CHAPTER II Priestly and Taylor (1972) compared PETeq with values determined by energy-balanced

methods over well-watered surfaces and found a close close fit if PETeq was multiplied by a
factor  PT = 1.26 to give
CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

I. Potential Evapotranspiration  sTa K  L  

PET   PT  
A. Conceptual definition  wv sTa    

Thornthwaite (1948) :
Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which evapotranspiration would occur from a large
area completely and uniformly covered with growing vegetation which has access to an
unlimited supply of soil water and without advection or heat storage effects .
Penman (1956) :
Potential evapotranspiration is the amount of water transpired by a short green crop,
completely shading the ground, of uniform height and never short of water. (This definition
is also referred to as the reference crop evapotranspiration. Usually, alfalfa at a height of 30
to 50 cm is used.)
B. Operational definition
Potential evapotranspiration is defined by the method used to calculate it :
 Temperature-based : use only air temperature ;
 Radiation-based : use net radiation and temperature ;
 Combination : based on Penman combination equation ;
 Pan : use pan evaporation
Combination methods : If the required data are available, the Penman-Monteith equation
equation, using a C leaf value calculated with G() = 1, is probably the best estimator of
potential ET for all types of vegetated surfaces.
Pan-based methods : The potential evapotranspiration for short vegetation is commonly very
similar to free-water evaporation. Annual values of pan evaporation are essentially equal to
annual potential evaporation.
C. Estimating actual evapotranspiration
Actual evapotranspiration from a region over a time period t can, in principle be determined
by measuring liquid-water inputs and outputs and changes of storage and solving the water-
balance equation.
Lysimeter measurements : a lysimeter is an artificially enclosed volume of soil for which the
inflows and outflows of liquid water can be measured and changes in storage can be
monitored by weighing. Volumes range from 1 m3 to 150 m3 .
Soil-moisture balance : one can estimate the total evapotranspiration in a time period t by
carefully monitoring rainfall and soil-water content throughout the rootzone and solving the
water-balance equation

Temperature-based methods : Hamon (1963) estimated potential evapotranspiration as zrz zrz

ET  W  Qd  1( z )dz   2 ( z )dz
PETH = 0.00138D vsat(Ta ) 0 0
where where
W = total water input ;
PETH = potential ET in cm/day ; Qd = total water output ;
D = daylength in hours ; z = depth ;
(Ta) = saturation absolute humidity at mean daily temperature zrz = rootzone depth ;
(z) = water-content profile
Radiation-based methods : Slatyer and McIlroy (1961) reasoned that air moving large Obtaining representative values for (z) is not easy.
distances over a homogeneous weel-watered surface would become saturated, so that the
mass-transfer term in the Penman equation would disappear. They defined
Atmospheric water balance : large scale evapotranspiration can also be estimated by
evapotranspiration under these conditions as equilibrium potential evapotranspiration applying the water balance equation to a volume of the lower atmosphere.
(PETeq).
 za We can eliminate the need for wind speed data and for estimates of the zero-plane
  vvn dxdz  M 2  M1
1 displacement by making use of the Bowen ratio approach. This is done by using the two-level
ET  W 
A version for the sensible-heat transfer rate :
w
0x

ca  a va 2  va1 Ta 2  Ta1 

where H 
za = height of the control volume ; 6.25ln  zm2  zm1  /  zm1  zd 2
A = area ;
X = perimeter ; The Bowen ratio is now given as
M = total water content per unit area of the control volume

H ca PTa 2  Ta1 
The factor (vVn ) is the time-averaged product of the outward-directed wind velocity normal B 
 wv ET 0.622v ev 2  ev1 
to the perimeter and the absolute humidity. Typically, za is about 7 to 8 km.

Several recent studies have applied the atmospheric water balance to estimate
The energy balance, neglecting change in heat storage, is
evapotranspiration from large areas of land, and it appears tha the method will play an
increasing role in expanding understanding of global-scale hydrology.
K + L - wvET – H = 0
Land-area water balance : the most common method of estimating ET from a land area is
the application of the water balance equation of the form Making use of the Bowen ration and solving for ET yields

ET = W – Q - Gout
KL
ET 
The major problems in applying this equation are :  wv 1  B 

1. obtaining reliable estimates of regional precipitation

2. obtaining reliable measurements of liquid outflows Eddy-correlation approach : The eddy-correlation approach involves determination of the
3. ensuring that changes in storage are reliable vertical flux of water vapor by fixing fast-response sensors at a level near the surface and
measuring fluctuations of the vertical component of air speed, w, and concurrent variations of
D. Turbulent transfer methods absolute humidity about the mean value, v. The flux is then given by

Direct application of the mass-transfer equation to estimate actual ET from a land surface is
generally not feasible because of the absence of surface temperature data and most of the w'  '
time, the absence of a saturated surface. ET 
w
Bowen-ratio approach : ET can be evaluated by modifying the mass-transfer equation to
make use of measurements of wind speed and humidity at two levels in the air near the
surface : where the overbar represents a time average. This method is applicable only in a research
facility. A full theoretical development and discussion is given by Brutsaert (1982).

0.622  a va 2  va1 ev 2  ev1  E. Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration

ET 
P w 6.25ln zm2  zm1  / zm1  zd 2
where the subscripts 1 & 2 refer to measurements at the lower and upper levels, respectively.
Several methods have been used to predict the potential evapotranspiration from a given area.
Among the most commonly used methods, however, are modifications of the Penman
approach. For example, Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977) presents an outline on how to estimate
evapotranspiration combining both radiation and aerodynamic effects along with other
assumptions. Similarly, Monteith, applies a micro-climatic approach to evaluate
evapotranspiration. Both methods are presented in this section. Also, sample calculations
using the modifications by Doorenbos and Pruitt are given.
Modified Penman ETo according to Doorenbos and Pruitt 
W 
The modified Penman method as described by Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977) yields good  
results with minimum possible errors at  10% under high evaporative conditions and up to 
20% under low evaporative conditions.
Net radiation term (Rn)
The reference evapotranspiration ETo (mm/day) is calculated as
The net radiation is obtained from the difference between the net incoming shortwave
radiation Rns and the net outgoing longwave radiation Rnl, both expressed in mm/day.
ETo = c [W * Rn + (1-W) f(u) (e sat – e act) ]
Rn = Rns – Rnl

Incoming shortwave radiation (Rns)

where

W = temperature related weighting factor (dimensionless) Rns is given by the following expression:
Rn = net radiation in equivalent evaporation (mm/day)
f(u) = wind-related function (mm/mbar-day) Rns = (1 - ) Rs
esat = saturation vapor pressure at mean air temperature (mbar)
eact = mean actual vapor pressure (mbar) Where  = albedo (fraction of the incoming solar radiation that is reflected by the surface)
c = adjustment factor related to maximum humidity, solar radiation, the ratio of = 0.25 for most crops
day- time to night-time winds and wind velocity. = 0.05 for water
Rs = incoming solar radiation (mm/day)
Temperature term (W):
The value of Rs is calculated from the Angstrom formula:
 , the rate of change of the saturation vapor pressure with temperature (mbar/ oC), is
calculated as n
Rs  Ra (a  b 
N
 = 2(0.00738 t + 0.8072)7 – 0.00116
where n = actual sunshine hours
with t = mean air temperature (o C) N = maximum possible sunshine hours
Ra = the extra-terrestrial radiation (mm/day)
The psychrometric constant  (mbar/o C) is given by
Both the values of N and Ra are dependent on latitude and the time of the year. The values of
P the coefficients a and b differ with the major climatic areas. If use is made of the climatic
  1.61452 classification of Koppen and Geiger (1928), the following is valid:
L

with 1.61452 J/ o C-g = constant a = 0.29; b = 0.42 for A climates (humid tropical)
P = barometric pressure of the air (mbar) a = 0.25; b = 0.45 for B climates (dry tropical)
L = latent heat of vaporization (J/g) a = 0.18; b = 0.55 for C, D, and E climates (temperate and cold)

The value of P and L are obtained from The net outgoing longwave radition (Rnl)

P = 1013 – 0.1093 E The term Rnl is calculated by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, adapted for the presence of water
L = 4.1855 (595 – 0.51 t) vapor and cloudiness which absorb the emitted longwave radition.

n
With E = elevation above sea level (m) Rnl   (T 4 ) (0.34  0.044 eact ) (0.1  (1  0.1) )
t = mean air temperature (o C) N

The term W is ultimately calculated as with  = the emissivity constant ( 0.97)

  = the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant equation. The calculation of the parameters to be used in the estimation of the reference
= 1.9838 x 10-9 (mm/day-K 4 ) evapotranspiration and the estimation procedure are given in detail hereafter.
T = absolute mean temperature ( K = C + 273) The definition of the reference evapotranspiration in the Penman-Monteith approach is
eact = mean actual vapor pressure of the air (mbar) slightly modified. The reference evapotranspiration ETo is now defined as the rate of
evapotranspiration of a hypothetic crop with fixed crop height (12 cm), canopy resistance
The wind function (f(u)) (69), and albedo (0.23) which would closely resemble evapotranspiartion from an extensive
surface of green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the
The wind function is of the form ground and not short of water.

f(u) = 0.27 + 0.0032 U2
where U 2 = the daily wind speed at 2m above the ground (km/day)
0.27 and 0.0032 are coefficients for a grass reference surface.
The above equation is valid for moderate day-time wind and a ratio of day-time wind to
night-time wind equal to 2. if these conditions are different, corrections are made in the
adjustment term of the ETo formula.
Vapor pressure deficit (e sat – e act)
The Penman-Monteith approach has other features equally enable to calculate the crop
evapotranspiration ETc at once, rather than using the two-step procedure: (1) calculation of
ETo ; and (2) a crop coefficient kc separately to obtain ETc.
Parameters used in the ETo equation
Conversion of units:
In line with the international standards, SI units are used for all parameters. These units
replace the CGS convention used previously.

The values of the saturation vapor e sat and of the actual vapor pressure e act are given by the CGS SI
following formula: Pressure 1 mbar 0.1 kPa
2
Radiation 1 cal/cm -day 0.041868 MJ/m2 -day
esat  6.1078 e17.27t / t  237.3 1 mm/day 2.45 MJ/m2 -day
23.884 cal/cm2 -day 1 MJ/m2 -day
eact = esat (RH/100) 0.408 mm/day 1 MJ/m2 -day

o
with t = mean air temperature ( C)
RH = relative air humidity (%) 1. Latent heat of vaporization ()

The adjustment term (C)  = 2.501 – 0.002361t

The adjustment term is required if the conditions for which the Penman formula was derived where  = latent heat of vaporization (MJ/kg)
are not met. The values of c are obtained from the table as a function of four variables: t = air temperature (o C)

- maximum air relative humidity (RHmax) As the value of the latent heat varies only slightly over normal temperature ranges, a single
- incoming solar radiation (Rs) value for lambda may be taken. For t = 20 o C,  = 2.45.
- ratio of day-time wind speed over night-time wind speed (Uday/Unight)
- day-time wind speed 2. Saturation vapor pressure (ea)

 17.27t 
 
Potential Evapotranspiration: The Penman-Monteith approach ea  0.6108 e t  237.3 

where e = saturation vapor pressure (kPa)

Recent comparative studies carried out under the auspices of the ASCE and the European t = temperature (o C)
Commission have known the very convincing performance under varying climatic
conditions of the method based on the Penman-Monteith approach. The expert consultation 3. Actual vapor pressure
on procedures for revision of FAO guidelines for prediction of crop water requirements
(Smith, 1991) therefore recommends this approach as the best-performing combination At early morning:
 g

RH max  T   z  zo  R
ed (t min)  ea (t min) P  Po  o 
100  To 
where P = atm pressure at elevation z (kPa)
where ed(tmin) = actual vapor pressure at tmin (kPa) Po = atm pressure at reference level (kPa)
ea(tmin) = saturation vapor pressure at tmin (kPa) Z = elevation (m)
RHmax = maximum daily relative humidity (%) zo = elevation at reference level (m)
tmin = minimum daily air temperature (o C) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2 )
R = specific gas constant (287 J/kg- o K)
at noon: To = air temperature at elevation z0 (o K)
 = constant lapse rate saturated air (0.0065 o K/m)
RH min
ed ( t max)  ea (tmiax when assuming Po = 101.3 kPa (zo = 0)
100
To = 293 o K (t = 20 o C)
where ed(tmax) = actual vapor pressure at tmax (kPa)
5.256
ea(tmax) = saturation vapor pressure at tmax (kPa)  293  0.0065 z 
RHmin = minimum daily relative humidity (%) P  101.3 
tmax = maximum daily air temperature (o C)  293 

The average vapor pressure is calculated as: 6. Psychrometric constant ()

ed (t min)  ed (t max) P
  0.0016286
ed  
2

If no RHmin and RHmax is available, the actual vapor pressure may be estimated as where  = psychrometirc constant (kPa/o C)
follows: P = atmospheric pressure (kPa)
 = latent heat (MJ/kg)
ea ( mean) RH mean
ed  7. Modified psychrmetric constant (*)
100

  r 
where ed = actual vapor pressure (kPa)  *   1   c  
ea(mean) = mean saturation vapor pressure (kPa)  r a 
RHmean = mean relative air humidity (%)
where * = modified psychrometric constant (kPa/o C)
4. Slope of the vapor pressure curve () rc = crop canopy resistance (s/m)
ra = aerodynamic resistance (s/m)
ea
  4098
t  237.32 The resistance factors in the above equation are defined as follows:

where  = slope of the vapor pressure curve (kPa/oC) rc 

R1

200
t = air temperature (oC) 0.5LAI LAI
ea = saturation vapor pressure (kPa)
where R1 = average daily stomatal resistance of a single leaf ( 100 s/m)
5. Atmospheric pressure (p) LAI = leaf area index (m2 /m2 )

For the reference crop with a crop height (hc) of 0.12 m, the LAI is calculated as LAI = 24 hc
= 2.88 m2 /m2 . The canopy resistance then now becomes
 Wind speed measurements normally concern daily averages of 24 hours. The following
rc = 200/2.88 = 69 s/m relationship can be used to determine the daytime wind velocity:

The aerodynamic resistance is defined as follows:  Ud Un 

U d  2U  
 z  d    zh  d    1  U d U n  
ln  w  * ln  
ra   zow   zoh 
k 2U z where U = 24 hr average wind velocity (m/s)
Ud = wind velocity during daytime ( 0700 –1900 hrs) m/s
where d = zero plane displacement of wind profile (m) equal to 2/3 hc (hc = crop height (m)) Un = wind velocity during night time ( 1900 – 0700 hrs) m/s
zw = height of wind velocity measurement (m)
zoh = roughness parameter (= 0.123 hc) For average conditions, Ud/Un = 2 and Ud = 1.33U
zh = height of the humidity and temperature measurement (m)
k = Von Karman constant (= 0.41)
Uz = wind velocity at height zw (m/s) Combination formula

For wind speed, temperature and humidity readings at 2.00 m, and for a reference crop The combination equation based on the Penman-Monteith approach that enables the
(grass) with a canopy height of 0.12 m, the expression for * becomes: estimation of the reference evapotranspiration is written as

* =  (1+0.33 U2 ) ETo = ETaero + ETrad

8. Wind velocity (U2 ) Where ETaero = aerodynamic term (mm/day)

ETrad = radiation term (mm/day)
Wind velocity data obtained from instruments that are placed at elevations different from the
    900 
 ea  ed U 2
standard height of 2m have to be adjusted using the following equation: ETaero   
    *   t  275 
  2  d 
 ln  
z 
and
U2  U z   0  
  z  d 
 ln       1
  z0  
ETrad    Rn  G   
   *  

Where Uz = wind velocity at height z (m/s) where Rn = net radiation (MJ/m2 -d)
U2 = wind velocity at 2m height (m/s) G = soil heat flux (MJ/m2 -d)
z = height of the wind velocity measurement (m)  = latent heat of evaporation (MJ/kg)
d = zero plane displacement of wind profile (= 0.08m)
z0 = roughness parameter for momentum ( = 0.01476 m)
Rn = Rns - Rb
When substituting the values for d and zo , the formula becomes

Where Rns = net incoming shortwave radiation (MJ/m2 -d)

Uz Rb = net outgoing long wave radiation (MJ/m2 -d)
U 2  4.868
ln 67.75 z  5.42

Net incoming shortwave radiation (Rns):

9. Day wind
Rns = (1-) Rs
Where  = albedo or canopy reflection coefficient (0.23 for grass) where G = soil heat flux (MJ/m2 -d)
Rs = incoming solar radiation (MJ/m2 -d) tn = air temperature in period n (o C)
Rs can be measured with various types of radiometers. In most cases however, the incoming tn-1 = air temperature in period (n-1) (o C)
shortwave radiation will be estimated from measured sunshine hours according to the t = length of period n (days)
following relationship: cs = soil heat capacity ( 2.1 for average moist soil (MJ/m3 - o C)
d = estimated effective soil depth (m)
Rs = (a+b (n/N)) Ra
For daily temperature fluctuations, an effective soil depth of 0.18 m is used. For monthly
Where a = fraction of extra terrestrial radiation (Ra) received on overcast days (  temperature fluctuations, the adapted effective soil depth is 2.0 m.
0.25 for an average climate)
b = 0.5 for an average climate Since the magnitude of the daily soil heat flux over 10-30 day periods is relatively small, it
n = actual sunshine hrs per day normally can be neglected and thus G = 0.
N = maximum possible sunshine hrs
Ra = extra terrestrial radiation (MJ/m2 -d)
Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration ETo using the modified Penman
Using the values recommended for an average climate and for grass as reference, the formula
(Doorenbos and Pruitt) method :
for Rns is reduced to :

Rns = 0.77Ra (0.25 + 0.5 (n/N)) ETo  cW Rn  1  W  f u  esat  eact 

Net long wave radiation (Rb):  Vapor pressure deficit (e d – e a )

Air humudity is exptressed as saturation vapor deficit (ed – ea)

 n 

Rb  0.9   0.1 0.34  0.14 ed T 4  ea = mean saturation water vapor pressure (esat )
 N  ed = mean actual water vapor pressure (eact )
where  = emissivity (obtained as: emissivity by the atmosphere minus emissivity by Air humidity may be expressed as follows :
vegetation and soil
 
1. RH (RHmax & RHmin in %)
= 0.34  0.14 ed 2. psychrometric readings (To C of dry and wet bulb) from either ventilated or non-
ed = vapor pressure at dew point (kPa) ventilated wet and dry bulb thermometer
 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 4.903 x 10-9 MJ/m2 -K 4 -d 3. dewpoint temperature (Tdewpoint o C)

Sample calculations depending on available data :

In order to calculate the saturation vapor pressure at dew point, the minimum temperature can
be considered as dew point temperature. (Note : For all cases, Altitude = 0 m)

The net emissivity can equally be estimated from the average temperature data according to
the following equation: 1. Tmax = 35 o C ; Tmin = 22 o C ; RHmax = 80% ; RHmin = 30%

Tmean (35 + 22)/ 2 28.5 o C

  0.02  0.261e0.000777t
2

RHmean (80 + 30)/ 2 55 %

ea at 28.5 o C 38.9 mbar from Table 1
where t = mean daily temperature (o C) ed ea (RHmean ) 21.4 %
(e d – e a ) 17.5 mbar
Soil Heat Flux (G):
2. Tmax = 35 o C ; Tmin = 22 o C ; Tdry bulb = 24 o C ; Twet bulb = 20 o C (ventilated)
cs d tn  tn 1  28.5 o C
G Tmean (35 + 22)/ 2
t ea at 28.5 o C 38.9 mbar from Table 1
 ed at dewpoint temperature (4 o C) 20.7mbar from Table 2
(depression wet bulb temperature = 24 – 20 o C = 4 o C)

Rns  Ra 1    0.25  0.50 n
N

(e d – e a ) 18.2 mbar
Rnl = net longwave radiation
3. Tax = 35 o C ; Tmin = 22 o C ; Tdewpoint = 18 o C  
Rnl  f t  f ed  f n
N
o Rn = Rns - Rnl
Tmean (35 + 22)/ 2 28.5 C
ea at 28.5 o C 38.9 mbar from Table 1
Calculation of Rn :
ed at dewpoint temperature (4 o C) 20.6 mbar from Table 2
(e d – e a ) 18.3 mbar
1. Calculation of Rns
a. Select Ra in mm/day for the month and latitude Table 7
 Wind function f(u)
b. Read N = maximum possible sunshine hours for the month and latitude
Table 8
f (u)  0.27 1  2 
U
100 
Table 3 c. Calculate n/N
 d. Calculate (0.25 + 0.50 n/N)
e. Calculate Rs (mm/day) = Ra (0.25 + 0.50 n/N)
where U2 is the 24-hr windrun in km/day at 2 m above the ground f. Calculate Rns (mm/day) = (1 - ) Rs ------- ( = 0.25)

Correction when wind data are not collected at 2 m above the ground (use Table 4) 2. Calculation of Rnl
a. Calculate f(T) ------- Table 9
e.g. wind speed at 3 m above the ground is 250 km/day b. Calculate f(ed) ------- Table 10
conversion factor : 0.9 c. Calculate f(n/N) ------- Table 11
U2 = (250) (0.9) = 232 km/day
fu) = 0.90 3. Calculation of Rn
 Weighting factor (1 –W) Rn = Rns – Rnl
Weighting factor for the effect of wind and humidity on ETo
Values of (1 – W) as related to temperature and altitude are given in Table 5  Adjustment factor C
o o o
e.g. altitude = 95 m ; Tmax = 35 C ; Tmin = 22 C ; Tmean = 28.5 C - relates the RHmax, Rs (solar radiation), and the ratio of day-time winds to time
(1 – W) = 0.23 time winds and wind velocity
- this adjustment factorcan only be used if the reference surface is ground and the
 Weighting factor W coefficient of the wind-related functions are those described by Doorenbos and
Pruitt (FAO, 1977)
Use Table 6
Crop evapotranspiration ETcrop
 Radiation term Rn
ETcrop = kc . ETo

Rn  Ra 1    0.25  0.50 n
N
 Tk4 0.34  0.044 ed 0.10  0.9 n N  Determination of crop coefficient kc :

Rn = net radiation Data required on crops :

Ra = extra terrestial radiation
n/N = /ratio between actual and possible sunshine hours 1. date of sowing
 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant 2. length of the total growing season
 = reflection coefficient ( 0.25 for most crops) 3. duration of the four stages of crop dev’t
Rns = net incoming shortwave radiation a. initial stage (germination to 10% ground cover
b. crop dev’t stage ( from 10 – 80% ground cover)
c. mid-season stage (from 80% to start of ripening)
 d. late season stage (from start of ripening to harvest)
General information on crop development stage is given for different crops in FAO –
Irrigation and Drainage paper #33 (Yield response to water)
The values of the crop coefficient kc varies with the development stages of the crops. For
most crops, the kc value for the total growing period is between 0.35 and 0.60.
4. Mid-season stage : for given climate (humidity and wind), select kc value from Table
13 and plot as straight line.
5. Late season stage : for time of full maturity (or harvest within few days) select kc
value from Table 13 for given climate (humidity and wind)
6. Development stage : assume straight line between kc value at end of initial stage to
start of mid-season stage.

For crop coefficient, see Table 13.

The steps needed to arrive at the kc values for the different stages are given below :

The values of kc for the various growth stages are to be plotted as in the figure below.
For simplification the kc values are represented as straight lines.

1. Establish planting or sowing date from local information or from practices in similar
climatic zones.
2. Determine total growing season and length of crop dev’t stage from local information
(for approximations, see Table 15)
3. Initial stage : predict irrigation and/or rainfall frequency. For predetermined ETo
value, obtain kc from Figure 2 and plot kc value.

Tables used in the determination of the other parameters in the Penman equation.

Table 1. Saturation vapor pressure ea in mbar as a function of mean air temperature in o C

T (o C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ea (mbar) 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.0 10.7 11.5

T (o C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
ea ( mbar) 12.3 13.1 14.0 15.0 16.1 17.0 18.2 19.4 20.6 22.0

T (o C) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
ea (mbar) 23.4 24.9 26.4 28.1 29.8 31.7 33.6 35.7 37.8 40.1
T (o C) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
ea (mbar) 42.4 44.9 47.6 50.3 53.2 56.2 59.4 62.8 66.3 69.9
Table 2a. Vapor pressure ed in mbar from dry- and wet-bulb temperature data in o C
(aspirated psychrometer) Table 2a (continuation)

Dry bulb Depression wet bulb temp ( C) ; altitude 0 – 1000 m

o
Dry bulb Depression wet bulb temp (o C) ; altitude 1000 – 2000 m
T 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 T 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
(o C) (o C)
40 73.8 64.9 56.8 49.2 42.2 35.8 29.8 24.3 19.2 14.4 10.1 6.0 40 73.8 65.2 57.1 49.8 43.0 41.8 31.0 25.6 20.7 16.2 12.0 8.1
38 66.3 58.1 50.5 43.6 37.1 31.1 25.6 20.5 15.8 11.4 7.3 38 66.3 58.2 50.9 44.1 37.9 36.7 26.8 21.8 17.3 13.2 9.2 5.7
36 59.4 51.9 44.9 38.4 32.5 26.9 21.8 17.1 12.7 8.6 4.9 36 59.4 52.1 45.2 39.0 33.3 32.1 23.0 18.4 14.3 10.4 6.8 3.5
34 53.2 46.2 39.8 33.8 28.3 23.2 18.4 14.0 10.0 6.2 34 53.2 46.4 40.1 34.4 29.1 24.1 19.6 15.4 11.5 8.0 4.6 1.5
32 47.5 41.1 35.1 29.6 24.5 19.8 15.4 11.3 7.5 4.0 32 47.5 41.3 35.5 30.2 25.3 20.7 16.6 12.6 9.1 5.8 2.6

30 42.4 36.5 30.9 25.8 21.1 16.7 12.6 8.8 5.3 30 42.4 36.7 31.3 26.4 21.9 17.7 13.8 10.2 6.9 3.8 0.9
28 37.8 32.3 27.2 22.4 18.0 14.0 10.2 6.7 3.4 28 37.8 32.5 27.5 23.0 18.9 14.9 11.4 8.0 4.9 2.1
26 33.6 28.5 23.8 19.4 15.3 11.5 8.0 4.7 1.6 26 33.6 28.7 24.1 20.0 16.1 12.5 9.2 6.0 3.2 0.5
24 29.8 25.1 20.7 16.6 12.8 9.3 6.0 2.9 24 29.8 25.3 21.1 17.2 13.9 10.3 7.2 4.3 1.6
22 26.4 22.0 18.0 14.2 10.6 7.4 4.3 1.4 22 26.4 22.3 18.3 14.3 11.5 8.3 5.5 2.7 0.2

20 23.4 19.3 15.5 12.0 8.7 5.6 2.7 20 23.4 19.5 15.9 12.6 9.5 6.6 3.9 1.3
18 20.6 16.8 13.3 10.0 6.9 4.1 1.4 18 20.6 17.1 13.7 10.6 7.8 5.0 2.5 0.1
16 18.2 14.6 11.4 8.3 5.4 2.7 16 18.2 14.9 11.7 8.9 6.2 3.6 1.3
14 16.0 12.7 9.6 6.7 4.0 1.5 14 16.0 12.9 10.0 7.3 4.8 2.4 0.3
12 14.0 10.9 8.1 5.3 2.8 12 14.0 11.2 8.4 5.9 3.6 1.4

10 12.3 9.4 6.7 4.1 1.7 10 12.3 9.6 7.0 4.7 2.6 0.4
8 10.7 8.0 5.5 3.1 0.8 8 10.7 8.2 5.8 3.7 1.6
6 9.3 6.8 4.4 2.1 6 9.3 7.0 4.8 2.7 0.7
4 8.1 5.7 3.4 1.6 4 8.1 6.0 3.8 1.8
2 7.1 4.8 2.8 0.8 2 7.1 5.0 2.9 1.0
0 6.1 4.0 2.0 0 6.1 4.1 2.1
Table 2b. Vapor pressure ed in mbar from dry- and wet-bulb temperature data in o C (Non- Table 2b (continuation)
ventilated psychrometer)
Dry bulb Depression wet bulb temp (o C) ; altitude 1000 – 2000 m
T 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Dry bulb Depression wet bulb temp (o C) ; altitude 0 – 2000 m (o C)
T 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 40 73.8 64.9 56.7 49.1 42.0 35.6 29.6 34.1 18.9 14.1 9.8 5.6
(o C) 38 66.3 58.0 50.5 43.4 36.9 31.0 25.4 20.3 15.5 11.1 7.0 3.2
40 73.8 64.7 56.2 48.4 41.2 34.4 28.2 22.4 17.0 12.0 7.4 3.0 36 59.4 51.8 44.8 38.3 32.3 26.8 21.2 16.9 12.5 8.3 4.6 1.0
38 66.3 57.8 50.0 42.8 36.0 29.8 24.0 18.6 13.6 9.0 4.6 0.6 34 53.2 46.1 39.7 33.7 28.1 23.0 18.2 13.9 9.7 5.9 2.4
36 59.4 51.6 44.4 37.6 31.4 25.6 20.2 15.2 10.6 6.2 2.2 32 47.5 41.0 35.1 29.5 24.3 19.6 15.2 11.1 7.3 3.7 0.4
34 53.2 45.9 39.2 33.0 27.2 21.8 16.8 12.2 7.8 3.8
32 47.5 40.8 34.6 28.8 23.4 18.4 13.8 9.4 5.4 1.6 30 42.4 36.4 30.9 25.7 20.9 16.6 12.4 8.7 5.1 1.7
28 37.8 32.2 27.1 22.3 17.9 13.8 10.0 6.5 3.1
30 42.4 36.2 30.4 25.0 20.0 15.4 11.0 7.0 3.2 26 33.6 28.4 23.7 19.3 15.1 11.4 7.8 4.5 1.4
28 37.8 32.0 26.6 21.6 17.0 12.6 8.6 4.8 1.2 24 29.8 25.0 20.7 16.5 12.7 9.2 5.8 2.8
26 33.6 28.2 23.2 18.6 14.2 10.2 6.4 2.8 22 26.4 22.0 17.9 14.1 10.5 7.2 4.1 1.2
24 29.8 24.8 20.2 15.8 11.8 8.0 4.4 1.1
22 26.4 21.8 17.4 13.4 9.6 6.0 2.7 20 23.4 19.2 15.5 11.9 8.5 5.5 2.5
18 20.6 16.8 13.3 9.9 6.8 3.9 1.1
20 23.4 19.0 15.0 11.2 7.6 4.3 1.1 16 18.2 14.6 11.3 8.2 5.2 2.5
18 20.6 16.6 12.8 9.2 5.9 2.7 14 16.0 12.6 9.6 6.6 3.8 1.3
16 18.2 14.4 10.8 7.5 4.3 1.4 12 14.0 10.9 8.0 5.2 2.6 0.3
14 16.0 12.4 9.1 5.9 3.0 0.1
12 14.0 10.7 7.5 4.6 1.7 10 12.3 9.3 6.7 4.0 1.6
8 10.7 7.9 5.4 3.0 0.6
10 12.3 9.1 6.1 3.3 0.7 6 9.3 6.7 4.4 2.0
8 10.7 7.7 4.9 2.3 4 8.1 5.7 3.4 1.1
6 9.3 6.5 3.9 1.5 2 7.1 4.7 2.5 0.3
4 8.1 5.5 2.9 0.9 0 6.1 3.8 1.7
2 7.1 4.5 2.3
0 6.1 3.7 1.5
Table 3. Values of wind function f(u) = 0.27 (1 + U2 /100) for wind run at 2m height* in
km/day

Wind 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
km/day
- 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.51
100 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.78
200 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05
300 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.32
400 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.43 1.46 1.39 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.59
500 1.62 1.65 1.67 1.70 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.81 1.84 1.80
600 1.89 1.92 1.94 1.97 2.00 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.11 2.15
700 2.16 2.19 2.21 2.24 2.27 2.29 2.32 2.35 2.38 2.40
800 2.43 2.46 2.48 2.51 2.54 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.65 2.65
900 2.70
Table 4. Correction factor when wind data are not collected at 2m above the ground.
where wind data are not collected at 2m height the appropriate corrections for wind Table 6. Values of weighting factor for the effect of radiation on ETo at different
measurements taken at different heights are given below : temperatures and altitudes.

Measurement ht, m 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 Temperature Altitude,
o
Correction factor 1.35 1.15 1.06 1.00 0.93 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.77 C m
0 500 1000 2000 3000 4000
2 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.54
4 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.58
6 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61
8 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64
10 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66
Table 5. Values of weighting factor (1-W) for the effect of wind and humidity on ETo at 12 0.58 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.69
different temperatures and altitudes. 14 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.71
16 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.73
Temperature Altitude, 18 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75
o
C m 20 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77
0 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 22 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79
2 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46 24 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81
4 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.42 26 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.82
6 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.45 .42 0.39 28 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.84
8 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36 30 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.85
10 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.34 32 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86
12 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.31 34 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87
14 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.29 36 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89
16 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 38 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89
18 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 40 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
20 0.32 0.30 0.29 .27 0.25 0.23
22 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21
24 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19
26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18
28 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.16
30 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15
32 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14
34 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13
36 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12
38 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11
40 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10
Table 7. Extra-terrestial radiation Q A expressed in equivalent evaporation in mm/day Table 7 (continuation)

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Lat Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lat Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
50 3.8 6.1 9.4 12.7 15.8 17.1 16.4 14.1 10.9 7.4 4.5 3.2 50 17.5 14.7 10.9 7.0 4.2 3.1 3.5 5.5 8.9 12.9 16.5 18.2
48 4.3 6.6 9.8 13.0 15.9 17.2 16.5 14.3 11.2 7.8 5.0 3.7 48 17.6 14.9 11.2 7.5 4.7 3.5 4.0 6.0 9.3 13.2 16.6 18.2
46 4.9 7.1 10.2 13.3 16.0 17.2 16.6 14.5 11.5 8.3 5.5 4.3 46 17.7 15.1 11.5 7.9 5.2 4.0 4.4 6.5 9.7 13.4 16.7 18.3
44 5.3 7.6 10.6 13.7 16.1 17.2 16.6 14.7 11.9 8.7 6.0 4.7 44 17.8 15.3 11.9 8.4 5.7 4.4 4.9 6.9 10.2 13.7 16.7 18.3
42 5.9 8.1 11.0 14.0 16.2 17.3 16.7 15.0 12.2 9.1 6.5 5.2 42 17.8 15.5 12.2 8.8 6.1 4.9 5.4 7.4 10.6 14.0 16.8 18.3

40 6.4 8.6 11.4 14.3 16.4 17.3 16.7 15.2 12.5 9.6 7.0 5.7 40 17.9 15.7 12.5 9.2 6.6 5.3 5.9 7.9 11.0 14.2 16.9 18.3
38 6.9 9.0 11.8 14.5 16.4 17.2 16.7 15.3 12.8 10.0 7.5 6.1 38 17.9 15.8 12.8 9.6 7.1 5.8 6.3 8.3 11.4 14.4 17.0 18.3
36 7.4 9.4 12.1 14.7 16.4 17.2 16.7 15.4 13.1 10.6 8.0 6.6 36 17.9 16.0 13.2 10.1 7.5 6.3 6.8 8.8 11.7 14.6 17.0 18.2
34 7.9 9.8 12.4 14.8 16.5 17.1 16.8 15.5 13.4 10.8 8.5 7.2 34 17.8 16.1 13.5 10.5 8.0 6.8 7.2 9.2 12.0 14.9 17.1 18.8
32 8.3 10.2 12.8 15.0 16.5 17.0 16.8 15.6 13.6 11.2 9.0 7.8 32 17.8 16.2 13.8 10.9 8.5 7.3 7.7 9.6 12.4 15.1 17.2 18.1

30 8.8 10.7 13.1 15.2 16.5 17.0 16.8 15.7 13.9 11.6 9.5 8.3 30 17.8 16.4 14.0 11.3 8.9 7.8 8.1 10.1 12.7 15.3 17.3 18.1
28 9.3 11.1 13.4 15.3 16.5 16.8 16.7 15.7 14.1 12.0 9.9 8.8 28 17.7 16.4 14.3 11.6 9.3 8.2 8.6 10.4 13.0 15.4 17.2 17.9
26 9.8 11.5 13.7 15.3 16.4 16.7 16.6 15.7 14.3 12.3 10.3 9.3 26 17.6 16.4 14.4 12.0 9.7 8.7 9.1 10.9 13.2 15.5 17.2 17.8
24 10.2 11.9 13.9 15.4 16.4 16.6 16.5 15.8 14.5 12.6 10.7 9.7 24 17.5 16.5 14.6 12.3 10.2 9.1 9.5 11.2 13.4 15.6 17.1 17.7
22 10.7 12.3 14.2 15.5 16.3 16.4 16.4 15.8 14.6 13.0 11.1 10.2 22 17.4 16.5 14.8 12.6 10.6 9.6 10.0 11.6 13.7 15.7 17.0 17.5

20 11.2 12.7 14.4 15.6 16.3 16.4 16.4 15.9 14.8 13.3 11.6 10.7 20 17.3 16.5 15.0 13.0 11.0 10.0 10.4 12.0 13.9 15.8 17.0 17.4
18 11.6 13.0 14.6 15.6 16.1 16.1 16.1 15.8 14.9 13.6 12.0 11.1 18 17.1 16.5 15.1 13.2 11.4 10.4 10.8 12.3 14.1 15.8 16.8 17.1
16 12.0 13.3 14.7 15.6 16.0 15.9 15.9 15.7 15.0 13.9 12.4 11.6 16 16.9 16.4 15.2 13.5 11.7 10.8 11.2 12.6 14.3 15.8 16.7 16.8
14 12.4 13.6 14.9 15.7 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.1 14.1 12.8 12.0 14 16.7 16.4 15.3 13.7 12.1 11.2 11.6 12.9 14.5 15.8 16.5 16.6
12 12.8 13.9 15.1 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.2 14.4 13.3 12.5 12 16.6 16.3 15.4 14.0 12.5 11.6 12.0 13.2 14.7 15.8 16.4 16.5

10 13.2 14.2 15.3 15.7 15.5 15.3 15.3 15.5 15.3 14.7 13.6 12.9 10 16.4 16.3 15.5 14.2 12.8 12.0 12.4 13.5 14.8 15.9 16.2 16.2
8 13.6 14.5 15.3 15.6 15.3 15.0 15.1 15.4 15.3 14.8 13.9 13.3 8 16.1 16.1 15.5 14.4 13.1 12.4 12.7 13.7 14.9 15.8 16.0 16.0
6 13.9 14.8 15.4 15.4 15.1 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.3 15.0 14.2 13.7 6 15.8 16.0 15.6 14.7 13.4 12.8 13.1 14.0 15.0 15.7 15.8 15.7
4 14.3 15.0 15.5 15.5 14.9 14.4 14.6 15.1 15.3 15.1 14.5 14.1 4 15.5 15.8 15.6 14.9 13.8 13.2 13.4 14.3 15.1 15.6 15.5 15.4
2 14.7 15.3 15.6 15.3 14.6 14.2 14.3 14.9 15.3 15.3 14.8 14.4 2 15.3 15.7 15.7 15.1 14.1 13.5 13.7 14.5 15.2 15.5 15.3 15.1
0 15.0 15.5 15.7 15.3 14.4 13.9 14.1 14.8 15.3 15.4 15.1 14.8 0 15.0 15.5 15.7 15.3 14.4 13.9 14.1 14.8 15.3 15.4 15.1 14.8
Table 8. Mean daily maximum duration of bright sunshine hours N for different months and Table 11. Effect of the ratio actual and maximum bright sunshine hours f(Tn/N on longwave
latitudes. radiation (Rnl)

°N Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec n/N 0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45
°S Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
(n/N)=0.1+0.9n/N .10 .15 .19 .24 .28 .33 .37 .42 .46 .51
50 8.5 10.1 11.8 13.8 15.4 16.3 15.9 14.5 12.7 10.8 9.1 8.1
48 8.8 10.2 11.8 13.6 15.2 16.0 15.6 14.3 12.6 10.9 9.3 8.3
46 9.1 10.4 11.9 13.5 14.9 15.7 15.4 14.2 12.6 10.9 9.5 8.7
44 9.3 10.5 11.9 13.4 14.7 15.4 15.2 14.0 12.6 11.0 9.7 8.9
42 9.4 10.6 11.9 13.4 14.6 15.2 14.9 13.9 12.6 11.1 9.8 9.1 n/N .5 .55 .6 .65 .7 .75 .8 .85 .9 .95 1.0
40 9.6 10.7 11.9 13.3 14.4 15.0 14.7 13.7 12.5 11.2 10.0 9.3
(n/N)=0.1+0.9n/N .55 .60 .64 .69 .73 .78 .82 .87 .91 .96 1.0
35 10.1 11.0 11.9 13.1 14.0 14.5 14.3 13.5 12.4 11.3 10.3 9.8
30 10.4 11.1 12.0 12.9 13.6 14.0 13.9 13.2 12.4 11.5 10.6 10.2
25 10.7 11.3 12.0 12.7 13.3 13.7 13.5 13.0 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.6 Table 12. Adjustment factor ( C ) in Penman equation
20 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.3 13.2 12.8 12.3 11.7 11.2 10.9
15 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.5 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.6 12.2 11.8 11.4 11.2 Rhmax = 30% RHmax = 60% Rhmax = 90%
10 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.6 11.5 Rs mm/day 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
5 11.8 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.1 12.0 11.9 11.8 Uday m/sec Uday/Unight = 4.0
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
0 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 3 .79 .84 .92 .97 .92 1.00 1.11 1.19 .99 1.10 1.27 1.32
6 .68 .77 .87 .93 .85 .96 1.11 1.19 .94 1.10 1.26 1.33
9 .55 .65 .78 .90 .76 .88 1.02 1.14 .88 1.01 1.16 1.27
Uday/Unight = 3.0
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
3 .76 .81 .88 .94 .87 .96 1.06 1.12 .94 1.04 1.18 1.28
Table 9. Effect of temperature f(T) on longwave radiation (Rnl) 6 .61 .68 .81 .88 .77 .88 1.02 1.10 .86 1.01 1.15 1.22
9 .46 .56 .72 .82 .67 .79 .88 1.05 .78 .92 1.06 1.18
T oC 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Uday/Unight = 2.0
0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
(T)=Tk4 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.4 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.2 3 .69 .76 .85 .92 .83 .91 .99 1.05 .89 .98 1.10 1.14
6 .53 .61 .74 .84 .70 .80 .94 1.02 .79 .92 1.05 1.12
9 .37 .48 .65 .76 .59 .70 .84 .95 .71 .81 .96 1.06
Uday/Unight = 1.0
T oC 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 0 .86 .90 1.00 1.00 .96 .98 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.10
3 .64 .71 .82 .89 .78 .86 .94 .99 .85 .92 1.01 1.05
(T)=Tk4 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.1
6 .43 .53 .68 .79 .62 .70 .84 .93 .72 .82 .95 1.00
9 .27 .41 .59 .70 .50 .60 .75 .87 .62 .72 .87 .96

Table 10. Effect of vapor pressure f(ed) on longwave radiation (Rnl)

ed mbar 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
(ed)=0.34-0.44ed 0.23 .22 .20 .19 .18 .16 .15 .14 .13

ed mbar 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
(ed)=0.34-0.44ed .12 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06
Table 13. Crop coefficient (kc) for field and vegetable crops for different stages of crop 4 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.75
growth and prevailing climatic conditions Millet 3 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15
4 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.25
Crop Humidity RH min > 70% RH min < 20% Oats 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Wind, m/s 0-5 5-8 0-5 5-8 4 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2
Crop stage Onion (dry) 3 0.95 0.95 1.05 1.1
All field crops Initial stage 1 Use Fig. 2 by interpolation 4 0.75 0.75 0.8 0.85
Crop dev’t 2 Onion (green) 3 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05
Artichokes (perennial Midseason at 3 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05 4 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05
– clean cultivated) harvest Peanuts (groundnuts) 3 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1
Or maturity 4 0.9 0.9 0.95 1.0 4 0.55 0.55 0.6 0.6
Barley 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 Peas 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
4 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.20 4 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1
Beans (green) 3 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05 Peppers (fresh) 3 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1
4 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 4 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.9
Beans (dry) 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 Potato 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Pulses 4 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.25 4 0.7 0.7 0.75 0.75
Beets (table) 3 1.0 1.0 1.05 1.1 Radishes 3 0.8 0.8 0.85 0.9
4 0.9 0.9 0.95 1.0 4 0.75 0.75 0.8 0.85
Carrots 3 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15 Safflower 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
4 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 4 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2
Castor beans 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 Sorghum 3 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15
4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 0.5 0.5 .55 0.55
Celery 3 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15 Soybeans 3 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15
4 0.9 0.95 1.0 1.05 4 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Corn (sweet maize) 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 Spinach 3 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05
4 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1 4 0.9 0.9 0.95 1.0
Corn (grain maize) 3 1.05 1.1 1.15* 1.2 Squash 3 0.9 0.9 0.95 1.0
4 0.55 0.55 0.6* 0.6 4 0.7 0.7 0.75 0.8
Cotton 3 1.05 1.15 1.2 1.25 Sugarbeet 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
4 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.7 4 0.9 0.95 1.0 1.0
Crucifers (cabbage, 3 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1 No irrigation 4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
cauliflower, broccoli, 4 0.80 0.85 0.9 0.95 last month
Brussels sprout) Sunflower 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Cucumber 3 0.9 0.9 0.95 1.0 4 0.4 0.4 0.35 0.35
Fresh market 4 0.7 0.7 0.75 0.8 Tomato 3 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.25
Machine harvest 0.85 0.85 0.95 1.0 4 0.6 0.6 0.65 0.65
Wheat 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Eggplant (aubergine) 3 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1
4 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2
4 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.9
Flax 3 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15
4 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2
Grain 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
4 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.25
Lentil 3 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
4 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.25
Lettuce 3 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05
4 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0
Melons 3 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.05
Table 14. Length of growing season and crop development stages of selected field crops :
Some indications
Artichokes Perrenial, replanted every 4-7 yrs ; example Coastal California with planting
in April 40/40/250/30 and 360 ; subsequent crops with crop growth cut back
to ground level in late spring each year at end of harvest or 20/40/220/30 and
310.
Barley Also wheat and oats ; varies widely with variety ; wheat Central India
November planting 15/25/50/30 and 120 ; early spring sowing, semi-arid ;
35o – 50o latitudes and November planting. Rep. Of Korea 20/25/60/30 and
135 ; wheat sown in July in East Africa highlands at 2,500 m altitude and
Rep. Of Korea 15/30/65/40 and 150.
Beans (green) February and March planting California desert and Mediterranean
20/30/30/10 and 90 ; August – September planting California desert, Egypt,
Coastal Lebanon 15/25/25/10 and 75.
Beans (pulses Continental climates late spring planting 20/30/40/20 and 110 ; June
- dry) planting Central California and West Pakistan 15/25/35/20 and 95 ; longer
season varieties 15/25/50/20 and 110.
Beets (table) Spring planting Mediterranean 15/25/20/10 and 70 ; early spring planting
Mediterranean climates and precool season in desert climates 25/30/25/10
and 90.
Castorbeans Semi-arid and arid climates,spring planning 25/406550 and (180).
Celery Pre-cool season planting semi-arid25/40/95/20 and (180) ; cool season
30/55/105/20 and (210) ;humid Mediterranean mid-season 25/40/45/15 and
125.
Carrots Warm season of semi-arid to arid climates 20/30/30/20 and 100 ; for cool
season up to 20/30/80/20/ and 150 ; early spring planting Mediterranean
25/35/40/20 and 120 ; up to 30/40/60/20 and 150 for late winter planting.
Corn (sweet- Philippines, early March planting (late dry season)20 /20/30/10 and
maize) (80) ;late spring planting Mediterranean 20/25/25/10 and (80) ;late cool
season planting desert climates 20/30/30/10 and (90) ; early cool season
planting desrt climates20/30/50/10 and (110)
Corn (grain- Spring planting East african highlands 30/50/60/40 and (180) ; late cool
maize) season planting, warm desert climates 25/40/45/30/and (140) ; June planting
sub – humid Nigeria, early October India 20/35/40/30 and (125) ; early April
planting southern Spain 30/40/50/30 and (150).
Cotton March planting Egypt, April - May planting Pakistan, September planting
south Arabia 30/50/60/55 and (195) ; spring planting, machine harvested
Texas 30/50/55/45 and (180).
Crucifers Wide range in length of season due to varietal differences ; spring planting
Mediterranean and continental climates 20/30/20/10 and (80) ; late winter
planting Mediterranean 25/35/25/10 and (95) ; autumn planting coastal
Mediterranean 30/35/90/40 and (195).
Cucumber June planting Egypt, August – October California desert 20/30/40/15 and
(105) ; spring planting semi – arid climates, low desert 25/35/50/20/and
(130).
Eggplant Warm winter desert climates 30/40/40/20 and (130) ; late spring – early
summer planting Mediterranean 30/45/40/25 and (220).
Flax Spring planting cold winter climates 25/35/50/40 and(150) ; pre – cool
season planting Arizona low desert 30/40/100/50 and (220).
Grain, small Spring planting in Mediterranean 20/30/60/40 and (150) ; October -
November planting warm winter climates ; Pakistan and low deserts
25/35/65/40 and (165).
Lentil Spring planting in cold winter climates 20/30/60/40 and (150) ; pre – cool
season planting warm winter climates 25/35/70/40 and (170).
Lettuce Spring planting Mediterranean climates 20/30/15/10 and (75) and late winter
planting 20/40/25/10 and (105) ; early cool season climates from
25/35/30/10 and (100) ; late cool season planting, low deserts 35/50/45/10
and (140).
Melons Late spring planting Mediterranean climates 25/35/40/20 and (120) ; mid –
winter planting in low desert climates 30/45/65/20 and (160).
Millet June planting Pakistan 15/25/40/25 and (105) ; cental plains U.S.A. spring
planting 20/30/55/35/ and (140).
Oats See Barley.
Onion (dry) Spring planting mediterranean climates 15/25/40/25 and (150) ; pre – warm
winter plantring semi – arid and arid desert climates 20/35/110/45 and (210).
green Respectively 25/30/10/5 and (70) and 20/45/20/10 and (95).
Peanuts Dry season planting West Africa 25/35/45/25 and (130) ; late spring
(groundnuts) planting Coastal plains of Lebanon and israel 35/45/35/25 and (140).
Peas Cool maritime climates early summer planting 15/25/35/15 and (90) ;
Mediterranean early spring and warm winter desert climates planting
20/25/35/15 and (95) ; late winter Mediterranean planting 25/30/30/15 and
(100).
Peppers Fresh-Mediterranean early spring and continental early summer planting
30/35/40/20 and (125) ; cool coastal continental climates mid – spring
planting 25/35/40/20 and (120) ; pre-warm planting desert climates
30/40/110/30 and (210).
Potato (irish) Full planting warm winter desert climates 25/30/30/20/ and (105) ; late
winter planting ari and semi- arid climates and late spring –early summer
planting continental climate 25/30/45/30 and ( 130).
Radish Mediterranean early spring and continental summer planting 5/10/15/5 and
(35) ; coastal Mediterranean late winter and warm winter desrt climates
35/55/60/40 and (190).
Safflower Central California early- mid spring planting 20/35/45/25 and (125) and late
winter planting 25/35/55/30 and (145) ; warm winter desert climates
35/55/60/40 and (190).
Sorghum Warm season desert climates 20/40/30 and (120) ; mid-June planting
Pakistan, May in mid-West U.S.A. and Mediterranean 20/35/40/30/and
(125) ; early spring planting warm arid climates 20/35/45/30/and (130).
Soybeans May planting Central USA 20/35/60/25 and (140) ; May-June planting
California desert 20/30/60/25 and (135) ; Philippines late December
planting, early dry season –dry : 15/15/40/15 and (85) ; vegetables 15/15/30
– and (60) ; early mid-June planting in in Japan 20/25/75/30 and (150)
Spinach Spring planting Mediterranean 20/20/15/5 and (60) ; September –October
and late winter planting Mediterranean 20/20/25/5 and (70) ; warm winter
desert climates 20/30/40/10 and (100).
Squash Late winter planting Mediterranean and warm winter desert climates
(winter 20/30/30/15/and (95) ; August planting California desert 20/35/30/25 and
pumpkin) (110) ; early june planting maritime Europe 25/35/35/25 and (120).
Squash planting Mediterranean 25/35/25/215 and (100+) ;early summer Spring
(zucchini Mediterranean and maritime Europe 20/30/25/15 and (90+) ; winter planting
crookneck) war mdesert 25/35/25/15/and (100).
Sugarbeet Coastal Lebanon ; mid-November planting 45/75/80/30 and (230) ;early
summer planting 25/35/50/50/and (160) ; early spring planting Uruguay
30/45/60/45 (180) ;late winter planting warm winter desert 35/60/70/40 and
(180).
Tomato Warm winter desert climates 30/40/40/25 and (135) ; and late autumn
35/45/70/30 and (180) ; spring planting Mediterranean climates 30/40/45/30
and (145)
wheat See Barley

F. Types of Climates in the Phillipines

Another useful guide to implementing proper crop scheduling may be based on

existing climatic patterns in the local area. Rainfall distribution and the amount of rainfall
available to replenish water in the soil are dictated primarily by the existing climate. In the
Philippines this may be subdivided into four (4) general types:

1. Type 1 – two pronounced wet and dry seasons; wet during the months of June to
November and dry from December to May. This type of climate is found in the
western parts of Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay and Negros. The controlling
factor is topography. These regions are shielded from the northeast monsoon and
even in good parts from the trade winds by high mountain ranges but are open only to
the southwest monsoon and cyclonic storms.

2. Type 2 - no dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period in December,
January, and February. Catanduanes, Sorsogon, eastern part of Albay, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, eastern Quezon, Samar, Leyte and eastern Mindanao are of this
type. These regions are along or very near the eastern coast and are not sheltered
either from the northeast monsoon and trade winds or from the cyclonic storms.

3. Type 3 - this is an intermediate type with no pronounced maximum rain period and
short dry season lasting from one to three months only. Areas of this type are the
western parts of Cagayan Valley, eastern part of the Mountain Region, southern
Quezon, Masbate, Romblon, northeastern Panay, eastern Negros, central and southern
Cebu, eastern Palawan and southern Mindanao.

4. Type 4 - uniformly distributed rainfall. The region affected by this type are: Batanes,
northeastern Luzon, southwestern prt of Camarines Norte, western part of Camarines
Sur and Albay, Bondoc Peninsula, eastern Mindanao,, Marinduque, western Leyte,
northern Cebu, Bohol, and most of the central, eastern and southern Mindanao. These
regions are so situated that they receive the moderate effects of the northeast monsoon
and trade winds as well as the southeast monsoon and the cyclonic storms.