OICS: A Web Based Inventory Control

System

Spring-2020

Department of Computer Science

University of Okara
OKARA – PAKISTAN
 NUMBER
PROJECT
ID
Group 2 OF
MEMBERS
4
TITLE Air Flow Detector Circuit

SUPERVISOR NAME Arslan Akram

MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS

Hafiz Mubeen Waheed F19-BSCS-5010 mubeenwaheed786@gmail.com
Usama Anwar F19-BSCS-5052 usamaanwarulhaq@hotmail.com
Ch.Khizar Hayat F19-BSCS-5008 Khizar5913@gmail.com
M.Awais F19-BSCS-5046 Zindgi772@gmail.com

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I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-with the
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codes and scripts created by myself/ourselves
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plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted material

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Supervisor’s Signature

Note 1: This paper must be signed by your supervisor

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 This IT capstone project, entitled “OICS: A Web Based Online inventory
control system” has been approved to fulfil the requirements of

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

Date: ______________

Evaluation Committee Name Signature

Head of Department
(Chairman)
Supervisor
(Member)
External Examiner
(Member)

Department of Computer Science

University of Okara
OKARA – PAKISTAN
Session 2016-20
 Air Flow Detector Circuit

Introduction:
Air flow detector circuit is widely used in many
appliances, as it provides a visual indication of the rate at which the air is flowing.
Wherever it is necessary to detect the rate of air flow or presence of air this circuit
is used, as this provides a clear picture of air in a given space.
The most common example of air flow detector circuit is engines. This circuit is
used in engines to get the estimate of air flow within it, so that we may get to know
how much more fuel we need to add to it for its proper functioning. High power
density electronics are liable and self-destruct when cooling fan failures go
unnoticed . heating and air-conditioning systems often incorporate multipoint
monitoring of ventilation-duct flow. Clean room air handling systems with
undetected dirty blocked air-filters can ruin process yield. Laboratory fume hoods
can contain volatile solvents or toxic reagents making adequate air turn over
critical to safety.
In these and similar scenarios, the consequences of undetected airflow interruption
can range from the merely expensive to the frankly dangerous. Therefore it
becomes necessary to use some reliable means of air flow detection. This is a
design for detecting airflow. This circuit can give visual for the measurement it can
also be used to check whether there is a airflow in a given space.
 LED/Buzzer
F 555
A
Timer
N Voltage
Supply

Figure 1:Air Flow Detector

Principle of Air Flow Detector Circuit:
The symbol basically works on a
simple principle in which the basic component is used for detection is resistance
temperature detector.
The two main components on which circuit works are as follows:
1) Air present in the given space work as an insulator.
2) Variation that occurs in resistance with temperature.
If you are using an incandescent bulb, then its filament works as the sensing part of
the air flow detector circuit. The proper functioning of this filament is necessary
for correct detection.
 So, if suppose there is no air flow then we will see high resistance in the
filament.
 And if there is any air flow in a particular space, then the resistance of the
filament will began to drop. The reason behind is that when the air is
present, it removes some of the heat that is generated in the filament and as a
result the resistance drop.
 The circuit is incomplete without the zener diode, as this diode works as a
voltage regulator in the circuit. And, it is recommended to use the proper zener
diode as without a proper one the efficiency of the circuit can be affected in
heavy loads.
Air Flow detector Circuit Diagram:

R4

R1

R3 LED1

R2
D1

V1

Rx
C2 C1

Figure 2: Air Flow detector Circuit Diagram

Components:
The important components of the circuit are as follows:
1) V1=12V
2) R1=38ohms
3) D1=4.7 V Zener Diode, 1N4732
4) R2=100 Ohms
5) Rx=HEL-700 platinum RTD
6) R3=10k
7) C2=1uF
 8) C1=0.01 uF
9) LED = 5V, Green LED
10) IC = 555 Timer

Working of Air Flow Detector Circuit:

In spite of having a difficult
function, the working of the circuit is quite easy.
 The current will flow through the resistor.
 The resistor will get heated up, as the current flows through it.
 Air will pass through the resistance temperature detector.
 Air works as the insulator, so the resistor will cool down a bit.
 As a result, resistance will start to fall.
 And, the resistance temperature detector will witness the decrease in the
voltage flowing across through it.
 The resulted variation in the voltage will be estimated through a timer circuit
which is attached in the detector circuit.
 And, this provides a clear indication of air flow in the engine with the help
of this circuit.
 The brightness which is the output result varies proportionally to the air flow
across it.
SO, this is how the complete circuit works and detects the air flow for
various appliances and systems.

Application of Air flow detector circuit:

 Wherever it is required to estimate the amount of fuel present in the

engine, this detector works best here. For example, air flow detection
 in car engines to know the amount of fuel that is needed by the
engine.
 The air flow detector can also be used to detect the temperature of the
circuit or it can be used as a temperature detector circuit in various
appliances.
 Devices which are based on temperature sensing also have this
detector in them. For example, a fan can have this air flow detector
circuit in it.
 It is also used in Spirometers.
 To detect the air take in the combustion engines.
 For the detection of leak in pressurized air systems.
 For the measurement of industrial gas flow.

Air Flow Detection Circuit Design:

The circuit is design to provide a constant current input into the RTD
so that it is heated slightly at the beginning. The RTD selected here is
HEL-700 platinum RTD, which works at a maximum operating
current of 2mA. Here we are using a Zener Diode as a voltage
regulator to provide a constant current into the RTD.`

To Design a Zener, Voltage regulator we need to first select Zener

diode. Here a zener diode with Vz = 4.7V is selected. Since input
voltage is 12 Volt and output current is 2mA, we selected a load of
resistance of 100 Ohms, so the maximum current flows through the
load and only small current flows through the RTD. The input
resistance selected is given by (Vin -Vz) / ( Iz +IL) and is equal to 38
Ohms. Here a 38 Ohms resistor is used as the input resistor.
 The next step requires design of timer mono stable multi vibrator. Here
the timer is used to provide biasing voltage to the LED, which is about
5V.The LED is required to glow as the voltage across the RTD
decreases. Here we select a resistor of 10K and an electrolyte capacitor
of 1uF. A capacitor of 0.01uF is used to connect the control pin to
ground.

Air Flow Detector Circuit Operation:

This circuit operated using a 12V battery. The battery voltage is
regulated using the zener diode, which produces a constant voltage.
Initially as current flows through the RTD, it gets heated up and its
temperature increases, thereby increasing resistance. Now as current is
constant, the voltage across the resistance also trends to increase. When
this voltage is applied to the trigger pin of the timer, it fails to trigger
the timer and the LED is in off condition. Now as air flows over the
RTD, it starts cooling. This reduces the temperature of the device. As
the temperature reduces, the resistance also reduces and so does the
voltage across device. As this voltage reduces below certain point, the
timer gets triggered and the \led starts blinking. As voltage falls further,
indicating fall of temperature, the LED starts glowing with full
intensity. This indicates the flow the air.
Theory Behind Air Flow Detector Circuit:
The basic theory behind this circuit involves knowledge about three
basic parts Voltage regulator using zener Diode, Resistance
Temperature detector and a timer circuit.

Voltage regulator using Zener Diode:

Zener Diode is a simple PN junction diode operated in reverse bias

condition. It basically works on the principle of breakdown Avalanche
and Zener. Zener breakdown occurs at a reverse bias between 2V to 8v,
when highly strong electric field intensity causes the electrons to break
free from the atoms and form free electron hole pairs. The avalanche
breakdown occurs above 8V, when high speed charge carriers cause
disrupt of covalent bond due to collision, leading to formation of free
electrons.
As can be seen by the characteristics, for a large variation in current
through the diode, the voltage across the diode remains very small or
constant. This unique feature is utilized in many applications by using
Zener diode as the voltage regulator.
Resistance Temperature Detector:
A resistance temperature detector is
a metal resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. It is based
in the fact that in metals, as temperature increases, the lattice vibration
increases. These vibrations cause collision among the electrons. As
collisions increase, the energy of the electrons decrease causing a
decrease in the flow of free electrons, leading to low conductivity. Thus
 with increase in temperature the resistance increases. An RTD is
constructed basically using platinum. At 0 degree Celsius, resistance of
an RTD is about 100 ohms.
555 Timer Multivibrator:
Multivibrator circuit is used to produce
pulsed output signal. It is triggered when a low level signal is applied to
the trigger pin of the IC. The 555 timer IC is an 8 pin IC and the timing
of the output signal is given by T=1.1 RC.

Limitations of Air flow Detector Circuit:

1. Since zener diode is being used, the efficiency of yhe circuit is affected. This
is because loss in series resistor causes a decline in efficiency in case of
heavy loads.
2. The resistance temperature detector used is expensive and easily affected by
shock and vibration.

Summary:
Air flow detection circuit is often necessary in many appliances or
systems where it is necessary to detect the presence of air to have a descriptive
picture of the proper functioning of the systems. This device is generally used for
high power density electronic devices to detect the rate of airflow inside it and to
prevent over heating of that device. The circuit can give a visual indication of the
rate of air flow. It can also be used to check whether there is air flow in a given
space variation of voltage across the filament. These variations will be picked up
by the op amp and the brightness of the LED and its output will be varied
proportionally to the air flow.
References:
Material Type References

Website https://www.electronicshub.org/air-flow-detector-circuit/

Website https://eeeproject.com/air-flow-detector-circuit/