Theoretical Framework
Moderator
Variable
Intelligence
Quotient
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Learning Academic
Environment Performance
Moderator
Variable
Adaptability
Table 1. Presentation of the relationship between Independent Variable and Dependent
Variable
Learning environment refers to the locations, context, or place where students
learn. Learning environment can also be referred as a setting where a teachers facilitate
learning. So we can say that learning environment is an educational setting where
knowledge is extracted. According to Moose (1979), Steele (1973), and Bronfenbrenner
(1981, 2005) learning environment is relevant to students because it shapes the
psychological and social behavior of a student. They stated that learning environment is
the important thing that must be considered in facilitating learning. In other words,
learning environment does not only impact the cognitive ability of the students specially
in learning but is also affect their willingness and motivation in learning. Moos stated
that architecture, physical design, temperature, and noise can influence social and
psychological aspect of an individual (Moos 1979). Therefore, we can say that learning
environment is one of the factors that determines the learning of the students
specifically the academic performance of the students. Moos model has impacted and
influence the field of education and architecture in student’s achievement and behavior.
According to Martin (2002), most teachers about their classroom and facility for
facilitating learning and teaching. Based on the results of his observations he noticed
indicators such as low levels of motivation and poor academic performance. He also
noticed poor strategies of teachers in brining positive atmosphere so that students will
be interested in their learning. According to Moose (1979), changes in psychological
behavior such as poor mindset, negative thinking, loss of interest, emotional
breakdown, stress, anxiety, and depression are most likely to be the indicators of having
an inappropriate learning environment. He stated also that physical factors such as
temperature, noise, and disturbance are factors that also affect the student’s academic
performance. Student who can’t learn easily, who have poor academic performance,
and has a feeling of unease is obviously the indicators of inappropriate learning
environment.
Academic performance is determined the learning of the students specifically the
level of their cognition, interest, and participation. Learning environment is one of the
main factors the teachers, parents, and students to consider to have a good learning
system. According to Vargas (2020), learning environment contains challenges that
affects the students learning. The said challenges are also the factors that must be
considered in education. According to him there are three things to be considered
namely lightning, noise, and temperature. Each of those have different effects to
students to mental, behavioral, and physical aspects. If students will not find strategies
in order to adapt their environment it will not just affect their academic performance but
their well-being as well. According to Vargas (2020) and Macias (2020), a noisy
environment is one of the challenges that student face especially in new normal system
of learning. According to them noise is a form of sound that is causes disturbance to the
students. Most likely noise affects the student’s concentration in learning. There is
nothing to argue about this effect since it is obvious. But they also stated that the effect
can lead to much worse because if concentration is affected it most likely affect their
behavior as well. They showed that there is a relationship between concentration and
behavior. Most students who have aggressive behavior has a poor concentration and
most likely have poor academic performance. Lightning is another of factors that need
to be considered in learning environment. According to them poor lightning affects
students’ concentration because concentration is connected to occipital lobe and
temporal lobe which is responsible for vision, hearing, and thinking. Therefore, they
conclude that having a poor lightning affects the vision of the students which decrease
the level of their concentration which lessens the learning of students and which will
affect their academic performance negatively. Temperature is also stated in their study
however they stated it is obvious that the more the temperature is uncomfortable the
more students will most likely can’t achieve a good level of concentration. According to
Noemy (2017) and Ines (2017) academic performance is always associated with test
results and assessment. It determines the level of IQ and measures the understanding
of the students. To measure the impacts of the said factors it is appropriate to examine
the test results of the students. According to them academic performance also
measures the management of the students to themselves, how they facilitate learning,
and knowing their personality in terms of social life, skills, openness, and experience.
Most problems related to schools affects the students’ academic performance. Tons of
researches relating to education system is focus on how these challenges and factors
affects students’ academic performance (Noemy and Ines, 2017). Therefore, we can
say that academic performance of the students as a dependent variable play an
important role in determining the results of the study so that we can find answer and a
conclusion on how learning environment affects student’s academic performance in
online synchronous modality.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO,2012)
observed that in today’s world, education systems must constantly evolve in order to
effectively respond to the rapidly changing demands of the societies they serve. To
reach a common understanding of how both the physical and social dimensions of
learning environments affect the quality of learning processes, an exploration of the
relationship between place and process is needed. Students in the process of
socialization require a healthy environment and models so as to increase their
performance.(Gilavand,2016). In other words, if an environment has an appropriate
characteristic which increases the levels of concentration of the students it helps the
students to become participative or active in learning. Hence, a clean, quiet and
comfortable environments are important components of learning environment.
Furthermore, creating an ideal learning environment ought to be a priority of every
concerned educationalist because being comfortable should be a combination of
several factors which include temperature, lighting, and noise control etc (Murugan &
Rajoo, 2013). Logically speaking, learning environment and academic performance
have strong relationship to each other. The more environment is comfortable the more
the students will have good academic performance. However, the more the environment
is uncomfortable due to the challenges faced by the student the more they will be
distracted at loss their concentration (Murugan & Rajoo, 2013). The extent to which
students’ learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school
compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and
accessories. It is believed that a school with adequate learning environment contributes
to stir up expected outcomes of learning that will facilitate good academic performance,
by encouraging effective teaching and learning (Duruji et’al,2014). According to Amir
(2020), learning environment in new normal learning system is a challenged that
students faced. The level of understanding can be still enhance while students are not
school. They stated that home can be both advantage and disadvantage to the students
in new normal system of learning. Based on their theories, related studies, and their
findings they conclude that the relationship between variables exist with Pearson’s r
about 0.98. Therefore, that if the environment is favorable to the students they are
more concentrated. Learners deserve learning spaces that meet their individual and
collective needs. To meet this challenge, educational leaders must provide physical and
cultural environments that are empowering and engaging (Orlu,2013). Learning
environment is composed of some components that influence the student’s learning
curve. These components according to Balog (2018) include; people; teaching
materials, technical tools, and learning resources; curriculum, training, and instruction,
and physical environment/learning space. The levels of their understanding can be
evaluated based on their written works, performance task, and oral recitation Balog
(2018). Mondal (2012) identified some important factors that may affect learning
process to include Intellectual factor which refers to the individual mental level. Learning
factors are factors owing to faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of
experimental background which may affect the learning process. Physical factors
include health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and
glandular abnormality. Mental factors are attitudes like interest, cheerfulness, and open
mindedness etc that are important in the development of personality. Personal factors,
such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are
directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. These are just the factors that
might affects the relationship between learning environment and academic
performance. To accurately measure how learning environment affects students
academic performance it is better is better to fix first this factor to avoid bias. Waldman
(2016) observed that before students can succeed academically, they must feel safe,
both physically and mentally, and to have a safe learning environment, students must
feel welcomed, supported, and respected. The educational process of development
occurs in physical, social, cultural and psychological environment which implies that a
proper and adequate environment is very much necessary for a fruitful learning
(Mudassir and Norsuhaily, 2015). High academic achieving learners are likely to have
been exposed to curriculum content under an ideal learning environment. Hence the
affirmation of the opinion of Shamaki,(2015) that “educational attainment/achievement is
likely to be determined by the idealness of the learning environment”.
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