DOT/SCALAR PRODUCT ELECTRIC FIELDS:

Dot Product: Let ̅ ( ) ̅ ( ) be two vectors in . The scalar product of ̅ and ̅ is ̅ ̅ Electric Field: The electric force felt by a charge of 1C had it been kept there. ⃗ (Induced ⃗ )
̅ ̅
| ̅|| ̅ | ( ) .. Angle between two vectors: ̅ ̅ | ̅|| ̅ | ( ) , is the angle between ̅ ̅ . Alternatively: ( ) .Orthogonal Vectors: ⃗⃗⃗⃗
| ̅| | ̅ | Standard Electric Fields Electrical work: ∫ ⃗ ∫ ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
̅
Two vectors ̅ ̅ are orthogonal if ̅ ̅ i.e. . Unit Vector: Direction which is given by the unit vector | Point Charge
̅| ⃗
Electric flux: ∫ ̂
VECTOR/CROSS PRODUCT Infinite Line of Charge
Uniform Electric Field: Constant at every point, approximated by two plates separated by
Cross product: ̅ ̅ ( )̂ ( )̂ ( ) ̂ (| ̅|| ̅| ( )) ̂ ( ̅ ̅)
Properties: 1 ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ for all ̅ ̅ , in particular, ̅ ̅ Theorem: ̅ ̅ is perpendicular to ̅ and ̅ . Suppose we have chosen a Ring of charge , where is potential difference between plates.
( )
unit vector ̅ perpendicular to the plane by the right hand rule: this means we choose ̅ to be the unit (normal) vector that points the way your right Disk of Charge Electric Field Continuity: A charge surface causes a “jump” in the electric field
( )
thumb points when your fingers curl through the angle from ̅ to ̅ . Then: ̅ ̅ (| ̅|| ̅ | ( )) ̅ Parallel: ̅ ̅ are parallel iff ̅ ̅ √

GAUSS LAW ELECTRIC: Infinite Plane of Charge CAPACITORS:

Integral form Differential form Capacitance: let the charges and – be on the opposite terminals of a capacitor. The ratio
between and the potential difference between the terminals of the capacitor is called capacitance:
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∬ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ Parallel plate capacitors: Two plates of area separated by distance . Charge distribution on the plates is and – respectively. If , the plates
Method of Gaussian Surfaces: For highly symmetric distributions of charges you can find electric field itself by constructing a Gaussian surface on ̂
are considered infinite, so fields between the plates add up. Net field inside capacitor is: ⃗ { Therefore:
which: (1) Electric field is parallel or perpendicular to the surface normal, allowing you to convert dot product into algebraic multiplication
|A|B|cos( ). (2) Electric field is 0 or constant over sections of the surface, for example no dependence in case of sphere (allows you to remove Concentric spherical capacitor: Conducting sphere radius and charge +Q is surrounded by a concentric conducting shell of radius and charge –Q.
the electric field from the integral) The potential difference between any point at and from the center is: ( ) ( ) ( ) Capacitance: ( )
GAUSS LAW MAGNETIC: Cylindrical Capacitor: For a cylindrical geometry like a coaxial cable, the capacitance is usually stated as capacitance per unit length. Charge resides on
Integral form: ∮ ⃗ ̂ the outer surface of the inner conductor and the inner wall of the outer conductor. The capacitance expression is: . The voltage between the
Force on Q due to B: ⃗ Differential form: ⃗ ⃗ – The divergence of the magnetic field at any point is 0 ( )

| | Relation of ̅ to Magnetic Force: ̅ is directly proportional to magnetic force but perpendicular in direction. cylinders can be found by integrating ̅ along a radial line: ∫ ( ). From the definition of capacitance, and including the
|⃗ | Biot-Savart Law: The contribution ⃗ to the magnetic field at a specified point P from a small element of
| | ( ) case where the volume is filled by a dielectric of dielectric constant , the capacitance per unit length is defined as
̂ ̂ ⃗ ( ⁄ )
⃗ electric current is given by the Biot-Savart law: ⃗ , where = vector with length of
Capacitors in Series Capacitors in Parallel Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Capacitor with potential difference , charge . Energy
the infinitesimal current element (length of conductor) in the direction of the current, ̂ = unit vector from the current element to P (at which field is required to move an elemental charge from the negatively to the positively charged
being calculated), = distance between current element and P.
plate:
FARADAY LAW: Energy density for capacitor: Energy density for magnetic field: Dipole moment W induced I
Induced EMF: ∮ (̅ ̅ ̅) ∫ ⃗ ̂ , is the induced EMF, and is the magnetic flux ELECTRIC DIPOLES:
̅
̅
Dipole moment: If two charges and are separated by a distance , the dipole moment is defined as ̅ ̅ , where ̅ is the vector of length ,
Integral Form (For Loop Area S): ∮ ( ̅ ̅ ̅) ∬ ̅ ̅. If loop isn’t moving: ∮ ∬ ̅
̅ pointing from to
Integral Form : ∮ ̅ ̅ ∫ ̅, where is a surface bounded by the closed contour . RHS is an expression of magnetic flux. Correct ̅ ( (⃗ ̂) ̂ ⃗ )
Dipole Electric Field: The field at an equatorial point w.r.t a dipole of moment ̅ is: ̅ ⃗ ( )
when⃗⃗⃗ represents the electric field in the rest frame of each segment of the path of integration. For LHS: Induced electric field lines produced by (( ) )
changing magnetic fields must form complete loops. The net electric field at any point is the vector sum of all electric fields present at that point. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL:
∮
Electric field lines can never cross. ∮ ⃗ ∮ For RHS: Change in magnitude of⃗⃗⃗ , or the angle between the surface and ⃗ , Electric Potential: Work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing any
as well as change in surface’s area all cause the RHS of Faraday’s law to become non-zero. acceleration. It is a scalar quantity denoted by or . Poisson equation:
̅ ̅ ( )
Maxwell-Faraday Equation Differential form:∬ ( ̅) ̅ ∬ ̅, by Stokes Theorem: ̅ Addendum: ̇ Poisson Equation in Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinates: in Spherical: ( ) . For cylindrical, replace with .
Lenz’s Law: The direction of Induced current is such that it opposes the change in responsible for its creation. Potential Due to Point Charge: The electric potential due to a point charge is ( )
AMPERE MAXWELL LAW: ̅̅̅
̅̅̅
Displacement Current Density: ̅
̅ Work to move charge from A to B: ∫̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ * + ( ). Also, (̅) (̅)
̅̅̅̅
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Without Maxwell’s Correction With Maxwell’s Correction Definition through Movement of Charge: If is moved from point A to B then (⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ) ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
Integral Form Differential form Integral Form Differential Form Electric Potential Inside static ̅ : The potential at a point ̅ in a static electric field ̅ is: ∫ ̅ ,̅ where is an arbitrary path connecting
∮ ̅ ̅ ∬ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
̅ ̅
the point with zero potential to ̅ . When the curl ̅ is zero (field is conservative), the integral above is independent of path , but only on the end
∮ ̅ ∬( ̅ ) ̅ ̅
points.
∬ 2D Surface integral over enclosed by ∮ Closed line integral around closed curve Potential of Conservative Electric Field: If the electric field is conservative, then: ̅ . ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
net current passing through a membrane/surface created by the path Potential of Conservative ̅ and Poisson Equation: ̅ ( ) Poynting Th. (Local form)

Validity Of Uncorrected Ampere’s Law: Only valid in a magnetostatic situation, where the system is static except possibly for continuous steady Electric potential energy: Energy in the system is the amount of energy required to build the system by bringing each of the charges from infinity to
⃗⃗⃗⃗
currents within closed loops. For time-dependent ̅ , use Maxwell’s Correction. its position, one by one. ∫
Integral form (with Maxwell’s Correction): ∫ ̅ ∮ ̅ ̅ ( ∫ ̅ ̂ ) Electric Potential Energy of test charge: A test charge has potential energy
Potential Due to a System of Point Charges: Simply the sum of point charges’ individual potentials.
ELECTROSTATICS: Conductors: In an electrostatic condition, the field inside the conductor is 0. If it is not, as the conductor allows movement of charged particles, there
will be a current and the condition will not be electrostatic. Inside a perfect conductor: ,̅ ̅
Coulomb’s law: The force between two charged particles is: ̂
Electric Field Inside a Current Carrying conductor:
Charge density: Electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume. , , . To find total charge, given charge density, take the Dielectrics: Material permittivity ( =E in vacuum, E=E in material). Permittivity of a dielectric:
integral of the charge density multiplied by the surface area of the charged object. A charge Q for some area A , and in Gauss’ Law in Dielectrics: ∬ ̅ ̅
general, ∫ ∫ ∫ Electric Displacement field: ̅ ̅ ̅ , therefore, ̅
Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity): The dielectric constant is the ratio of permittivity of a substance to permittivity of free space. Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell: Outside: ̅ , . Inside: . Surface:
Relative Permittivity of free space: , where dielectric constant.
 ELECTRODYNAMICS: ( )
into: or . Integrate (we require Q(t=0)=0), and find: ( ) . Solution: ( ) ( ). Current:
Currents: rate of charge passing through a cross sectional area: ∫ ̂ ( )
( ) ( ) . Voltage across capacitor: ( ) ( ). Voltage across resistor: ( ) ( )
Adjustment for Steady Current: When currents have no time variation s.t. we must have ⃗
⃗ .Note: ( ) ( )
Current density: ( ) . In materials with finite resistance, where E is inside the medium.
MAGNETISM:
Current Density In Terms Of Charge Density And Velocity: ̅ ̅ , where ̅ is the velocity of the charges, and ρ is charge density (can be σ as well). Magnetic Force: ⃗ ⃗̅ ̅ . Lorentz force law: Net force due to ̅ and ̅ acting on a particle moving with⃗⃗⃗ : ⃗ ⃗
Continuity law: ∭ ( ) ̅, ∬ ̅ ̅, ∬ ̅ ̅ ∭ . Therefore, ∭ ̅ ∭ . This leads to: ⃗ . At every instant, magnetic force is perpendicular to the charge’s velocity – exactly the force needed to cause circular motion.
⃗ ̅ for an inf. wire, at distance from wire: ̅ ̂ Magnetic Field Inside Solenoid: ̅ , and outside→0 as solenoid gets longer
Current Density at an Angle: If current density ̅ passes through the area at an angle to the area normal ̂, then: ̅ ̂ ( ). In other words, Toroid: ⃗ Current Loop: , ̅ field density: | |
Force for two steady wires:
the component of ̅ passing through the surface is ( ), while the component passing tangential to the area is ( ). However, there is no ( )

current actually passing through the area in the tangential direction, so the only component of density that is relevant is the cosine. Inductors: Consider a solenoid (coil) with turns per unit length. The following formulas then hold:
Charge carriers: ̅ ; ̅ ∑ ⃗⃗⃗ ; =number of charge carriers , =charge of each charge carrier, ⃗⃗⃗ velocity of the ith carrier , Opposing Emf Self-Inductance: Energy density:
Ohm’s Law: . The microscopic version (at any given point): ⃗
Energy Stored in Inductor: Inductor of length , cross sectional area , inductance :
EMF due to Magnetic Field: ∫̅ ̅ ∫ (̅ ̅) ̅ ), where ̅ is velocity of charge/conductor/anything w.
Mutual inductance: 2 loops: loop1 and loop2. Current in loop1 induces magnetic field . Therefore, there will be a magnetic flux due to
RESISTORS: in loop2. This will induce potential difference in loop 2. Hence there will be current . ;
Resistivity: Conductor of cross sectional area ,length , potential difference , current , the resistivity is , Transformers: 2 coils of equal radii have turns. Coil 1 connected to variable voltage ; therefore there is an induced B acting on both coils.
Resistance from Resistivity: . Consider splitting into smaller resistors and combining (ex. cylinder into shells) Hence there is induced magnetic flux through both coils. Therefore there is induced emf across the second coil. . Power is conserved.
Method for finding resistance: Given resistivity ρ , find the total resistance of a conductor. To do this, split the conductor into shells, determine if they , .
are in series or in parallel. ∫ , ⁄ ∫ ⁄ . Get dR from: . ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) WAVES:
Voltage drop: Resistors in series: Resistors in parallel: Power & Energy: 1D Waves: Let ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) where A = amplitude, k= wave number, v=propagation speed (only
and depends on the medium), = angular frequency, = time period, time frequency, = initial phase, =
RC Series circuits: resistors and capacitors in series ( source EMF) wavelength of the wave.
Charge on the capacitor Time constant of RC circuit 3D Waves: Let ̂ be a unit vector in the direction of propagation of the wave. The equation of the wave is therefore: ( ) (̂ )
( )
( (̂ ) ) (⃗ ), Where ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ is called the wave vector. Therefore: ,
Current in the circuit Power supplied by the battery
⃗ ⃗⃗
Electromagnetic waves: ⃗ , ⃗
Power dissipated at resistor Energy stored in the capacitor
( )
2D Wave Equation: . Since the electric field is in the x-direction only, the propagation is perpendicular to the x-axis and can be in
Power in the capacitor Conservation of Power power is
( ) any direction in the yz plane, depending upon the values of the derivatives. This equation is in the general form of the two-dimensional wave equation.
conserved
Mutual perpendicularity of EM: ⃗ and ⃗ are mutually perpendicular and
LR Series Circuit: Inductor and resistor in series ( source EMF) EM Energy density in a vacuum: . |POYNTING VECTOR=directional energy flux, energy/area/time
Time Constant for LR Circuit Current in the Inductor ⃗ ⃗⃗
( ) Poyinting vector: ̅ ̂ represents energy flux. Waves propagate in direction of ̅. Momentum due to EM waves: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
Voltage drop across the resistor Voltage drop across the inductor MATH:
Total voltage drop ̂ ̂ ̂ ,
Circle Area: Sphere Surface A.: Cone Surface Area: ( √ )
CIRCUIT LAWS:
Circle Perimeter: Cylinder Surface A.: Prism/Cylinder Volume: ( base A. * height)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law: Total current /charge entering a junction/node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to
go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node. In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal ∭̅ ̅ ̅∭ ̅ ̅ = ̅ volume/perimeter/area of integrated shape
Sphere Volume: Pyramid/Cone Vol.:
to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This is the conservation of charge.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: In any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same
loop, which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This is the Conservation of A toroidal coil has a rectangula cross section with inner radius and outer radius , and height . It carries a total of
Energy. tightly wound turns, and current ( ) in which and are positive constants and t is time. A rectangular wire
Application of Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws: The circuit is said to be “Analyzed”, and the basic procedure is as follows: (1) Assume all voltages and passes through and surrounds the torus. Sol Toroid: # turns. ( ) . Rectangular loop: turn. ( )
resistances are given. (If not label them V1, V2,… R1, R2, etc.). (2) Label each branch with a branch current. (I1, I2, I3 etc.). (3).Find KCL equations for a) Calculate magnetic field everywhere. Sol: ∮ ̅ ̅ . ( ).
each node. And KVL equations for each independent loop of the circuit. (4). Find the unknown currents using systems of equations.
For multiple sources of EMF: (1) Regard the circuit as collection of independent closed current loops. “Independent" means that the loops may
overlap, but each loop has at least one portion that does not overlap with other loops. (2) Label the currents in the loops until each loop has
b) Calculate magnetic energy density inside the toroidal coil.. Sol: Magnetic energy density (j/m2): ( )
some circulating current assigned to it. If direction chosen wrong – answer will just be negative. (3) Apply KVL: traverse the loop in the chosen direction
of current. Every time you cross a resistor, you get a voltage drop –IR, where I is the total current passing through the resistor. Every time you cross an c) Calculate total magnetic energy stored in the toroidal coil, by integrating the magnetic density over the volume of the torus. Sol: Total
EMF source, it contributes +V is cross in the “right” direction and –V if crossed in the “wrong direction). Also, Apply KCL at each junction. (4) End up magnetic energy: ∫ ∫ ( ).
( )
with a set of linear equations which can be reduced to find all unknown currents.
VARIABLE CURRENTS: d) Calculate the current induced in the rectangular loop. Sol: . ̅ .∮ ∮̅ ̅.
Discharging a capacitor: ;C .Get ;rearrange into: . Integrate both sides, ( ( )( )) ( ) ( ( ( ))). , =resistance of loop, current in
( ) ( )
use the integral to enforce the boundary conditions: initially (t=0) charge separation I s , later it is ( ):∫ ∫ ( ) . loop. Current in loop: is C.C.W. to oppose increasing flux through toroid.
Solution: ( ) . Current: e) Now assume a current ( ) ( ) is running through the rectangular wire ( are positive constants.). Calculate the induced current
in the torus. Sol: Mutual Inductance between Loop: L and Torus : T: . . . From part (d) ( ),
Charging a capacitor: for capacitor and resistor circuit. Capacitor begins at t=0 with no charge. . Voltage drop across
( ) . Hence . ( ( )) ( ). ( ). ) ( )
capacitor ⁄ . Voltage drop across resistor . Relates to by . ; rearrange
A thick slab extending from to carries a uniform volume current ̅ ̂. Find the magnetic field as b) What is the rate of work we need to put into the system to keep the disk rotating at a constant angular velocity Assume there are no
a function of , inside and outside the slab. losses of energy due to friction, etc.). Answer: Since there is no loss of energy in the system, the power we invest is directly dissipated in the
By the right hand rule, field points in the ̂ direction for , and in the ̂ direction for . As , . resistor. Conversely, the power we invest:
Use the Amperian loop shown: ∮ ̅ ̅ ̂( ). If , point charges, each one has charge , are rigidly fixed and equally spaced on the circumference of a glass rind of radius
, so ̅ ̂ for . , as shown in the figure.
A square loop is cut out of a thick sheet of aluminum. It is placed so that the top portion is in a uniform magnetic field ̅ , and
a) Calculate the electric potential along the z-axis. Answer: ( )
allowed to fall under gravity. (in the diagram, shading=field region; field points into page). If the magnetic field is 1 T, find the ( )
terminal velocity of the loop. Find the velocity of the loop as function of time. How long does it take to each, say, 90% of terminal b) Find the electric field vector at the z-axis. Answer: The field at z is ̅ ( ) ̅ ̂ ̂
velocity? What would happen if you cut a tiny slit in the ring? Note: Dimensions of the loop cancel out; determine actual ( )
numbers by using the following values: Aluminum resistivity , mass density of aluminum: c) A negative charge (and mass ) is released from rest at height above the ring’s center, on the z-axis. What is the maximal velocity of the
upward magnetic force= , opposing gravitation downward: ; , where charge, throughout its motion? Answer: , and consequently the particle will be confined to: . The energy equation:
( ) ⁄ ( )
. When , we will have maximum velocity, so . From this, we get the
. . ( ) at , so .
( ); ( ) ( ). At 90% of terminal velocity, ; ( ) ; following expression: * +[ ] . The reason it is , is because the terms in the brackets are both negative.
( )
( ) ; ( ), or ( ). Now the numbers: , where A is crossectional area and l is side length. where d) The ring is rotated counterclockwise ( ), with period . Find the magnetic field vector at the origin. Frequency of rotation is , so the
is conductivity. If the loop were cut, it would fall freely.
effective current is . Using the result for a ring carrying current, the magnetic field: ̅ ̂ ̂.
Given the following electric field in a vacuum: ̅ ( ) ̂, identify the wave amplitude A, the wavenumber ̅ ,
wavelength , angular frequency and the period . Assuming no constant magnetic field, calculate the magnetic field. Find a A perfectly conducting metal bar slides on 2 perfect conductor, zero friction, parallel rails. A p-p capacitor is
relation between and . Find the energy density and the pointing vector. In which direction this wave propagates? connected across the rails, and a uniform M.field is pointing into the page, filling the entire region except the
area around the capacitor. The capacitor’s plates are circular conducting discs of radius . Distance between
| |, ̅ ̂ ̂, , | |, . 2. ̅ ( ̂ ̂) ( ) ̅ ∫ ̅
|̅ | ( ) | | the plates . Bar moves to the left at . Bar is far enough from the boundary of the magnetic
[̂ ̂ ] ( . 2. ̅ ( ̂ ̂) ( ) ̅ ∫ ̅ [̂ ̂ ] ( field’s region and stays within this region at all times. Ignore M.field from the wires. Cap is uncharged at .
̅ a) Which of the cap’s plates is positive? b) Find the charge density on the cap as a function of time. Answer:
). 3. | ̅| | | ( ) ( ) . 4. ̅ ( )
√ Answer: Bottom plate is positive , ( )
* ( )+. ̅ ̅ ̅ ( ̂ ̂) ( ). 5. EM wave propagates along ̂ , depending on sign of .
c) Find the surface current density ( ) on the cap’s plates. Answer: ( ) ( ) ( )
This is an artificial model for the charging capacitor. Current is constant, the radius of the capacitor is , separation of plates is ( ) . ( ) ( ), ⃗( ) ( ) ̂
. Assume current flows out over the plates such that is uniform at any given time and zero at .
d) Calculate the Efield inside the e) Calculate the Mfield inside the cap. Specify its
( ) ( )
Find the electric field between the plates, as a function of ̅ ̂; ( ) , ̅ ̂ cap. Specify its direction explicitly. direction explicitly. Answer: Using Ampere-Maxwell
⃗
Find the displacement current through a circle of radius in the plane midway between the plates. Using this circle as your “Amperian loop” Answer: ⃗ ̂ ̂ Law: ∮ ⃗ ∬ .
and the flat surface that spans it, find the magnetic field at a distance from the axis. . ∮̅ ̅ ⃗
. ̂
̂
Repeat the previous part, but this time use the cylindrical surface, which extends to the left through the plate and terminates A very long thin pipe of radius carries current that is uniformly distributed on its thin cross-section. The
outside the capacitor. Notice the displacement current through this surface is zero, and there are two contributions to :A direction of is into the page(the pipe is drawn thick only to illustrate the current density’s direction). A
surface current flows radially outward over the left plate; Let ( ) be the total current crossing a circle of radius . The charge wire, carrying current (in the same direction as ), is placed a distance from the axis of the pipe.
[ ( )]
density (at time t) is: ( ) . Since we are told this is independent of ( ) , for some const. . But a) Calculate the total magnetic field vector at the pipe’s axis. The contribution of the pipe is zero! Hence: ̅ ( ̂)
( ) , so , or . Hence: ( ) ( ). ( ( )) ̂
b) Calculate the total magnetic field vector at point , at a distance 2R from the center of the pipe (see Figure). Answer: ̅
An insulating full sphere of radius is charged with the following symmetrical volume charge density:
( )̂
( ) { , where is the distance from the center of the sphere, and . A thin grounded conducting
c) What should be the ratio of the currents ( ) if you need the magnetic field at point to be identical in magnitude to the one at the
spherical shell of radius , ( ) concentrically surrounds the full sphere.
pipe’s axis, but opposite in direction? Answer: . After some algebra to isolate the term, arrive at:
a) Calculate the total charge on the full sphere. Answer: ∫ ∫
d) A negative point charge is place at point , and is given velocity . Consequently, the charge starts turning towards the wire. In
b) Find the total charge on the conducting shell. Answer:
which direction is this velocity given? What is the force (magnitude + direction) acting on this charge at the moment the velocity is
given? Assume that the condition you found in subsection (c) holds here! Answer: ̅ has to be in the ̂ direction, i.e. into the page
c) Calculate the Electric field vector everywhere. Answer: ̅ ̂{ , and (remember ). The force would be: ̅ ̂
A small loop of wire (radius ) lies a distance above the center of a large loop (radius ), as shown. The planes of the
d) What is the work required to translate a positive charge over the path: (see figure)? Answer: The work does NOT depend
two loops are parallel, and perpendicular to the common axis. Assume . Resistance of the large loop is .
on the path, so ∫ ̅ ̅ . We choose a direct path among the radius: ∫ ̅ ̅ ∫ * +
a) Suppose current flows in the big loop. Find the flux through the small loop. Answer: We know the magnetic field at the z-axis:
A metal disc of radius is rotating at angular velocity about a vertical axis, through a uniform field ̅( ) ̂ . Since , we can assume that ̅ is uniform on the surface bounded by loop -> ( )
⁄ ⁄
̅ , pointing up. A circuit is made by connecting one end of a resistor (of resistance ) to the axle, and ( ) ( )

the other end to a sliding contact, which touches the outer edge of the disk (see figure) b) Find the mutual inductance of the two loops. Answer: Using the result from (a), we get ( ) ⁄

a) Find the current through the resistor. Answer: We start with: ∮ (̅ ̅ ̅ ) .̅ We know that ∮ ∮̅ ̅ c) Suppose current ( is a positive constant and denoted time) flows in the small loop. Find the induced current in the large
loop. Ignore the contributions of self-inductance. Answer: We start off with the fact that: ( ) . Substituting the result
because ̅ is conservative here ( ̅ does not depend on time!). Hence: ∮ (̅ ̅ ̅) ̅ ∫ . We
from (b): ( ) . Since we know the flux, we can find the induced emf: ( )
know that , substituting : ( ) ⁄
 . Knowing the emf, we can find current:
| | e) All electric charges in the system are now moving at constant uniform velocity ̅ ̂. Find the magnetic field everywhere.
( ) ⁄ ( ) ⁄ Sol: Ampere’s circuital law: ∮ ̅ ̅ ∬ ̅ ̅. So: ( ) [ ∬ ], where is negative. ( )
The small loop is tilted wrt the plane of the large loop, by angle . Current flows in the small loop, and current in ⁄
the large one. Both are counter-clockwise, and include all induced contributions due to mutual and self-inductance. * ∫ ̃⁄
̃+ * ( ⁄
)+ ⁄
, and ̅ ( ) ̂{ ⁄
d) Calculate the torque on the small loop, about its center (magnitude and direction!), and explain what will
happen if the small loop will be able to move freely about its center. Answer: The magnetic field ( ) ⁄
. A long hollow cylindrical resistor of inner radius , outer radius , length L b and resistivity ρ, moves in the x-direction with
( ) constant velocity u. An infinite wire carrying current runs along the cylinder’s axis (x-axis) as shown in figure. Please note
Knowing the field, we can find torque as follows: ̅ ̅ ̅ ( ) ⁄
( ) ̂
( ) ⁄
̂. the wire does NOT move in our system of reference.
The torque “wants” to align ̅ with ̅ . If loop a was able to move freely about its center, it will rotate to an f) Find the emf inside the resistor, between and , is the distance from the x-axis. Sol (cylindrical):
equilibrium with the bigger loop, and probably oscillate about this equilibrium. ̅ ̅ ( ̂) ( ̂ ). ∫ (̅ ̅) ̅ ∫ ( ̂) ̂ ∫ ( )
Consider a thin hollow cylinder of width , inner radius and outer radius , where . The cylinder is made of
a conducting substance, whose conductivity depends on the distance from the cylinder’s axis according to the g) Find the total resistance of the resistor, between and . Sol: Split into shells . ∫ ∫ ( )
following formula: ( ) ( is a positive constant) h) Due to the resistor’s motion, charge will accumulate on its inner and outer surfaces. (I) Which surface is positive? or
a) Calculate the cylinder’s resistance between the bases of the cylinder. Answer: Using the connection ? Explain! (II) Calculate the capacitance of the cylindrical system. Sol: (I) will be positive, due to the direction of
for the thin cylindrical shell of radius , and the fact that , we get: . Then, we add the ̅ ̅ in subsection (a) (II): ̅ ( ) ̂ ̂. ∫ ̅ ̅ ∫ ( ), so ( ⁄ )

aforementioned shells together in series: ∫ ∫ ( ) i) Find the electric current flowing inside the cylinder, as a function of time. Sol: The situation is best
described by the RC-circuit to the right, from which we get: ( )
b) If the lower base of the cylinder is held at potential 0 and the upper bases at potential , what is the volume charge density inside
the resistor as a function of ? The electric field is ̅ ̂ (constant and uniform!). Hence, ̅ ̅ .
j) Calculate the current density vector in the resistor (using your sol to (d)). Sol: ̅ ( ̂) ̂
c) Calculate the cylinder’s resistance between the inner envelope of the cylinder ( ) and its outer envelope ( ). Answer: We
A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a voltage source . The capacitor’s plates are circular conducting disks of radius . At
do the same as in (a), but now we have , and add the shells in parallel: ∫ ∫ * + , the capacitor’s positive plate starts moving away from the negative plate, at constant speed, s.t the distance between
d) If the inner envelope of the cylinder is held at potential 0 (zero) and the outer envelope is held at potential , what is the volume the plates, as a function of time is ( are +ve consts). Throughout the experiment the plates satisfy .
charge density inside the resistor as a function of (the distance from the axis)? Answer: Finding electric field: (̅ a) Calculate the Charge on the positive plate as a function of time. Sol: ( )
) ̂ (this is in cylindrical coordinates). We now use the fact that ̅ ̅ , and therefore: ̂ ̅ . We get the electric b) What is the direction of the current in the circuit? Specify it in the figure explicitly, and justify your answer. Sol: The direction of is clockwise
due to the fact that charge on plates decreases with time.
field: ̅ ̂ . From electric field, we get: ( ) ̅ ̅ . This is divergence, but we are in cylindrical coordinates, so
c) Calculate the current in the circuit. Sol: | |
the appropriate formula: ( ) ̅ ̅ ( ). This evaluates to ( ) ( )
d) Find the electric field vector inside the capacitor as a function of time. Sol: ̅ ̂ ̂
A coaxial cable consists of two concentric long hollow cylinders of zero resistance; the inner has radius , the
e) Find the magnetic field vector inside the capacitor (everywhere). Sol: Maxwell-Ampere Circuital Law in cylindrical coordinates:
outer has radius , and the length of both is , with . The cable transmits DC power from a battery to a ̅
load. The battery provides an EMF between the two conductors at on end of the cable, and the load is a ∮̅ ̅ ∬ ̅ ̅ ∬ ̅. ( ) . ̅( ) (
( ̂)) ( )
resistance between the two conductors at the other end of the cable. Current flows down the inner f) Calculate the total displacement current inside the capacitor, and show that it is identical to the actual current in the circuit. Sol:
conductor and up the outer one. Battery charges the inner conductor to a charge , and the outer to . ̅
̅ ( ) . agrees with in both magnitude and “direction” (+ve flux direction)
∬
f) Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field ̅ everywhere. Answer: Obviously, there is an electric field ( ) ( )

inside the resistor, and inside the battery, but we ignore them here. We convert to cylindrical coordinate, and use A fat wire, radius carries a constant current , uniformly Circuit in the figure was connected for a
⁄
distributed over its cross section. A narrow gap in the wire, of long time, when suddenly, at t=0, switch S
Gauss Law (Integral Form) for the cable. We get (in cylindrical coordinates): ̅ ̂{
width forms a parallel-plate capacitor. Find the magnetic is thrown, bypassing the battery.
field in the gap, at distance from the axis. What is the current at any subsequent time ? Initial
g) By integrating over the electric field between the hollow cylinders, find a connection between the voltage and the charge .
̅ current: . So
Answer: ∫ ̅ ̅ ∫ ∫ . Hence: ( ) The displacement current density is ̅ ̂ . Drawing an “Amperian
or ( )
h) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field ̅ everywhere. Ignore the magnetic field induced by the current in the wires . Consider loop” at radius ∮̅ ̅
enc
̂
What is the total energy delivered to the resistor?
only the contribution of the cable! Answer: Using Ampere’s circuital Law: ̅ ̂ , and ̅ ( ) A long solenoid, radius is driven by an alternating current, so that the field inside
( )
i) Calculate the Poynting vector ̅ in the cable. Answer: We will be finding the Poynting vector only for , as everywhere is sinusoidal: ̅ ( ) ( ) ̂ . A circular loop of wire, of radius and
̅ ̅ resistance , is placed inside the solenoid, and coaxial with it. Find the current
else, ̅ ̅ . ̅ ̂ ̂ ∫ * + ( )
induced in the loop as a function of time.
Show that this equals the energy originally stored in
Electric potential of a static configuration of el.charges everywhere in space, given by: ( ̅ ) { , positive constants. (), ( ); ( ). ( ) ( ( ) the inductor. ( )
a) Find in terms of and . Sol: Due to continuity of the potential: A long solenoid with radius and turns per unit length, carries a time
A square loop (side ) is mounted on a vertical
b) Find the electric field everywhere in space. c) Find the volumetric charge density everywhere. Sol: ̅ ̅ dependent current ( ) in the ̂ direction. Find the electric field at a distance
shaft and rotated at angular velocity . A
̂
Sol: ̅ ̅ ̂{
⁄ from the axis| In the quasistatic approximation, { . Inside: uniform magnetic field ̅ is pointing to the right.
⁄
{ , note that is negative and symmetric about plane. ̅ Find ( ) for this alternating current generator.
⁄ For an “Amperian loop” of radius , ; ∮̅
̅ ̅ ( ), here , so
; ̅ ̂. Outside: for an “Amperian loop”
d) Find the surface charge density everywhere. Sol: Gauss Law on a thin infinitesimal surface crossing the plane (where ( ( )) .
there is a gap in ̅ ). ⏟ . So: of radius : ; ;̅ ̂ ( )
⏟
∯ ̅ ̅ ( ⁄ )