Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Understanding Physics: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 - Introduction To Physics GCKL 2011
Understanding Physics: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 - Introduction To Physics GCKL 2011
1.1
U N D E R S T A N D I N G P H Y S I C S
Recognise the 1. Tick () the statements that are related to physics.
concepts of
Blood circulation in our body is controlled by heart.
physics in
everyday objects
A large truck moves faster than a car because it has a more powerful engine.
and natural We need water in our digestion system.
phenomena Orange juice is acidic because its taste is sour.
An object on a high building has a large potential energy.
When we heat water, its temperature increased.
We are sweating when our body metabolism is high.
Pure water has pH 7.
We cannot see object in dark
A ship is floating in water.
Human body coordination is controlled by hormone system.
Oxidation will act faster in acidic medium.
1.2
UNDERSTANDING BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES
Recognise 1. Identify Physical quantities, Magnitude, Units and Measuring instrument from the
physical quantity statements below. Write them into the table below (next page).
and unit
A
Ismail weigh a wooden block that has mass of 500 gram using a lever beam balance.
B Ong Beng Hock measures the length of a building which is 100 meter long using a
measuring tape.
C Siew Mei measures her body’s temperature using a digital thermometer and obtains
38C.
D Bathumalai determines the volume of water using a measuring cylinder and obtains
150 milliliter.
E Hanisah measures the diameter of a wire which is 1.26 millimeter using a
micrometer screw gauge.
F Vinisha takes the time of 20 oscillations of a pendulum using a stopwatch and
obtains 24.6 seconds.
Measuring
Statement Physical quantity Magnitude Unit
instrument
A
1-1
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
Define base 2. Identify base quantities and derived quantity from the equation below.
quantities and
derived quantities (a) Volume = length x length x length
are
Base quantity = (i) _________________
(c)
(i) Base quantity is physical quantity that __________ be derived from any quantities.
(ii) Derived quantity is physical quantity that ___________________ from the base
quantities.
List base quantities
and their S.I unit PHYSICAL QUANTITY S.I UNIT
Pressure Time Current Second Newton Ampere
Length Area Temperature Kelvin kilogram Pascal
Weight Force Volume Joule m2 Watt
Work Energy Power m s-1 meter m3
Velocity Mass
3. Choose base quantities from the physical quantities given above and state their S.I
units.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1-2
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
List some derived 4. Write 5 derived quantities from physical quantities given in the box above (previous
quantities and their page) and state their S.I units.
S.I units
No. Derived Quantity S.I Unit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Express quantities 5. Rewrite the values below in scientific notation (Standard notation)
using scientific
notation No. Original value Scientific notation
1. 12 000 m
2. 3 000 000 000 s
3. 0.000 000 000 56 N
4. 0.000 78 J
5. 0.0034 A
Express quantities 6. Arrange the prefixes given below in ascending order. Then, state their multiple / sub-
using prefixes multiple.
Multiple / Multiple /
No. Prefix No. Prefix
Sub-multiple Sub-multiple
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
Solving problem 1. Rewrite the values below using the suitable prefix.
involving
conversion of units (i) 4.1 x 1012 m = __________ (vii) 3.8 x 102 K = __________
1 9
(ii) 9.3 x 10 s = __________ (viii) 1.7 x 10 W = __________
(iii) 0.5 x 10-3 J = __________ (ix) 4.1 x 103 C = __________
(iv) 11.2 x 10-2 N = __________ (x) 9.5 x 10-6 A = __________
6 -12
(v) 5.9 x 10 V = __________ (xi) 8.6 x 10 m = __________
-9 -1
(vi) 6.6 x 10 m = __________ (xii) 2.2 x 10 s = __________
1-3
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
2. Replaced the prefix in the values below with the correct multiple or sub-multiple.
Check Yourself 1
1. Which physical quantity has the correct S.I 5. Which of the following physical quantities is
unit? not a base quantity?
3. Which of the following shows the correct 7. Which of the following values is equal to 470
relationship between the base quantities for pF?
density?
A 4.7 x 10-10 F
B 4.7 x 1011 F
A
C 4.7 x 10-7 F
D 4.7 x 102 F
B
8. Hamid cycles at a velocity of 3.1 km h-1.
What is this velocity, in m s-1?
C
A 0.09 C 1.16
B 0.86 D 11.61
D
10. Which of the following conversion of unit is 11. Which of the following frequencies is the
correct? same as 106.8 MHz?
1.
UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
3
Define scalar and 1. Read the statements below to make a generalisation on scalar quantity and vector
vector quantities. quantity. Then classify the physical quantities into scalar quantity and vector quantity
in the table below.
________________________.
(ii) (Distance / Displacement) is the shortest length measured between the initial
point and the final point.
1-5
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
EXAMPLE:
A 4m B
A boy walks from A to C through B.
Check Yourself 2
S R
1 km
A 5.0 km C 8.2 km
B 6.8 km D 9.0 km
1-6
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
1.4
U N D E R S T A N D I N G M E A S U R E M E N T S
Recognise 1. State the suitable measuring instrument for the physical quantities in the table below.
appropriate
instrument for MEASURING INSTRUMENT
physical quantities Metre rule Barometer Thermometer Lever balance
Spring balance Hydrometer Measuring cylinder Bourdon gauge
Ammeter Voltmeter Stopwatch Vernier calliper
Micrometer screw gauge
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1-7
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
EXAMPLE:
(i) 0.70
(i) Read the main scale.
cm
Main scale reading = 0.70 cm
(i) 3 4 (ii) 2 3
0 0
(ii) (iv)
8 9 0 1
1-8
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
EXAMPLE:
(i) (ii)
0 30 0
20
20 10
(iii) (iv)
0 0
60
20
50
10
1-9
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
Explain sensitivity. 8. Table below shows readings from three instruments J, K, and L that are used in
measuring the mass of a Petri dish.
A piece of dried leaf of mass 0.05 g is then put in the Petri dish.
(i) Which instrument is able to detect the small change of the mass? [...............]
(ii) Which instrument is the most sensitive? [................]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest sensitivity? [................]
(iv) Sensitivity of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ...............................
..................................................................................................................................
(v) Which instrument gives reading in the most decimal place? [.................]
(vi) The ...................... the decimal place, the ........................... sensitivity of the
instrument.
Explain accuracy. 9. Table below shows readings from three instruments P, Q, and R that are used in
measuring the length of a wire. The actual length of the wire is 10.0 cm.
(i) Which instrument gives the closest reading to the actual length of the wire?
[...............]
(ii) Which instrument gives the most accurate reading? [...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest accuracy? [...............]
(iv) Accuracy of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..................................
...................................................................................................................................
Explain 10. Table below shows four readings from three instruments X, Y, and Z that are used in
consistency measuring the length of a wire. Each instrument repeats the measurement for four
(Precision) times.
(i) Which instrument gives readings with the smallest deviation (difference)?
[...............]
(ii) Which instrument gives the most consistence readings? [...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest consistency? [...............]
(iv) Consistency of instrument is the capability of the instrument to .............................
...................................................................................................................................
1-10
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
Explain type of 11. In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due
experimental error.
to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as .........................................
12. These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the
deficiency of measuring instrument.
13. Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable)*.
Cause
Magnitude /
value
Example
Method to
reduce the
error
Check Yourself 3
1. A, B, C, and D shows the shooting marks on a 2. A, B, C, and D show parts of four different
. target. Which marks can explain the concept balance scales. Which balance is the most
of precision of a measurement? sensitive?
A C A C
B D
B D
1-11
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
3. Diagram below shows the target board in a 7. The diagrams show the scales on a pair of
game. vernier callipers and a metre rule.
Target
board Target
Reading/cm
Student
1 2 3 4
What is the reading of the micrometer? A 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
B 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.53
A 7.02 mm C 7.03 mm C 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.53
B 7.52 mm D 7.58 mm D 2.71 2.73 2.74 2.74
A 2.16 cm C 1.86 cm
B 2.06 cm D 1.76 cm
10. Four students, A, B, C, and D use a micrometer 14. Which of the following statements is correct
screw gauge, a metre rule, and a vernier about zero error?
calliper to measure the thickness of a board.
Which student records the reading correctly? A Can be reduced by determining average
reading.
Micrometer Metre Vernier B The magnitude of error increases when
screw rule/mm calliper/mm the value of the reading increases.
gauge/mm C Exist either in positive or negative.
D The magnitude of error increases if the
A 11.1 11 11.13 range of scale is large.
B 11.13 11.1 11.128
C 11.128 11.1 11.13
D 11.13 11 11.1
15. Diagram below shows two types of ammeters,
X and Y, that can be used to measure electric
11. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer current.
screw gauge.
A 4.95 mm C 4.50 mm
B 4.55 mm D 4.45 mm
...................................................................
13. What is the function of the plane mirror under
the pointer in an ammeter? ...................................................................
1-13
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
16. Figure below shows the scale of an ammeter. (a) The external diameters of the cylinder at
four different places are shown in the
table below.
Relative
External diameter/cm
Mirror deviation/%
2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 0.37
.............................................................
(a) Name the physical quantity measured by
the ammeter. .............................................................
................................................................... .............................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
(c) What is the function of X? (b) Give one reason for the answer above.
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
1-14
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
19. A student is assigned to measure the thickness (i) What is the zero error of the vernier
of a metal sheet. The student is provided with calliper?
a vernier calliper.
.............................................................
(a) The student uses the vernier calliper to
measure the thickness of the metal sheet. (ii) Calculate the thickness of the metal
Figure (i) shows the scale of the vernier sheet.
calliper while the jaws are closed. Figure
(ii) shows the scale of the vernier calliper
when the metal sheet is put between the
jaws.
(i)
(ii)
Thickness = .................................
1.5
UNDERSTANDING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Identify variables 1. Identify and state the variables that can be investigated from the situations below.
in a given situation
EXAMPLE:
The car moves faster when it is pushed harder.
Manipulated Responding
No. Situation
variable variable
1. The temperature of smaller block rises
faster when it is heated.
2. The pendulum system with longer string
takes longer time to stop.
3. The loaded lorry is harder to stop than the
empty lorry.
4. The trolley that falls from the higher place
moves faster.
5. The spring becomes longer when it is
pulled harder.
1-15
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time
Manipulated Responding
No. Inference
variable variable
1. Force Acceleration
2. Mass Temperature
3. Force Extension
4. Mass Time
5. Force Pressure
6. Area Pressure
7. Temperature Volume
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time
Hypothesis : The longer the length, the longer the time taken.
Manipulated Responding
No. Hypothesis
variable variable
1. Force Acceleration
2. Mass Temperature
3. Force Extension
4. Mass Time
5. Force Pressure
6. Area Pressure
7. Temperature Volume
1-16
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
Analyse the data. 4. Data obtained from an experiment can be analysed by plotting a line graph.
Manipulated variable is on the x-axis, and responding variable is on the y-axis.
The variables must be stated together with the correct unit.
EXAMPLE:
Time/min
Mass/kg
5. Sketch a graph to analyse the following variables:
1-17
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
Interpret data to 6. The conclusion of an experiment is made based on the line graph obtained.
draw a conclusion.
EXAMPLE:
Time/min Pressure/Pa
m-2
Mass/kg
Conclusion: Conclusion:
The time is directly proportional The pressure is inversely proportional
to the mass. to the area.
Temperature/C
Time/min
Conclusion:
The temperature is linearly
increasing with the time.
1-18
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
kg-2
Length/cm
Conclusion: Conclusion:
........................................................ .............................................................
........................................................ .............................................................
....................................................... .............................................................
(iii) (iv)
Volume/m3 Extension/cm
Pressure/kPa Force/N
Conclusion: Conclusion:
........................................................ .............................................................
........................................................ .............................................................
....................................................... .............................................................
1-19
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
Check Yourself 4
B D