =
20 1.892
(b) h = 169.1 (to nearest 0.1 litre)
v –1
20 20 3 1
(c) (i) – = 54. (a) QP = 2x + 1 (x – 3)
v –1 v 4 2
3v(v – 1) = 4[20v – 20(v – 1)] 1 1
=3 x–4
3v2 – 3v – 80 = 0 2 2
(b) 3(x + 1)
–(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(3)(–80) 1 1
(ii) v = (c) 3 x – 4 = 3x + 3
2(3) 2 2
= 5.7 or –4.7 (to 1 d.p.) (NA) x = 15
20 20 (d) Total distance = 3(16) × 2
(d) Total time = + = 7 h 46 min
5.7 4.7 = 96 km
3000 96 5
51. (a) Average speed = = 13 km/h
x 1 1 7
3000 3 +3
(b) 2 2
x–6 55. (i) y < 4x, x + y < 8, 4y > x
3000 3000 5
(c) – =5 (ii) y > 2, y + 2x < 8, 2y < 3x + 12
x–6 x 9
(iii) y < 8, y > 2, y + 2x > 0, y > 2x
50
= (iv) y > 2x – 4, x + y + 4 > 0, 2y < x + 4
9
50x(x – 6) = 9[3000x – 3000(x – 6)] 56. Draw the lines x = 10, x + 2y = 30 and 3x + 2y = 60.
50x2 – 300x – 162 000 = 0 Shade the regions not required by the inequalities:
x2 – 6x – 3240 = 0 x > 10, y > 0, x + 2y < 30 and 3x + 2y < 60
(i) Left of x = 10
(ii) Below the x-axis
(iii) Above x + 2y = 30

1 102
 (iii) Above 3x + 2y = 60 58. Draw the lines x + 2y = 12, 2x + y =10, 4y = x and
y 2y = x − 8.
18 Shade the regions not required by the inequalities:
16 x + 2y < 12, 2x + y > 10, 4y < x and 2y > x − 8
14 x + 2y = 30 (i) Above x + 2y = 12
12 3x + 2y = 60 (ii) Below 2x + y = 10
10
(iii) Above 4y = x
(iv) Below 2y = x − 8
8
6 y
x = 10
4
14
2 12
x 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 26
–2 2x + y = 10
8
6
2x + y must be satisfied by the unshaded region.
4 x + 2y = 12
If x = 20, y = 0, we obtain the maximum value of 2x + y.
Maximum value of 2x + y = 2(20) + 0 2
4y = x
= 40 x
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
57. Draw the lines y = 2x, y = x, x + y = 13 and 3x + y = 24. –2
Shade the regions not required by the inequalities: –4 2y = x – 8
y < 2x, y > x, x + y < 13 and 3x + y < 24
(i) Above y = 2x 6x + 2y must be satisfied by the unshaded region.
(ii) Below y = x If x = 10, y = 1, we obtain the greatest value of
(iii) Above x + y = 13 6x + 2y.
(iv) Above 3x + y = 24 Greatest value of 6x + 2y = 6(10) + 2(1)
= 62
y
59. (i) Equation of MN: y = 4
26 Equation of PR:
24 y−6 6−0
=
3x + y = 24 x−0 0−6
22
y – 6 = −x
20
y=2x x+y=6
18
When y = 4,
16 x=2
14 y=x \ The coordinates of Q are (2, 4).
12 (ii) Equation of PM:
10 y−4 4−0
=
x−0 0−6
8 2
y – 4 = − x
6 3
4 x + y = 13 3y + 2x = 12
2 The unshaded region lies above PM.
Hence 3y + 2x < 12 defines a part of the unshaded
x
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 region.
–2

x + 2y must be satisfied by the unshaded region.

If x = 4.3, y = 8.7, we obtain the maximum value of
x + 2y.
Maximum value of x + 2y = 4.3 + 2(8.7)
= 21.7

103 1
 The unshaded region lies below PR and below the 61.
y
line y = 4. Hence x + y < 6 and y > 4 defines a part l1
of the unshaded region. 8
\ The unshaded region is defined by the three 6 (2, 6)
inequalities 4 l2
3y + 2x > 12, y < 4, x + y < 6.
2 R
1 (2, 1)
(iii) Area of rMPQ = ×2×4 x
2 0 2 4 6 8
= 4 units2
(i) Equation of l1:
60.
y y−0 6−0
=
x−0 2−0
8 (6, 8) 2y = 6x
6 l1 y = 3x
4 l2 The unshaded region lies below l1.
R
2 (6, 2) Hence y < 3x defines a part of the unshaded region.
x
0 2 4 6 8 Equation of l2:
y−0 1− 0
(i) Equation of l1: =
x−0 2−0
y−0 8−0 2y = x
=
x−0 6−0
The unshaded region lies above l2.
6y = 8x
Hence 2y > x defines a part of the unshaded region.
3y = 4x
\ The two other inequalities are y < 3x and 2y > x.
The unshaded region lies below l1.
(ii) If x = 2, y = 6, we obtain the maximum value of
Hence 3y < 4x defines a part of the unshaded region.
2x + y.
Maximum value of 2x + y = 2(2) + 6
Equation of l2:
= 10
y−0 2−0
= 62. Equation of AB:
x−0 6−0
y−5 5−0
6y = 2x =
x−0 0−4
3y = x
5
The unshaded region lies above l2. y – 5 = − x
4
Hence 3y > x defines a part of the unshaded region. 4y + 5x = 20
The unshaded region lies to the left of x = 6. The unshaded region lies above AB. Hence 4y + 5x > 20
Hence x < 6 defines a part of the unshaded region. defines a part of the unshaded region.

\ The unshaded region is defined by the three Equation of BC:

inequalities x < 6, 3y < 4x, 3y > x. y−5 5−9
=
x−0 0−7
(ii) If x = 6, y = 8, we obtain the largest value of 3x + 2y. 4
y–5= x
Maximum value of 3x + 2y = 3(6) + 2(8) 7
= 34 7y = 4x + 35
\ c = 34 The unshaded region lies below BC.
Hence 7y > 4x + 35 defines a part of the unshaded region.

1 104
 3x
Equation of AC: 4. f(x) =
2x − 1
y−0 9−0
= 3x
x−4 7−4 Let y = .
2x − 1
y = 3x – 12
y(2x – 1) = 3x
The unshaded region lies above AC.
2xy – 3x = y
Hence y > 3x – 12 defines a part of the unshaded region.
x(2y – 3) = y
\ The unshaded region is defined by the three inequalities:
y
4y + 5x > 20, y > 3x – 12, 7y < 4x + 35. x=
2y − 3
x 3
\ f−1(x) = , undefined when x = .
Exercise 9E 2x − 3 2
4
1. f(x) = 4x2 – 2x + 1 f−1(4) =
2(4) − 3
f(−3) = 4(−3)2 – 2(−3) + 1 4
=
= 43 5
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 5. g(x) = 7x2 – 3x – 5
f ⎜ ⎟ = 4 ⎜ ⎟ − 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ + 1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (i) g(−2x) = 7(−2x)2 – 3(−2x) – 5
=1 = 28x2 + 6x – 5
f(2) = 4(2)2 – 2(2) + 1 (ii) g(x + 2) = 7(x + 2)2 – 3(x + 2) – 5
= 13 = 7(x2 + 4x + 4) – 3x – 6 – 5
2. f(x) = 6x – 1 = 7x2 + 28x + 28 – 3x – 6 – 5
Let y = 6x – 1. = 7x2 + 25x + 17
6x = y + 1 (iii) g(x + 1) – g(x – 1)
y+1 = [7(x + 1)2 – 3(x + 1) – 5] – [7(x – 1)2 – 3(x – 1) – 5]
x=
6 = [7(x2 + 2x + 1) – 3x – 3 – 5] – [7(x2 – 2x + 1) – 3x
x +1 + 3 – 5]
\ f (x) =
−1
6
= 7x2 + 11x – 1 – (7x2 – 17x + 5)
3. f(x) = mx + c
= 28x – 6
f(−1) = −m + c = 4 — (1)
1 − 9x
f(3) = 3m + c = 8 — (2) 6. h(x) =
3− x
(1) – (2): 1 − 9x
−4m = −4 Let y = .
3− x
m=1 y(3 – x) = 1 – 9x
Substitute m = 1 into (1): 3y – xy = 1 – 9x
−1 + c = 4 9x – xy = 1 – 3y
c=5 x(9 – y) = 1 – 3y
\ f(x) = x + 5 1 − 3y
x=
f(2) = 2 + 5 9−y
=7 1 − 3x
\ h (x) =
−1
, undefined when x = 9.
f(−10) = −10 + 5 9−x
= −5 7. y = (2x + 3)(5 – 2x)
(a) When y = 0,
(2x + 3)(5 – 2x) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or 5 – 2x = 0
1 1
x = –1 or x = 2
2 2
 1 
\ A  –1 , 0 
 2 
When x = 0,
y = (3)(5) = 15
\ C(0, 15)

105 1
 1  1
(b) Length of AB = 2 –  –1  (b) When y = 0,
2  2
(x – 4)(2x – 1) = 0
= 4 units
1
 1  x = 4 or
Midpoint of AB = 2 units from A  –1 , 0  2
 2 
1 
1 \ P  , 0  , Q(4, 0)
x-coordinate of line of symmetry = –1 +2 2 
2
11. (a)
1 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
=
2
1 y 14 3 –4 –7 –6 –1 8
\ Line of symmetry has the equation x =
2 y = 2x2 + 3x – 6
8. y = 20 + 3x – 2x2 When x = –3, y = 2(–3)2 + 3(–3) – 6 = 3
(a) When y = 0, When x = –2, y = 2(–2)2 + 3(–2) – 6 = –4
20 + 3x – 2x2 = 0 When x = 1, y = 2(1)2 + 3(1) – 6 = –1
2x2 – 3x – 20 = 0 (b)
(x – 4)(2x + 5) = 0 y
5
x = 4 or –
2 14
 5  y = 4x – 3
\ P  – , 0  , R(4, 0)
 2  y = 2x +3x – 6
2
12
When x = 0,
y = 20
10
\ Q(0, 20)
 5
(b) Length of PR = 4 –  – 
 2 8
13
= units
2 6
13  5 
Midpoint of PR = units from P  – , 0 
4  2  y=4
5 13 4
x-coordinate of line of symmetry = – +
2 4 (1.5, 2.5)
3 2
=
4
3 x
\ Line of symmetry has the equation x = –3.1 –3 0 1.6 2
4 –4 –2 –1 1
(c) (c)
(c) y = 8 + 5x
–2
9. y
(f) y = 8 – 4x
–4

y = (2x + 3)(3x – 8) –6

x –8 (0, –8)
1 2
–1 2
2 3
(c) 2x2 + 3x – 6 = 10 – 6
Draw y = 4
\ x = –3.1, 1.6
7
Line of symmetry of this curve is x = 2.5 – (–8)
12 (d) Gradient =
1.5 – 0
10. (a) y = (x – 4)(2x + h)
=7
When x = 0, y = 4,
(e) 2x2 – x + 4x – 3 – 3 < 4x – 3
4 = (–4)(h)
Draw y = 4x – 3
\ h = –1
\ –1 < x < 1.5

1 106
 (f) 8 – 4x = 2x2 + 3x – 6
2x + 7x – 14 = 0
2

12. (a)

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

y –6.1 –2.4 0.3 2 2.7 2.4 1.1 –1.2 –4.5

1 1
y=2+1 x – x2
5 2
1 1
When x = –1, y = 2 + 1 (–1) – (–1)2 = 0.3
5 2
1 1
When x = 3, y = 2 + 1 (3) – (3)2 = 1.1
5 2
1 1
When x = 5, y = 2 + 1 (5) – (5)2 = –4.5
5 2
(b)
y

4 (0, 4)
(c)(iv)

3
(c)(i) 2.7

y=1
1 (4, 0.8)
(c)(iii)
(c)(ii) –1.1 3.5
x
–3 –2 –1 –0.7 0 1 1.5 2 3 3.1 4 5
(c)(iii) (c)(iii)
–1

–2

–3 1 1
y = 2 + 1 x – x2
2 2
–4

–5

–6

(c) (i) When x = 1.5, y = 2.7

(ii) When y = 0, x = –1.1 or 3.5
1 1
(iii) 2 + 1 x – x2 = 1
5 2
Draw y = 1
\ x = –0.7 or 3.1
4 – 0.8
(iv) Gradient =
0–4
= –0.8

107 1
13. (a)
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 2.5 3

y 4.2 3 2 1.3 1 1.4 3 4.6 7

2 x2 – x + 6
y=
6–x
2(–2)2 – (–2) + 6
When x = –2, y = =2
6 – (–2)
2(1)2 – 1 + 6
When x = 1, y = = 1.4
6 –1
2(2)2 – 2 + 6
When x = 2, y = =3
6–2
2(3)2 – 3 + 6
When x = 3, y = =7
6–3
(b) y

7
2x2 – x + 6
y= (e)
6 6–x

5
(3, 5.05)

1 4
(c) y = 4 + x
3

3 (d) y = 2.8

1
(1, 0.85)
x
–4 –3 –2.8 –2 –1 0 1 1.92 2 2.6 3
(d) (d) (c)
–1

–2

2 x2 – x + 6 1
(c) =4+ x
6–x 3
1
Draw y = 4 + x
3
\ x = –3 or 2.6
2 x2 – x + 6
(d) < 2.8
6–x
Draw y = 2.8
–2.8 < x < 1.9
5.05 – 0.85
(e) Gradient =
3–1
= 2.1

1 108
14. (a)
x 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

y –3.75 –1.5 –0.58 0 0.45 0.83 1.18 1.5

1 2
y= x −
2 x
1 2
When x = 2, y = (2) – =0
2 2
1 2
When x = 2.5, y = (2.5) – = 0.45
2 2.5
1 2
When x = 3.5, y = (3.5) – = 1.18 (to 2 d.p.)
2 3.5
(b)
y

2 (d) 1 2
y= x–
2 x

1
(1.6, 0)
0.5
0 (e) 1.25 1.8
x
–0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0
(c)(i) (c)(ii)
y = –1
–1

–2

–3

–4
(0, –4)

(c) (i) When x = 1.8, y = –0.2

(ii) When y = 0.5, x = 2.6
0 – (–4)
(d) Gradient =
1.6 – 0
= 2.5
(e) x2 + 2x = 4
x 2
+1 =
2 x
x 2
– = –1
2 x
Draw y = –1
\ x = 1.25

109 1
 8
15. (a) y = 2x + –7
x
When x = 3.5,
8
y = 2(3.5) + –7
3.5
= 2.3 (to 1 d.p.)
\ h = 2.3
When x = 6.5,
8
y = 2(6.5) + –7
6.5
= 7.2 (to 1 d.p.)
\ k = 7.2
(b) y

6 (c) (iv) y = x + 0.5 (6, 6)

(c)(ii)
5 y=5

4
8
y = 2x + –7
3 x
(c)(i)
y = 2.5
2

1
(d)

x
0 0.8 1 1.3 2 (2, 0) 3 3.7 4 5 5.2 6 6.2
1.1

8 8
(c) (i) 2x + – 7 = 2.5 (iv) x+ = 7.5
x x
Draw y = 2.5 8
x+x+ – 7 = x + 7.5 – 7
\ x = 1.1 or 3.7 x
8 = x + 0.5
(ii) 2x + = 12
x Draw y = x + 0.5
8 \ x = 1.3 or 6.2
2x + – 7 = 12 – 7 = 5
x 6–0
Draw y = 5 (d) Gradient =
6–2
\ x = 0.8 or 5.2 = 1.5
4
(iii) x + = 3.5
x
 4
2  x +  – 7 = 2(3.5) –7 = 0
 x
Draw y = 0
\ There are no solutions.

1 110
 1 3
16. (a) y = (x + 3x + 20)
10
When x = –2,
1
y= [(–2)3 + 3(–2) + 20]
10
= 0.6
\ h = 0.6
When x = 2.5,
1
y= [(2.5)3 + 3(2.5) + 20]
10
= 4.3
\ k = 4.3
(b)
y

y = 5 – 2x y=x+2

3 y=x

1 3 2
y= (x + 3x + 20)
10

–2.6
x
–3 –2 –1.5 –1 0 1 1.2 2 2.73

–1

–2

(c) x3 + 23x = 30
x + 3x + 20 = 30 – 20x + 20
3

1 3
(x + 3x + 20) = 5 – 2x
10
Draw y = 5 – 2x
\ x = 1.2
(d) From the graph, x = –1.5 or 1
(e) x3 – 7x > 0
x – 7x + 10x + 20 > 10x + 20
3

1 3
(x – 7x + 20) > x + 2
10
\ x > 2.6 or –2.6 < x < 0

111 1
 4
17. (a) y = 1.8 + x –
x2
When x = 1,
4
y = 1.8 + 1 –
12
= –1.2
\ h = –1.2
When x = 1.1,
4
y = 1.8 + 1.1 –
1.12
= –0.41 (to 2 d.p.)
\ k = –0.41
(b)
y

(c)(iii)
4

4
y = 1.8 + x –
2 x2

1
0.7
(c)(i) 1.02
x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.66 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
(c)(ii)
–1

(0.6, –1.55)
–2

–3
(d) y = 1 – 2x

–4

(c) (i) When x = 1.3, y = 0.70

(ii) When y = 2, x = 1.66
2.55 – (–1.55)
(iii) Gradient =
1.8 – 0.6
= 3.42 (to 3 s.f.)
4
(d) = 3x + 0.8
x2
4
– 2 = –3x – 0.8
x
4
1.8 + x – 2 = 1.8 + x – 3x – 0.8
x
Draw y = 1 – 2x
\ x = 1.02

1 112
18. (a) y = 6x2 – x3
When x = 2,
y = 6(2)2 – (2)3
= 16
\ p = 16
When x = 3.5,
y = 6(3.5)2 – (3.5)3
= 30.6 (to 3 s.f.)
\ q = 30.6
When x = 2,
y = 6(4.5)2 – (4.5)3
= 30.4 (to 3 s.f.)
\ r = 30.4
(b)
y

40

35

y = 6x2 – x3
30
(3, 28)

25

20

15

10

x
0 1 2 3 4 5

–5

(0, –8)
–10

(c) (i) From the graph, x = 4 for which y is the greatest.

(ii) 2.3 < x < 5.7
28 – (–8)
(iii) Gradient =
3–0
= 12
(iv) 6x2 – x3 – 2x = 5
6x2 – x3 = 2x + 5
Draw y = 2x + 5
\ x = 1.25

113 1
19. (a) y = 8 – 4x
When x = 0.6,
y = 8 – 40.6
= 5.7 (to 1 d.p.)
\ h = 5.7
When x = 1.2,
y = 8 – 41.2
= 2.7 (to 1 d.p.)
\ k = 2.7
(b)
y

7
y = 8 – 4x

6
(c)(i) y = 5.5

4
(d)(i) y = 2 + x

(c)(ii) y = 3
3

2 (d)(ii) y = 4.5 – 2x

1.14 x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.66 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6
1.16

(c) (i) 8 – 4x = 5.5

Draw y = 5.5
\ x = 0.66
(ii) 8 – 4x = 3
Draw y = 3
\ x = 1.16
(d) (i) 4x = 6 – x
–4x = –6 + x
8 – 4x = 2 + x
Draw y = 2 + x
\ x = 1.14
(ii) 4x = 2x + 3.5
–4x = –2x – 3.5
8 – 4x = 4.5 – 2x
Draw y = 4.5 – 2x
\ x = 1.3

1 114
20. (a)

x –2 –1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

y 0.8 0.5 0 –0.4 –1 –1.8 –3 –4.7

(b)
y
(d) y = 2x – 3

3
(0, 2.6)

2 (e)

y = 1 – 2x 1

2.3
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3

–1

–2

–3

(c) y = –4
–4

–5

(c) 2x = 5
–2x = –5
1 – 2x = 1 – 5
= –4
Draw y = –4
\ x = 2.3
(d) The point where y = 1 – 2x and y = 2x – 3 meet is (1,
–1).
2.6 – (–4)
(e) Gradient =
0 – 2.3
= –2.9 (to 2 s.f.)

115 1
Exercise 9F
1. (a)
Speed
(m/s)

16

Time
4 12 20
(s)
16 – 0
(b) Acceleration =
4–0
= 4 m/s2
2. (a)
p

80

70

63
60
57
1
p = – d + 70
50 5
45
40
38

30
(b)(ii) (b)(iii) (b)(iv)
(b)(i)

20

10

d
0 20 35 40 60 66 80 100 120 125 140 160 180

(b) (i) When p = 35, d = 63

(ii) When p = 66, d = 57
(iii) When p = 125, d = 45
(iv) When p = 160, d = 38

1 116
3. (a)
C

176 000
C = 96 000 + 80n

166 000
(b)(iv)
160 000
156 000

(b)(iii)
148 000
146 000

136 000 (c)

132 000
126 000

116 000

(b)(ii)
106 000
(b)(i)
100 000
96 000

n
0 50 100 125 200 300 400 450 500 600 650 700 800 900 1000

(b) (i) When n = 50, C = $100 000

(ii) When n = 125, C = $106 000
(iii) When n = 650, C = $148 000
(iv) When n = 800, C = $160 000
(c) From the graph,
m = 450
4. (a) Distance travelled by Train 1 = 100 km
Distance travelled by Train 2 = 500 – 360
= 140 km
100
(b) Speed of Train 1 =
1.3
= 76.9 km/h (to 3 s.f.)
140
Speed of Train 2 =
1.5
= 93.3 km/h (to 3 s.f.)
(c) 10 24. 280 km from Town P.
500
(d) Average speed of Train 1 =
6
1
= 83 km/h
3
500
Average speed of Train 2 =
7
3
= 71 km/h
7

117 1
 40 – 10
5. (a) Time taken = 1 h 30 min 9. (a) Gradient at t = 4 =
0–5
60
Speed = = –6
1.5
Let s represent the speed at t = 4,
= 40 km/h
10 – s
(b) Time when Steven overtakes Harry = 08 42 = –6
5–4
Distance from Town A = 27 km
s = 16 m/s
(c) Distance Harry travelled after 1 h = 10 km
(b) Let x represent the speed at t = 28,
(d) Distance Harry travelled when Steven reaches his
10 – x
destination = 35 km =2
15 – 28
(e) Time taken by Steven to travel 45 km = 1 h 6 min
x = 36 m/s
60
(f) Harry′s average speed = 10. (a) Since acceleration = 2 m/s2,
6
v–0
= 10 km/h =2
5–0
30 – 0
6. (a) Acceleration = \ v = 10
15 – 0
(b) Since retardation = 2 × acceleration,
= 2 m/s2
v v
1 – =2×
10 × 30 + × 20 × 30 15 – t 5
(b) Average speed = 2
30 –5v = 30v – 2vt
= 20 m/s –35v + 2vt = 0
10 – 5 v(2t – 35) = 0
7. (a) Acceleration =
4–0 v = 0 (NA) or t = 17.5
= 1.25 m/s2 Since total distance travelled = 275 m,
(b) Total distance = 180 m 1 1
× 5 × v + 10v + × 2.5 × v = 275
1  2 2
 2 × (5 + 10) × 4  + (4 × 10) 2.5v + 10v + 1.25v = 275
13.75v = 275
1 
+  × (10 + v ) × 4  = 180 v = 20
2 
11. (a) (i) Distance travelled = 80 × 2
70 + 20 + 2v = 180
= 160 m
2v = 90
(ii) Distance travelled
v = 45
1 1
(c) Since retardation is 5 m/s2, = × 20 × 4 + × 40 × 4 + 20 × 4
2 2
45 – 0 = 200 m
= –5
12 – t 4–0
–9 = 12 – t (iii) Acceleration =
60 – 20
t = 21 = 0.1 m/s2
15 – 8 (b) (i) In first 20 s, cyclist travelled 40 m and jogger
8. (a) Acceleration =
15 – 0 travelled 40 m.
7
= m/s2 After t = 20, speed of jogger > speed of cyclist
15
\ t1 = 20
(b) Total distance travelled
(ii) From t = 20 to t = 40,
1  1 
= (8 × 15) +  × 15 × 7  +  × 25 × 15  1
2  2  Distance travelled by cyclist = × 20 × 2
= 360 m 2
= 20 m
360
(c) Average speed = Distance travelled by jogger = 20 × 2
40
= 9 m/s = 40
\ t2 = 20
(iii) The cyclist overtook the jogger at t = 60
\ t3 = 60

1 118
 45 – 10 (c) (i) When v = 0, t = 5.6
12. (a) Gradient for (1) =
0 – 300 (ii) When v = 10, t = 4.7
7
=– (iii) Direction QP
60
(iv) Acceleration is zero at t = 2.3
40 – 30
Gradient for (2) = (v) From the graph, v > 15 when 0.4 < t < 4
440 – 600
1
=–
16
The gradients represent the rate of petrol usage.
(b) The difference in values of the gradient is because
the rate of petrol usage during descent is lower as
compared to that of ascent.
(c) Amount of petrol used = 35 + 19
= 54l
54 × 2.75
Amount he paid in S$ =
2.99
= S$49.67 (to 2 d.p.)
13. (a) v = 12 + 9t – 2t2
When t = 6,
v = 12 + 9(6) – 2(6)2
= –6
(b)

v (m/s)

25

20

15

10

(c)(ii) v = 12 + 9t – 2tx
5

t (s)
0 0.4 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.7 5 6 7

–5

–10

–15

–20

–25

119 1
14. (a) Exercise 9G
s
1. (a) A′ = {2, 4, 7, 8}
(b) B′ = {1, 3, 5, 7}
7
(c) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
(d) A  B = 6
6 (e) A  B′ = {1, 3, 5}
2. A = {1, 3, 5, 7, … 17, 19}
5 B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
(a) A  B = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 19}
4 (b) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
3. (a) A  B = {x, y}
4 (b) A  B = {a, b, c, d, m, n, x, y, z, s}
3 s=t–3+
t
(c) A  C = {a}
(d) A  C = {a, b, c, x, y, z, s}
2
(e) A  D = ∅
(f) B  C = {s}
1
(g) B  C = {a, m, n, x, y, s}
(h) C  D = {s}
0.7
t (i) A  ( B  C) = ∅
0 0.8 1 2 2.8 3 4 5 5.2 6
s=4–t 4.  = {1, 2, 3, … 19, 20}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
4 B = {1, 4, 9, 16}
(b) t – 3 + =4–t
t (a) A  B′ = {2, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Draw s = 4 – t (b) A′  B = {1, 9, 16}
\ t = 0.7 or 4 (c) A′  B′ = (A  B)′ = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, … 19, 20}
(c) (i) When s = 3, t = 0.8 or 5.2 5. (a) 
4 P Q
(ii) t – 3 + <2
t
\1<t<4
\ The particle is less than 2 m from t for
3 seconds.
15. (a) 8x – 4y = 20 — (1)
P  Q′
y = 2x – 3 — (2)
From (1) : 2x – y = 5 — (3) (b) 
P
From (2) : 2x – y = 3 — (4)
Q
There are no solutions because (3) and (4) contradict
each other.
\ We can also say that the straight lines representing
these two equations do not intersect each other.
2 4 P  Q′
(b) y = – x + — (1)
3 3
6. A = {M, O, D, E, R, N}, B = {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, L},
12x + 18y = 24 — (2)
C = {M, E, T, H, O, D}
From (1) : 3y + 2x = 4 — (3)
(a) B  C = {M, E, T, H}
From (2) : 3y + 2x = 4 — (4)
(b) A  C′ = {R, N}
Since (3) = (4), there is only one equation to solve
7. P = {x : x is a prime number less than 18}
for two unknowns hence, there will be an infinite
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}
number of solutions. The straight lines representing
E = {x : x is an even number between 1 and 15}
these two equations is the same line hence there are
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
no intersections which gives rise to an infinite number
P  E = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17}
of solutions.

1 120
8. (a) (P  Q)′ = {b, c}′ = {a, d} 18.  = {1, 2, 3, … 18, 19}
(b) P  Q = {a, b, c, d} A = {5, 6, 7, … 13, 14}
9. (a)  2x – 1 < 36, 2x – 1 > 16
A B
1 1
5
x < 18 x >8
3 6 2 2
15
9 12 10 \ B = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}
16
(a) A′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}
14
0 1 2 4 7 8 11 13 (b) A  B′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
19}
(b) A  B′ = {3, 6, 9, 12}
(c) A′  B = {15, 16, 17, 18}
(c) The set of numbers divisible by 3 and 5 are multiples
19. (a) A  B = A
of 15.
(b) A  B = B
10. (a) B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
20.  = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … 20, 21, 22}
(b) A  B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
(c) A  B′ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {h < x < k}
11. (a), (c), (e) are true.
\ When h = 8, k = 10 or h = 14, k = 16, A  B = ∅
12.  = {3, 4, 5, … 17, 18}
21. Let C = {people who listen to Classical}
A = {5, 6, … 15, 16}
P = {people who listen to Pop}
P = {3, 4, 17, 18}
J = {people who listen to Jazz}
Q = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}

(a) A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15, 16} c p
(b) P  Q = {3, 17} 8
13. A = {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41} c p
11
B = {23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47} 5 7
(a) A  B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
(b) A  B = {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47} j

14.  = {1, 3, 5, 7, … 21, 23, 25}

A = {3, 9, 15, 21}
Let c, p and j represent the number of people who listen
B = {5, 15, 25}
to Classical only, Pop only and Jazz only respectively.
(a) A  B = {15}
c = 37 – 8 – 11 – 5
(b) A  B′ = {3, 9, 21}
= 13
15. 
I R
p = 46 – 8 – 11 – 7
= 20
B C A j = 28 – 11 – 5 – 7
=5
Total number of people surveyed
= 13 + 8 + 11 + 5 + 20 + 7 + 5
16.  = {4, 5, 6, … 14, 15} = 69
A = {5, 7, 11, 13} 22. Let H = {students who enjoy watching horror movies}
B = {7, 1} C = {students who enjoy watching comedies}
(A  B)′ = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15} (i) n(H  C) will have the greatest value when H ⊆ C.
17. (a)  Greatest possible number of students who enjoy both
1 4 8 10 14
A B horror movies and comedies = 14
2 5 6
7 11 3 9 
12 C
13 17 16
15 18 H
19
14 5

(b) (i) A  B = {3}

(ii) A′  B = {1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18}

121 1
 (ii) n(H  C) will have the least value when H  C ≠ ∅. 27. n(A  B)′ will have the least value when n(A  B) has the
Least possible number of students who enjoy both greatest value.
horror movies and comedies = 3 n(A  B) will have the greatest value when B ⊆ A.
Greatest value of n(A  B) = n(B)

H C = 25
Least value of n(A  B)′ = 33 – 25
11 3 16 =8
28. Let P = {people who do not consume pork}
B = {people who do not consume beef}


(iii) Greatest possible number of students who enjoy only P B
one genre of movie
= 11 + 16 14 – x x 13 – x
= 27
23. n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
22 = 19 + n(B) – 9
n(B) = 12 Let x represent the number of people who do not consume
24. (i) n(A  B) will have the greatest value when A ⊆ B. both beef and pork.
Greatest value of n(A  B) = n(A) (14 – x) + x + (13 – x) = 25
= 11 27 – x = 25
n(A  B) will have the least value when A  B ≠ ∅. x=2
Least value of n(A  B) = 4 \ There are 2 people who do not consume both beef and
(ii) n(A  B) will have the greatest value when A  B ≠ ∅. pork.
Greatest value of n(A  B) = n(ξ)
= 25 Exercise 9H
n(A  B) will have the least value when A ⊆ B.
1. (a) 3 + 2 = y x+2–5 =7
Least value of n(A  B) = n(B)
h + 3 = –4 k + 3k + 1 = 9
= 18
\ x = 10, y = 5, h = –7, k = 2
25. 
B (b) m – 5 = –4m + 9
A n + 7 = 3n – n – 4
13 4 \ m = 2.8, n = 11
(c) x – 3y = 6 — (1)
y – x = –8 — (2)
3z = x — (3)
(i) n(A  B) = n(A)
9 = 2x – 9y — (4)
= 13
xy = 9 — (5)
(ii) n(A  B) = n(B)
From (2) : y = –8 + x — (6)
=17
Substitute (6) into (1) : x – 3(–8 + x) = 6
26. n(A  B)′ will have the greatest value when n(A  B) has
x=9
the least value.
Substitute x = 9 into (6) : y = 1
n(A  B) will have the least value when B ⊆ A.
Substitute x = 9 into (3) : z = 3
Least value of n(A  B) = n(A)
\ y = 1, x = 9, z = 3
= 32
Greatest value of n(A  B)′ = 45 – 32
= 13

1 122
  1  3
(l)  2 1 3   4  =  

(d) p + q – 2p – 14 = q + 2 – 5p — (1)
 4 –1 2   –1  –2 
3h – p – 5 = 7 + h – p – 2 — (2)
4 – k – 3h = 2h – 3k — (3)  2 1 3 5
(m)  3 5   2 1  =  1 18 
 
From (1) : 4p = 16
  –1 3   
p =4  4 2    6 10 
From (2) : 2h = 10  1 4   –11 –2 –4 
h =5  1 2 4 
(n)  –1 –3   =  8 1 2 
From (3) : 2k = 5(5) – 5   –3 –1 –2   
 4 2    –2 6 12 
k = 10
\ p = 4, h = 5, k = 10 and q can be of any value.  3 –1   1 x   1 x   3 –1 
4. (a)     =   
 1 2   0 –1   6 –5   1 4   –2 y   –2 y   1 4 
2. (a)    =  15 –13 
 3 5   3 –2     5 3x – y   3 + x –1 + 4 x 
 –7 x + 4 y  =  –6 + y 2 + 4 y 
 4 2  2   6    
(b)     =  1 
 –1 –3   –1  5=3+x
 1 2 \ x=2
 –2 –8 
(c)  –2 –1 0   0 4  =  
–7 = –6 + y
 3 4 –3     6 13  \ y = –1
 –1 3 
 3 0 1 1 2 
   a b 
 3
(d)  1 2   2 1 5  =  8 9 5 
    
(b)   0 –1 +   (2 3) =  2 x 3 y 
 –1 2 4   –1 3   1  
 –1 0   3 4 0   –2 –1 –5   
 2 –3   3 7 –12   2 9  6 9  a b 
(e)  1 –4  3 2 0 =   –5 8  +  2 3  =  2 x 3 y 
 
–1 6 –16     
   
 0 –2   1 –1 4 
  
 –2 2 –8 
 8 18   a b 
 2 –3 6   –3 11  =  2 x 3 y 
(f) (4 3)  1 4 –1  = (11 0 21)    
 
2
 2 3   –1  13 \ a = 8, b = 18, x = –1.5, y = 3
3. (a)  3
1 4   5  =  19 
   3 x  3 x 3 x
5.  4 y =  4 y 4 y
 2 1   3 –1   8 –7      
(b)    2 –5  =  21 –20 
 5 3      9 + 4 x 3 x + xy 
(c) NA =  2 
 12 + 4 y 4 x + y 
 2 –3   3 5   –15 –17  3 = 9 + 4x
(d)  4 7   7 9  =  61 83 
     \ x = –1.5
(e) NA 4 = 12 + 4y
 2 \ y = –2
(f) (1 5)  1  = (7)
 3 1 1   4   2 x
6. (a)    –3 +  –1 =  y 
 3  6 12   0 4 
(g)   (2 4) =  2 4 
 1    0  +  4  =  2 x
(h) NA  –12   –1  y 
 1 \ x = 2, y = –13
(i) (3 1 –2)  3  = (8)
 3 h 2h + 1   k 
 –1
 7
(b)    –1 =  15 
 2 10 14  7 2 k –1   0 
 2 
(j)  5  (1 5 7) =  5 25 35 
   3k – h   7
 –1  –1 –5 –7   7 k – 2 k  =  15 

(k) NA \ k = 3, h = 2

123 1
  3 0 ⎛ 1 −2 ⎞ ⎛ −5 2 ⎞
7. (a) (p q)   = (–3 6) 9. (a) (i) 2 ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ 0 3 ⎟
 –4 2  ⎝3 0 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(3p – 4q 2q) = (–3 6) ⎛ 2 −4 ⎞ ⎛ −5 2 ⎞
= ⎜ − ⎜
\ q = 3, p = 3 ⎝6 0 ⎠
⎟
⎝ 0 3⎠
⎟
 a b   1  15  ⎛ 7 −6 ⎞
(b)    4  =  11 = ⎜
 3 2 a  ⎟
⎝ 6 −3 ⎠
 a + 4 b  15 
 3 + 8 a  =  11 ⎛ 04⎞

1
(ii) ( ⎜)
134 ⎜ 31⎟
⎟
⎜⎝ 5 0 ⎟⎠
\ a = 1, b = 3
2
 x 2 4   –2 
(c)  2 z 0   –1 =  
= ( 29 7 )
   8
(b) (i) Since determinant = 15,
 4x – 2   –2  w(w + 1) – (−1)(2w + 5) = 15
 8 z  =  
 8
w2 + w + 2w + 5 = 15
\ z = 1, x = 0
w2 + 3w – 10 = 0 (shown)
 3 x   x  y 
(d)  (ii) w2 + 3w – 10 = 0
  =  –10 
 5 0   y (w − 2)(w + 5) = 0
 3x + x2   y  w – 2 = 0 or w + 5 = 0
 5 x  =  –10  w=2 w = −5
\ x = –2, y = –6 + 4 = –2 10. |A| = (3 × 4) – (11 × 1)
 x 3 4 y =1
 1 0
(e)  –1 4   1 x  =  0 1  ⎛ 4 −11 ⎞
     A−1 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1 3 ⎠
 4 x + 3 xy + 3 x   1 0
 0 – y + 4 x  =  0 1 AP = B
   
A−1AP = A−1B
4x + 3 = 1
⎛ 4 −11 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞
\ x = –0.5 P = ⎜ −1 3 ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
–y –2 = 1
\ y = –3 ⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ −3 −18 ⎟
⎛ 2 6⎞ ⎝ 1 5 ⎠
1
8. (i) If p = , A = ⎜ 1⎟ 11. (a) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix
2 ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ form as
⎛ 3 9 ⎞⎛ x ⎞
2 6 = ⎜ 1⎟
⎛ ⎞⎛ 2 6 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
A2 = ⎜ 1⎟⎜ 1⎟ ⎜⎝ 6 18 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ y ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎜ −1 ⎟ ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎝ 2⎠⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 3 9 ⎞
⎛ −2 15 ⎞ Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (3 × 18) – (9 × 6)
⎜⎝ 6 18 ⎟⎠
= ⎜ 1 3⎟
⎜ −2 −5 ⎟ =0
⎝ 2 4⎠
⎛ 3 9 ⎞
⎛ 2 6⎞ Hence ⎜
(ii) If p = 4, A = ⎜ ⎟ is a singular matrix and its inverse
⎟
⎝ −1 4 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 18 ⎟⎠
matrix does not exist.
|A| = (2 × 4) – (6 × −1)
The graphs of 3x + 9y = 1 and 6x + 18y = 2 represent
= 14
the same line. There is an infinite number of solutions
1 ⎛ 4 −6 ⎞
A−1 = since the two lines coincide. Some solutions include
14 ⎜⎝ 1 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
(iii) For A to not have an inverse, |A| = 0. ⎜⎝ 0,  9 ⎟⎠ and ⎜⎝ 1, − 9 ⎟⎠ .
|A| = 2p + 6 = 0
p = −3

1 124
  35 40 28 
(b) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix (d) C = (1 1)   = (51 105 66)
 16 65 38 
form as
It represents the total number of Math, A Math and
⎛ 8 2⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
⎜ 12 3 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ Physics books sold in week 2.
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 7⎠
 430 370 520 
13. (a) Q = 
Determinant of ⎜ 8 2 ⎟ = (8 × 3) – (2 × 12)
⎛ ⎞ 
 250 360 280 
⎝ 12 3 ⎠
 750 790 900 
=0 (b) P + Q =  660 900 670 
⎛ 8 2⎞  
Hence ⎜ ⎟ is a singular matrix and its inverse (c) It represents the total collection from each level from
⎝ 12 3 ⎠
the two schools.
matrix does not exist. Then graphs of 8x + 2y = 5 and
12x + 3y = 7 represent two parallel lines. There is no  320 420 380 
(d) S = (1 1)   = (730 960 770)
solution since there is no intersection between the two  410 540 390 
lines. (e) It represents the total collection from each level from
(c) The simultaneous equations may be written in matrix school ABC for the two homes.
form as  320 420 380   1  1120 
⎛ 6 −1 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ (f) T =    1 =  1340 
⎛ 9 ⎞  410 540 390   1
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
y
⎝⎜ 4 −2 ⎠⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠ It represents the total collection from the three levels
⎛ 6 −1 ⎞ for each of the homes.
Determinant of ⎜ ⎟ = (6 × −2) – (−1 × 4)
⎜⎝ 4 −2 ⎟⎠  70 50 41 
14. (a) T = P + Q =  
= −8  55 72 89 
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 6 −1 ⎞ ⎛–1 The elements represent the total sales of the different
9 ⎞
⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ types of coffee in the morning and afternoon.
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4 −2 ⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠
⎟
 28 20 15   1.50   99.50 
1 ⎛ −2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ (b) PC =    1.60  =  137.50 
= ⎜ ⎟  20 30 35   1.70   
−8 ⎜ −4 6 ⎟ ⎜⎝ −10 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
The elements represent the cost of coffee in the two
= 1 −28
⎛ ⎞ outlets in the morning.
−8 ⎜⎝ −96 ⎟⎠
 70 50 41   2.00   388.40 
(c) T(S – C) =    2.20  =  482.00 
= ⎜ 3.5 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
 55 72 89   2.40 
⎝ 12 ⎠
\ x = 3.5, y = 12 The elements represent the total profit made by the
The graphs of 6x – y – 9 = − and 4x – 2y + 10 = 0 two outlets in a day.
intersect at the point (3.5, 12).  20 4555   2170 
 35 4046   14   2118 
 35 40 28     
12. (a) B =   15.  42 2864  20 =  2300 
 
 16 65 38 
 54 4838   18   2400 
1 1  25 + 35 30 + 40 40 + 28     
(b) (A + B) =   60 7450   3220 
2 2  32 + 16 15 + 65 20 + 38   2170 
 2118 
 30 35 34   
=  24 40 29  (24 32 36 18 12)  2300  = (284 496)
   2400 
It represents the average number of assessment books  
 3220 
sold over two weeks.
The total cost of the floor tiles used for all units is
 25 30 40   8.50   799.50 
(c) S =    6.50  =  565.50  $284 496.
 32 15 20  
  9.80 
It represents the total sales by A star and Excellence
books.

125 1
  9 1 8 12   86   20 18 16 
 7
 10 2 5 9  90   24 12 20 
   3 (b) (i) Q = CA = (1 1 1 1) 
16.  7 4 9 7    =  77  
1  30 25 15 
 11 2 6 11     100   18 30 20 
 8   1  76 
 3 3 8
= (92 85 71)
 8 3 4  15  It represents the total number of apples, oranges
  1
7 9 7  23 and pears bought in the four weeks.
17. (a) AD =    1 =  
4 5 9 
  1  18   2840 
 6 8 5   19 
(ii) CP = (1 1 1 1)  3080  = (12 970)
 
It represents the total number of medals won by each  3550 
 3500 
house.
 10  It represents the total amount spent (in cents) in
(b) EB = (8 3 4)  8  = (124) the four weeks on fruits by Mr Ong.
 5 
70 
 85 150 90 75  
It represents the total amount of book vouchers won  80 
20. (a) AB =  110 180 100 105  
by Red House.   120 
 140 300 105 125   
 8 3 4  90 
 7 9 7   10   35 500 
(c) CAB = (1 1 1 1)    8  = (575)
 4 5 9   5  =  43 550 
 49 650 
 6 8 5 
It represents the total amount of book vouchers given It represents the sales (in cents) in each of the three
out to all the four houses. days in July.
80 
 32 26 20   3.20   315.40 
 80 160 100 70  
 90 
18. (a) PQ =    4.50  =  523.80  (b) DN = 110 170 110 130 
 
 42 46 38   4.80    120 
 120 210 100 120   
It represents the total sales for each of the 2 days.  100 
 0.75 0  39 800 
0 
=  50 300 
(b) R =  0 0.7 0   52 500 
 
 0 0 0.6 
It represents the sales (in cents) in each of the three
 0.75 0 0   3.20   2.40  days in November.
RQ =  0 0.7 0   4.50  =  3.15  (c) K = (1 1 1)
   2.88 
 0 0 0.6   4.80   35 500 
KAB = (1 1 1)  43 550  = (128 700)
 32 26 20   2.40   216.30 
 49 650 
(c) PRQ =    3.15  = 
 42 46 38   2.88   355.14 
 350 820 320   2800 1200 
 
21. (a) AB =  3800 1800
It represents the sales after discounts were given for 
 280 920 250   2600 2200 
each of the two days.  

216.30   4 928 000 2 600 000 

(d) MPRQ = (1 1)  = (571.44) =  
 355.14   4 930 000 2 542 000 
It represents the total sales for the two days. It represents the total profits earned by the two
 20 18 16  plantations in the years 2007 and 2008.
 50   2840 
 24 12 20 
  40  =  3080   350 820 320   1
19. (a) P = AB =  (b) AC = 
 30 25 15      1
 18  70   3550   280 920 250   1
30 20   3500 
1490 
It represents the total cost (in cents) of the fruits in = 
 1450 
each of the four weeks.
It represents the total number of hectares planted with
the three crops in the two plantations.
 1200 
(c) (280 920 250)  1800  = (2 542 000)
 2200 

1 126
 (6 – 2) × 180°
Chapter 10 Geometry and Measurement 8. (a) /ABC = = 120°
6
Exercise 10A 180° – 120°
(b) /ACB =
1. /OAC = 2.5x (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) 2
2.5x° + 2x° + 90° = 180° (/ sum of a n) = 30° (AB = AC, base /s of isos. n)
x = 20 120°
(c) /ADE = = 60°
Since OA = OB (radii of circle), 2
9. Sum of ext. /s = 360°
/OAC = /OBC
37° + 47° + 73° + (n – 3) × 29° = 360°
2y° = 2.5x°
29n = 290°
y = 1.25(20)
n = 10
= 25
10. (a) /EBC = 40° (alt. /s)
\ x = 20, y = 25
/AED = 180° – 68° – 40° (/ sum of a n,
2. (a) /ABC = 180° – 28° – 28° = 124° (/ sum of a n)
= 72° vert. opp. /s)
(b) /ACD = 93° – 28° = 65°
(b) /EAB = 180° – 68° – 38° – 40°
/ADK = /CDK
= 34° (/ sum of a n)
= 180° – 90° – 65° (/ sum of a n)
(c) /ABC = 38° + 40°
= 25°
= 78°
3. /BEC = 57° (alt. /s)
360°
x° = 180° – 57° – 73° 11. (a) Number of sides of polygon = = 20
18°
= 50° (/ sum of a n)
(b) Sum of int. /s = (9 – 2) × 180°
y° = 180° – 22° – 57°
3x° + 6(145°) = 1260°
= 101° (alt. /s, adj. /s on a str. line)
x = 130
y° = z° + 73° (ext. / = sum of int. opp. /s)
(5 – 2) × 180°
z° = 101° – 73° (c) /ABC =
5
= 28°
= 108°
\ x = 50, y = 101, z = 28
180° – 108°
4. (a) m = (180° – 80°) + 25° /ACB =
2
= 125° (int. /s, alt. /s) = 36°
(b) s = 140° – (120° – 65°) = /ECD
= 85° (alt. /s) /ACE = 108° – 36° –36°
5. (a) 85° = 43° + e (corr. /s, ext. / = sum of int. opp. /s) = 36°
e = 42° /CAE = 108° – 36°
(b) k = 180° – 52° – 78° = 72°
= 50° (vert. opp. /s, adj. /s on a str. line) 12. Sum of int. /s = (6 – 2) × 180°
l = 52° (alt. /s) 3x + 3(x + 20) = 720
6. x° + 25° = 4x° – 20° (opp. /s of //gram) 6x = 660
3x° = 45° \ x = 110
x = 15 (12 – 2) × 180°
/ABC = 180° – 15° – 25° 13. (a) /ABC =
12
= 140° (int. /s, AD // BC) = 150°
2y° = 140° (base /s of isos. n, ext. / = sum of 180° – 150°
(b) /BAC =
y = 70 int. opp. /s) 12
7. y = 70° (alt. /s) = 15° (AB = BC, base /s of isos. n)
x + 70° = 135° (ext. / = sum of int. opp. /s) 360°
14. (a) n = = 18
z =x 20°
= 65° (corr. /s) (18 – 2) × 180° (2 n – 2) × 180°
(b) + 2° =
18 2n
162 × 2n = 360n – 360
n = 10

127 1
15. /BCD = 180° – 75° (b) /QCR = 180° – 56° – 38°
= 105° (int. /s, AB // DC) = 86° (corr. /s, adj. /s on a str. line)
(5 – 2) × 180° = 105° + 75° + 105° + 2x° (c) /CDR = /BCQ
x = 127.5 = 180° – 38° – 86°
16. (a) x = /FRS = 56° (corr. /s, adj. /s on a str. line)
= 180° – 125° (d) /SRT = 180° – 38° – 56°
= 55° (corr. /s, AB // EF, adj. /s on a str. line) = 86° (/ sum of a n, vert. opp. /s)
(b) y = 180° – 65° – 55° 21. (a) /ARS = 180° – 135° = 45° (opp. /s of // gram)
= 60° (corr. /s, adj. /s on a str. line) /QRS = 70° (alt. /s)
(c) /TQU = 125° – y \ /QRA = 70° – 45°
= 65° (vert. opp. /s) = 25°
z = 180° – 2 × 65° (b) /ARS = 45°
= 50° 22. (7x + 13)° – 25° + (5x – 24)° = 180°
17. /ABC = 68° – 19° 12x = 216
= 49° x = 18
= /ACB (corr. /s, base /s of isos. n) 23. (a) Sum of int. /s = (5 – 2) × 180°
/CDA + /CAD = 49° (ext. / = sum of int. opp. /s) 87° + 104° + (2x – 3)° + (3x – 16)° + (200 – 2x)°
49° = 720°
/CDA =
2 3x = 168
= 24.5° x = 56
18. (a) (i) Let x be size of each ext. / (b) The interior angles are 87°, 104°, 19°, 152° and 88°.
9x = 180° \ The largest exterior angle = 180° – 87°
x = 20° = 93°
\ Each exterior angle is 20°. 24. (b) AK = 3.2 cm
(ii) Sum of ext. /s = 360°
360° (c)
n=
20°
A
= 18
exterior angle of a hexagon 360° ÷ 6
(b) =
exterior angle of an octagon 360° ÷ 8 (a)(ii) B
4
=
3
19. (a) /ABC = 180° – 2 × 36°
= 108° (a)(i)
K
(b) /KDA = 180° – 108° – 36° (opp. /s of a rhombus,
= 36° alt. /s, adj. /s on a
str. line) D C
/KAD + 36° = 64° (ext. / = sum of int. opp. /s)
(2 n – 2) × 180° ( n – 2) × 180°
\ /KAD = 28° 25. = + 30°
2n n
(c) /BQK = 36° (alt. /s)
180n – 180 = 180n – 360 + 30n
/KQR = 180° – 64° – 88°
30n = 180
= 28° (/ sum of a n)
\n=6
\ /BQR = 36° + 28°
26. /RQS = 180° – 84° × 2
= 64°
= 12°
20. (a) Since AC = BC,
360°
/ABC = /BAC \n= = 30
12°
= 56° (base /s of isos. n)
/ACB = 180° – 56° – 56°
= 68° (/ sum of a n)

1 128
27. A circle of radius 7.5 cm with centre B.

28. C

(ii)(a)
11.8 cm

(ii)(b)

64°
A 13 cm B

(i) BC = 13.2 cm
(ii) Radius = 3.6 cm
(iii) Let h be the distance of X from AB.
1
× 13 × h = 26
2
h=4

29. P

(a)
120 m
90 m

(b)

45 m 75 m

Q R
150 m

∠PRQ = 37°

129 1
 7.8 cm C
30. (a) D
(iv)

(c) X

9.4 cm

8.2 cm

(iii)
(ii)

112°

A B
10.5 cm

(b) AC = 15.6 cm
31. D

(d)
E C
30 m

(b) O

(a) AC = 12.9 cm
= 129 m
A 80 m B

1 130
 B
32.

85 m
(d)

(b)

35 m
(c)
45°
A C
105 m

(a) BC = 7.5 cm
= 75 m

Exercise 10B
12x = 5x + 45
1. (a) F
3
(b) T \x=6
7
(c) F 2
(d) F A1 25 S 
7. = =  1
2. ABCD ≡ PQRS (given). A2 81  S2 
x cm = PQ S1 25 5
= =
= AB S2 81 9
= 8 cm (corr. sides of congruent figures) 14 5
=
y° = /RQP Height 9
= /CBA 1
\ Height of the larger trophy = 25 cm
= 82° (corr. /s of congruent figures) 5
3
z° = /BCD 420  5
=  
= /QRS Volume 9
3
= 38° (corr. /s of congruent figures)  9
\ Volume of the larger trophy = 420 ×  
\ x = 8, y = 82, z = 38 5
3. (a) nABC and nADF are similar. = 2450 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)
(b) nABC and nBDE are congruent, nBCE and nCEF 1 2
8. pr h = 250 cm3
are congruent. 3
4. nABP and nEDP are congruent, nPBC and nPDC are 1
(a) Volume = (2r)2h
congruent, nPCA and nPCE are congruent. 3
= 4(250)
5. (a) Yes, all corresponding angles are equal.
= 1000 cm3
(b) No, ratio of corresponding sides are not equal.
1
6. nABC is similar to nAPQ (given). (b) Volume = (3r)2(3h)
3
BC AB AC
= = = 27 × 250
PQ AP AQ
= 6750 cm3
5 6 x
= = 1 Height
12 y+6 x+9 9. (a) =
400 120 × 100
6 × 12 = 5y + 30
Height of model = 30 cm
2
\y=8 (b) 1 cm represents 4 m
5
100 cm3 represents 100 × 43 = 6400 m3

131 1
 S1 4 1
10. = = Let GB = z, AB = y and CF = x
S2 160 40
2
\ DF = y – x
A1  1 1
nEDF and nEAB are similar.
=   =
A2  40  1600
nFGC and nBGA are similar.
\ The ratio of their total surface areas is 1 : 1600. y–x 10 x 8
3 3 \ = and =
V1 S   1 1 y 18 + z y z
11. (a) =  1 =   =
V2  S2   2 8 xz = 8y — (1)
200 1 10y = (y – x)(18 + z)
=
V2 8 10y = 18y + yz – 18x – xz — (2)
\ Volume of similar cone = 200 × 8 Substitute (1) into (2) : 10y = 18y + yz – 18x – 8y
= 1600 cm3 18x = yz
1 1 yz
(b) Volume of cone = p(2r)2 h x= — (3)
3 3 18
41 2   yz 
=  πr h  Substitute (3) into (1) :   z = 8y
3 3 18
4 z2 = 18 × 8
= × 200
3 z = 144
2 = 12
= 266 cm3
3 \ GB is 12 cm.
12. (i) T 1 2
14. pr h = 200 cm3
3
x y
1
(a) Volume of new cone = p(r)2(6h)
S R 3
3 4 3 1 2 
=  πr h 
2 3
P Q = 300 cm3
nTSR is similar to nTPQ. 1 2 
(b) Volume of new cone = 33  πr h 
TS TR 3
=
TP TQ = 27 × 200
x y = 5400 cm3
\ =
x+3 y+4 (c) Let A1 and A2 represent the curved surface areas of
SR 1 new cone and cone C respectively.
(ii) =
PQ 2 A1 r 
2

x 1 y 1 =  1 =4
\ = and = A2  r2 
x+3 2 y+4 2 r1
2x = x + 3 and 2y = y + 4 =2
r2
x=3 y =4 \ Radius of new cone = 2r
13. E V1  r1 
3
=   =8
V2  r2 
10
Since V2 = 200 cm3,
D C Volume of new cone = V1
F
8 = 8 × 200
= 1600 cm3
G 3
V1 h  24
15. (a) =  1 =
V2  h2  375

h1 24 2
A B = 3
=
h2 375 5
\ h1 : h2 = 2 : 5

1 132
 2 2
A1 ⎛ h1 ⎞ Area of  BCF  2 4
(b) = ⎜ ⎟ (b) (i) =   =
A2 ⎝ h2 ⎠ Area of  BDE  3 9

 2
2 (ii) Let h be the common height between the two
=   triangles.
 5
1
4 × 11 × h
Area of  ABE 2
= =
25 Area of  ADE 1
× (11 + 21) × h
\ A1 : A2 = 4 : 25 2
6 8 6 x 11
16. = or = =
4 x 8 8 32
32 48
\x = or x= (iii) Let h be the common height between the two
6 4
1 triangles.
=5 = 12 4
3 Area of CDEF as a fraction of nBDE = 1 –
17. (a) nABC and nQRC 9
(b) PQ : BC = 3 : 7 5
=
\ BR : BC = 3 : 7 9
2 1
Area of QRC  4 16 × 11 × h
(c) =   = Area of ABE 2
Area of  ABC  7 49 =
Area of CDEF 1 5
× 21 × h ×
Area of nQRC is represented by 16 units2. 2 9
9 units2 represent 20 cm2 33
=
20 5 35
16 units2 represent × 16 = 35 cm2
9 9 19. T1 : T2 = 2 : 5
5 = 4 : 10
\ Area of nQRC = 35 cm 2

9 T2 : T3 = 10 : 9
Area of  APQ  3
2
9 T1 : T2 : T3 = 4 : 10 : 9
=   =
Area of  ABC  7 49 T1 : T3 = 4 : 9
2
Area of PQRB is represented by (49 – 9 –16) units2 Area of T1  4 16
=   =
= 24 units2 Area of T3  9 81
9 units2 represent 20 cm2 \ The ratio of area of T1 to that of triangle T3 is 16 : 81.
20 1
24 units2 represent × 24 = 53 cm2 20. P
9 3
1
\ Area of parallelogram PQRB = 53 cm2
3
N
18. E
O
F
A
11 cm 8 12
B Q L M R
C Let QL = x cm. \ LR = 2x and LM = MR = x cm.
21 cm D 2
Area of QOL  1 1
=   =
(a) Let BC = x and CD = y. Area of QNM 2 4
8 x 2 1
= = ( x )(height)
12 x+y 3 Area of  NMR 1
= 2 =
3x = 2x + 2y Area of  NQM 1 2
(2 x )(height)
\ x = 2y 2
2y + y = 21 1
Area of nNMR = nQNM
y =7 2
\ BC = x = 14 cm. Area of nOQL : Area of OLMN : Area of nNMR
=1:3:2
\ The ratio of nOQL to the area of quadrilateral OLRN
is 1 : 5.

133 1
 1
21. MR = × AP = 2.5 cm
R 2
CR 1
= implies that R is the midpoint of PC.
CP 2
Let PQ = x cm. Since it is given that PC = 4PQ, PC = 4x
Z 1
CR = × PC = 2x and QR = x
Y 2
d
NR = PA = 5 cm
\ MN = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 cm
b 23. (a) Let h be the height of the larger tin.
c
a h 8
=
P 3 cm X 7 cm Q 8 6
(a) (i) Let the area be a, b, c and d as indicated above. 64
h =
Since a + b + c = b + c + d, a = d and nPXY and 6
2
nXYZ have equal areas. = 10 cm
3
(ii) Let XY be the base of nPXY and nXYZ. 2
Surface area of smaller tin  6 
1 (b) =  
Since nPXY = nXYZ = × XY × height, Surface area of larger tin  8
2
9
this means that both triangles have the same =
16
perpendicular height and XY // PR. $1.35  6
3

1 (c) =  
× PY × height cost of larger tin 8
Area of  PXY
(b) = 2 64
Area of QXY 1 \ Cost of larger tin = $1.35 ×
× XQ × height 27
2
= $3.20
3
= 24. A
7
21
= T
49
Area of QXY  7
2
49 P S
and =   = Q R
Area of QPY  10  100
100 units2 represent 20 cm2
XQYZ = (21 + 49) units2
= 70 units2 C B
20 (a) /PQC = /SQA (vert. opp. /s)
Area of quadrilateral XQYZ = × 70
100 /ASQ = /CPQ (alt. /s)
= 14 cm2 \ nPQC and nSAQ are similar (2 pairs of corr. /s
22. P 5 cm A equal)

(b) nTCB
Q (c) nBAC
2
Area of TQR  1 12
N M (d) (i) =   =
R Area of TCB  4 TCB
\ Area of nTCB = 16 × 12
= 192 cm2
B C (ii) Area of nRSB = 3(Area of nTQR)
= 3(12)
M is the midpoint of AC.
= 36 cm2
MR CM 1
\ = = (iii) Area of trapezium QRBC = 192 – 12
AP CA 2
= 180 cm2
2
Area of  PQC  2
(iv) =   =4
Area of TQR  1
\ Area of nPQC = 4 × 12 = 48 cm2

1 134
25. 27. pr2h = 400
New radius = 1.5r
y 1
New height = h
2
1 
New volume = p(1.5r)2  h 
2 
12 cm
A B 9 2
= pr h
8
4 9
= × 400
C D 8
x cm
6
= 450 cm3

P Q Exercise 10C
15 cm
y 12 1. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
=
y + 10 15
AB = 112 – 8 2
15y = 12y + 120
= 7.55 cm (to 3 s.f.)
\ y = 40 cm
8
40 12 (b) tan 1.2 =
= CD
44 x 8
40x = 44 × 12 CD =
tan 1.2
\ x = 13.2
= 3.11 cm (to 3 s.f.)
2
26. (a) Volume of hemisphere = p(3)3 8
3 (c) /BAD = sin–1
11
= 56.556
= 0.814 rad (to 3 s.f.)
= 56.6 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)
8
(b) Let h be height of the cone. (d) /CAB = tan–1
7.55 + 3.11
2 = 0.644 rad (to 3 s.f.)
Volume of cone = × volume of hemisphere
3 2. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
1 2 2 
p(3)2h =  π (3)3  AC = 17 2 – 8 2
3 33 
\ h = 4 cm = 15
2.5 4 8
(c) = (b) (i) sin /BAC =
1 3 17
AB 8
2 (ii) cos /CBQ = –
\ AB = 3.75 cm 17
2 8
1  3.75  (iii) tan /PAC = –
(d) (i) Volume of empty space = p  (2.5) 15
3  2 
3. (a) cos /DAC = –cos 62°
= 9.21 cm3
= –0.469 (to 3 s.f.)
(ii) Volume of liquid in container
AB
1 (b) cos 62° =
= p(3)2(4) – 9.21 + 56.556 25
3
AB = 25 cos 62°
= 85.1 cm3
3
= 11.7 m (to 3 s.f.)
Volume of smaller container 6
(e) (i) =   1
Volume of larger container  24  (c) Area of nABC = × 11.74 × 25 sin 62°
2
1 = 130 m2 (to 3 s.f.)
=
64
\ The ratio is 1 : 64.
(ii) Volume of the hemisphere of the larger container
= 56.6 × 64
= 3620 cm3

135 1
 BC AC
4. (a) tan 0.8 = 7. (a) tan 58° =
9.8 CT
\ BC = 9.8 tan 0.8 15 + BC
= 10.1 cm (to 3 s.f.) =
CT
BD 15 BC
(b) sin 0.8 = = +
9.8 CT CT
\ BD = 9.8 sin 0.8 15
= + tan 44°
= 7.03 cm (to 3 s.f.) CT
AD 15
(c) cos 0.8 = CT =
9.8 tan 58° – tan 44°
\ AD = 9.8 cos 0.8 = 23.64 (to 4 s.f.)
= 6.83 cm (to 3 s.f.) \ BC = 23.64 × tan 44°
5. (a) = 22.8 cm (to 3 s.f.)
(b) CT = 23.6 cm (to 3 s.f.)
5 (c) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
4
AT = 23.64 + (15 + 22.82)
2 2

x
= 44.6 cm (to 3 s.f.)
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, 8. (a) /BAC = 30° = /LAC
base of triangle = 5 – 4 2 2 \ /ACB = 180° – 90° – 60°
=3 = 30° (/ sum of a n)
4  3  4 (b) Since /LAC = /ACB = 30°,
sin x + 2 cos x + 3 tan x = + 2  + 3  nLAC is an isosceles triangle.
5  5  3
=6 \ CL = AL = 4 cm
(b) AB
(c) sin 60° =
4
\ AB = 4 sin 60°
35
= 3.46 cm (to 3 s.f.)
9. (a) KB = 4.2 cm, AB = 6.4 cm
48° 4.2
/ABK = cos–1
x 6.4
= 49.0° (to 1 d.p.)
Unknown angle = 180° – 90° – 48°
(b) Area of parallelogram ABCD = AD × AK
= 42° (/ sum of a n)
= 8.4 × sin 48.99°
x
sin 42° = = 40.6 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
35
\ x = 35 sin 42° = 23.4 cm (to 3 s.f.) 10. (a) Bearing of R = 360° – 20°
6. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, = 340°
(b) Bearing of O from R = 180° – 20° – 20°
BC = 1 – k2
= 140°
1 – k2 11. (a) (i) Bearing of A from B = 360° – 45°
sin /CDB =
1 = 315°
= 1 – k2 180° – 45°
(ii) Bearing of B from C =
2
1 – k2
(b) cos /CBD = = 067.5°
1
(ii) Bearing of C from B = 270° – (67.5° – 45°)
= 1 – k2 = 247.5°
k 1
(c) tan /ABC = – (b) Area of nABC = × 10 × 10 × sin 45°
1 – k2 2
= 35.4 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)

1 136
 AB
12. 16. (a) cos 48° =
8
\ AB = 8 cos 48° = 5.35 cm (to 3 s.f.)
Q
(b) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
50°
AD = 8 2 + 15 2
= 17
K 8 15
sin /ADC + cos /ADC = +
17 17
6
40° =1
17
P 17. (a) Using cosine rule,
6 2 + 15 2 – 17 2
(a) Bearing of K from Q = 180° – 50° /ADC = cos–1
2 × 6 × 15
= 130°
= 98.9° (to 1 d.p.)
(b) Bearing of Q from K = 360° – 50°
(b) Using sine rule,
= 310°
BC 17
13. (a) Bearing of O from A = 180° + 66° =
sin 38° sin 58°
= 246°
17 sin 38°
(b) Bearing of B from O = 66° + 60° \ BC =
sin 58°
= 126°
= 12.34 cm (to 4 s.f.)
(c) Bearing of B from A = 180° + 66° – 60°
= 12.3 cm (to 3 s.f.)
= 186°
(c) Area of ABCD
14. (a) Bearing of C from A = 116° + 180° – 2 × 42°
1
= 212° = × 6 × 15 × sin 98.9°
2
(b) Bearing of A from B = 360° – 64° 1 
= 296° +  × 17 × 12.34 × sin (180° – 58° – 38°)
2 
(c) Bearing of B from C = 32° + 42° = 149 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
= 074° 18. (a) Using cosine rule,
15. (a) Using cosine rule, AD = 8 2 + 11.6 2 – 2 × 8 × 11.6 × cos 2.18
PQ = 8 2 + 8 2 – 2 × 8 × 8 × cos 120° = 17.46 cm (to 4 s.f.)
= 13.9 cm Using sine rule,
(b) R sin ADO sin 2.18
=
8 17.46
60° 8 sin 2.18
/ADO = sin–1
17.46
O = 0.385 rad (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Perimeter of ABCDA = 8(2p – 2.18) + 3.6 + 17.46
= 53.9 cm (to 3 s.f.)
P Q
1
(c) Area of OABCO = × 82 × (2p – 2.18)
2
K = 131 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
/POQ = 2 × 60° 19. (a) 12q

= 120° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) P Q

Area of minor segment PKQ
12 12
120° 1 q
= × p × 82 – × 82 × sin 120°
360° 2
= 39.3 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) O
Given that the area of the sector = 36 cm2,
1
× 122 × q = 36
2
q = 0.5 rad
\ Length of wire = 12 + 12 + 12(0.5) = 30 cm
137 1
 (b) Given that the wire is bent to form a circle, let r be 23. (a) /ABC = 42° + 35°
radius of the circle. = 77°
2pr = 30 (b) Using sine rule,
r = 4.75 cm (to 3 s.f.) BC 95
=
20. (a) nAOQ or nOBQ sin 48° sin 55°
(b) /OAP = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius) 95 sin 48°
BC =
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, sin 55°
= 86.2 m (to 3 s.f.)
OP = 5 2 + 12 2
24
= 13 cm (c) / of elevation = tan–1
86.19
12
/AOQ = tan–1 = 15.6° (to 1 d.p.)
5
(d) Using cosine rule,
= 67.38° (to 2 d.p.)
1 BK = 95 2 + 35 2 – 2 × 95 × 35 × cos 48°
\ /ABQ = × 67.38°
2 = 74.28 m (to 4 s.f.)
= 33.7° (to 1 d.p.) 24
/ of elevation = tan–1
(c) PQ = 13 – 5 = 8 cm 74.28
21. (a) Using cosine rule, = 17.9° (to 1 d.p.)
AF
QR = 8 2 + 8 2 – 2 × 8 × 8 × cos 30° 24. (a) cos 22° =
240
= 4.14 cm (to 3 s.f.)
\ AF = 240 cos 22°
1
(b) Area of nPQR = × 8 × 8 × sin 30° = 222.52 m (to 5 s.f.)
2
FE
= 16 cm2 cos 46° =
350
6
(c) /PQX = tan–1 \ FE = 350 cos 46°
8
= 243.13 m (to 5 s.f.)
= 36.9° (to 1 d.p.)
\ AE = 222.52 + 243.13
1
(d) Volume of PQRX = × 16 × 6 = 466 m (to 3 s.f.)
3
= 32 cm3 (b) BF = 240 sin 22°
22. (a) /ABC = (180° – 124°) + 17° = 73° = 89.91 m (to 4 s.f.)
Using cosine rule, \ Area of BFEC
1
AC = 72 2 + 932 – 2 × 72 × 93 × cos 73° = 89.91 × 243.13 + × 243.13 × 350 × sin 46°
2
= 99.6 m (to 3 s.f.)
= 52 500 m (to 3 s.f.)
2

(b) Using sine rule,

(c) CD = 350 sin 46°
sin BAK sin 73° = 251.77 m (to 5 s.f.)
=
93 99.59 251.77 + 89.91
/CAE = tan–1
93 sin 73° 465.65
/BAK = sin–1
99.59 = 36.3° (to 1 d.p.)
= 63.3° (to 1 d.p.) \ /CAB = 36.3° – 22°
\ Bearing of C from A = 124° – 63.3° = 14.3° (to 1 d.p.)
= 060.7° (to 1 d.p.)
(c) Let h be the shortest distance from AC to B.
h
sin 63.3° =
72
h = 72 sin 63.3°
= 64.32 m (to 4 s.f.)
38
\ Greatest / of elevation = tan–1
64.32
= 30.6° (to 1 d.p.)

1 138
 3 BK
25. Distance of PK = 8 × (c) sin 20° =
4 237.52
= 6 km BK = 237.52 sin 20°
N = 81.24 m (to 4 s.f.)
\ AK = 400 – 81.24
= 319 m (to 3 s.f.)
KQ
L (d) cos 20° =
237.52
K KQ = 237.52 cos 20°
9 = 223 m (to 3 s.f.)
6 27. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
35°
AC = 24 2 + 8 2 + 6 2
P = 26
6
Using cosine rule, sin /CAE =
26
Distance of LK = 9 2 + 6 2 – 2 × 9 × 6 × cos 35° 3
= 5.34 km (to 3 s.f.) =
13
26. N (b) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
BC = 8 2 + 6 2
A
= 10
6
sin /CBE =
35° 10
3
400 m
=
5
10
(c) cos /DAC =
35° 26
325°
55° Q 5
K =
20° 250° 13
70° 18° 70° 22
B
28. (a) Area of sector OABC = × × 62
360° 7
52° = 22 cm2
P 1
(b) Area of nOAC = × 62 × sin 70°
2
(a) Using sine rule, = 16.9 cm2
BQ 400 (c) Area of minor segment ABC = 22 – 16.91
=
sin 35° sin 75° = 5.09 cm2
400 sin 35° 1
BQ = (d) /CDA = × 70°
sin 75° 2
= 237.52 m (to 5 s.f.) = 35° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
PB 237.52 CT
= (e) tan 35° =
sin 18° sin 52° 12
CT = 12 tan 35°
237.52 sin 18°
PB = = 8.40 cm (to 3 s.f.)
sin 52°
= 93.1 m (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Using cosine rule,
PQ = 93.14 2 + 237.52 2 – 2 × 93.14 × 237.52 × cos 110°
= 283 m (to 3 s.f.)

139 1
29. (a) A (a) Consider nABS.

AS
tan 34° =
500
24 AS = 500 tan 34°
= 337.3 m (to 4 s.f.)
= 337 m (to 3 s.f.)
57°
(b) /APB = 180° – 61° – 49° (/ sum of a n)
B 31 C
= 70°
1
Area of nABC = × 24 × 31 × sin 57° Using sine rule,
2
AP 500
= 311.99 (to 5 s.f.) =
sin 61° sin 70°
= 312 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
500 sin 61°
(b) Let h be the perpendicular distance from A to BC. AP =
sin 70°
1
311.99 = × 31 × h = 465.4 m (to 4 s.f.)
2
\ h = 20.1 cm (to 3 s.f.) = 465 m (to 3 s.f.)
30. (a) 12q = 11 (c) Using cosine rule,
11 SP = 33.32 + 465.4 2 – 2 × 337.3 × 465.4 × cos 41°
\q= radians
12 = 306 m (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Using cosine rule, BC
33. (a) sin 44° =
11 45
AC = 12 + 7.5 – 2 × 12 × 7.5 × cos
2 2

12 BC = 45 sin 44°
= 9.52 cm (to 3 s.f.) = 31.26 (to 4 s.f.)
(c) Area of shaded region = 31.3 m (to 3 s.f.)
1 11 1 11 CD
= × 122 × – × 12 × 7.5 × sin (b) cos 44° =
2 12 2 12 45
= 30.3 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) CD = 45 cos 44°
31. (a) 20 = (2d)q = 32.37 (to 4 s.f.)
10 = 32.4 m (to 3 s.f.)
\q=
d BC
(c) sin 42° =
1 AC
× 2d 2 × θ 31.26
2 1
(b) = AC =
1 1 3 sin 42°
× OD θ – × 2 d × θ
2 2
2 2 = 46.72 (to 4 s.f.)
\ 3(4d 2) = OD2 – 4d 2 = 46.7 m (to 3 s.f.)
OD2 = 16d 2 (d) Using cosine rule,
OD = 4d AD = 32.37 2 + 46.72 2 – 2 × 32.37 × 46.72 × cos 138°
32. N N = 74.01 m (to 4 s.f.)
Using sine rule,
B 500 m A sin CAD sin 138°
34° 49° =
32.37 74.01
61°
41°
29°
32.37 sin 138°
/CAD = sin–1
74.01
= 17.0° (to 1 d.p.)
\ Bearing of D from A is 48° + 17° = 065°.

P S

1 140
 1 1 1
34. (a) /OCP = 90° as PQ is a tangent to the circle. (c) Volume of TABC = ×  × 24 × 13  × 10
3 2 3
(b) (i) PC = 4 cm
1 3
\ PQ = 12 cm = 533 m
3
PA = 4 cm 24
\ PR = 16 cm (d) /BAC = tan –1
1
13
Consider nPQR. 3
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, = 60.9° (to 1 d.p.)
\ Bearing of A from C is 180° + 60.9° = 240.9°
QR = 12 2 + 16 2
37. N
= 20 cm
(ii) Consider nOCQ.
Q 163°
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, N
OQ = 4 2 + 82
= 80 38°
125
= 8.94 cm (to 3 s.f.) P
(c) /BOC = /QOC N
8
= 2 tan–1
4
α
= 126.9° (to 1 d.p.) R
360° – 126.9° (a) α = 118°
(d) Area of sector CAB = × p × 42
360° \ The bearing of P from R is 118° + 180° = 298°
= 32.5 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) (b) /QPR = 118° – 38°
360°
35. (a) /OAB = = 80° (alt. /s)
6
/PQR = 360° – (180° – 38°) – 163°
= 60°
= 55° (PN // QN, corr. /s, /s at a point)
5
(b) sin 30° = Using sine rule,
AO
5 PR 125
\ AO = =
sin 30° sin 55° sin 80°
= 10 125 sin 55°
PR =
1  sin 80°
Area of hexagon = 6  × 10 2 × sin 60°
2  = 103.97
= 260 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) = 104 m (to 3 s.f.)
(c) (i) Bearing of B from D = 180° – 60° (c) /PRQ = 180° – 80° – 55°
= 120° = 45° (/ sum of a n)
(ii) Bearing of B from A is 060° 1
Area of nPQR = × 103.97 × 125 × sin 45°
36. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, 2
TC = 10 2 + 24 2 = 4594.9 (to 4 s.f.)
= 26 m = 4590 m2 (to 3 s.f.)
3 10 (d) Let the shortest distance from P to QR be h.
(b) (i) = 1
4 AB 459.4 = × 125 × h
40 1 2
\ AB = = 13 m \ h = 73.52 (to 4 s.f.)
3 3
(ii) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, = 73.5 m (to 3 s.f.)

12
AT = 10 2 + 13
3
2
= 16 m
3

141 1
 1
(e) K (d) Area of nABC = × 88 × 364.54 × sin 124°
2
= 13 300 m2 (to 3 s.f.)
36 AK
(e) sin 46° =
88
α \ AK = 63.3 m (to 3 s.f.)
S 73.52 P
T
To make the angle of elevation greatest, the length of
PS must be the shortest, that is the shortest distance
54
from P to QR.
36
So α = tan–1
73.52 K 63.3 A
= 26.1° (to 1 d.p.)
\ Greatest angle of elevation of T is
38. (a) N
54
tan–1 = 40.5° (to 1 d.p.)
63.3
A 124° 39. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
PB2 = 122 + 62
88 = 180
N
= AQ2,
α 258° PC = PB2 + BC2
2

C
= 180 + 52
K = 205
B
\ PC = 205
/BAC = 248° – 124°
= 14.3 m (to 3 s.f.)
= 124°
(b) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
α = 180° – 124°
= 56° (adj. /s on a str. line, alt. /s) QC = 62 + 52
\ /ACB = 360° – α – 258° = 61
= 46° (/s at a point) BC
(i) sin /CQB =
/ABC = 180° – 124° – 46° CQ
= 10° (/ sum of a n) 5
=
(b) Using sine rule, 61
= 0.640 (to 3 s.f.)
AB 88
= BC
sin 46° sin 10° (ii) tan /CPB =
PB
88 sin 46°
AB = 5
sin 10° =
= 364.54 (to 4 s.f.) 180
= 365 m (to 3 s.f.) = 0.373 (to 3 s.f.)
(c) T AQ
(iii) cos /AQD =
QD
PB
54 =
PC
180
=
B 364.54 A 205
54 = 0.937 (to 3 s.f.)
tan /ABT =
364.54
54
/ABT = tan–1
364.54
= 8.4° (to 1 d.p.)
\The angle of elevation of T from B is 8.43°.

1 142
Exercise 10D 8. (a) 6(x)2 = 150
x2 = 25
135°
1. Area of shaded region = × p[562 – (56 – 35)2] \ x = 5 (since length > 0)
360°
(b) Volume = 53
= 3180 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
= 125 cm3
2. (a) Area of shaded region
\ Mass = volume × density
1 1 6
= ×7×6– × 72 × tan–1 = 125 × 4
2 2 7
= 3.64 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) = 500 g
9. Let radius of smallest circle be 3x cm.
(b) OB = 6 2 + 7 2
p(3x)2 = 9px2 = 18cm2
= 9.2195 cm (to 5 s.f.)
px2 = 2 cm2
 –1 6 
AC = 7  tan  Area of largest circle = p(12x)2
 7
= 4.9604 cm (to 5 s.f.) = 144px2
\ Perimeter = 6 + 4.9604 + (9.2195 – 7) Area of second largest circle = p(5x)2
= 13.2 cm (to 3 s.f.) = 25px2
3. (a) AD = 18q, BC = 30q, AB = 12 cm Area of shaded region
\18q + 30q + 12 + 12 = 62.4 1 1 1
= (144px2) – (25px2) – (9px2)
2 2 2
38.4
q= = 55px2
48
= 0.8 rad = 55(2)
1 = 110 cm2
(b) Area = (302 – 182) × 0.8 10. Total volume = p(60)2 × 24
2
= 230.4 cm2 = 86 400p cm3
4. (a) Perimeter = 2p(2.8) Volume drained in 1 min = p(1.2)2 × 15000
= 17.584 cm (to 5 s.f.) = 21 600p cm3
= 17.6 cm (to 3 s.f.) 86 400p
\ Time taken =
17.584 21 600p
(b) Side of square = = 4 min
4
= 4.396 cm 11. (a) Volume = 150 × 58 × 65
Area of square = 4.3962 = 565 500 cm3
= 19.3 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) = 565.5 l
5. Space available = 14 × 14 × 5 565 500
(b) Depth =
= 980 cm2 200 × 100
980 = 28. 3 cm (to 3.s.f.)
Number of spheres needed = 4 1
4 12. p × 63 = p × 42 × height
p (1)3 3 3
3
= 233.96 (to 5 s.f.) 4 × 63
\ height = = 54 cm
\ The maximum number of balls that can be put in is 233. 42
240° 13. (a) Let r be the radius of the circle.
6. Perimeter = × 2p(6) + 6 + 6
360° 144°
× 2pr = 4.4
= (12 + 8p) cm 360°
OC 3
7. (a) cos 45° = \ r = 1 cm
14 4
2
\ OC = 14 cos 45° 144°  7
(b) Area of minor sector OAB = × p 
= 9.8995 cm (to 5 s.f.) 360°  4
1 = 3.85 cm2
Area of nOAC = × 14 × 9.8995 × sin 45°
2
= 49 cm2
45°
(b) Area of shaded region = × p(14)2 – 49
360°
= 28.0 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)

143 1
 60°
14. Number of cones to be made 21. (a) Length of arc PAQ = × 2p × 21
360°
volume of cylindrical rod
= = 22 cm
volume of cone
16.5
π × 5 2 × 30 (b) /SOR = rad
= 21
1
× π × 12 × 2 16.5 180
3 = ×
= 1125 21 p
= 45°
15. Let h be rise in water level.
(c) Area of shaded sector OQR
1
p × 42 × 8 = p × 62 × h 1 (60 + 45)°
3 = × p × 212 – × p × 212
1 2 360°
× 42 × 8
3 3
h = = 288 cm2
62 4
= 1.185 cm 90° 1
22. Area of shaded region = × p × 202 – × 202
16. (a) Surface area = 4p(21)2 360° 2
= 5542.5 (to 5 s.f.) = 114.2 cm2
= 5540 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 1 a 
2

2500 × 5542.49 2 23. Area of shaded region =  πa 2 – π   

(b) Total area to be painted = m 2 2 
100 × 100 3
= 1385.6 m2 = pa2
8
1385.6
\ Number of tins of paint needed = 1   3a  
2
3
100 Area of unshaded region =  π    – pa2
2  2   8
= 14 tins
17. (a) Length of arc AB = 16 × 1.25 3 2
= pa
= 20 cm 4
3
(b) AC = 16 2 + 10 2 – 2(16)(10) cos 1.25 Area of shaded region 8 1
= =
= 16.0 cm (to 3 s.f.) Area of unshaded region 3 2
(c) Area of region 4
1 1 \ The ratio of the shaded region to that of the unshaded
= × 162 × 1.25 – × 16 × 10 × sin 1.25
2 2 region is 1 : 2.
= 84.1 cm (to 3 s.f.)
2
24. (a) AB = BC (given)
18. (a) 10 × /AOB = 7.5 AD = CD (given)
/AOB = 0.75 rad /BAD = /BCD (property of kite)
(b) Shaded area \ nABD ≡ nCBD (SAS)
1 1 (b) (i) /QAD = 60°
= × 10 × 14 × sin 0.75 – × 102 × 0.75
2 2 /PCB = 60°
= 10.2 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 60°
19. Arc length QD = × 2p × 21
360°
Q
= 22 cm
60°
2 cm Arc length PB = × 2p × 14
R 360°
3
1 cm 3 cm = 14 cm
P 4
\ Perimeter of QABPCD
3
PQ = 3 cm, PR = 4 cm and QR = 5 cm = 21 + 14 + 14 + 14 + 21 + 22
4
Since 32 + 42 = 52, 2
/QPR = 90° (Converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem) = 106 cm
3
1 2  π 1 2  (ii) Total area of shaded regions
20. Shaded area = 2  r   – r 
2 2 2  60°
= × [p(14)2 + p(21)2]
1  360°
= r2  π – 1 cm2 2
2  = 333 cm2
3
1 144
25. Let h be the height of water in tank. 30. Volume of concrete used
p × 142 × 20 = 40 × 30 × h = volume of pyramid + volume of cuboid
π × 14 2 × 20 1
h= = × 30 × 30 × 9 + 30 × 30 × 150
40 × 30 3
= 10.3 cm (to 3 s.f.) = 1.4 × 105 cm3
3
4 2  45 
18 × × π × 13 31. Volume of hemispherical bowl = p   cm3
26. (a) Rise in water level = 3 3  2
π × 82 3
= 7593 p cm3
3 4
= cm
8 Amount of water flow in 1 second
(b) Surface area in contact with water π × 0.6 2 × 16 × 1000 × 100
=
3 60 × 60
= p × 82 + 2p × 8 × 9
8 = 160p cm3
= 672 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 3
7593 p
4
4 1 Time taken = = 47.46
27. Volume of wood remaining = p(9)3 – p (3)2(8) 160 p
3 3
= 47 seconds (to nearest second)
= 948p cm3
\ It will take 47 seconds to fill the bowl.
6
28. (a) Volume of sphere = 381 38 – 14
7 32. (a) Height of cone =
3 3 2
= pr = 12 cm
8
6 1 
Volume of solid = p × 52 × 14 + 2  × π × 5 × 12 
2
3 × 381 3 
3
7
\r = = 1730 cm (to 3 s.f.)
3
4π
= 4.5 cm (b) Total surface area of solid
(b) Surface area = 4p(4.5)2 = 2(p × 5 × 13) + 2p × 5 × 14
4 = 848 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
= 254 cm2
7 33. (a) l = 5 cm
240° 216°
29. (a) Length of arc PQR = × 2p × 14 (b) × 2p × 5 = 2pr
360° 360°
= 2pr
\ r = 3 cm
240°
r = × 14
360° (c) Curved surface area = prl
1 =p×3×5
= 9 cm
3 = 15p
(b) O 1
(d) Capacity of cone = p × 32 × 5 2 – 32
3
= 37.7 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)
34. (a)
14 cm

Y
P 1 Q X
9 cm
3
1 2
9
2
cos /OPQ = 3 = Area of Y = area of small quadrant – area of triangle
14 3
1 1 1
(c) Curved surface area = p × 9 × 14 = × p × 12 – ×1×1
3 4 2
= 411 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 1 1
= p– cm2
4 2

145 1
 Area of unshaded region (b) Total area for painting
= 2(area of semicircle – XY) = p × 3.5 × 1.2 2 + 3.5 2 + 2p × 3.5
1 1 1  = 128.65 m2 (to 5 s.f.)
= 2  × π × 1 – 2 π –
2

2 4 2   \ Cost of painting = 128.65 × 1.6
= 2 cm 2
= $206
1 36. (a) Let h be the increase in height of the remaining part
\ Area of shaded region = × p × 22 – 2
4 of the field.
= 1.14 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 800 × 400 × 200 = h(6000 × 4200 – 800 × 400)
800 × 400 × 200
(b) h=
24 880 000
= 2.57 cm (to 3 s.f.)
(b)
8

24 1
3
8 4

Area of shaded region

1
1 1 1
= × p × 42 + 2  4 2 – × π × 4 2  4
2  4 
50
= 32 cm2
(c) 1 1 1
20
Volume =  1 + 3  × 50 × 24
2 4 4
= 2700 m3
20 = 2700 × 1000 litres
= 2.7 × 106 litres
X
r 60
37. (a) =
60 140
\ r = 25 cm
Unshaded area X = area of triangle – area of sector
2
1 45°  5
= × 202 – × p × 202 (b) l = 25 + 60 2 = 65.278 (to 5 s.f.)
2 360°  7 
= 42.92 cm 2 (to 4 s.f.)  5
Surface area = p  25  (65.278)
\ Shaded area  7
= area of semicircle – unshaded area X = 5270 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
1 1
= × p × 102 – 42.92 (c) Volume of empty container = p × 602 × 140
2 3
= 114 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) = 168 000p cm3
3
35. (a) (i) Height of cone = 125 2 – 35 2 168 000p – 41 546  140 – h 
= 
168 000p  140 
= 120 cm
(ii) Height of buoy = 120 + 35 140 – h
\ = 3 0.921 28
= 155 cm 140
(iii) Volume of buoy = 0.973 04 (to 5 s.f.)
= volume of hemisphere + volume of cone 136.2257 = 140 – h
2 1 \ h = 3.77(to 3 s.f.)
= p × 353 + p × 352 × 120 38. (a) Volume of container = 29 × 29 × 37
3 3
= 244 000 cm3 (to 3 s.f.) = 31 117 cm3
(iv) Total surface area = 31.1 litres (to 3 s.f.)
= curved surface area of hemisphere + cone (b) Total area = (2 × 29 × 29 + 4 × 29 × 37) × 1.06
= 2p × 352 + p × 35 × 125 = 6330 cm2
= 21 400 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)

1 146
 (c) 29 × 29 = pr2 (c)
y
29 2
r= = 164 mm (to nearest mm) 3
p
(d) Area = (2 × p × 16.362 + 2 × p × 1636 × 37) × 1.11 2
= 6090 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 1
A´(–1, 0)
(e) Difference = (6330 – 6090) × 5000 cm2 x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3
= 120 m2 –1
\ Amount saved = 120 × $8.50 3 units –2
= $1020 3 units
–3
A(2, –3)
–4
Exercise 10E
1. (i) A reflection in the line FOC followed by another
reflection in the line OD. ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
⎜ −3 ⎟ + ⎜ 3 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
(ii) A reflection in the line FOC followed by a 120° ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
clockwise rotation about O. \ The coordinates of the image of A is (−1, 0).
2. (a) A translation of 4 cm along AC. ⎛ a⎞
(b) A 180° rotation about the midpoint. 4. (i) Let the translation vector of T be ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ b⎠
(c) A reflection in the line BE. ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
3. (a) ⎜ 6 ⎟ + ⎜⎝ b ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ 13 ⎟⎠
y ⎝ ⎠
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
3
A´(2, 3) ⎜ b ⎟ = ⎜ 13 ⎟ − ⎜ 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 ⎛ 5⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ 7⎠
x ⎛ h⎞
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 Let ⎜ ⎟ be the image of (5, 6) under translation T.
–1 ⎝ k⎠
–2 ⎛ h⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 9⎞
–3 ⎜ k⎟ + ⎜ 7⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
A(2, –3) ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
–4
⎛ h⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
⎜ k ⎟ = ⎜ 5 ⎟ − ⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
\ The coordinates of the image of A is (2, 3)
⎛ 4 ⎞
(b) = ⎜
y ⎟
⎝ −2 ⎠
3 \ The coordinates of the point are (4, −2).
2 (ii)
y
A´(2, 1)
1
C
3
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 B´ C´
–1 2
y = –1
–2 1 B
A/A´
–3 x
A(2, –3) –1 0 1 2 3 4
–4 –1 Q(B)
Q(A)
–2

\ The coordinates of the image of A is (2, 1). –3
Q(C)
–4

147 1
 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
5. (i) Let the translation vector of T be ⎜ a ⎟ .
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
6. (i) T2 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ b⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
⎜ 5 ⎟ + ⎜⎝ b ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ 9 ⎟⎠ (ii) M ⎜ 6 ⎟ = −1 0
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
= ⎜ 5 ⎟ − 3
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞
⎜ b⎟
⎝ ⎠ 9
⎝ ⎠
⎜ 5⎟
⎝ ⎠ = ⎜ −6 ⎟ i.e. (−6, −3)
⎝ −3 ⎠
⎛ 2⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
(iii) TM ⎜ 6 ⎟ = T ⎜ −6 ⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎝ 4⎠
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
⎛ h⎞
Let ⎜ ⎟ be the image of (2, 3) under translation T. ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞
⎝ k⎠ = +
⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ h⎞
⎜ 3⎟ + ⎜ 4 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ −3 ⎞
= i.e. (−3, 2)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ k⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ h⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
⎜ k ⎟ = ⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎤
⎝ ⎠ (iv) MT ⎜ ⎟ = M ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
\ The coordinates of the image of (2, 3) under T is ⎛ 9⎞
= M⎜ ⎟
(4, 7). ⎝ 2⎠
(ii) ⎛ −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 1⎠⎝ 2⎠
4 ⎛ ⎞
(2, 3) = ⎜ −9 ⎟ i.e. (−9, 2)
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 7.
1 y
x=2
x 6
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 (i) (0, 5) (ii) (4, 5)
5
–2
(3, –2) 4
–3
3
2
\ The coordinates of the image of (2, 3) are (3, −2). y=1
1
(iii)
y x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
4
(2, 3) –2
3 (iii)/(iv) (0, –3) (4, –3)
–3
2
180° –4
1 (1, 1)
–5
x
–1 0 1 2 3 4 –6
–1 (0, –1)
–2
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
–3 (i) P ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (0, 5)
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
\ The coordinates of the image of (2, 3) are (0, –1). ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
(ii) R2 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (4, 5)
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠

(iii) RP ⎜ 4 ⎟ = R ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
⎛ 0 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ i.e. (0, −3)
⎝ −3 ⎠

1 148
 ⎛ 4⎞
(iv) PR ⎜ ⎟ = P ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
11.
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠

= ⎜ 0 ⎟ i.e. (0, −3)

⎛ ⎞
⎝ −3 ⎠
8. (i)
y
x=3 (b)
6
(2, 5) (i)(a) (5, 5)
5
(4, 5)
4
(a)
3
2 12. (a) y = ax2 + bx + c passes through (−2, 0), (4, 0) and
y=1
1 (0, −8).
x −8 = a(0)2 + b(0) + c
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1 c = −8
–2
0 = a(−2)2 + b(−2) − 8
(i)(b) (5, –3) 4a – 2b = 8 — (1)
–3
(1, –3)(2, –3) 0 = a(4)2 + b(4) – 8
–4
16a + 4b = 8 — (2)
–5
(1) × 2: 8a – 4b = 16 — (3)
–6 (2) + (3): 24a = 24
a=1
(a) Image of (4, 5) = (2, −3) Substitute a = 1 into (1): 4(1) – 2b = 8
(b) Image of (1, −3) = (5, 5) b = −2
(ii) The coordinates of the point which remains invariant \ a = 1, b = −2, c = −8
4 + ( −2 )
are (3, 1). (b) Equation of line of symmetry is x = =1
2
9. (a) y = a + bx – x2 passes through (0, 3) and (3, 0). i.e. x = 1
3 = a + b(0) – 02 (c) y = x2 – 2x – 8
a=3 When x = 5, y = k.
0 = 3 + b(3) − 32 k = 52 – 2(5) – 8
b=2 =7
\ a = 3, b = 2 13. (a)
(b) y = 3 + 2x – 2x2 = (3 – x)(1 + x)
When y = 0, O
x = 3 and x = −1
3 + ( −1)
Line of symmetry is x = = 1 i.e. x = 1
2 (b)
10. (a) The curve has rotational symmetry of order 2.
(b) y
y=x O

y = –x 2
y=
x
x
0

The line of symmetry is y = x or y = −x.

149 1
14. (a) y = 2(x + 1)(x – 3)
When y = 0, x = −1 or x = 3.
\ A(−1, 0) and B(3, 0)
When x = 0, y = 2(0 + 1)(0 – 3)
= −6
\ C(0, −6)
(b) 24 = 2(k + 1)(k – 3)
k2 – 2k – 3 = 12
k2 – 2k – 15 = 0
(k − 5)(k + 3) = 0
k = 5 or k = −3
−1 + 3
(c) Equation of line of symmetry is x = =1
2
i.e. x = 1
⎛ 9 ⎞
15. (a) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −3 ⎠
(b) (3, 4)
1
(c) centre (10, 11), k = −
2
16.
y

4
l
3
(–2, 2) A L
2
C
1
B N
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4M 5 6 7 8
–1
–2
C´ –3
–4

(a) (i) Gradient = −1

(ii) Equation of line AB is y = −x + 2 or y + x = 2.
(iii) The coordinates of D are (4, 2).
(b) The coordinates of the image of the point C are
(−1, −3).
(c) (i) The coordinates of the centre of the enlargement
is (−2, 2).
(ii) The coordinates of N are (8, 0).

1 150
17. y
18
17
A1 B1
16
15
14
13
12
11 (b)(i)
10
9
8
(c) y = –x
7
6
5
A B
4
C1
3
(a)
2
1 C
x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1 A3 (d)
–2
B2 C3 B3
–3
–4

(b) (ii) The scale factor of enlargement, k = 4.

(c) Line l is y = −x.

151 1
18. y
4

B1 (c) y = x – 1
3 C
(a)

(a) A1/B´ B
2

(b) A´ B2
1 A
C1

C´ (–1, 0) A2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

–1
C2

–2

–3

(a) The transformation is a 90° anticlockwise rotation

about (−1, 0).
⎛ −1 ⎞
(b) The translation is ⎜ 1 ⎟ .
⎝ ⎠
(c) The equation of l is y = x – 1.
19. y
12
11
10
9
(b)
8 triangle X(P)

7 (a)
triangle P y=x
6
5
4 (c)
(0, 3) triangle Y(P)
3
2
(d)
1 triangle TR(P)
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
–1
–2
–3 triangle R(P)
–4
–5
–6

(b) The transformation is an enlargement with scale factor

3 at centre (0, 3).
(c) The transformation is a reflection in the line y = x.

1 152
20. y

6
y+x=0

A
2
x+y+5=0 (4, 1)
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10

–2 D
B
C
–4

–6

(a) The translation is represented by the column vector

⎛ −5 ⎞
⎜ –5 ⎟ .
⎝ ⎠
(b) (i) The line l is y = −x or y + x = 0.
(ii) The line m is y = −x – 5 or x + y + 5 = 0.
(c) (i) The coordinates of the centre of enlargement are
(4, 1).
(ii) The scale factor of the enlargement is −2.
area of triangle A 1 1
(iii) = =
area of triangle D ( –2 ) 2 4

Exercise 10F
1. 3(4h + 5) – 4(2h – 1) = 23 3. 5x + 6y = 30
12h + 15 – 8h + 4 = 23 On x-axis, y = 0.
4h = 4 x=6
\h=1 \ P is (6, 0).
2. 3y = 4x + 47 On y-axis, x = 0.
4 47 y=5
y= x+
3 3 \ Q is (0, 5).
4 1 1
a= =1 Area of nPQR = ×7×6
3 3 2
1 = 21 units2
3 = 1 (1) + b
3 4. y = kx + 6 — (1)
2 y = 2x + h —(2)
\b=1
3 Since the point of intersection is (–5, 1),
Substitute x = –5, y = 1 into (1): 1 = k(–5) + 6
k =1
Substitute x = –5, y = 1 into (2): 1 = 2(–5) + h
h = 11
\ k = 1, h = 11

153 1
 8–2 1
5. (a) Gradient = =3 9. (a) (i) Area of nABC = × (4 + 2) × (5–1)
3–1 2
Equation of the line is y = 3x + c = 12 units2
8 = 3(3) + c (ii) Let K be (h, k).
c = –1 For CABK to be a parallelogram,
\ Equation of the line is y = 3x – 1.  4 + (–4) 1 + 5   –2 + h 1 + k 
 ,  =  , 
(b) At x-axis, y = 0. 2 2  2 2 
3x – 1 = 0 4 + (–4) = –2 + h
1 h =2
x=
3 1 + 5 = 1+ k
1  k =5
\ A is  , 0  .
3  \ K is (2, 5).
11 – 3 5 –1
6. (a) Gradient = =4 (iii) tan /BAC =
2–0 –4 – (–2)
(b) Equation of the line is y = 4x + 3 = –2
4 –1 (b) AB = 6 units
7. (a) Gradient = =3
2 –1 Since the area of trapezium ABCH
Equation is y = 3x + c = 2 × Area of nABC,
Since l passes through (1, 1), CH = 6 units
1 = 3(1) + c \ h = –4 – 6 = –10 or h = –4 + 6 = 2 (NA)
c = –2 10. (a) 3x + 4y – 24 = 0
\ Equation of l is y = 3x – 2. –3 x + 24
y=
(b) Since l passes through (3, k), 4
k = 3(3) – 2 = 7 3
=– x+6
1 4
8. (a) Area of nABC = × 7 × (3 + 4)
2 3
\ Gradient = –
1 4
= 24 units2
2 (b) (i) At A, y = 0.
(b) Let H be (h, k). x=8
For ABHC to be a parallelogram, \ A is (8, 0).
 –3 + 4 4 + 6   –3 + h 3 + k  At B, x = 0
 ,  =  , 
2 2   2 2  y=6
–3 + 4 = –3 + h \ B is (0, 6).
h =4 (ii) AB = 8 2 + 6 2
–4 + 6 = 3 + k = 10 units
k = –1 1
(iii) Area of nOAB = ×6×8
\ H is (4, –1). 2
6 – (– 4) 10 = 24 units2
(c) Gradient = =
4 – (–3) 7 8–2
11. (a) Gradient of PR =
10 0 – 12
Equation of the line BC is y = x + c.
7 1
=–
Since (4, 6) lies on BC, 2
10 1
6= (4) + c (b) y =– x+8
7 2
2 2y + x = 16
c= Equation of PR is 2y + x = 16.
7
10 2 (c) At S, y = 0.
\ Equation of the line BC is y = x+ .
7 7 x = 16
(d) Area of trapezium ABCD = 35 units2 \ S is (16, 0).
1 1 1
× [7 + (k – 6)] × 7 = 35 (d) Area of nPOR = × 16 × 8 – × 16 × 2
2 2 2
\k=9 = 48 units2

1 154
12. (a) AB = (–3 – 0)2 + (14 – 5)2 15. (a) Equation of BC is 5y – 4x = 20
= 9.49 units (to 3 s.f.) At C, y = 0.
14 – 5 –4x = 20
(b) Gradient of AB =
–3 x = –5
= –3 \ C is (–5, 0).
\ Equation of AB is y = –3x + 5. 4–0
(b) Gradient of AB =
(c) At C, y = 0. 0–3
–3x + 5 = 0 4
=–
5 3
x=
3 4
(c) Equation of AB is y = – x + 4.
 2  3
\ C is  1 , 0  .
3 1
(d) Area of nABC = × (3 + 5) × 4
(d) Area of nBCD = 15 units2 2
1 = 16 units2
× CD × 5 = 15
2 16. (a) Since y = ax + bx + c cuts the y-axis at (0, –8),
2

CD = 6 c = –8
2 2 Since y = ax2 + bx + c cuts the x-axis at (–2, 0) and
h = 1 + 6 or 1 – 6
3 3 (4, 0),
2 1
\ h = 7 or –4 0 = a(–2)2 + b(–2) –8
3 3
4a – 2b = 8 — (1)
13. (a) Equation of line l is 3y = mx + 15.
0 = a(4)2 + b(4) –8
m
y= x+5 16a + 4b = 8 — (2)
3
(1) × 2 : 8a – 4b = 16 — (3)
\ K is (0, 5).
(2) + (3) : 24a = 24
(b) 2y + 8x = 13
a=1
13
y = –4x + Substitute a = 1 into (1): 4 – 2b = 8
2
Since line l has the same gradient as the second line. b = –2
m \ a = 1, b = –2, c = –8.
= –4 4–2
3 (b) x =
m = –12 2
(c) Since (2, 6) lies on line l, =1
3(6) = m(2) + 15 \ Equation of the line of symmetry is x = 1.
1 (c) Since (5, k) lies on the curve, y = x2 – 2x – 8
\m=1 k = (5)2 – 2(5) – 8
2
=7
(d) HK = (2 – 0)2 + (6 – 5)2
17. (a) y = 2(x + 1)(x – 3)
= 2.24 units (to 3 s.f.)
At A and B, y = 0.
9–3
14. (a) Gradient of AB = 2(x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
8–0
3 x = –1 or x = 3
= \ A is (–1, 0), B is (3, 0)
4
3 At C, x = 0.
(b) Equation of AB is y = x + 3.
4 y = 2(1)(–3)
= –6
(c) AB = (8 – 0) + (9 – 3)
2 2

\ C is (0, –6)
= 10 units
(b) Since (k, 24) lies on the curve,
(d) At C, x = 5.
24 = 2(k + 1)(k – 3)
3
y = (5) + 3 k2 – 2k – 3 = 12
4
3 k2 – 2k – 15 = 0
=6 (k + 3)(k – 5) = 0
4
 3 \ k = –3 or k = 5
\ C is  5, 6  .
 4

155 1
 3–1
(c) x = (c) When y = 0,
2
9x = −70
=1
7
x = −7
\ Equation of line of symmetry is x = 1. 9
When x = 0,
k–3 –8 – k
18. (a) = 11y = −70
6–8 –3 – 6
9(k – 3) = –2(8 + k) 4
y = −6
11
9k – 27 = –16 – 2k
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
11k = 11 \ P ⎜ −7 ,0 ⎟ and Q ⎜ 0,−6 ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠
\k=1
20. Since PQ is parallel to the line x = 13,
PQ (8 – 6)2 + (3 – 1)2 x-coordinate of Q = x-coordinate of P
(b) =
QR (6 + 3)2 + (1 + 8) = −4
8 3y – x = 31
= 1 31
162 y= x+
3 3
4 Since QR is parallel to the line 3y – x = 31,
=
81 1
Gradient of QR =
2 3
=
9 Let y-coordinate of Q be q i.e. Q(−4, q).
(c) PQ = 2RS q − ( −4 ) 1
=
Let midpoint of QR be M and S be (h, k), −4 − 5 3
then R is the midpoint of MS. 3q + 12 = −9
 6 – 3 1 – 8 3q = −21
M=  , 
 2 2  q = −7
 3 7 \ Q(−4, −7)
=  , –  x-coordinate of S = x-coordinate of Ri
2 2
 3 7 =5
h+ k– Let y-coordinate of S be s i.e. S(5, s).
 2, 2
(–3, –8) =  
2 2  Gradient of PS = Gradient of QR
3 7 y−7 1
h+ = –6 and k – = –16 =
2 2 5 − ( −4 ) 3
1 1 3y – 21 = 9
h = –7 k = –12
2 2 y = 10
 1 1 \ S(5, 10)
\ S is  –7 , – 12  .
 2 2 7 − ( −5 )
7 − ( −2 ) 21. Gradient of PQ =
19. (a) Gradient of AB = −9 − 4
−5 − 6 12
9 = −
= − 13
11 Line l: 3y = hx + k
(b) Gradient of line parallel to AB = Gradient of AB h k
9 y= x+
= − 3 3
11 Since the line is perpendicular to PQ,
9 h 12
Equation of line parallel to AB: y = − x + c
11 3 × − 13 = −1
When x = 2, y = −8 h 13
9 =
−8 = − (2) + c 3 12
11 1
70 h=3
c = − 4
11
9 70
\ Equation of line parallel to AB: y = − x–
11 11
11y + 9x + 70 = 0

1 156
 1
Substitute h =3 , x = 2 and y = −1 into line l: 23. (a) When x = 2, y = h
4
1
3 k 2h = 3(2) – 14
−1 = 4 (2) + 2h = −8
3 3
13 h = −4
−3 = +k
2 When x = k, y = 8
1 2(8) = 3k – 14
k = −9 2
3k = 30
1 1 k = 10
\h=3 and k = −9
4 2 \ h = −4 and k = 10
9−5 (b) Gradient of CP = Gradient of OB
22. (a) Gradient of AC =
2−5 0 − ( −4 )
4 =
= − 0−2
3 = −2
4
Equation of AC: y = − x + c Equation of CP: y = −2x + c
3
When y = 0,
When x = 2, y = 9
3x – 14 = 0
4
9 = − (2) + c 14
3 x=
3
35
c= 2
3 C(4 , 0)
3
4 35
\ Equation of AC: y = − x+ 2
3 3 When x = 4 3 , y = 0
3y + 4x = 35
2
Since the diagonals of a rhombus cut one another at 90°, −2(4 ) + c = 0
3
gradient of AC × gradient of BD = −1 1
c=9
4 3
gradient of BD = −1 ÷ − 1
3 \ Equation of CP: y = −2x + 9
3 3
= 1
4 y + 2x = 9
3 3
Equation of BD: y = x+c 1 2
4 1
(c) Area of rOCP = ×93 ×4
When x = 5, y = 5 2 3
3 7
5 = (5) + c = 21 units2
4 9
5 6 − ( −4 )
c= 24. (a) Gradient of AP =
4 4 − 10
3 5 5
\ Equation of BD: y = x+ = −
4 4 3
4y = 3x + 5 5
Equation of AP: y = − x + c
(b) x + 7y = 17 3
1 17 When x = 4, y = 6
y = − x +
7 7 5
6 = − (4) + c
Gradient of BC = Gradient of AD 3
1 38
=
− c=
7 3
1 5 38
Equation of BC: y = − x+c \ Equation of AP: y = − x+
7 3 3
When x = 8, y = 1 3y + 5x = 38
1 When y = 0,
1 = − (8) + c
7 5x = 38
15 x = 7.6
c=
7
\ B(7.6, 0)
1 15
\ Equation of BC: y = − x+
7 7
7y + x = 15
157 1
 (b) Since gradient of BC = gradient of OA Exercise 10G
3 →
= 1. (a) | AB | = 5 2 + (–3)2
2
3 = 34
Equation of BC: y = x + c
2
 5  20 
When x = 7.6, y = 0 (b) k   =  
 –3  6 x
6 5k = 20
c = − (7.6)
4
\k=4
2
= −11 –3k = 6x
5
1 2 \ x = –2
\ Equation of BC: y = 1 x – 11 . →
2 5 2. (a) | OA | = 32 + 4 2
(c) Since gradient of OA = gradient of BC,
=5
0−t 3
= → →  3  1
7.6 − 15 2 (b) 2 OA + 3 OB = 2   + 3  
 4  7
1
−2t = −22  9
5
=  
1  29 
t = 11 → → →
10
3. (a) OQ = OP + PQ
1
(d) Area of rOAB = × 7.6 × 6  3  –4 
2 =   +  
 4  5
= 22.8 units2
 –1
25. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, =  
 9
OB2 = AB2 – OA2
\ Q is (–1, 9).
OB = 17 2 − 15 2 →  –2   6
=8 (b) AB =  12  –  8 
   
\ B(0, 8)
 –8 
Since OB = BQ, Q(0, 16). =  
 4
Since OA = OP, P(−15, 0). →  h  6
16 − 0 AC =   –  
(b) Gradient of PQ =  0  8
0 − ( −15 )
 h – 6
= 16 =  –8 
15
16 (–8)2 + 4 2 = ( h – 6)2 + (–8)2
Equation of PQ: y = x + 16
15 h – 6 = ±4
15y = 16x + 240 \ h = 10 or 2
(c) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
 m  11  23
PQ2 = OP2 + OQ2 4.  3  + 2  n  =  9 
PQ = 15 2 + 16 2 m + 22 = 23
≈ 21.931 \m=1
3 + 2n = 9
= 21.9 units (to 3 s.f.) \n=3
1 → → →
(d) Area of rOPQ = × 16 × 15 5. (a) EA = OA – OE
2
=a–b
= 120 units2 → → →
1 (b) OD = OA + AD
× PQ × OR = 120
2 = a + 2b
→
120 × 2 (c) AD = 2b. Quadrilateral OADE is known as a
OR =
21.931 trapezium.
= 10.9 units (to 3 s.f.)

1 158
 → → →  k   –2 
6. (a) OP = OA + AP = a + 2b (b) Let  = h 
 12.5   5
(b)
12.5 = 5h
12.5
\h =
(ii) R –2b 5
= 2.5
\ k = –2h
= –5
3a →  –2   2 
–b A P (c) | PR | =   +  
(iii) M  5   3
a
 0
=  
B  8
O b
= 8 units
→
–2a 10. (a) | PQ | = (–9) + 12
2 2

= 15 units
(i) Q → 4  –9 
(b) RS =  
3  12 
 –12 
→ = 
7. (a) | OP | = 6 2 + 8 2  16 
= 10 →
(c) | RS | = (–12) + 16
2 2

(b) 10 = m 2 + 0 2 = 20 units
m = ±10 →  5  –9 
→ → → (d) OQ =   +  
8. (a) BC = BA + AC  –8   12 

 –2   –5   –4 
=   +   =  
 3  –4   4

 –7  \Q is (–4, 4).
=   →
 –1 11. (a) | PQ | = (–10)2 + 24 2
→ → 1 → = 26 units
(b) AM = AB + BC
2 →  8  –10 
 2 1  –7  (b) OQ =   + 
=   +    19   24 
 –3 2  –1
 –2 
 –1.5  =  43
=  –3.5 
\Q is (–2, 43).
→ →
(c) AB = CP → 1  –10 
(c) RS =  
 2 → → 4  24 
 –3 = OP – OC
→ → →  –2.5 
= OP – ( OA + AC ) = 
 6 
→  2  1  –5  1  2 1 5 
OP =   +   +   12. (a) 2s – t = 2  – 
 –3  2  –4  5 
5  –10 
5  
 –2   3
=   =  
 –5   12 
\ P is (–2, –5).
(b) (i) | t | = 5 2 + (–10)2
→ →  –2   2
9. (a) 2 PQ + 3 QR = 2   + 3   = 11.2 units (to 3 s.f.)
 –5   3
1
 2 (ii) 2 s – t = 32 + 12 2
=   5
 19 
= 12.4 units (to 3 s.f.)

159 1
 → → → → → →
13. (a) EB = EA + AB (d) CB = CP + PB
1 =b–a
=– c+a
2 AD and CB are parallel and AD = 2CB.
→ → 1 → 16. (a) Trapezium
(b) AK = AE + EB
3 → → → →
1 1 1  (b) SP = SR + RQ + QP
= c +  a – c  = 2a – b – 3a
2 3 2
1 = –a– b
= (a + c)
3 17. (a) 3b S
P
→ → →
14. (a) BC = OC – OB
3a
 4  2
=   –  
 6  4
 2 R
=   Q 9b
 2
→ → → (b) PS // QR, QR = 3PS
AD = OD – OA → → → →
(c) SR = SP + PQ + QR
 6  1
=   –   = –3b + 3a + 9b
 7  2
= 3a + 6b
 5 →
=  
 5 AP 3b
(d) → =
→ →
AP + 3a 9 b
(b) (i) BC and AD are parallel.
1
22 + 22 =
BC 3
(ii) =
AD 52 + 52 → →
3 AP = AP + 3a
2
= → 1
5 \ AP = 1 a
2
→  2   1 → → →
(c) AB =   –   18. (a) (i) DB = DC + CB
 4   2
=a–b
 1
=   → 3
 2 (ii) DE = a
→ 5
| AB | = 12 + 2 2 → 3
(iii) AE = b + a
= 5 5
→ →
→  6  4 (b) (i) BF = h BD
CD =  7  –  6 
    = h(b – a)
 2 → → →
=   (ii) BF = BA + AF
 1
 3 
→ = – a + k  b + a
| CD | = 2 +12 2  5 
 3 
= 5 = kb + a  k – 1
→ → 5 
\ | AB | = | CD | (shown) →
→ 19. (a) (i) UR = 2a
15. (a) AP = 2b → 1 →
→ (ii) QV = QT
2
(b) PD = –2a
1 → →
→ → → = ( QR + RT )
(c) AD = AP + PB 2
= 2b – 2a 1
= (3a + b)
= 2(b – a) 2
→ → →
(iii) QP = QR + 2 RT
= 3a + 2b

1 160
 → → → → → →
(b) PV = PQ + QV (iv) PQ = OQ – OP
3 1 = 6b – 7a
= –3a – 2b + a+ b
2 2 → → →
3 (v) MQ = MO + OQ
=– (a + b) 3
2 = –2a – b + 6b
→ 2
(c) PU = –3a – 2b + a 1
= –2(a + b) = 4 b – 2a
2
3 → → →
– (a + b ) (vi) MP = MA + AP
PV 2
(d) (i) = 3
PU –2( a + b ) = – b + 2a + 3a
3 2
= 3
4 = 5a – b
1 2
PV × height
Area of  PQV 2 1
(ii) = (4 a ) × height
Area of  PQU 1 Area of OAM 2
PU × height (b) (i) =
2 Area of  AMP 1
(3a ) × height
3 2
=
4 4
1 =
QU × height 3
Area of PQU
(iii) = 2 1
Area of PQRS 3QU × height (3b ) × height
Area of OMB 2
1 (ii) =
= Area of OMQ 1
6 (6 b ) × height
2
4
= 1
24 =
Area of PQV 3 1 2
= = → → →
Area of PQRS 24 8 (c) OR = OP + PR
→ → → 7 →
= 7a + PQ
20. (a) AQ = OQ – OA 15
3 7
= b–a = 7a + (6b – 7a)
7 15
→ → →
(b) OP = OA + AP 28  3 
=  2 a + b 
1 → 15  2
=a+ AB
4 28 →
= OM
1 15
= a + (b – a)
4 15
\h=
1 28
= (3a + b)
4
(c)
→ → → Exercise 10H
OR = OA + AR
3  1. (a) /OCA = /OBA = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius)
= a + k  b – a
7  Obtuse /BOC = 360° – 90° – 90° – 70°
3 = 110°
= (1 – k)a + kb
7 (b) /BOC = 360° – 110°
→ → →
21. (a) (i) AB = OB – OA = 250° (/s at a point)
= 3b – 4a 1
Obtuse /BPC = × 250°
→ 1 2
(ii) AM = (3b – 4a) = 125° (/ at centre = 2 / at
2
→ → → circumference)
(iii) OM = OA + AM
2. (a) /BOA = 2 × 62°
3
= 4a + b – 2a =124° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
2
180° – 124°
3 /BAO =
= 2a + b 2
2
= 28° (base /s of isos. n)
161 1
 108°
(b) /AOD = 2 × 28° 8. (a) x° =
2
= 56° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
= 54° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
(c) /CBX = 32° (/s in the same segment)
180° – 108°
\ /BXC = 180° – 62° – 32° y° =
2
= 86° (/ sum of a n) = 36° (base /s of isos. n)
180° – 56° \ x = 54, y = 36.
(d) /OAD =
2 (b) x° = 90° – 34° = 56°
= 62° (base /s of isos. n)
y° = 90° (rt. / in a semicircle)
\ /TAD = 90° – 62°
\ x = 56, y = 90.
= 28°
9. (a) /QOR = 90° – 34°
3. (a) /AOB = 2x (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
= 56° (tangent ⊥ radius, / sum of a n)
(b) /BOC = /OBA
180° – 56°
180° – 2 x /OCQ =
= 2
2 = 62° (base /s of isos. n)
= 90° – x (alt. /s, base /s of isos. n)
(b) /OBA = /OAB
4. (a) /OTA = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius)
= 31° (base /s of isos. n)
/OBA = 360° – 72° – 90° – 38°
1
= 160° (c) /OCA = × 56°
2
1 = 28° (ext. / = sum of opp. int. /s,
(b) /BCT = × 72°
2 base /s of isos. n)
= 36° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
π 
(c) /OTC = 180° – 38° – 36° – 90° 10. (a) /ADC =  – 0.7  rad (rt. / in a semicircle,
2 
= 16° (/ sum of a n) / sum of a n)
5. (a) T P
 π
\ /ABC = p –  – 0.7 

2 
π 
58° B =  + 0.7  rad
2
O (b) /OCD = /ADC
A π 
=  – 0.7  rad (base /s of isos. n)
2 
11. (a) /OAB = /OBA
/OTB = /ABT = 58° (base /s of isos. n)
= 48° (base /s of isos. n)
/OTP = 90° (rt. / in a semicircle)
(b) /BCD = 180° – 48°
/BTP = 90° – 58° = 32°
= 132° (/s in opp. segments)
(b) /BPT = 58° – 32° = 26°
180° – 132°
360° – 162° /CBD =
6. (a) /ABC = 2
2
= 24° (base /s of isos. n)
= 99° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
/ABD = 90° (rt. / in a semicircle)
(b) /BAO = 360° – 99° – 162° – 63°
\ /ABC = 90° + 24°
= 36°
= 114°
7. (a) Let r represent radius of the circle.
(c) /BCD = 132°
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
(d) /ADC = 180° – 114°
r2 + 162 = (r + 8)2
= 66° (/s in opp. segments)
r2 + 256 = 82 + 16r + 64
12. /OBP = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius)
\ r = 12 cm
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,
16
(b) /POA = tan–1 42 + 82 = (4 + x)2
12
= 0.927 radians (to 3 s.f.) 4 + x = 80
x = 80 – 4
= 4.94 (to 3 s.f.)

1 162
 42°
13. /ADB = 18. (a) /ADB = 41° (/s in same segment)
2
= 21° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) /ABC = 180° – 41° – 29°
88° = 110° (/s in opp. segments)
/OBC = (b) /OAD = /ADB
2
= 44° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) = 41° (base /s of isos. n)
/APB + 21° = 44° (ext. / = sum of opp. int. /s) /OAT = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius)
\ /APB = 23° /DAT = 90° – 41°
14. (a) /COD = 2 × 52° = 49° (ext. / = sum of opp. int. /s,
= 104° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) base /s of isos. n)
180° – 104° (c) /ACD = 90° – 41°
(b) /OCD =
2 = 49°
= 38° (base /s of isos. n) 19. (a) /ADB = 74° (/s in same segment)
/BCD = 180° – 64° 74°
/DAT =
= 116° (/s in opp. segments) 2
\ /BCO = 116° – 38° = 37° (base /s of isos. n)
= 78° /CBD = /OAD
15. (a) x ° = 90° – 65° = 90° – 37°
= 25° (rt. / in semicircle, / sum of a n) = 53° (alt. /s)
y cm = 16 cm /ABC = 90° (rt. / in semicircle)
\ x = 25, y = 16 /ABD = 90° – 53°
(b) x = 180° – 52° = 37°
= 128° (tangent ⊥ radius, / sum of a quadrilateral) (b) /BAC = 180° – 90° – 74°
128° = 16° (/ sum of a n)
y=
2 20. (a) Let O be the centre of the circle.
= 64° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) /ADB = 68° (/s in same segment)
16. (a) /ADB = 90° (rt. / in semicircle) /AOB = 2 × 68°
/ADC = 90° + 15° = 136° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
= 105° /OAB = /OBA
(b) /BAD = 90° – 35° 180° – 136°
=
= 55° (rt. / in semicircle, / sum of a n) 2
/BCD = 180° – 55° = 22° (base /s of isos. n)
= 125° (/s in opp. segments) /TBA = /TAB
17. K = 90° – 22°
C = 68° (tangent ⊥ radius)
(b) /BAC = 22° + 8° = 30°
D 38° /ABC = 180° – 68° – 30°
= 82° (/ sum of a n)
56° B (c) /CBD = /CAD
52°
= 96° – 68°
= 28° (/s in same segment, ext. / = sum of
T A P
opp. int. /s)
Draw a diameter AK. Join KC. /PAD = 180° – 98° – 28°
/CAB = 38° (/s in same segment) = 54° (adj. /s on a str. line)
/ADB = 180° – 56° – 38° – 52° 21. (a) Radius perpendicular to tangent.
= 34° (/ sum of a n) (b) nAOB or nTAB
/KCA = 90° (rt. / in semicircle) (c) /AOB = 2 × 58°
/CKA = 38° + 34° = 116° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference)
= 72° (/s in same segment) 180° – 116°
/KAC = 90° – 72° (d) /ABO =
2
= 18° (/ sum of a n) = 32° (base /s of isos. n)
/KAP = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius) (e) /ATB = 180° – 116°
\ /PAB = 90° – 18° – 38° = 64°
163 1
= 34°
22. (a) 90° (rt. / in semicircle) (b) ∠ABC = ∠PAC
(b) (i) /SOP = 2 × 48° = 9 × 11°
= 96° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) = 99° (∠s in alt. segment)
/QOS = 180° – 96° 180° − 99°
∠ACB =
= 84° (adj. /s on a str. line) 2
(ii) /QPS = 180° – 90° – 48° = 40.5° (base ∠s of isos. r)
= 42° (/s in opp. segments) (c) ∠ADC = 180° − 99°
23. (a) /AOD = 180° – 2x° (base /s of isos. n, = 81° (∠s in opp. segments)
/ sum of a n) 28. (i) ∠QPX = ∠BXQ
(b) /ACD = (180° – 2x°) = 4x° (∠s in alt. segment)
= 90° – x° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) 4x° + 5x° + 63° = 180° (∠ sum of a r)
(c) /BDC = y° (/s in same segment) 9x° = 117°
/ACD = 90° – y° (/ sum of a n) x° = 13°
90° – x° = 90° – y° \ x = 13
\x=y (ii) ∠AXP = 180° − 63° − (4 × 13°)
24. (a) /PSR = 52° = 65° (adj. ∠s on a str. line)
\ /PTR = 52° (/s in same segment) (iii) ∠PRX = ∠PXB
(b) /TRS = 52° (alt. /s) = 63° + (4 × 13°)
\ /SOT = 2 × 52° = 115° (∠s in alt. segment)
= 104° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) 29. (i) ∠ADB = ∠ACB
180° – 130° = 41°
25. (a) /ACB =
2 ∠ABC = 180° − ∠ADB
= 25° (base /s of isos. n) = 180° − 41° − 29°
\ /AEB = 25° (/s in same segment) = 110° (∠s in opp. segments)
(b) /BCD = 130° (ii) ∠OAD = ∠ODA
/ACD = 130° – 25° = 105° = 41° (OA = OD, base ∠s of isos. r)
\ /AED = 180° – 105° ∠OAT = 90° (tangent ⊥ radius)
= 75° (/s in opp. segments) ∠DAT = 90° − 41°
(c) /CAD = 25° = 49°
\ /COD = 2 × 25° (iii) ∠ACD = ∠DAT
= 50° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) = 49° (∠s in alt. segment)
26. (a) /AOB = 180° – 34° – 34° 30. (i) ∠APB = 180° − 58° − 61°
= 112° (base /s of isos. n, / sum of a n) = 61° (adj. ∠s on a str. line)
/APB = 180° – 112° = 68° (/s in opp. segments) ∠BAP = ∠TPB
112° = 58° (∠s in alt. segment)
(b) /ACB =
2 ∠ABP = 180° − 58° − 61°
= 56° (/ at centre = 2 / at circumference) = 61° (∠ sum of a r)
27. (a) Let ∠PAD = 4x° and ∠DAC = 5x°. ∠ABR = 180° − 61°
∠ACD = ∠PAD = 119° (adj. ∠s on a str. line)
= 4x° (∠s in alt. segment) ∠PQR = 180° − 119°
4x° + 4x° + 5x° + 37° = 180° = 61° (∠s in opp. segments)
13x° + 37° = 180° (ii) ∠BAQ = 180° − 58°
13x° = 143° = 122° (adj. ∠s on a str. line)
x° = 11° ∠PRQ = 180° − 122°
∠ACD = 4 × 11° = 58° (∠s in opp. segments)
= 44°

1 164
Chapter 11 Probability and Statistics 5. (a)
× 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 11A
3 9 12 15 18 21 24
1
1. (a) P(A is 2) = 4 12 16 20 24 28 32
6
(b) P(A < 6) = 1 5 15 20 25 30 35 40
1
(c) P(B is 9) = 6 18 24 30 36 42 48
10
2 7 21 28 35 42 49 56
(d) P(B > 7) =
10 8 24 32 40 48 56 64
1
=
5 9
(b) (i) P(odd) =
1 36
2. (a) P(C is 0) =
3 1
=
1 4
(b) P(C > 1) =
3 12
(ii) P(< 23) =
1 36
(c) P(D is 7) =
10 1
=
3 3
(d) P(D < 3) =
10 (iii) P(prime) = 0
3. (a) 6
A A K B B (iv) P(divisible by 14) =
36
A AA AA AK AB AB 1
=
6
A AA AA AK AB AB
(v) P(> 8) = 1
A AA AA AK AB AB 6. There are x red balls (R), 8 yellow balls (Y) and 10 blue
P PA PA PK PB PB balls (B).
x
P PA PA PK PB PB (a) P(R) =
x + 18
6 10 2
(b) (i) P(2A) = (b) =
25 x + 18 + 15 7
6 2x + 66 = 70
(ii) P(AB) = 2x = 4
25
2 \x=2
(iii) P(PK) =
25 7. There are 18 boys (B) and 32 girls (G).
4. (a) 18 + x + 3 3
+ 5 10 20 50 100 =
18 + 32 + 2 x + 12 8
5 10 15 25 55 105 x + 21 3
=
2 x + 62 8
10 15 20 30 60 110 8x + 168 = 6x + 186
20 25 30 40 70 120 2x = 18
\x=9
50 55 60 70 100 150
8. There are x blue balls (B), (2x + 5) red balls (R) and
100 105 110 120 150 200 (3x + 25) yellow balls (Y).
13 2x + 5 11
(b) (i) P(< 60¢) = =
25 2 x + 5 + x + 3 x + 25 36
10 36(2x + 5) = 11(6x + 30)
(ii) P(> 95¢) = 72x + 180 = 66x + 330
25
2 6x = 150
(c) (i) P(exactly 10¢) =
25 \ x = 25
18
(ii) P(< 110¢) =
25

165 1
9. There are 6 red pens (R), 2 yellow pens (Y) and 4 green 1 1 7 4 4
11. (a) p = ,q= ,r= ,s= ,t= ,
pens (G). 4 3 15 15 15
4 7 1 1
(a) P(G) = u= ,v= ,w=
12 15 3 5
1 4 1
= (b) (i) P($1) = ×
3 16 5
(b) P(second pen drawn is R) 1
=
= P(RR, YR, GR) 20
6 5 2 6 4 6 (ii) P(70¢) = P(20, 50 or 35, 35 or 50, 20)
= × + × + × 7 4 5 4 4 7
12 11 12 11 12 11 = × + × + ×
1 16 15 16 15 16 15
= 19
2 =
(c) P(all of the same colour) 60
= P(RRR or GGG) (iii) P(> 60¢) = 1 – P(< 60¢)
6 5 4 4 3 2 = 1 – P(20, 20 or 20, 35 or 35, 20)
= × × + × ×  7 6 7 5 5 7
12 11 10 12 11 10 =1–  × + × + ×
 16 15 15 15 16 15 
6
= 8
55 =
10. (a) 15
First student Second student
(c) P(90¢) = P(20, 20, 50 or 20, 50, 20 or 20, 35, 35
13 or 35, 35, 20 or 35, 20, 35 or 50, 20, 20)
19 plays basketball 7 6 4 7 4 3
14 plays basketball = × × + × ×
20
16 15 14 16 15 14
6 plays tennis
7 5 4 5 4 7
19 + × × + × ×
16 15 14 16 15 14
14 5 7 4 4 7 6
+ × × + × ×
6 19 plays basketball 16 15 14 16 15 14
20 plays tennis 1
plays tennis =
5 4
19 12. There are 5 beef dishes (B), 2 fish dishes (F) and 4 chicken
dishes (C).
(b) (i) P(first plays tennis and second plays basketball)
(a) P(at least one chicken dish)
6 14
= × 4 3 4 7 7 4
20 19 = × + × + ×
21 11 10 11 10 11 10
= 35
95 =
(ii) P(at most one play tennis) 55
(b) P(same dish)
= 1 – P(both play tennis)
= P(BBB or CCC)
6 5
=1– × 5 4 5 4 3 2
20 19 = × × + × ×
35 11 10 11 11 10 9
= 14
38 =
(iii) P(second student plays basketball) 165
(c) P(different dishes)
14 13 6 14
= × + × = P(BFC, BCF, CBF, CFB, FCB, FBC)
20 19 20 19
7  5 2 4
= =  × × ×6
10  11 10 9 
8
=
33

1 166
 2x x 2 5 7
13. There are x sweets. are yellow (Y), are green (G). 16. (a) (i) x = ,y= ,z=
5 10 3 12 12
2x x (ii) (a) P(15¢) = P(5¢, 10¢ or 10¢, 5¢)
(a) Number of red sweets = x – –
5 10 5 2 8 5
= × + ×
1 13 3 13 12
= x
2 20
=
2 1 39
(b) P(YG) = ×
5 10 (b) P(>20¢) = 0
1 (b) P(5 balls chosen > 25¢)
=
25 = 1 – P(5¢ for all draws)
14. (a) There are 6 red balls (R) and 7 yellow balls (Y). 5 4 3 2 1
=1– × × × ×
5 13 12 11 10 9
12 R 1286
6 R =
13 1287
7 Y
17. There are 24 white marbles (W), x red marbles (R) and y
12
blue marbles (B).
6 1
(a) P(R) =
7 12 R 5
13 Y x
Y =
6 x + y + 24
12
5x = x + y + 24
6 7 y = 4x – 24 — (1)
P(RY) = ×
13 12 2
7 P(B) =
= 5
26 y
(b) P(two balls are of different colours) =
x + y + 24
= P(RY or YR) 5y = 2x + 2y + 48
7 7 6 3y = 2x + 48 — (2)
= + ×
26 13 12 Substitute (1) into (2) : 3(4x – 24) = 2x + 48
14 10x = 120
=
26 x = 12
7
= Substitute x = 12 into (1) : y = 4(12) – 24 = 24
13
\ x = 12 and y = 24
15. (a) A has the numbers 1, 2, 3, …, 24, 25
(b) (i) P(two marbles are of the same colour)
1
(i) P(multiples of 3 and 7) = = P(RR or BB or WW)
25
(ii) P(multiples of 3 or 7) 12 11 24 23 24 23
= × + × + ×
60 59 60 59 60 59
= P(3, 6, 9,... 24 or 7, 14,... 21)
103
10 =
= 295
25
24 12
2 (ii) P(WR) = ×
= 60 59
5
24
(b) B has the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 4, 8, 16, =
295
20
1
(i) P(multiple of 7) =
12
(ii) P(multiple of 3, 4 or 7) = 1

167 1
18. (a) There are 5 green (G), 6 blue (B) and 7 yellow marbles (b) a = n, p = 2n, q = 2n – 1, b = n – 1, r = 4n – 2
(Y). 10 10
(c) P(WB) = ×
4 Green 20 19
17 5
6 =
19
17
Green Blue (d) P(not BB) = 1 – P(BB)
12 11
=1– ×
5 7 24 23
Yellow
18 17 35
=
46
5 Green
17
1998 + 2
(e) c = = 500, d = 499
1 5 4
3 17 20. (a) 1
Blue Blue
4 falls asleep
3 watches TV
7 5 3 stays awake
17 Yellow
4

7 5 Green 3
18 17
2 8 falls asleep
6 5 reads a book
17 stays awake
Yellow Blue 5
8

6 (b) P(stays awake) = P(watches TV, stays awake or

17 Yellow
reads a book, stay awake)
1 7 7 6 3 3 2 5
(b) (i) P(BY or YB) = × + × = × + ×
3 17 18 17 5 4 5 8
14 7
= =
51 10
(ii) P(two marbles are of the same colour) (c) P(awake for at least one evening)
= P(GG or YY or BB) = 1 – P(asleep for both evenings)
5 4 7 6 1 5 3 3
= × + × + × =1– ×
18 17 18 17 3 17 10 10
46 91
= =
153 100
(iii) P(not G)
= P(BB, BY, YB, YY)
1 5 1 7 7 6 7 6
= × + × + × + ×
3 17 3 17 18 17 18 17
26
=
51
5 5 5 4
19. (a) (i) Probability = × + ×
10 9 10 9
5 4
= +
18 18
9
=
18
9 9 9 8
(ii) Probability = × + ×
18 17 18 17
9 8
= +
34 34
1
=
2

1 168
21. Bag A contains 6 yellow balls (Y) and 8 blue balls (B). (b)
Bag B contains 5 yellow balls (Y) and 9 blue balls (B).
1 1 1 ... 1 2 2 ... 2 3 3 ... 3 4 4 4 5 5 ... 5 6 6 ... 6
A B Final
6Y 8B 5Y 9B x 9 5 7 6
A
B has 6Y 9B 6 A has 6Y 8B
A has 5Y 8B 15 Y x + 14 = 2 + 13
B has 5Y 9B
6 Y x =1
A has 5Y 9B
14 9 B
B has 6Y 8B \ Possible values of x are 0 and 1.
15
4. (a) Modal height = 137 cm
134 + 136
5 A has 7Y 7B (b) Median height =
8 15 Y 2
B has 4Y 10B
14 B = 135 cm
A has 6Y 8B
B has 5Y 10B 10 B (c) Lower quartile = 124 cm
B has 5Y 9B
A has 6Y 7B 15 Upper quartile = 138 cm
8 5
(a) P(A has 7Y 7B) = × \ Interquartile range = 138 – 124
14 15
= 14 cm
4
= y 5
21 5. (a) =
12 x 3
6 9
(b) P(B has 6Y 8B) = × 3y = 60x
14 15
y = 20x
9
= 12x + 8x + 2y = 360
35
6 6 8 10 20x + 2(20x) = 360
(c) P(A has 6Y 8B) = × + × x =6
14 15 14 15
58 (b) 8 × 6° = 48° represents 240 g
=
105 240
\ Mass of eggs used = × 120
(d) P(B has 5Y 10B) = 0 48
= 600 g
Exercise 11B 6. (a) Modal number of goals scored = 19
(b) Lower quartile = 15
72
1. (a) × 100% = 20% Upper quartile = 23
360
\ Interquartile range = 23 – 15
(b) 360° – 120° – 72° – 72° = 96°
=8
96° represents 288 pupils y
7. (i)
288
\ Whole school population = × 360
96
= 1080
2. (a) STV 5
(b) 50 – 35 = 15
(c) 20 + 40 + 35 + 10 + 50 + 5 = 160
20 x
(d) × 100% = 12.5%
160
1( x ) + 2 × 9 + 3 × 5 + 4 × 3 + 5 × 7 + 6 × 6 3
3. (a) =3
x + 9 + 5 + 3+ 7 + 6 20
x + 116 3
=3
x + 30 20 (ii) There is a strong, positive correlation.
3 1
x + 116 = 3 x + 94
20 2
3 1
2 x = 21
20 2
x = 10

169 1
 33 − 5
8. (i) and (ii) (iv) Gradient =
16 − 0
y = 1.75
50 (v) y-intercept = 5
Equation of line of best fit: y = 1.75x + 5
45 10. (a) Total number of games = 1 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2
= 15
40 (b) Mode = 1
4 + 6 + 6 + 12 + 10
35 (c) Mean number of goals =
15
8
30 =2
15
11. (a) x = 3, 2, 1 or 0
25
(b) 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 ... 5
20 9 2 x
A B
15
For A, 9 = 1 + 2 + x
x =6
10
For B, 9 + 1 = 2 + x
5 x =8
\ Possible values of x include 6, 7 or 8.
x 3 + 8 + 6 + 8 + 5x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (c) =3
2 + 3+ 4 + 2 + 2 + x
(iii) The data displays strong negative correlation. 5x + 25 = 3x + 39
35.5 − 3 2x = 14
(iv) Gradient =
2.2 − 8 x =7
= −5.60 (to 3 s.f.) 12. (a) Mode = 106 min
(v) y-intercept = 47.5 (b) Median = 106 min
Equation of line of best fit: y = −5.60x + 47.5 93 + 94
(c) Lower quartile =
9. (i) 2
y = 93.5 min
108 + 110
40 Upper quartile =
2
= 109 min
35
Interquartile range = 109 – 93.5
= 15.5 min
30
13. (a) Mean temperature
25 28 × 3 + 29 × 3 + 30 × 6 + 31 × 7 + 32 × 5
+ 33 × 3 + 34 × 4
=
20 31
= 31.1°C (to 3 s.f.)
15 (b) Standard deviation = 1.78 °C (to 3 s.f.)
14. (a) 20 30 – 04 20 = 16 h 10 min
10 1
16
\ Angle = 6 × 360°
5 24
= 242.5°
x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

(iii) The data displays a strong, positive correlation.

1 170
 (b) 14 10 – 09 35 = 4 h 35 min (iii)
A B
35
4
\ Angle for daylight = 60 × 360°
24 0 0 0 0 1 1 ... 1 2 2 2 ... 3 3 ... 3 4 ... 4 5 5 5
3 4 12 x 16 5 3
= 68 °
4
\ Angle for darkness = 360° – 68.75° If A is the median,
= 291.25° 4 + 12 + x = 15 + 5 + 3
15. (a) x = 3 x =7
(b) Mode = 2 \ Possible values of x are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
(c) 55 + x + y = 100 20. (a)

y = 45 – x Number of runners
7 + 72 + 3x + 4y + 25 + 12 = 2.7 × 100
3x + 4y = 154 40

3x + 4(45 – x) = 154
\ x = 180 – 154 = 26 30
y = 45 – 26 = 19
110 5 20
16. (a) × 100% = 30 %
360 9
a 1
(b) × 100% = 17 % 10
360 2
a = 63°
b = 360° – 110° – 78° – 63° 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
= 109° Time interval in minutes
17. (a) Amount raised
= [30 + 66 + 96 + 91 + 70 + 135 + (4 + 5 + 6) × 15] (b) Modal interval = 12 – 15
× 10 + (4 +10 + 18) × 25 (c) Mean time of first 50 runners
= $7930 1.5 × 3 + 4.5 × 7 + 7.5 × 13 + 10.5 × 26
= 1 h 15 min +
30 + 66 + 96 + 91 + 70 + 135 + 64 + 85 + 54 49
(b) Mean =
3+ 6 + 8 + 7 + 5 + 9 + 4 + 5 + 3 = 1 h 15 min + 8.13 min
= 13.82 = 1 h 23 min (to nearest min)
(c) 3+6+8+7+5=9+4+5+x (d) Let x be number of runners who finished in the 7th
\ x = 11 interval.
18. (a) Mode = 2 38 + 20 + x
= 31
(b) Median = 2 3
28 + 70 + 60 + 52 + 25 + 30 x = 93 – 38 – 20
(c) Mean =
28 + 35 + 20 + 13 + 5 + 5 = 35
= 2.5 21. (a) and (b)
19. (a) (i) From the diagram, there are 40 pupils in the class.
y
(ii) 35 marks
(iii) 75% of 70 marks = 52.5 marks 0.5
Frequency density

Number of pupils who scored above 52.5 marks 0.4

=7
0.3
\ 7 students scored distinction.
0.2
(b) (i) x = 45 – 4 – 12 – 16 – 5 –3
0.1
=5
x
12 + 10 + 48 + 20 + 15
Mean = 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
45 Age of pupils
= 2.33 (to 3 s.f.)
(ii) x < 16

171 1
22. (a) 7 10 A ... 13 8 x (b) (i) Median = 3.4 min

13 Interquartile range = 4 – 2.5
= 1.5 min
median
(ii) Service time at the two post offices are about the
7 + 10 + 12 = 8 + x same. The spread at post office A is larger.
x = 21 27. (a) Mean = 42.75 marks
\ Possible values of x are 0, 1, 2… 21 Standard deviation = 12.8 marks (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Total number = 7 + 10 + 13 + 8 + 2 (b) The pupils in 4B performed better as their mean is
= 40 higher. The spread of performance in 4B is narrower
30.5 × 40 – 12 as the standard deviation is smaller.
New mean =
40 28. Arrange the given data in ascending order.
= 30.2 years
15, 32, 35, 47, 56, 59, 62, 64, 65, 73, 76, 80, 82, 93
23. For boys,
62 + 64
mean = 16.8, standard deviation = 4.5 (a) Median =
2
For girls, = 63 marks
mean = 15.1, standard deviation = 8.3 Lower quartile = 47 marks
The boys performed better as the mean is higher. The Upper quartile = 76 marks
spread of the performance of the girls is larger indicating (b) Interquartile range = 76 – 47
greater variability in their marks. = 29 marks
24. (a) (i) 295.5 days (c) Secondary 4B performed better than Secondary 4A as
(ii) 337.5 days the median of 4B is higher than that of 4A. The spread
(iii) Lower quartile = 270 days of performance in Secondary 4A is also greater as the
Interquartile range = 337.5 – 270 interquartile range and range are higher than that of
= 67.5 days Secondary 4B.
(iv) 80th percentile = 342.5 days 29. (a) Median = 69 marks
(b) 70% of 300 = 210 Interquartile range = 87 – 52.5
\ x = 325 days = 34.5 marks
(c) It will be more steep with a narrower range. (b) (i) Median = 75 marks
25. (a) Arrange the given data in ascending order. (ii) Upper quartile = 80 marks
a = 109, b = 125, c = 131, d = 141.5, e = 153 (iii) Interquartile range = 80 – 67
(b) Range = 153 – 109 = 13 marks
= 44 cm (iv) 80th percentile = 81.5 marks
Interquartile range = 141.5 – 125 (c) Secondary 4Q performed better as the median is
= 16.5 cm higher. The spread of performance of Secondary 4P
26. (a) (i) Median = 3.5 min, is greater as the interquartile range is higher.
Lower quartile = 3.2 min, (d) Yes. The median of Secondary 4Q is higher and the
Upper quartile = 4 min. lowest mark scored in Secondary 4Q is higher than
(ii) Percentage of customers whose service time that scored by pupils in Secondary 4P.
325 – 224 30. (a) For Brand X,
> 3.8 min = × 100%
325 median = 320 minutes
= 31.1% (to 3 s.f.)
interquartile range = 90 minutes
(iii) Fraction of customers taking > 4.5 min
For Brand Y,
15
= median = 390 minutes
325
interquartile range = 320 minutes
3
= (b) Brand Y lasts longer than Brand X as the median is
65
higher. The spread of time of Brand Y is larger than
Brand X as the interquartile range is higher.

1 172
31. (a) (i) Median = 140.5 cm
(ii) Upper quartile = 146 cm
(iii) Interquartile range = 146 – 134.5
= 11.5 cm
(b)

Height
120 < x < 130 130 < x < 140 140 < x < 150 150 < x < 160 160 < x < 170
(x cm)

Frequency 14 44 48 12 2

(c) (i) Mean = 140.3 cm

(ii) Standard deviation = 8.84 cm (to 3 s.f.)
(d) Pupils in ABC school are generally taller as the mean
is larger. The spread of heights of pupils in XYZ school
is greater as the standard deviation is bigger.
(e) Pupils in PCK school are generally taller as the median
is larger. The spread of heights of pupils in PCK
school is greater as the interquartile range is greater
than that of ABC school.
32. (a) (i) Median travelling time = 26 minutes
(ii) Interquartile range = 32 – 21
= 11 minutes
(iii) Number of teachers taking > 40 min = 7
(iv) Percentage of teachers taking < 15 min
3
= × 100%
65
= 4.62% (to 3 s.f.)
(b) Number of teachers taking > 30 min = 20
20 19
\ P(both teachers take > 30 min) = ×
65 64
19
=
208
(c) (i) Median travelling time = 34 minutes
(ii) Interquartile range = 41 – 23 = 18 minutes
ABC school is more accessible by public transport
as the median travelling time is smaller than that
of XYZ school.

173 1
Specimen Paper (b) When y = 9,
18
Paper 1 9 =
x+3
1. (a) 18 36 + 14 h = 08 36
08 36 + 24 min = 09 00 x+3 =2
09 00 + 18 min = 09 18 x+3 =4
\ Total travelling time = 14 h + (24 + 18) min x =1
= 14 h 42 min 3x + 7
7. x > 12, < 39
(b) Arranged in ascending order, 3
1 7
− , −0.33, 3.4%, 3.28 × 10−1 x+ < 39
3 3
1 2
64 
– 13
3
0
 125  3 x < 36
2. (a)  ÷  2 –  =  ÷1 3
 125   4  64 
\ x = 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31
5
= 3 7
4 8. –
1 1 – 2x 4x – 2
=1 3 7
4 = –
(b) 1 – 2 x 2(2 x – 1)
3 7
= +
1 – 2 x 2(1 – 2 x)
13
=
2(1 – 2 x)
9. (a) (i) ABD = CDB (alt. s)
ADB = ECD (given)
\ nABD is similar to nECD (2 pairs of corr.
s equal).
3. 3x + 4x + 6x + 7x = 360°
(ii) BDC = 73° − 44° (ext.  = 2 int. opp. s)
x = 18°
= 29°
Interior angles are 54°, 72°, 108° and 126°.
ABD = 29° (alt. s)
\ Smallest exterior angle = 180° − 126°
DAB = 180° − 44° − 29° ( sum of a n)
= 54°
= 107°
4. (a) 8x3y3 − 18xy3 = 2xy3(4x2 − 9)
Reflex DAB = 360° − 107° (s at a point)
= 2xy3(2x + 3)(2x − 3)
= 253°
(b) a − b + 4b − 4 = a2 − (b2 − 4b + 4)
2 2

(b) EBC = 180° − 73° − 18° ( sum of a n)

= a2 − (b − 2)2
= 89°
= (a + b − 2)(a − b + 2)
≠ 90°
p2 – q 1– p \ A semicircle, with DC as diameter, does not pass
5. p =
q 2 through B.
 p2 – q  1 – 2 p + p2 2
p2   = 10. (a) cos BAD =
 q  4 5
q(1 − 2p + p2) = 4(p4 − p2q) AD
=
25
q[(1 − 2p + p2) + 4p2] = 4p4
AD = 10 cm
4 p4
\q= \ AC = 2 × 10
1 – 2 p + 5 p2
= 20 cm
k
6. (a) y = where k is a constant.
x+3
When x = 6, y = 6.
k
6=
6+3
k = 18
18
\y=
x+3
1 174
 (b) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, 15. (a) Equation of curve is y = (x + 1.5)(x − 6)
2 2 = x2 − 4.5x − 9
BD = 25 – 10
\ b = −4.5, c = −9
= 525 (b) At C, x = 0,
= 5 21 cm y = −9
5 21 \ Coordinates of C are is (0, −9).
\ tan BAS = –
10 6 – 1.5 1
(c) Equation of line of symmetry is x = =2 .
21 2 4
=– 16.
2 y
1
(c) Area of rABC = × 20 × 5 21 (1, 5)
2 5
= 50 21 cm2
11. New price to sell
108
= × 264
96 (1 – 5, 0) (1 + 5, 0)
= $297 x
–1 0 1 2 3 4
0 – (–6)
12. (a) Gradient of PQ =
5–0
6
= \ Maximum point is (1, 5).
5
17. (i) rAOB is mapped onto rEOD by a reflection in FC.
6
y= x−6 (ii) rAOB is mapped onto rBOC by a 60° anticlockwise
5
5y = 6x − 30 rotation about O.
\ Equation of PQ is 5y = 6x − 30. (iii) rAOB is mapped onto rEOF by a 120° clockwise
1 rotation about O.
(b) Area of nPQR = × (4 + 6) × 5 (iv) rEOF is mapped onto rDCO by a translation of
2
= 25 units2 3 cm along FC.
13.  = {4, 5, 6,…, 15, 16} 120
18. (a) P(20 points) =
P = {5, 8} 360
Q = {4, 5} 1
=
(a) R = {6, 9, 12, 15} 3
(b) (i) P(20 points) = P(10 points, 10 points)
(b) P  Q = {5}
60 60
(c) Q′  R = {6, 9, 12, 15} = ×
360 360
1
14. (a) Volume = p r2h 1
3 =
36
= 80 cm3
(ii) P(50 points)
1 1 
New volume = p(2r)2  h  = P(10 points, 40 points) or P(40 points, 10 points)
3 3 
1 1 1 1
4 1  = × + ×
=  πr2 h  6 2 2 6
33 
1
4 =
= (80) 6
3
(iii) P(more than 30 points)
2
= 106 cm3 = 1 − P(20 points or 30 points)
3
(b) New volume = 33 × 80 = 1 − P(10 points, 10 points) or P(10 points,
= 2160 cm3 20 points) or P(20 points, 10 points)
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 −  + × + ×
 36 6 3 3 6 
31
=
36

175 1
 (c) P(60 points)
= P((10, 10, 40) or (20, 20, 20) or (10, 40, 10)
or (40, 10, 10))
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= × × + × × + × ×
6 6 2 3 3 3 6 2 6
1 1 1
+ × ×
2 6 6
17
=
216
2 1 2 1
19. (a) = − +
7×8×9 7 8 9
(b) k = 20 × 21 × 22
= 9240
2 1 2 1
(c) = − +
4080 p q r
Try 3 4080 = 15.9
\ p = 15, q = 16, r = 17
2 1 2 1
(d) = − +
a b n c
c = n + 1, b = n − 1
a = n(n + 1)(n − 1) = n(n2 − 1)
20. C

H
(a)
(b)

1 176
21. Let $t represent the cost of a cup of tea and $c represent Paper 2
the cost of a piece of cake. 5
1. (a) (380 − 32) × = 193.3 °C (to 1 d.p.)
8t + 6c = 19.80 — (1) 9
12t + 11c = 33.10 — (2) (b) $3.90 + $3.00 + $3.20 + $2.20 + $1 + 2 × $19 + $2.90
(1) × 3 : 24t + 18c = 59.40 — (3) = $54.20
(2) × 2 : 24t + 22c = 66.20 — (4) (c) 360 ÷ 24 = 15 sets of ingredients
(4) − (3) : 4c = 6.8 15 × 250 g = 3750 g butter 8 × $6.20 = $49.60
c = 1.70 7 × $6.20 + $3.90 = $47.30
Substitute c = 1.70 into (2) : 15 × 250 g = 3750 g sugar 3 × $3.60 + $3.00 = $13.80
12t + 11(1.70) = 33.10 15 × 250 g = 3750 g flour 4 × $3.20 = $12.80
33.10 – 11(1.70) 15 × 4 eggs = 60 eggs 4 × $2.70 = $10.80
t=
12 15 × 4 × 15 ml = 900 ml milk 1 × $3.20 = $3.20
= 1.20 15 × 24 = 360 paper cups 4 × $2.90 = $11.60
\ The cost of a cup of tea is $1.20 and a piece of cake is Cost for ingredients = $47.30 + $13.80 + $12.80 + $10.80
$1.70. + $3.20 + $11.60
4
5000 × 2.25 × 4  x  = $99.50
22. = 5000  1 +  − 5000
100  100  $99.50 ÷ 360 = $0.276 (to 3 d.p.)
4
 x  Betty will also incur the cost of water and electricity for
5450 = 5000  1 + 
 100  baking and washing the utensils. The rounded off
4
 x  5450 cost per cupcake may be $0.30. Betty should charge
 1 +  =
100  5000 $1.50 since it is a charity fundraising fair, she can
x 5450 raise 360 × $1.20 = $4.32 for the charity.
1+ = 4
100 5000 Accept any valid answers.
x
= 0.021 778 (to 5 s.f.) 1 6 
100 2. (a)  + h
 x x + 1 
\ x = 2.178 (to 4 s.f.)
7 1 6  1
(b) −  + =
x  x x + 1  2
6 6 1
− =
x x +1 2
12(x + 1) − 12x = x2 + x
x2 + x − 12 = 0 (shown)
(c) (x − 3)(x + 4) = 0
\ x = 3 or x = −4 (NA since speed cannot be negative)
7
(d) h = 2 h 20 min
3
7
(e) Average speed =
1 1
2 –
3 2
9
=3 km/h
11

177 1
 68 kg 68 × 1000 g  125 
3. (a) = (c) RP = (12 15) 
min 60 s  230 
1 = (4950)
= 1133 g/s
3 The element in RP represents the total cost of fruits
8000 required to make 12 cups of Juice X and 15 cups of
(b) Time taken = min
68 Juice Y.
= 1 h 58 min (to nearest min) → → →
6. (a) (i) AB = AO + OB
8000 × 1000
(c) Volume = cm3  –3  4
0.85 =   +  
 1  3
= 9412 litres (to 4 s.f.)  1
=  
9412  4
(d) Number of cars =
35 → →
≈ 268 CD = − AB
Amount left over = 9412 − 268 × 35  –1
=  
= 32 litres  –4 
4. (a) (i) Let PAD = 4x° and CAD = 5x° → → →
DA = DO + OA
81°= 37° + 4x°  9  3
x = 11 =   +  
 –2   –1
ACD = 180° − 81° − 5(11)° ( sum of a n)
 12 
= 44° =  
 –3
(ii) ABC = 180° − 81° (s in opp. segments) → →
= 99° BC = − DA
180° – 99°  –12 
ACB = (base s of isos. n) = 
2  3 
→ → →
= 40.5° (ii) OC = OB + BC
(iii) BAQ = 180° − 4(11°) − 5(11°) − 40.5°  4  –12 
=   + 
= 40.5° (adj. s on a str. line)  3  3 
(b) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem,  –8 
=  
AC = 7.4 2 – 4.6 2  6
= 5.7966 cm (to 3 s.f.) \ C is the point (−8, 6).
\ Area of ABCD → → →
(b) (i) PS = PQ + QS
1 1
= × 5.7966 × 4.6 + × 5.7966 × 9.6 3
2 2 =a+ b
4
= 41.2 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) → → →
(ii) PT = PQ + QT
 1 4 0   45   125  1
5. (a) P =   20  =  =a− b

 2 1 3   40   230 
2
→ → →
The elements in P represent the cost of fruits required (iii) TR = TQ + QR
to make 1 cup of Juice X and 1 cup of Juice Y 1
= b+b
respectively. 2
1 4 0 1
=1 b
(b) Q = (12 15)   2
 2 1 3
= (42 63 45)
The elements in Q represent the total number of
different types of fruit needed to make 12 cups of
Juice X and 15 cups of Juice Y.

1 178
 7 (b)
7. (a) Angle of elevation = tan−1
28 y
= 14.0° (to 1 d.p.)
(b) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, 18 1
y = x2 + +1
2 2 17
OB = 28 + 9 x
16
= 865 15
TB 14
tan 22° =
865 13
(e)(i) y = 2x + 6
\ TB = 11.9 m (to 3 s.f.) 12
 11.88 – 7  11
(c) Angle of depression = tan−1  
9 10
= 28.5° (to 1 d.p.) 9 (e) (3, 9.2)

(d) Let d m be the shortest distance from A to OB. 8

1 7
Area of rOAB = × 28 × 9 6 (c)
2 y=6
5
1
= × 865 × d 4
2
3
28 × 9
d= 2
(1.05, 2)
865 1
= 8.57 (to 3 s.f.) x
0 0.2 1 2 2.15 3 3.4 4
\ The shortest distance from A to OB is 8.57 m. –1
(0, –1.9)
7 –2
(e) Greatest angle of elevation = tan−1
8.568
= 39.2° (to 1 d.p.) 1
1 28 9 (c) x2 + <5
(f) Area of rOAB on the map = × × x
2 2 2 1
= 31.5 cm2 x2 + +1<6
x
1 Draw y = 6
8. (a) y = x2 + +1
x 0.2 < x < 2.15
When x = 0.8, (d) At x = 2,
1
y = 0.82 + +1 9.2 – 2
0.8 gradient =
3 – 1.05
= 2.9
= 3.69
\ a = 2.9
(e) (ii) x = 0.18 or 3.4
When x = 3.5, 1
1 (iii) x2 + + 1 = 2x + 6
y = 3.52 + +1 x
3.5 x + 1 + x = 2x2 + 6x
3

= 13.5 x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 1 = 0
\ b = 13.5 \ A = −2, B = −5
3800 × 33.15
9. (a) S$ = S$1259.70
100
(b) RM 580 × 2.965 = RM1720 (to the nearest RM)

(c) At money changer B, RM100 can get him

100
= S$33.15 (to 2 d.p.)
3.017
\ He can go to either one of the money changers
since the rates are the same.

179 1
10.
y l2
l1
4
3
2
R
1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Equation of l1:
y−3 3− 0
=
x−0 0−4
y−3 3
=−
x 4
4y – 12 = −3x
4y + 3x = 12
The unshaded region lies below l1. Hence 4y + 3x < 12
defines a part of the unshaded region.
Equation of l2:
y−3 3− 0
=
x−0 0 − ( −1)
y – 3 = 3x
y = 3x + 3
The unshaded region lies below l2. Hence y < 3x + 3.
The unshaded region lies above the x-axis. Hence y > 0
defines a part of the unshaded region.
\ The unshaded region is defined by the three inequalities:
y > 0, 4y + 3x < 12 and y < 3x + 3
11. (i) From the graph, the number of workers earning
< $320 a week = 320.
(ii) From the graph, the median weekly wage = $335.
(iii) From the graph, the lower quartile = $250.
(iv) From the graph, the upper quartile = $395.
\ Interquartile range = 395 − 250
= $145
(v) From the graph, the number of workers earning
< $450 a week = 650
Percentage who earn > $450 a week
720 – 650
= × 100%
720
= 9.72% (to 3 s.f.)

1 180
NOTES

181 1
 NOTES

1 182