=·~--- ~B~ank Grammar

Past Simple -P-re_s_e_n_t_P_e_r--=f:--e-ct:-:-:v-:-s--;;P;:a::s-;-tcs:;,im~p~le~ - - - - -

Form
The past simple affirmative of regular verbs is formed an action wh ich
an action which happened
by adding -ed to the verb. Some verbs have an happened at a stated
at an unstated time in the
irregular past form (see list of Irregular Verbs). time in the past.
past.
He has bought a new car. Chris went to America
(We don 't know when ,) last week. (When? Last
week . The time is
mentioned.)
NEGATIVE
an action which started in an action which started
I/You did not/didn't wait/see .
the past and is still and finished in the
He/She/It did not/didn't wait/see .
continuing in the present. past.
We/You/They did not/didn't wait/see .
He has lived in Singapore for She stayed at the Hilton
three years. (He still lives in Hotel. (She's not
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
Singapore.) staying there now.)
Did I/you/he/she/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/ they did.
it/we/they wait/ No, I/you/he/she/it/we/ they
see? didn't .
Past Continuous
Spelling AFFIRMATIVE (f , NEC.J\TtVij·
• We add -d to verbs ending in -e. I like - / liked I/He/She/It was living. I/He/She/It wasn't living.
• For verbs ending in consonant+ -y, we drop the -y We/You/They were We/You/They weren't
and add -ied. I study - I studied living . living .
• For verbs ending in vowel + -y, we add -ed.
I stay - I stayed INTERROGATIVE . ,~~ t-iO 1i
• For verbs ending in one stressed vowel between Was I/he/she/it Yes, I/he/she/it w as .
two consonants, we double the last consonant and living? { No, I/he/she/it wa sn't.
add -ed. I shop - I shopped Were we/you/they Yes, we/you /they were.
living? { No, we/you/t hey weren't.
Use
We use the past simple for: We use the past continuous for:
• actions which happened at a specific time (stated, • an action which was in progress at a stated time
implied or already known) In the past. in the past. We do not know when the action
They went to Australia last year. (When? Last year - started or finished.
time stated) They were shopping at 3 o'clock yes terda y.
They hctd a wonderful time. (When? Last year - time • a past action which was in progress when
implied/already known) another action Interrupted it. We use the past
• past habits. continuous for the action in progress (longer
She .spent every holiday in Wales as a child. action) and the past simple for the action which
• past actions which happened one immediately interrupted it (shorter action).
after the other. Carl packed his suitcase, grabbed We were skiing down the slope when Oliver twisted
his passport and drove to the airport. his ankle.
• past actions which won't take place again. • two or more actions which were happening at the
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay climbed Mount same time in the past (simultaneous actions).
Everest in 1953. While I was getting our suitcases from the taxi, ·
William was checking into the hotel.
Time expressions used with the past simple: • to give background Information in a story.
yesterday, yesterday morning/evening etc, last night/ We were waiting for Dad to fix the car, but it wasn 't
w~ k etc,' two weeks/a month ago, in 2010, etc. looking hopeful. It was getting darker and colder
and we were feeling more and more worried.

Tl~e expressions used with the past continuous:

while, when, as, all day/night/morning, yesterday, etc.

j
I 116

Used to Would
be/get used to
Past Simple _
IJ
• We us~ used to/past simple to talk about past habits
or actions that happened regularly in th
h e past, but
t hey no Ionger appen. She used to eat/ate seafood
(She doesn't do that anymore.) · B: .... ............ .. ....... .. .... .. .. . (you/like) it? I
• We .use .would/used to for repeated ac t·ions or
rou~mes in the past. We don't use would with
. verbs. He used to go/would go to pans. every
stative
Chnstmas. BUT She used to have a ski lodge in the
Alps. (NOT: Sh11 WOblld ha"E? a ski toggg ir:i ths 4/p:; )
• We use the past simple for an action that
happened at a definite time in the past. He drove to
Scotland yesterday. (NOT: Hs ussd to dri•,11 to
s,ot/gr:id }'IIStE?rdgy,)
• We use be use~ to + noun/pronoun/-ing form to
talk . about ha~1ts (= be accustomed to/be in the
habit of). She isn't used to travelling by aeroplane.
• We use ge~ used to+ noun/pronoun/-ing form to talk
about habits(= become accustomed to). She will soon
get used to driving on the left-hand side of the road.
II
Choose the correct item.
1 Before she got married , she ~ nt/was
spending every sum mer travel ling.
2 Jenny wasn 't home at 5 o'clock yesterday;
she did/was doing some shopping with
her mum at the ti me.
3 She read/was read ing a book while her
friend was trying/tried on some clothes in
the dressing room .
4 We were arriving/arrived at the resort and
went/were going straight to th e pool.
5 It was a glorious day. The su n shone/was
shining brightly and the chi ldren played/
were playing happily by the pool.
i~
D Put the verbs in brackets into t he past simple
or the present perfect.
1 Lorna hasn 't decided (not/decide) which
shirt to buy yet.
2 I'm very tired. We .. ... .... .. ...... ... .. ... (leave)
home at 6:30 this morning.
3 .. ... .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. ..... ...... . (you/have) an
enjoyable shopping trip yesterday?
4 I .. .. .. .. ....... .... .. . (try) to get us a room with
an ocean view, but they were all taken .
5 I .. .... ... .. .. ... ... .. ... .... .. .... (not/see) Charlotte
since dinner last night.
6 Frank is nervous. He .. .. .. .. ........ ... .. .. ... .... .. ..
.. .... .. .. .. ... . (never/travel) by plane before .
Grammar - -· !_.,~
;,
2 C B_ an. · -.J
Put the verbs in brackets into the past
simple, past continuous or the present perfect.
1 A: We stayed (stay) in Madrid for three
weeks last summer.
.... ... ..... .... ... .... .. .. .. .. ..... (spend) a year
there when I was at university.
2 A: I heard Judy .. ..... ...... .. .. .. ......... (sprain)
her ankle yesterday.
B: Yes , we .... ..... .. .. ... ... ..... .. (walk) around
the museum when she .. ... .... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .
(trip) and .. .. ...... ... ..... ..... (hurt) herself.
3 A: .. .. .. .... .. .... ... .. .... ...... ... .. (you/ever/stay)
in a hostel?
B: Yes . While I ... ... .... .. ... ... ... ...... .. . (travel)
around Australia last summer I
.. ..... ... .. ..... .. .. (prefer) hostels to hotels.
4 A: Why .. ... ..... ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. ..... (you/argue)
with Tom when I .. ... .. .. .. .... ... ...... .. .. .. ... .. .
(see) you last night?
B: Well , we're leaving for a three-week
hol iday tod ay and he .. .... .. .. ..... ........ .... .
.... . .. .. .. .. .. .. . (not/pack) a single thing
yet , expecting me to do it for him .
5 A: Why ... .. .. .... ... ....... .............. (you /go) to
buy another dress?
B: Well , as I ........... .... .. .. ........ .... (iron) the
one I bought yesterday whi le .. .......... .. ..
......... .... .. .. .... (watch) TV, I ......... .. ...... ..
(burn) a hole in it.
6 A: I don 't believe it! We .. ... ................. ..... ..
(just/miss) our fli ght.
8 : I know ; it .. ....... .. .. ............ ... ........ (only/
leave) five minutes ago !
Write sentences about what Bianca used
to/didn't use to do when she was younger.
Use would where possible.
1 go abroad on holiday x
She didn 't use to go abroad on holiday.
2 live with her grandparents
·· ··· ·· ······ ··· ··· ··· ·· ····· ····· ········· ··· ···· ··· ··· ····· ·····
3 have a big garden x
··· ········· ·· ·· ··· ······· ·· ······· ··· ···· ······ ·· ··· ······· ··· ·· ·
4 play outside with her friends
·· ····•• o,, ... .... ..... ... .. .... ..... ... .... ... .... ... ... ..
5 have a mobile phone x
········· ·· ·· ·········· ··· ······· ·· ····· ···· ··· ··· ···· ·· ····· ·····
6 go to school on the bus
·················· ················ ····· ··············· ··········· ·
117
( Grammar
iJi·~;;JB
~Qnk 2
Past Perfect
Form: subject + had+ past participle of the main verb
We use the past perfect:
• for an action which finished before another past
action or before a stated time in the past. The
ferry had already /eh by the time we arrived at the
port. (past perfect: had /eh before another past
action: arrived). The shops had closed by 6:00.
(before a stated time in the past: by 6:00) .
• for an action which finished in the past and whose
result was visible at a later point in the past. Cathy
was happy because she had won the race.
Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the
present perfect. The hotel lobby was empty - everyone
had gane to bed. (present perfect: The hotel lobby is
empty - everyone has gone to bed.)
Time expressions used with the past perfect before,
after, already, just, for, since, till/ until, by, never, etc.
Past Perfect Co nti nuous
Form : subject+ had+ been + main ve rb -ing
AFFIRMATIVE
I/ You/He/ She/ It/ We/ They had been flying .
NEGATIVE
I/You / He/ She/It/We/ They had not/ hadn't been
flying .
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
Had I/ you / he, etc Yes, I/you/he/she/ it/we/they had.
been flying? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn't.
We use the past perfect continuous:
• to put emphasis on the duration of an action
which started and finished in the past, before
another action or stated time in the past, usually
with for or since.
They had been climbing the mount~in for ~wo hours
before they realised they had left thetr mobile phones
at the campsite. . .
• for an action which lasted for some time in the past
and whose result was visible in the past. Dylan had
been scuba diving all afternoon, so he was
exhausted.
118
Note: The past perfect continuous is the
equivalent of the present perfect continuous .,. Past
was a great success b ecause t hey h ad been pion· •he . tnp ·
it all year. (present perfect continuous : The trip . nmg for
. 1s a gre
success because they h ave b een p Iannmg for it al/ ot
------:------;--,;:-;--:--;-- - - - - Year.)
Time expressions used with the past perfect
continuous: for, since, how long, before, until, etc
5 Put the verbs in brackets into the pasts·
1mp1,
or the past perfect. State which action
happened first.
1 When Jason got (get) to the train statio
he realised (realise) he had forgotten,
(forget) to take his ticket with him. n
First action: had forgotten
2 After she .... .. .. ........ ..... . (finish) unpacking
her suitcase , Mina ...... ...... ... ........ (head)
for the hotel swimming poo l.
First action: ........ ..... ..... .... .
3 Alice ..... ............ .... (buy) the tickets online
three days earlier, so we .. ... ....... ... ...
(not/need) to queue at th e bus terminal.
First action: ....... .. .... ...... ... .
4 Mason ....... ......... ..... . (borrow) my camera
because he .......... .. ......... .. (b reak) his on
his last holiday. First action: ........ .. .......... .
5 We .. ..... .... .. ...... . (find) ou r way around the
city easily because Kate ... ...... ....... . (take)
a good look at a map before we left the
hotel. First action: .. ...... ........ .. .... .
6 James .... ..... ......... .. .. (not/come) to Rome
with us because he ........ ....... .... (be) there
many times before. First action: ........ .......
II
Put the verbs in brackets into the past
perfect or the past perfect continuous.
By the time the plane took off, Craig had
already fallen (already/fall) asleep.
2 How long ..... .. .. .......... .. ..... ..... (you/stand)
in the rain before Sue picked you up from
the bus stop?
3 Patrick ........ .. ... ... ... ..... ... .. (check into) th e
hotel long before his friends got there .
4 We ... ........... .... ... ... .. .. . (sit) on the ferry for
hours before it left ·the port.
she
5 Phoebe was upset because
·· ··· ······ ····· ······ (lose) her passport.
6 Eleanor ... ... .. .. ... .. ....... (lie) on the beach
for hours, so she got a terrible sunburn.
 Grammar,;. .t .·
=~ 2 Bank
d Put the verb
. . past form .
in brackets into the correct D Choose the correct item .

1 I ....... about the holiday since we bought

A: Have you ever been to Italy? the tickets last May.
B: Yes . In fact , I lived (live) there as a child . ® had been dreaming C used to dream
2 A: •······················ (you/find) your wallet in B dreamed D was dreaming
the end?
2 Tom .. ..... by the time we got to the station .
B: No , I'm sure someone ....... ......... (take) A has left C had left
it from my bag while I .. ....... ...... ...... . B had been leaving D was leaving
(wait) at the bus stop.
3 They .... .. . in the woods when it started raining.
3 A: Have you heard from Nick since he
A hiked C had hiked
··· ···················· (go) to Russia?
B would hike D were hiking
B: Yes , he ... .... .. ........ .. ... . (send) me a
postcard from Moscow last week . 4 David ..... .. travelling by plane , but now he
4 A: So Lauren ....... ... ... ........ . (finally/ book) doesn 't mind .
her trip to Australia . A used to hate C would hate
B: Yes , she ..... ......... ...... (wait) for months B had been hating D was hating
for her visa to come through.
5 Brian .. ..... living abroad soon after he
5 A: What happened to Alan 's camera?
moved to Warsaw.
B: He .................... (try) to take a photo of A got used to C was used to
the island when he .... ... .... (drop) his D would be used to
B used to
camera in the sea!
6 A: Why didn 't you pick up your phon e
6 For their trip to the Bah amas, they ...... . a
when I .......... .. ... .... . (call) ? package holiday.
A were booking C used to book
B: I .......... .... (watch) a fil m at the cinema .
B booked D would book

EJ Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

r,
past form. -~ Complete the second sentence so th at it
means the same as the first. Use two to five
.a 1•
words, including the word in bold.
Hi Emma,
We are in Italy at last. What a journey! We 1) left (leave) When was the last time you flew? AGO
our house very early yesterday morning because Dad
How long ago did you fly?
2) ........ .... .......... (worry) we might hit traffic. But that
would have been the least of our worries! 2 On arriving in Abu Dhabi, he was shown to
the Australian Embassy. SOON
Our troubles started at the airport. We 3) ... .. .. .... .. •··· •··· •
(queue) to check in our bags when we He was shown to the Austral ian Embassy
4) ...................... (hear) that our flight was delayed. At ... .. .. .. ... ................................ in Abu Dhabi .
first we 5) .................. .. .. (not/mind), but after a while 3 He got lost during his walk in the city. WAS
we 6) ...... ......... .... .. . (get) very bored. By the time our While .. .. .. ... ............... .. ....... ..... ....... ...... .... .
flight started boarding, we 7) .. ... ......... .. ...... (sit) in th e in the city , he got lost.
airport lounge for 6 hours! But that wasn't the end of 4 There were no guests there when we went
our troubles. Once we 8) ............... ....... (all / find) our 1 to the reception . LEFT
seats, the captain 9) ........... ....... .... (announce) that
All the guests ....... ............................... .. .. .
one of the engines 10) ................. .. ... (break down)
time we went to the reception.
and we would have to change planes. It
11) .. ...... ....... ..... .. (take) nearly two hours to transfer 5 Our train left after a three-hour d elay.
everything to the new plane. Luckily, the crew knew that WAITING
we 12) ...................... (wait) in the airport all day, so We ... ...... . ..... ... ........ ...... .
they served our food soon after take-off. As you can three hours before our train·i~« : ...... .. .. ... .
imagine, we 13) ... ... .. .... .......... (starve)! 6 Chris had a fear of travelling by boat when
I hope your journey to Switzerland will be less he was a child . AFRAID
troublesome than ours! Chris used
Take care travel by bo~;-~h~~.. h-~..~~~ ·;·~·h·ijd :···· "• ....
Sandra '
119
 .. g
- I~--- • -
•

Ill Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

ITDJ Sarah eats out with her friends once a month. 8 a fixed arrangement in the near future
(present simple) b a past action which fin ished before a
[IT] The plane had landed long before we got to past action nothe r
the a irport.
c emphasis on the duration of an action .
[IT] Gwen bought a lot of things during the started in the past and continues up to
sales in January. present
@:CJ Jack has stayed in the sun too long and d an action which started in the past and
'I now he 's got a sunburn . continues up to the present
[IT] We've been waiting for the bus for forty e a timetable or schedule
minutes but there 's still no sign of it.
@:CJ Susan was swimming in the pool at noon .
f a past action which has a visible result in the
present
ITO While my sister was trying on some clothes , g emphasis on the duration of an action Whi h
I was browsing through the shop . started and finished in the past, before an~th
[!I] Liam has worked as a tour guide with the action in the past er
same company for five years . h an action which happened at a specific tirne in
[!I] He had been trying to find his hotel for an the past
hour before someone gave him directions. a habit
International airline pilots spend a lot of a general truth
time away from home.
k an action which was in progress at a stated
[TI:] We're returning from our trip tomorrow. time in the past
The first fl ight to Sydney leaves at 6:00 am. two past simultaneous actions

lfJ·
)
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
tense.
IIJ Put the verbs in brackets into t he correct
tense.
1 Lucinda was looking (look) at the menu 1 A: Did you manage (you /manage) to finish
while Adam was asking (ask) the waiter your project before the deadline?
about the day's specials.
B: Yes, my supervisor was (be) very pleased.
2 Arthur ..... .... .... ....... ..... .. .. ... .. ... .. . (just/win)
2 A: I . •• •• •• •.• •. ••..• •. ••.••• .. .. (bring) your books
a trip to Hawaii and he's thrilled .
back tonight, I prom ise.
3 . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . (you/go) to the shops
later? I need some things for my trip. B: OK, but don't come at 8: 00 because I
. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . (have) my French
4 Anna . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... . .. .... .. .. . (never/ lesson then.
meet) a celebrity before , so she couldn't
stop staring at him . 3 A: I . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. .. . .. . (work) non-stop for
months; I ••.••.• .. .. . .. .•. .... (n eed) a break.
5 Matthew .... ... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .. .... (sightsee)
in Rome when he .. ... ......... .............. .. .. .... . B: Really? When was the last time you
(run into) a friend from back home. . ..... ...... .. ........ ...... ...... (take) a holiday?

6 Samantha .. . . .. ... . .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . (take) three 4 A: By the time we got hom e, we ... .... .. .......
weeks off work every August. (trek) for over eight hou rs!
7 The sales .. ... ... .... ... ..... ... (end) by the end B: Oh dear! You ... ... .. ......... ..... .. ... ............ .
of the month . (probably/not/go) trekking again soon.
s It ... .. .. .... ....... .. .. ... .. (seem) that we're lost; 5 A: How ... ..... .. ...... ... .. ...... .. ..... (you/break)
1 ... ... .. ..... .. ... . (ask) that man for directions your arm?
to the museum . B: Oh, I ··· ··_- ··· ····· ·· ···· ··· (play) tootba~I~~;~
g Hopefully, th is time next summer we my cousins when I .... ....... .. •••··· .. ( /
......... .... ... .... .. ..... (run) our own hotel. 6 A: Theresa .. .... .. .... ... ........ .... .. .... (alrea~:?
1 o By the time the s ightseeing tour is over, left) when I got to the party. Why so ear ·
they ......... ............ . (walk) around the city B: Well , she ..... .... ...... ....... ..... .. (leave) tor
fo r tw o hours. Portugal early tomorrow morning.
120
 Grammar
~B~nill
. k~ ~-
IIJ Choose the correct item. Choose the co
1 Harold has taken out a loan and .. ..... his
own business in June.
@ is going to start c will start
B has started D will have started
2 Weekend breaks ....... more and more
popular with busy professionals nowadays.
A become
B were becoming
C are becoming
After I left school, 11) ........... a job as an au pair with a family living
D have been becoming
in Prague. I 2) ........... abroad before, and I didn't speak any Czech,
3 I .... ... for my interview all evening , and now so I was very nervous. I 3) ............... one day off a week and at first I
I'm taking a break. stayed close to home. But after I 4) .............. in the city for two
A have been practising months, I started getting more adventurous and soon I 5) ........ more
B practised and more of Prague's wonderful sights. I visited the castle, went on
C have practised long walks by the Vltava River and spent hours in Prague's many
D would practise museums and art galleries. One of my favourite places was Old Town
Square where I 6) ... .. ..... for a coffee on my way home. Now I
4 The check-in desk ....... by the tim e I got 7) ........ ... .. .. to England, but I loved Prague so much that I
there. 8) .......... .. ... Czech. By the summer, I 9) .. ........ .. ... the Advanced
A closed C was cl osi ng course. And that's not all. Next year, I 10) .. ... ....... .. . the Czech
B had closed D has closed language at Charles University- in Prague!
5 Linda ... .... abroad four times a year, but 1 A had got C have got
now she can 't afford it. @ got D would get
A used to holiday C had holidayed 2 A had ever been
B was holidaying D has been holidaying B had never been going
6 By the end of next month, I .... ... in Paris for C had never been
five years . D had not gone
A will live 3 A had C had had
B will have been living B was having D had been havi ng
C am living 4 A have been livi ng C would live
D will be living B had been living D was living
7 I ...... . for a job interview last week. 5 A had discovered
A used to go C went B have been discovering
B had gone D would go C was discovering
D used to discover
8 She ....... off the phone with Jason when he
called again. 6 A got used to stop
A was just getting C had been getting B used to stop
C used to be stopp ing
B had just got D has just got
D was used to stop
9 Joseph ....... Ireland for a conference and
he won 't be back until next week. 7 A have returned C will return
B was returning D will have retu rned
A has gone to C has been to
B has been in D has gone in 8 A learned C learn
B will have learnt D am learni ng
10 At present, James and Lilly ..... at a hotel
until the repairs to their house are 9 A will have finished C am going to fin ish
completed . B will finish D fin ish
A will stay C have stayed 10 A am studying
D are staying
C will have studied
B stay B am going to study D study
121

The Indefinite Article a/an
• We use a/an with nouns when referring to an
unspecified thing. He bought a souvenir.
We use a before singular countable nouns which
begin with a consonant sound (a passport, a ticket).
We use an before singular countable nouns which
begin with a vowel sound (an aeroplane, an island).
The indefinite article is used:
• with singular countable nouns. a swimsuit, an ocean
• when we talk about things in general.
I want to buy a car. (any car)
• after the verb to be when we want to say what
somebody/something is.
He's a pilot. It's an interesting museum.
• with certain phrases to show how often someone
does something.
They go on holiday three times a year.
• before Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms when we refer to an
unknown person.
A Mrs Lawson left a message for you. (a person that
we don't know)
The indefinite article is not used:
• with uncountable or plural countable nouns. We
use some instead.
some luggage, some money, some information
• before an adjective when there is no noun after it.
However, when there is a noun after the adjective,
we use a for adjectives which begin with a
consonant sound and an for adjectives which
begin with a vowel sound . He's a tour guide. He's
experienced. He's an experienced tour guide.
The Definite Article The
We use the:
• with nouns when talking about something
specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a
second time or is already known . Is the suitcase
yours ? (The listener knows which suitcase we're
talking about.)
• with nouns which are unique
(the sun, the Colosseum, the Eiffel Tower, etc).
• before the names of rivers (the Amazon), seas (the
Mediterranean), oceans (the Pacific), mountain
ranges (the Himalayas), deserts (the Sahara), groups
of islands (the Azores), countries when they include
words such as 'state', 'kingdom', etc (the United
Kingdom) and nouns with of (the Statue of Liberty).
• before the names of musical instruments
(the violin, the harp) and dances (the waltz).
• before the names of hotels (the Hilton Hotel),
theatres/cinemas (the Royal Albert Hall), ships (the
Endeavour), organisations (the IMF), newspapers
(the Times) and museums (the Science Museum).
122
• before nationalities end ing in -sh (the Welsh)
(the French) or -ese (the Chinese) and families •(·ch
the
Osmonds).
• before titles when the person's name is
mentioned (the Queen, the President). not
• before the words morning, afternoon and even ·
Our flight /eaves at 6 o'clock in the morning. ing.
• with adjectives in the superlati~~ form . He 's the
youngest person to cl1~b Mount K,l,":anjaro.
• with the words station, shop, cinema, vii/a
world etc. She went to the village for a holiday ge,
• with historical periods/events.
The Battle of Hastings
BUT World War I.
• with the words only, last, first (used as adjectives).
She was the only woman in the expedition.
We don't use the:
• with plural nouns when we talk about them in
general. Foxes are cunning animals.
• before proper names.
Anabella is going to Rio de Janeiro.
• before the names of countries (Spain), cities
(Beijing), streets (Oxford Street), parks (Green
Park), mountains (Ben Nevis), islands (Corfu),
lakes (Lake Michigan) and continents (Asia).
• before the names of meals, (lunch etc) games and
sports (basketball, hockey etc). I always eat
breakfast. He plays rugby fo r Ireland.
• with the words this/ that/ these/ those.
Those skis are Jenny's.
• with possessive adjectives or the possessive case.
That isn't your hat. It's David's.
• before titles when the person's name is
mentioned. Prince Charles, King Henry BUT the
Prince, the King
• with the words school, university, college, sea,
court, church, bed, hospital, prison or home when
we refer to the pu rpose for which they exist. Greta
goes to bed at 10 o'clock. (Greta uses it to sleep.)
BUT Greta's father is going to fix the bed. (He's only
fixing it, not sleeping in it.)
• with languages. I speak German. BUT The Russian
language is complicated.
• with the names of illnesses. She 's got chicken pox.
BUT mumps/the mumps, flu/the flu
• with the words home, father/ mother when we talk
about our own home/parents.
Dad had just gone home.
Note: We use the + adjective to refer to a group of
people. Examples include: poor, rich, sick, old, bh nd,
young etc.
He works for a charity that helps the blind.
- Grammar
m Fill in the gaps with a, an or some.
' 1 A: Can I borrow some money? I want to
ffl Fill in the gaps using the wo rd s from th e
llil list, adding the where necessary. Use each
buy ........ ... souvenir for Sam.
B: Good idea. I got Carlos ........ .. .
umbrella with the Union Jack on it.
2 A: There's .. .. .. .. .. . Mrs Summers on the
phone for you.
B: Can you take .. .. .. ..... message? I'm
busy with .. .. .... ... work right now.
3 A: Where can I find . .. .. .. ... . good pair of
walking boots?
B: There 's .... ...... . outdoors shop near my
house. Give me ... .. ... .. . time to write
this email and then I'll take you there .
4 A: Where can I get .... ... .. .. information on
tours around Barcelona?
B: You should get .. ..... .. guidebook or ask
........... employee of the hotel to help you.
5 A: It's going to be .. ......... very long
journey.
B: I know. If I were you, I would take ...... .. .
book and ......... .. music to listen to .
6 A: Has Christina found .... .. ..... job yet?
B: Yes, she works at .. .. ... .... antiques shop
three times .... ... .. .. week .
lfJ Fill in the where necessary.
1 Have you ever been to the Natural History
Museum in .. ..... .. . London?
2 ....... ... Andes is a range of mountains in
.. .. .... .. South America.
3 We are studying about ... ...... · Middle Ages
at ......... . school.
4 Dad always eats .... .. .. .. lunch in front of
the television .
5 She was .. ....... . only one who shook hands
with .. .. .... .. President.
6 Max plays ..... ..... trumpet in ...... .... our
local orchestra.
7 Sally had ...... .... chicken pox so she
couldn't go on .... ... .. . school trip.
8 I already speak ........ .. English and .. .... .. ..
French, but I am f .md'mg ... ... .. .. German
language difficult to learn.
9 Andrea is waiting for her cousin at ... ..... ..
airport.
10 Janet works in a charity that cares for
.. ... ..... old.
m where we stayed during our
11 .. .. ·.... · roo . Pacific.
honeymoon had a v,ew of ....... ...
2 Ban~-;;.~~-u~~
word twice.
• television • school • hospital
• bed • court
1 a There was a great travel documentary
on television last night.
b ......... in our hotel room wasn 't working ,
so they brought us another one .
2 a All he does during his holidays is stay
in .. ............... and read comics.
b we had to change ... •.... ·.... .. .. ·n 1 the
guest room because it was too old .
.
3 a My sister goes to •.. ....... .. ... .. which is
next to Coburg Park.
b Grandpa says that when he was at
............. ... . , teachers were much stricter
than they are today .
4 a The judge asked the witness to
describe what he had seen to .. .. ...... · .. ·
b Joe has been charged with fraud and is
due to appear in .. ..... .. .. ... .. next month.
5 a Frank broke his leg badly and had to
stay in ........ ....... .. for a week .
b Judy is at .. .. .... .... .. . .. visiting a sick
friend , but she 'll be back soon .
Fill in the gaps with a, an or the w here
necessary.
Have you visited any interesting places recently?
Share you travel experiences with other bloggers.
Hi everyone,
Yesterday was 1) a wonderful day in London. I woke
up to find 2) ......... sun's rays streaming through the
window of my hotel room. I dressed quickly and had
3) .... ... breakfast downstairs. Then, I went out to
explore 4) ....... city. I visited 5) ....... Houses of
Parliament and went on 6) ....... guided tour of
7) ....... Globe Theatre. I had 8) ....... delicious meal
in a little cafe by 9) ....... River Thames and then I
went on 10) ....... London Eye. I took lots of great
photographs, which I'll upload on 11) ....... Internet
when I get home.
Tomorrow is my last day here and I'm planning to go
on 12) ....... open-topped bus to see the sights and
hopefully have 13) ....... quick tour of 14) ..... .. Tower
of London, too. Next st9p: Paris. I'll keep you posted! ,
Carlos
123
 Grammar
~ ~~rl:f-
Bank . 2
Clauses of Result
Clauses of result are used to express
result. They are introduced with the
following words/phrases:
• as a result/therefore/consequently/
as a consequence
We had to go back home because
I forgot my passport. As a result/As a
consequence/Consequently/Therefore,
we missed our flight.
• such a/an + adjective + singular
countable noun ... that
It was such a beautiful dress that
Anna had to buy it.
• such + adjective + plural/
uncountable noun ... that
They were such good waiters that
Dave gave them a huge tip. We were
having such bad weather that the
ferry couldn't leave until the evening.
• such a lot of+ plural/uncountable
noun ... that
He packed such a lot of clothes that
he couldn't close his suitcase. There
were such a lot of people at the
market that it took me ages to find
Mum.
• so+ adjective/adverb ... that
The flights were so cheap that we
booked them immediately. The local
people spoke so quickly that we
couldn't understand them.
• so+ adjective + a(n) + noun ... that
It was sa high a mountain that we
had to turn back.
• so much/little + uncountable noun
..• that
Rebecca spent so much money on
clothes that she couldn't afford to buy
lunch. There was so little time to pack
that Steve forgot his wallet.
• so many/few+ plural noun ... that
We took so many photographs in Sri
Lanka that we had to buy a new photo
album. There were so few hotels in the
town that we couldn 't find anywhere to
stay.
• There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Op· .
.. ) h h 1n1ori
adjectives (boring, exciting, etc s ow w at a person think
somebody or something. Fact adjectives (tall, thin, new, etc) s.of
. . I . . give
us factual information about age, size, co our, origin, material
• We can also use nouns as adjectives before other nouns. W~tc.
nouns are used as adjectives, they have no plural for en
taxi driver - taxi drivers rn.
• Certain adjectives can be used metaphorically: silky fur (= fur th
is smooth and soft, like silk), BUT a sil~y scarf (= a scarf made::
expres~ion), BUT 0
silk); a stony expression (= a cold, emotionless _
stone wall (= a wall made of stone); .golden hmr
d (= f hair the col our
of gold), BUT gold earrings (= earrings ma e o gold); feathery
clouds (= that look soft and delicate),_BUT a feather duster (== a
duster made with feathers); a meta/lie colour (= a colour which
looks like metal), BUT a metal box (= a box made of metal).
Order of Adjectives
When there are two or more adjectives in a sentence, they normally
go in the following order:
coffee table.
• We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single
noun. A noun is usually described by one, two or three adjectives at
the most. a beautiful, old-fashioned, stone villa
• Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc) go before cardinal
numbers (one, two, three, etc). The first three times. (NOT: the
throo fir<t timo<)
• The adjectives afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep,
awake, content, glad, ill, pleased, etc are never followed by a
noun. Lauren is ill. Seth was pleased to see me.
• The adjectives chief, elder, eldest, former, indoor, inner, main,
only, outdoor, outer, principal, upper are always followed by
nouns. The hotel has an outdoor pool.
• Certain adjectives are used with the as nouns to refer to groups
of.people in general. These are: elderly, middle-aged, old, young,
blind, dead, deaf, disabled, living, sick, homeless, hungry, poor,
rich, strong, unemployed, weak, etc. The Maldives are a top
h_oliday destination for the rich. (= rich people in general) BUT The
rich people next door are going to the Maldives on holiday. (:Ne
refer to a specific group of rich people.) When we talk about one
person we say A/The poor man/woman, A/The deaf boy/girl, etc.
The young man who is staying in the room opposite comes from
Wales. (We refer to a specific young man.)

Adjectives -Adverbs
-:--- -- - - - - - - -- - ----
• Adverbs describe verbs and past participles, adjectives or other
Adjectives describe nouns. They have
adverbs.
the same form in the singular and
He d~ove sensibly. A beautifully furnished apartment. A terribly
plural. They go before nouns (an
long Journey. We arrived extremely early.
amazing holiday) but after the verbs be,
• An adverb can be one word (slowly) or a phrase (after lunch),
look, smell, sound, feel, taste, seem,
~dverbs can describe manner (how), place (where), time (when),
appear" become,_ get, stay, etc. He looks
equency (how often), degree (to what extent), etc.
good: She feels tired.
124

He talks loudly. (How does he talk? Loudly. - •
adverb of manner)
They're staying next to the beach. (Where are they
staying? Next to the beach . --> adverb of place)
She's going on Friday. (When is she going? on
Friday. ---+ adverb of time)
He never goes on holiday. (How often does he go on
holiday? Never. ---+ adverb of frequency)
formation of Adverbs
, We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the
adjective. quick - quickly
, Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y.
comfortable - comfortably
, Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y
and take -ily. happy - happily
, Adjectives ending in -I take -ly. careful - carefully
, Adjectives ending in -ic usually take -ally. basic -
basically BUT public - publicly
, Some adverbs do not follow these rules. good -
well, fast - fast, hard - hard, early - early, late - late
Grammar
2
. , , B_ank .~
, Adverbs of time, such as soon, now, now and ~~en,
just go before the main verb, but after the auxiliary
verb. They have just arrived in London. She soon
noticed her mistake.
• We can put an adverb at th~ b~ginning of a
sentence if we want to emphasise it.
Carefully she filled out the form . (manner)
Behind factory was where we found our hotel.
(place) .
Last night we got lost in Chinatown. (time)
• When th:re are two or more adverbs in the same
sentence, they usually go in the follo~ing 0rd er:
manner - place - time. We sat impatiently at the
departure gate all afternoon.
If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come
and leave in the sentence, the adverbs usually go
in the following order: place - manner - time. She
went to Brazil suddenly five years ago.
Adverbs of,_:d~e~g~r.::e::..
e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

just,
1
a little,
Order of AdverbJ
,adjectives, absolutely, rather I a bit
• Adverbs of frequency go after the auxiliary verb adverbs or totally, It's a rather I'm a bit
(be, have, do), but before the main verb. I have verbs awfully, hot day. ' tired this
never been to America. My train is usually late. I terribly, really, evening.
always take a taxi to the airport. simply
, Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after That was an
the auxiliary verb or at the end of the sentence. He awfully
hurriedly packed his suitcase. She patiently waited .difficult climb .
for the plane to take off. She is eating slowly. with very, . pretty, fa irly- slightly
• Adverbs of degree (absolutely, completely, adjectives or extremely It was a fairly It's slightly
totally, extremely, very, quite, rather, etc) go adverbs The castle was interesting chilly in
before an adjective, an adverb or th e main verb, extremely old. tour. here.
but after the auxiliary verb. The food was absolutely with verbs very much, rather not much
awful. We were extremely pleased with the hotel. It or the a lot I was rather It isn't
was rather expensive. comparative I enjoy skiing shocked by , much
• Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of degree a lot more what he I cheaper in '
the sentence. He's having a great time on holiday. than a beach said. the J

holiday. --~utu_~ J
• There is a difference in meaning between the adverbs in the following pairs:
-
She's trying hard to succeed. (= with effort) I hardly know my neighbours. (= scarcely)

His office is near the city centre. (= close to) This jacket costs nearly £ 100. (= almost)
He sometimes goes to work late. (= not on time) They haven't been on friendly terms lately. (= recently)
She was about to start teasing him, but she stopped short We will shortly be landing at Heathrow Airport. (= soon)
when she saw his angry expression. (= suddenly)
The ship sank deep into the ocean. (=along way down) He was deeply grateful fo r her help. (= greatly)
The 9:00 am flight goes direct to Berlin . (= by the shortest Come and see me directly after the meeting.
route) (= immediately)

Hong the painting high up on the wall. (= at a high level) The post requires someone who is highly qualified. (= very)
The CD came free with today's paper. (= without charge) I could never talk to him freely. (= without restriction)

125
 Grammar
Bank 2
m Fill in so, such or such a/an.
m Choose the correct item.

1 we lay on the gold/golden sand for h

1 It was such a lovely holiday that we didn't Ours
want it to end . 2 She bought some beautiful Silk ·
blouses in China. Yisu~
2 Milly is .. .. ............... careless ; she's lost
her passport again. 3 While in Scotland , we stayed in a beautit
stony/stone castle. tJI,
3 They were .. ................. kind people that
we 'll never forget them. 4 I have this strange, metallic/metal taste i
my mouth. n
4 We had ... .. .... ... ... .. .. beautiful weather that
we went swimming every day. 5 The chamomile plant has small flower
and feathery/feather leaves. s
5 We had ............. ...... awful journey that we
felt sick afterwards. 6 He recei~ed the news with a stone/ston
look on his face . Y
6 The flight attendant spoke .. .. .. .. .. ....... ..
rudely that she made the little girl cry.
7 The restaurant has ......... .... .... .. ri ch variety ffl Fill in the gaps with the adjectives in the
of dishes that it's hard to choose. ' - ' correct order.
8 They gave us .... .. ... ..... .......... .... accurate
1 1 bought a pretty, miniature, wooden
directions that we found the camps ite in no
time. (miniature/wooden/pretty) rocking chair
in the gift shop.

m
2 It was a(n) .... ....... ... ..... ... ..... .. .... .. ........... ..
(Italian/traditional/delicious) meal.
Link the sentences using the words in
3 We stayed in a .. .. ... ....... ... ... ..... ................ .
brackets.
(modern/luxurious/20-floor) hotel.
The hotel was very busy. We had to book 4 She planted some roses in a ... .... ....... ...... .
months in advance. (such ... that) ............. .... ...... ... .. .. .............. (large/flower/
It was such a busy hotel that we had to ceramic) pot.
book months in advance. 5 We need a ........ ................. ........ ..... ......... .
2 We didn't have a lot of time before our (round/metal/black) table fo r our balcony.
fl ight left. We didn 't stop to buy souvenirs. 6 They found a(n) .. ... ....... ...... .......... ..... ...... ..
(so little ... that) ................................... ... (old/dusty) shoe under the bed .
7 He bought her a(n) ...... ....... .......................
3 Airline fares have gone up . Fewer people (diamond/engagement/huge) ring.
choose to fly . (consequently) ........ ......... .

4 She doesn 't take many th ings with her

when she trave ls. They all fit in a
backpack . (so few ... that) .. .................... .
m Fill in: the + adjective or the +adjective+ people.
1 The new laws were passed to help the
unemployed (unemployed) find work.
5 The luggage she had was very heavy. She
couldn 't lift it. (such ... that) ..... ......... .. .. .. 2 Life is very difficult for ............. .. ...................
(homeless).
··································································
6 He wanted to take a lot of things with him . 3 ..... .. ....... .... .. .... .... .. .... ... . (elderly) next door
He needed two suitcases. (so many .. . have three cats .
that) .. ......... .. ............. .......... ...... .............. . 4 .......... ... ........... ...... ...... ... .. .. (poor) are
···· ···· ········· ·· ··· ············""'''''' '''··· ··· ··· ·....... ,. often overlooked.
7 It was snowing very heavily. All flights were 5 ......... ......... .... ... .. .. ....... ....... (young) in the
cancelled . (so ... that) ..... ..... ..... ... .......... . audience seemed to enjoy the film.
·································································· 6 ...... ... ...... ... ... ..... .. .... .. ..... .. (disabled) in °:r
8
a The dress she liked cost a lot of money. community are asking for more ramps to
She couldn 't afford it. (so much ... that) built in public buildings.
·· ··············· ··· ········ ....... ..... .... ......., .. ... ., ... .. .. 7 Seven-star hotels are only affordable to
·······························•·"·''·········· .. ····· .. ·· ·.. , , .. ·· ···•.......... .. .. ............. .... .... (rich) .

126
g Fill in the correct form of the words in bold. m Choose the correct item.
1 I'm a lot/terribly sorry about losing your
1 We rarely go abroad. (RARE)
camera.
2 Our holiday plans went .. .. .... ..... ... .. .. ..... ... .
wrong . (TERRIBLE) 2 Jane is extremely/quite an intelligent
person .
3 He hadn 't eaten all day, so he was
............. ........... .. ... hungry. (AWFUL) 3 It was a bit/rather boring journey to the
hotel.
4 The results of the competition have not
been .. .. .... .. ..... .. ... ......... announced yet. 4 It would be much/rather better if we made
(PUBLIC) reservations before we went to the
restaurant.
5 Peter plays the guitar very .. ...... .. ..... .. .
(GOOD) 5 James thinks that this jacket is overpriced ,
and I quite/fairly agree with him.
6 The view from here is
breathtaking . (TRUE)
6 Lisa feels a lot/just better now that she's
had some rest.

I
7 Being a tour guide must be pretty/quite an
Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs interesting job.
in the right place. 8 Are you absolutely/slightly sure that you
want to cancel your travel plans? You can 't
1 She ran to stop the taxi . (quickly/outside) change your mind again!
She quickly ran outside to stop the taxi.
2 I am curious to know why you 've decided
to go to Australia. (rather/suddenly) 11:r.t Complete the second sentence so that it
means the same as the first. Use two to five
·············· ·················· ·················· ·· ··············
words, including the word in bold.
··································································
3 Felicity goes to Switzerland. (usually/in It was a difficult challenge. We could n't
the winter) ... ..... ..... ... ..... .... ...... ......... ..... .. complete it. SO
·· ······· ······· ·· ······ ···· ··· ······ ····· ····· ·· ·· ··············· It was so difficult a challenge that we
4 The child ren are playing. (on the beach/ couldn 't com plete it.
quietly) .. .. .. .. .. ..... .... ..... ...... ... ..... ... ... .. ... .. .
2 There were too many people on the beach
········ ······················ ······· ··················· ····· ····· and it took us ages to find an empty spot.
5 They were talking about their trip. CROWDED
(excitedly/all morning) ....... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ... The beach ....... .......... ..... ...... ... ........ .... .... .
········· ····· ··········· ················ ·· ····· ······· ·· ········· that it took us ages to find an empty spot.
6 He jumped into the pool. (happily/a 3 Tracey got food poisoning after eating
minute ago) ... .. ... ....... ... .. ... ... .... ... ... ... •· ... . some bad shellfish . RESULT
····················· ············ ································· Tracey ate some bad shellfish and ... .. .. .. ..
·········· ········· ······ ·· ···· ·········· ···· ···· ······ ···· ·······
iJ Choose the correct item.
she got food poisoning.
4 This hotel isn 't nearly as good as the one
1 Have you all got your passports? It's where we stayed last year. LOT
near/nearly time to leave. The hotel where we stayed last year was
2 The snacks came free/freely with the tour. ... .. .... ... ..... ...... .... .. .... ..... .... . than this one.
3 Your guide will be here short/shortly. 5 There weren 't many good restaurants in
4 There were hard/hardly any other people the town . HARDLY
on the beach. There .. ..... .... ...... .. ... .. .... ..... .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ..
5 Look at that huge kite flying highly/high in .. ... ...... .. ... .. . good restaurants in the town .
the sky! 6 The weather today is quite cold . RATHER
6 We're running late/lately; let's take a taxi It's .. ........ ... ... .... ... .............. .. ..... ..... .. .... .. .. .
to the airport. .. ............ ... .. ... ..... ... ......... .. ....... day today .

127