Welcome to

English Course
Second Semester 2019
11 February 2019
Lecturer :

H. Efri Yoni Baikoeni, SS, MA

Doctoral Candidate, Universiti Brunei Darussalam
affixation
 affixation
A large majority of new words in the English language are
either a result of blending or affixation.

AFFIXATION consist of :
1. PREFIXATION
2. Suffixation
 PREFIXATION
Affixation consists of:
1. prefixation
2. suffixation
3. sonfix
Prefixes are affixes (i.e., bound morphemes that provide lexical
meaning) that are added before either simple roots or
complex bases (or operands) consisting of (a) a root and other
affixes, (b) multiple roots, or (c) multiple roots and other affixes.
Examples of these follow:
 undo (consisting of prefix un- and root do)
 untouchable (consisting of prefix un-, root touch, and suffix -able)
 non-childproof (consisting of prefix non-, root child, and root proof)
 non-childproofable (consisting of prefix non-, root child, root proof, and suffix -
able)
List of prefixes
Prefix Meaning Example
verb > predicative
a- adjective with progressive afloat, atremble
aspect
after- following after, behind aftermath, afterlife
anti-freeze, antivirus,
anti- against, opposite
anticlimax, Antichrist
behind an object/structure backporch, backhoe,
back-
(locative/directional) backfire
equipped with, covered
bedeviled, becalm,
be- with, beset with (pejorative
bedazzle, bewitch
or facetious)
by- near to, next to byway, bypass, byproduct
co- joint, with, accompanying co-worker, coordinator, cooperation
de- reverse action, get rid of de-emphasize
dis- not, opposite of disloyal, disagree
dis- reverse action, get rid of disconnect, disinformation
down- from higher/greater to lower/lesser download, downright, downbeat
en-, em- to make into, to put into, to get into empower, enmesh
ex-husband, ex-boss, ex-colleague, ex-
ex- former
friend
fore- before, in front forearm, forerunner, forebode
hind- after hindsight, hindquarters
mid- middle midstream, midlife
midi- medium-sized midi-length, Midibus
mini- small minimarket, mini-room, minivan
mis- wrong, astray misinformation, misguide, misfortune
off- non-standard, away off-color, offish, offset
on- immediate proximity, locative onset, onlook, ongoing, oncoming
out- better, faster, longer, farther outreach, outcome, outlier
over- excessive, above overreact, overact, overbearing
post- after, behind post-election, post-graduation, post-war
 prevent, previous, pre-election,
pre- before
pre-enter, pre-select
pro- for, forward, in favor of propulsion, propound, pro-life
re- again, back redo, revisit, rerun, reorganize
self- self self-sufficient, self-explanatory
step- family relation by remarriage stepbrother, stepmother
twi- two twibill, twilight
unnecessary, unequal,
un- not, against, opposite of
undesirable, unhappy
reverse action, deprive of, release undo, untie, unexpected,
un-
from unlock
below, beneath, lower in grade or underachieve, underpass,
under-
dignity, lesser, insufficient understand, undergo
up- greater, higher, or better upgrade, uplift, upright
with- against, back, away (from) withstand, withhold
SUFFIXATION
Suffixation is formation of a word by the addition of a
suffix. A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to
the end of a word to form a new word or to change
the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the
original word.

For example, the verb read is made into the noun “reader”
by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made into
the adjective “readable” by adding the suffix -able.
Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can
help you figure out the meanings of new words you
encounter.
As you work on building your vocabulary, you should keep a few points in
mind:

 In some cases, the spelling of a root or base word changes when a suffix
is added. For example, in words ending in y preceded by
a consonant (such as the noun beauty and the adjective ugly), the y may
change to an i when a suffix is added (as in the adjective beautiful and
the noun ugliness). Also, in words ending in silent -e (such
as use and adore), the final -e may be dropped before a suffix that
begins with a vowel (as in usable and adorable). As with all spelling rules,
there are exceptions of course.

 Not all suffixes can be added to all roots. For example, the
adjective beautiful is formed by adding the suffix -ful to the noun beauty,
and the noun ugliness is formed by adding the suffix -ness to the
adjective ugly. But you won't find *ugliful in your dictionary—or
in standard English. (Throughout this website, an asterisk in front of a
construction shows that it's considered non-standard or ungrammatical.)
A suffix may have more than one meaning. With adjectives
and adverbs, for instance, the -er suffix usually conveys
the comparative meaning of "more" (as in the
adjectives kinder and longer). But in some cases the -
er ending can also refer to someone who performs a
particular action (such as a dancer or builder) or to
someone who lives in a particular place (such as a New
Yorker or a Dubliner).

Don't be put off by these variations, qualifications, and

exceptions. Just think of these common suffixes as clues to
the meanings of words. As in a detective story, sometimes
the clues are clear and fairly obvious. Other times they can
be puzzling or misleading. In any case, keep in mind that
the meanings of words are best determined by studying
the contexts in which they are used as well as the parts of
the words themselves.
The table of 26 common suffixes
Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy
-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal
-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence,
assurance
-dom place or state offreedom, kingdom, boredom
being
-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator
-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism,
scepticism
-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
-ment condition of argument, endorsement,
punishment
-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness,
testiness
-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship,
internship
-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviati
on
 Verb Suffixes
-ate become regulate, eradicate,
enunciate, repudiate
-en become enlighten, awaken,
strengthen
-ify, -fy make orterrify, satisfy, rectify,
become exemplify
-ize, -become civilize, humanize, socialize,
ise* valorize
 Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable,
credible
-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional,
coastal
-esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque
-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious
-ish having the qualityfiendish, childish, snobbish
of
-ive having the naturecreative, punitive, divisive, decisive
of
-less without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly
 Vocabulary Sequence

how to ride a bicycle

1. Hold the bicycle by the handlebars.
2. Stand on the left side of the bicycle then swing your right
foot over the seat.
3. Put your right foot on the right pedal.
4. Sit on the bicycle seat then push the right pedal forward with
your foot.
5. Put your left foot on the left pedal to keep going.
6. Use the handlebars to steer to the left or the right.
7. Be careful not to lose your balance!
 Topics
Direction:
Make a list of sentences on the topic
Each topic has at least 7 simple sentences

1. how to ride a bicycle

2. how to make carrot juice
3. how to play basketball
4. how to look for a job
5. how to be charming
6. How to get money from Automated
Teller Machine (ATM)
7. How to dispatch stuffs with
promptness or speed
8. How to wash your laundry
9. How to contact an old friend
Thank You