Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S3 Seguridad en El Transporte
S3 Seguridad en El Transporte
Report No 6.50/238
September 1996
E&P Forum
Land Transport Safety Guidelines
Report No. 6.50/238
September 1996
This report has been prepared for the E&P Forum by their Safety, Health and
Authors
Personnel Competence Committee through their Road Safety Task Force.
At present the Forum has 60 members worldwide, the majority being oil
and gas companies operating in 60 different countries, but with a number
of national oil industry associations/institutes.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the infor-
Disclaimer
mation contained in this publication, neither E&P Forum nor any of its
members will assume liability for any use made thereof.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
The number of serious incidents and fatalities involving motor vehicles
employed in land transport remains stubbornly high, against a general
background of falling lost time injuries. These guidelines are intended to
provide the E&P industry with clear guidance and a shared aim of minimis-
ing vehicle incidents and their associated costs.
2
BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE LAND TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE
LAND TRANSPORT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
An effective land transport management system should yield benefits
which go well beyond the humane considerations and reduction in the
direct costs that are usually incurred when a land transport related incident
occurs.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
4
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
5
LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
LAND TRANSPORT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The following sections of these guidelines will assist the nominated
responsible managers in developing suitable land transport management
systems for their operations. The main objective is to ensure that their
activities are planned, carried out, controlled and directed so that risks
from transportation are minimised.
Policy Statement
Policy and Strategic Objectives
The senior management should make clear in a policy statement their
commitment and expectations of good HSE management. All vehicle own-
ers and operators should formulate local land transportation HSE policies
compatible with the corporate HSE policy to improve the safety of land
transport operations.
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LAND TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Strategic Objectives
The Land Transport HSE policy statement provides the starting point for
establishing strategic land transport objectives.
Organisation
Organisation, Resources and Documentation
An overall management structure for land transportation and its relation to
the implementation of the transport policy within the organisation should
be in place and made widely available. It should clearly identify those peo-
ple who have an active responsibility for land transport management, and
should state what those responsibilities are. All employees who make use
of, or are affected by land transportation (i.e. everybody) should continu-
ally be made aware of their individual responsibilities.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
Resources
Management should ensure that adequate resources are made available in
a timely manner to fulfil the strategic objectives set out in the company’s
Land Transport Management plan.
Documentation
Documentation should be maintained to provide records of the critical
aspects of the land transportation management system. Policies and
responsibilities need to be established for the availability, maintenance and
modification of such documents.
This exercise should cover an assessment of all hazards that could occur
within the land transport of personnel, goods or materials in every aspect
of the planned operation.
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LAND TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Recording of Hazards
The hazards information gained from the risk evaluation should be docu-
mented and incorporated into the LTS-MS, which should demonstrate that:
● all foreseeable hazards associated with land transport have been
identified;
● the likelihood and consequences of an incident have been assessed;
● controls to mitigate significant risks are in place; and
● emergency response measures to mitigate incidents are in place.
All aspects of land transportation operations, vehicle selection and use should
Planning
be planned in line with the policy and strategic objectives of the company.
The plan should especially address the introduction of any new or unusual
techniques, types of transport and type of environment as well as training
requirements.
Management of Change
Any changes in the personnel, vehicles, processes and procedures of land
transport in the company have the potential for adverse effects on health,
safety and the environment. All changes should be considered in this light.
Changes which may be critical to the LTS-MS should be reviewed prior to
implementation.
There should be written procedures for all safety critical land transport
Implementation and Monitoring
activities. A monitoring system must be in place to ensure that the man-
agement system is effective, and that procedures are followed.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
Active Monitoring
Active monitoring provides information on the extent to which LTS-MS
requirements are being complied with, and objectives and performance
criteria are being met.
Reactive Monitoring
Reactive monitoring provides information from the investigation of vehicle
incidents (including near misses, ill-health of drivers, vehicle/asset/envir-
onmental damage and safety statistics) that have occurred and provides
insight into the means to prevent similar incidents in the future.
Records
The company should maintain a system of records in order to demon-
strate the extent of compliance with its LTS-MS policy and to document
the extent to which planned objectives and performance criteria have
been met, e.g.:
● reports of inspections, audits, reviews and follow-up actions;
● investigation of incidents and follow-up actions;
● maintenance reports;
● training records; and
● security incidents.
Corrective Action
The company should define who is responsible for initiating corrective
action in the event of non-compliance with specific requirements of the
LTS-MS. Situations of non-compliance may be identified by the monitoring
programme, via communications from employees, contractors, customers,
regulatory authorities, the general public or from incident investigations.
The audit plan should identify specific areas to be audited, the frequency
of those audits and the responsibilities for auditing specific
activities/areas. Audit frequency should be determined by the degree of
risk and the results of previous audits and inspections.
Management Review
Senior management should carry out a review of the land transport man-
agement system at appropriate intervals to ensure its continuing suitabil-
ity and effectiveness for the ongoing operations.
The review should include audit findings and the status of audit recommen-
dations as well as reports from incident investigations. The review should
consider the continuing suitability of land transport policy and procedures
and should consider any changes in recognising hazards and assessing
risks and changes to the system or procedures since the last review.
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APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 1
The purpose of this Appendix is to provide management with a simple
Land Transport Management
checklist of the key features of a LTS-MS.
System Checklist
● Is there a documented LTS-MS in place?
● Are strategic objectives clearly defined and published?
Methods of Transportation
● Has the need to use land transport been carefully considered against
other alternatives?
Vehicle Allocation
● Is allocation of vehicles based on transport need, minimising
unnecessary exposure to traffic hazards?
● Is the use of personally allocated vehicles for social and domestic
purposes addressed in a policy statement?
● Are vehicle allocations formally reviewed periodically?
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
Do procedures include:
● journey management;
● defect reporting;
● accident reporting; and
● maintenance schedules?
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APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 2
Driver management is a key part of the land transport management sys-
Driver Management
tem. This appendix provides guidance to managers and supervisors to
assist them in the management of all drivers, both professional and non-
professional.
Driver Selection
Driver selection procedures should cover:
● age and experience;
● language (understanding written and verbal instructions);
● personality;
● health;
● driving record and appropriate licences;
● driving skills and knowledge of defensive driving;
● attitude to substance abuse;
● level of general education;
● previous training and qualifications;
● understanding of the highway code and awareness of key land
transport safety issues; and
● cargo and product knowledge.
Health
A medical examination by an authorised doctor is recommend as a part of
the selection process. Further information on this subject can be obtained
from external medical guidelines (e.g. E&P Forum Health Assessment of
Fitness in the E&P Industry, Report No 6.46/228) or equivalent national
guidelines.
General Education
Drivers need to be literate and numerate in order to follow written work
instructions, read maps and safety bulletins etc. It is recognised, however,
that this requirement cannot always be met. In such circumstances, par-
ticular care will be required during the selection process with respect to
the other qualities required and in the subsequent training programmes
and modes of communication.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
Drivers’ Hours
An important factor in vehicle incidents is driver fatigue. Work schedules
should be arranged so that drivers do not exceed specified daily and
weekly periods of duty, which include both driving and other work related
activities.
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APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 3
The extent and nature of training should be sufficient to ensure compli-
Driver Training
ance with the company’s LTS-MS policy and objectives. Such training
should meet or exceed that required by legislation and regulations.
Appropriate records should be maintained. Refresher training should be
scheduled as necessary.
Training Process
Any training undertaken must provide the desired outcomes and enhance
the performance of both the individual and the organisation. Positive atti-
tudes required to achieve safe operating standards are a product of a suc-
cessful safety management system which includes training as one of its
elements.
● Implement Training
The training given must be interesting and stimulating and the content
should meet the defined needs.
● Evaluate Training
The effectiveness of the training should be measured against the objec-
tives set.
Driver-Induction Training
A high percentage of vehicle incidents involve drivers in their first twelve
months with a company. Hence, following selection, the importance of
induction training, supervision by senior drivers, and continuous assess-
ment needs to be stressed.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
At the end of induction training each driver should be given written refer-
ence material, which should preferably be in the form of a Driver’s
Handbook, containing information and instructions which will help him to
undertake his duties safely and efficiently (see Appendix 6, Driver’s
Handbook).
Refresher Training
Following the initial induction and training course, refresher training should
be provided at regular intervals, the actual frequency depending on the cir-
cumstances prevailing within each company. This can take various forms
and could be modularised, but should cover the key training issues facing
the company in the context of the local driving standards and conditions.
One of the main challenges will be to retain the interest of the driver, so
simple repeats of the first course should be avoided. A workshop style for-
mat is an alternative approach, where drivers can become directly involved
in the safety improvement process.
Company Licence
Authorisation to drive on company business may be given in writing in the
form of a ‘company licence’ and should be subject to having completed
the required training and/or competence assessment to an acceptable
standard. The driving permit should include:
● driver’s name;
● driver’s photograph;
● employee identification code/number;
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APPENDIX 3
● company name;
● date of expiry of permit (usually two to three years linked to refresher
training and satisfactory medical);
● type of vehicle that the driver is eligible to drive;
● signature of driver; and
● signature and date of issuing authority.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
APPENDIX 4
Communication and Motivation Methods to HSE Committee/Land Transport Safety Committee
Improve Land Transport Safety An HSE Committee under the chairmanship of a senior manager can be a
useful channel for communication. Companies operating a fleet of vehi-
cles, particularly in challenging environments, may form a Land Transport
Safety Committee. The chairman should be a member of the related HSE
Committee and have line responsibility for land transport operations. The
HSE/LTS Committee should meet on a regular basis to review:
● all elements of the LTS-MS;
● the implementation of the LTS-MS plan;
● land transport statistical performance data;
● incident reports;
● safety suggestions from the work force;
● safety promotion;
● issues relating to industry committees and government bodies;
● new legislation;
● contractor audit programme and reports/vehicle inspections and
follow-up as necessary; and
● relevant minutes and action items arising out of other meetings.
Safety Promotion
The effective promotion of safety in the company is essential if positive
attitudes are to be fostered. Promotional campaigns and materials may
include some of the following:
● safety posters displayed in drivers’ mess rooms (posters need to be
changed regularly if they are to have an impact);
● safety quiz competitions;
● safety notice boards showing number of kilometres driven without
incident;
● warning notices of road works and incident black spots; and
● safety theme of the week/month.
Driver Meetings
Regular meetings for drivers should be held to discuss vehicle safety
issues which may cover:
● matters arising from other meetings/committees;
● specific safety concerns of management/awareness programmes;
● driver safety concerns/initiatives;
● current safety performance;
● tachograph infringements;
● unsafe situations at work sites;
● specific hazardous situations on traffic black spots;
● safety issues associated with the vehicles;
● safety promotional activities;
● results of any vehicle incident analysis reports; and
● new legislation.
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APPENDIX 4
Tool box meetings can be supported by a weekly one page ‘safety flash’
covering a particular point of concern.
Supervision
Because of the nature of driving activities, drivers may have little regular
contact with supervisors which can lead to difficulties in maintaining effec-
tive motivation. Supervisors and managers should show a genuine interest
in the welfare of drivers, the tasks they perform and their achievements.
This interest and recognition of skills, knowledge and good performance
will assist in developing a sense of self-esteem and pride in the job.
Whenever possible drivers should be consulted on matters affecting their
job and working environment.
Drivers must be aware that good safety performance is one of the princi-
pal objectives of supervisors and management. The rationale of policies
and procedures and the consequences of not following them should be
clearly communicated.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
APPENDIX 5
Evaluating the Risks
Risk Evaluation and Management of
The following hazards should be considered in the risk evaluation. A haz-
Land Transport
ard register should be compiled.
● The Driver
Incident investigations indicate that human behaviour is a primary cause in
the majority of vehicle incidents. A number of driver-related hazards exist.
The driver could be:
● untrained for type of vehicle he is required to drive;
● unaware of the risks;
● without defensive driving skills;
● not medically fit (ref. Health Assessment of Fitness to Work in the
E&P Industry, E&P Forum Report No 6.46/228);
● under the influence of medication or substance abuse;
● suffering from stress;
● lacking in attention;
● fatigued;
● lacking judgement or experience;
● not using safety or protective devices (seat belts etc.);
● lacking in knowledge of cargo or product;
● asleep at the wheel; or
● blinded by glare, obstructions, dirty windscreen.
● The Vehicle
Hazards associated with vehicles include:
● inadequate selection criteria;
● poor design/inadequate specification/unfit for purpose;
● lack of specific safety features (e.g. side and rear guard protection);
● inadequate maintenance.(e.g. defective or worn tyres);
● inadequate procedures for dealing with defects;
● overloading or inappropriate weight distribution; and
● poor housekeeping.
● External Environment
Incident investigations indicate that external factors are a significant cause
of fatal incidents. The specific hazards of regular routes or particular activi-
ties will be known to the drivers and they should be directly involved in the
risk management process. In some cases it may prove necessary to elimi-
nate the use of certain high risk routes.
External hazards may include:
● rapidly expanding vehicle ownership and untrained drivers;
● drivers of third party vehicles;
● cultural norms and lack of safety awareness e.g. unaware
pedestrians/cyclists;
● inadequate vehicle safety legislation and inadequate law enforcement;
● sabotage or hijack of vehicles and cargoes;
● poor design and maintenance of roads;
● hazardous driving features such as steep hills, narrow bridges, hair-pin
bends, complex road junctions, steep drops and ditches, floods,
landslides, rock falls and dangerous objects adjacent to the road,
temporary obstructions such as parked vehicles and road works;
● off-road operations;
● lack of effective traffic control measures;
● little or no segregation of vehicles from pedestrians/livestock/wild
animals;
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APPENDIX 5
Risk Assessment
The level of risk associated with each of the identified hazards can be
assessed after the probability of occurrence is determined and the possi-
ble consequences are defined.
Risk Management
A variety of risk reduction measures may be employed, appropriate to the
nature, probability and severity of the LTS-MS. Prevention measures are
designed to prevent the realization of hazards. Such measures include:
● reducing the exposure of drivers and passengers to unnecessary
journeys;
● reducing fuel consumption and thereby reducing emissions to the
environment;
● limiting systems; and
● vehicle data recorders.
These may also include organisational and system measures, such as:
● intrinsically safer designs;
● quality assurance, maintenance and inspection procedures;
● scheduling plans that take account of human factors;
● clear and well-communicated work instructions, e.g. Driver’s
Handbook;
● use of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) when transporting
hazardous cargoes; and
● substance abuse programmes.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
APPENDIX 6
Many companies will already have driver handbooks in place. However,
Driver’s Handbook
where these are not available the following framework may be consid-
ered. The handbook should be kept in the vehicle cab. Driver handbooks
should be regularly reviewed.
1. Foreword
6. Vehicle Cleanliness
● washing vehicles and cab cleanliness and housekeeping
● safe use of cleaning materials
8. Technical
● vehicle operation
● vehicle safety features
● inspection
9. Emergency Response
● incident procedures
● cargo shedding and spill containment
● breakdown procedures
● first aid
● fire fighting
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APPENDIX 7
APPENDIX 7
This appendix provides guidance to managers and supervisors to assist
Vehicle Operations
them in the management of vehicle operations. The management of vehi-
cle operations should take into account the following.
● Vehicle operations should take account of the journey management
plan.
● Freight should only be carried on vehicles that are properly designed
for the purpose.
● Vehicles should not be overloaded.
● Attention should be given to positioning of heavy or dense loads so as
not to overload or damage any part of the vehicle or to affect its
stability.
● Freight should be securely fixed before movement and proper use
made of pallets and dunnage. All freight vehicles should be equipped
with securing equipment (including lashings, chains, binders, nets as
necessary) and there should be clear instructions as to its proper use.
● The vehicle should have adequate locking and security, particularly for
the transportation of hazardous materials (a safe/secure parking area
should be provided for overnight stops).
● Drivers should be briefed on the special provisions applicable to the
load and their understanding of those provisions checked before
movement. When transporting chemicals or materials of a hazardous
nature the driver must be competent to handle any incident that may
occur. The relevant Materials Safety Data Sheets must also be carried
on the vehicle.
● Potentially reactive chemicals or materials should be segregated so
that they cannot be brought into contact with each other.
● The company should comply with government or other local
regulations and restrictions including such aspects as route
restrictions, requirements for police escort, action in event of
obstructions, etc. This may be equally applicable to wide/high loads.
● Where journeys by road are part of an international journey which
may include other transport modes (rail, sea, air) the requirements
for freight classification packaging and labelling may need to comply
with the requirements of internationally-based recommendations/
regulations.
● Audio-visual warning devices for reversing will help avoid third party
‘crush’ incidents.
● Carriage of passengers and freight in same vehicle.
Housekeeping
Vehicle cleanliness both in the cab and outside are an important part of vehi-
cle safety. Procedures regarding the cleaning of vehicles externally and
internally should be documented and form part of the driver’s handbook.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
Passenger Compartments
All seating should be securely fixed; passengers should be seated whilst
travelling. The maximum passenger load should be indicated on the vehi-
cle. There should be means for the driver to observe passengers carried in
the rear of the vehicle. On trucks, buggies and semi-trailers converted to
passenger carrying service, fixed sides should be fitted to the passenger
space at least to the height of seated passengers. For off road, rough road
and all uses with significant risk of roll over, all occupants should have roll
bar protection. The occupants of light commercial vehicles should be pro-
tected by a steel body shell if roll bar protection is not provided. Sideways
facing seats should be avoided where possible.
Seat Belts
The use of seat belts by all occupants of cars, vans and goods vehicles
should be mandatory. Belts should be of the lap/sash configuration incor-
porating automatic retraction and deceleration activated emergency lock-
ing mechanisms—often referred to as ‘inertia reels’. Where there are
more than two seats in a row, lap belts are acceptable for centre seat pas-
sengers. For vehicles used in off road operations, consideration may need
to be given to the use of four point harnesses. Where a vehicle has rear
seats, except for buses, these seats should be fitted with seat belts. On
buses, seat belts should be worn by the driver and front seat passengers
and, as a minimum, by all passengers seated in front of an open space,
e.g. on a rear seat facing the aisle or on a seat adjacent to the doorway.
Speed Limits
Speed limits set for premises and road systems should be seen to be
enforced by line management. Speed limits where defined shall be promi-
nently displayed in all vehicles. Speed limiting rules for vehicles on public
roads should be set with caution. Enforcing compliance with a limit which
is significantly lower than the limit set by traffic authorities or lower than
local norms may increase vehicle hazards due to overtaking.
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APPENDIX 8
APPENDIX 8
Care
Care and Maintenance of Vehicles
Supervisors and drivers should ensure that all vehicles are roadworthy and
correctly fitted with the appropriate safety equipment before a journey
commences. Care of the vehicle should be the responsibility of the driver.
Both driver and supervisor have the following responsibilities in respect of
vehicle care:
● daily and weekly inspections of the vehicle on the basis of checklists
(tyres, fluids, brakes, steering, batteries, lights etc.);
● ensuring defects that have an immediate effect on safety are reported
and that they have been repaired before the vehicle is put back into
operation;
● ensuring that non-critical defects are attended to in a timely manner;
and
● ensuring that servicing and maintenance are carried out as scheduled.
Maintenance
In order to ensure that proper levels of safety are maintained, all vehicles
should be subject to a regular road worthiness inspection, the frequency
of which should be determined on the basis of local regulations, manufac-
turer’s recommendations, vehicle age, distances travelled and operating
conditions.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
APPENDIX 9
Journey Management Objectives
Journey Management Planning
● to assure the health and safety of all travellers and reduce risk
exposure;
● to challenge the need for unnecessary journeys and to undertake only
the minimum number of journeys necessary;
● to maximise the efficiency of each journey;
● to avoid or minimise the effect of all identified hazards likely to be
encountered;
● to be able to recover in a timely manner from any incident;
● to monitor journey performance; and
● to ensure that drivers are fully aware of journey plans and any hazards.
Journey Planning
Once the need for a journey has been established then aspects of journey
management should be introduced which will assist in reducing the risk of
an incident. Systems need to be in place for:
● selecting appropriate vehicle for the task—maximise payload carried to
minimise number of journeys;
● establishing and controlling maximum speeds;
● controlling duty hours and rest periods;
● establishing standard journey times;
● implementing optimum time for travel and driver shift patterns;
● route identification and planning, avoiding high risk areas where
possible (poor road surface, delay situations, urban congestion);
● setting designated routes for certain categories of vehicles (height,
width, length, weight, cargo);
● provision of auxiliary equipment, e.g. tow chains, shovels, ice chains,
survival kits, extra wheels, extra fuel, vehicle parts (lamps, fuses, filters,
fan belts, radios, emergency flares, emergency locator beacons);
● checking survival kit contents, e.g. to verify that they are the correct
type for the season and sufficient for the number of travellers;
● checking that sufficient fuel is provided for the journey, allowing for
detours or long stretches of slow speeds and that fuel is available en
route;
● checking that correct maps and, where appropriate, compasses or
Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS) units are carried;
● the provision of communication systems in the vehicle (e.g. mobile
phones or radios etc.);
● establishing agreed stopover points en route and reporting status back
to base at regular intervals;
● authorising and recording deviations from the planned route;
● designating contact points for advising base, both en route and at end
of journey;
● recording the journey details, times, locations to be visited and number
of people travelling;
● the driver to maintain a log of the journey details;
● emergency response and provision of resources for search and rescue;
● recording of travellers with special skills e.g. first aid, survival training,
recovery training;
● awareness of special health hazards associated with the region where
vehicles will transit;
● avoiding roadworks; and
● implementing changes due to weather conditions.
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APPENDIX 10
APPENDIX 10
The roles and responsibilities of employees dealing with emergencies
Emergency Response Plans and Procedures
should be documented. To assess the effectiveness of response plans,
procedures should be established to test emergency plans by scenario
drills and other suitable means, at appropriate intervals, and to revise them
as necessary in the light of the experience gained. Procedures should also
be in place for the periodic assessment of emergency equipment needs
and the maintenance of such equipment in a ready state.
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LAND TRANSPORT SAFETY GUIDELINES
APPENDIX 11
Post-incident procedures fall into four phases:
Post-Incident Procedures
● initial incident report;
● making the scene safe;
● treatment of injured; and
● vehicle recovery.
Treatment of Injured
The following issues should be considered:
● safety of self and injured—remove danger;
● leave injured in place unless under threat;
● identify injured with life threatening conditions and treat (airways, heart
stoppage, major bleeding);
● stabilise vehicle to prevent further injury from vehicle movement;
● if access to injured is difficult, move vehicle carefully, otherwise gain
access through windscreen or windows;
● be prepared for spinal injuries and, where required, fit cervical collars;
● never leave the unconscious unattended;
● leave the minor injured or secondary minor injuries to last—reassure;
● record vital signs; and
● ensure that everyone is accounted for.
Vehicle Recovery
Vehicle recovery is hazardous and should only be undertaken by a trained
specialist using equipment dedicated for recovery purposes.
28
APPENDIX 11
29