PHARMA (WEEK 4)
pupunta sa oral cavity, pumunta sa
MODULE 4 – MAIN ROUTES OF DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
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- -
ORAL (most common or practical way of
administration) OR ENTERAL (sa tiyan)
ADMINISTRATION
ADVANTAGES:
- Easy and convenient = may mouth ka na
siz
- Economical = oral meds are cheaper
- Relatively Safe = bago umabot sa
pharmacokinetic, dadaan muna sa
pharmaceutic phase = onset of action
mahaba haba
- Controlled
DISADVANTAGES:
- Gastric irritation = ex. aspirin – should
be taken after meals or else will lead to
further gastric irritation
- Untimely Drug Destruction = enteric
coated are specially developed para di
masira ng gastric juices
- Inaccurately Measures Absorption =
concept of bioavailability = < 100
- Demands Patient Cooperation = kapag
ayaw inumin ng bata yung med
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
- Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing =
might result to aspiration
- Pediatrics – usually syrups are given
- Uncooperative = ex. sedated patients =
X reflex = aspiration; psych patients
- NPO = walang ipapasok sa bibig
- For Anesthesia = reducing risk for
aspiration
- N/V and Diarrhea = vomited 20-30 mins
after administration of medication = if it
can be saved the vomitus for inspection
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- Diseases of the Oral Cavity = dapat
respiratory system = risk for aspiration
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
Try to avoid mixing drugs with food
when the patient is an infant or child
- Explain to the child when the
medication has an objectionable taste if
the child is likely to decrease his trust
- Use a dropper to give infants or very
small children liquid medications
**posterior portion of the tongue; do not
allow dropper to touch tongue =
premature gag reflex; **pwede sa inside
of cheeks
- Do not tilt the head backward
- Give the medication with generous
amounts of water of other liquids such
as juices if permitted **safest liquid =
water
- Allow the patient to suck on a small
piece of ice for a few minutes before
giving the medication = to numb
sensation
- Offer oral hygiene immediately after
giving the medication with
objectionable taste or offer the patient
sugarless gum if permitted
(PROCEDURE part on Handout # 5)
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
(injections)
ADVANTAGES
- Rapid Absorption = doesn’t undergo
pharmaceutic phase
- Emergency Route
- Desired Dose Measured = 100%
bioavailability
- For Special Patients = uncooperative
DISADVANTAGES
 - Strict Asepsis = always clean from area
of puncture going out in a circular
manner
- Not Autonomous = nurse ang nag-
administer
- Impaired Skin Integrity
- Physical Discomfort
- Expensive = ex. Omeprazole
- For D/C, Special Instruction
- Difficult to troubleshoot
CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Inflammation
- Presence of Scar

INTRADERMAL INJECTION
- Are made into dermal layer of the skin
just below the epidermis
- Small volumes, usually 0.01 – 0.1ml,
are injected to produce a wheal
** skin test
- Site: lightly pigmented, thinly
keratinized and hairless such as the
ventral mid forearm, clavicular, area of
the chest, and scapular area of the back
- Equipments: needle = 25-27 gauge;
syringe = 1ml calibrated in 0.01ml
increments
(PROCEDURE part on Handout # 5)

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