Prop power and thrust calculation sheet All rights: Pe Reivers

Light green fields are for input,

sky fields are calculated output at start: 1) check setting of propello
2) check setting of altitude
3) check fuselage drag
data calculator, based on prop disk load, rpm, prop factor, pitch and diameter
Compare up to 5 engines or prop combos
engine 1 F Kt power compared to engine 2:
prop. Constant 1.2 1 93 %
Diameter inches 23
Pitch inches 8
Rpm 7360 Horsepower explained: HP in Wikipedia
reduction efficiency 100% Motor power/thrust Engine 1
Motor power 4447 PS: 6.046 Metric
prop power [W] 4447 HP: 5.969 Imperial
prop Thrust kg 17.32 lbs 38.11 free air prop
lbs/hp 6.39 static-thrust 35.44 lbs (with plane)
prop noise rpm limit 6476 =n-max for noise requirements
pitch speed [ms] 24.9 km/h 89.7 D/P corrected prop constant
Disk load 211.450 naut. Mph 48.5 1.224
Specific thrust lbs/hp 6.39 Mph 55.8
prop tip mach= 0.66 for model planes, use disk loads 100 - 250

power compared to engine 1:

power ration engine1/engine2= 0.93 107.9 %
engine 2 F Kt
Prop constant 1.18 1
Diameter inches 23
Pitch inches 10.7
rpm 6960
reduction efficiency 100% Motor power/thrust engine 2
motor power [W] 4798 PS: 6.524 Metric
prop power [W] 4798 HP: 6.440 Imperial
prop Thrust kg 18.225 lbs 40.09 free air prop
lbs/hp 6.23 static-thrust 37.29 lbs (with plane)
prop noise rpm limit 6476 =n-max, tip @ 0.6 Mach for noise requirements
pitch speed [ms] 31.5 km/h 113.5 D/P corrected prop constant
Disk load 222.45 naut. Mph 61.3 1.167
Specific thrust lbs/hp 6.23 Mph 70.5 (for static thrust only)
prop tip mach= 0.63

engine 3 F Kt power compared to engine 1:

prop. Constant 1.4 1 123 %
Diameter inches 23
Pitch inches 10
Rpm 7000
reduction efficiency 100% Motor power/thrust Engine 1
Motor power 5451 PS: 7.411 Metric
prop power [W] 5451 HP: 7.317 Imperial
prop Thrust kg 19.84 lbs 43.65 free air prop
lbs/hp 5.97 static-thrust 40.60 lbs (with plane)
prop noise rpm limit 6476 =n-max for noise requirements
pitch speed [ms] 29.6 km/h 106.68 D/P corrected prop constant
Disk load 242.201 naut. Mph 57.6 1.395
Specific thrust lbs/hp 5.97 Mph 66.3
prop tip mach= 0.63

engine 4 F Kt power compared to engine 1:

prop. Constant 1.4 1 146 %
Diameter inches 24
Pitch inches 10
Rpm 7000
reduction efficiency 100% Motor power/thrust Engine 1
Motor power 6486 PS: 8.818 Metric
prop power [W] 6486 HP: 8.706 Imperial
prop Thrust kg 22.92 lbs 50.43 free air prop
lbs/hp 5.79 static-thrust 48.41 lbs (with plane)
prop noise rpm limit 6206 =n-max for noise requirements
pitch speed [ms] 29.6 km/h 106.68 D/P corrected prop constant
Disk load 256.954 naut. Mph 57.6 1.400
Specific thrust lbs/hp 5.79 Mph 66.3
prop tip mach= 0.66

engine 5 F Kt power compared to engine 1:

prop. Constant 1.4 1 56 %
Diameter inches 20
Pitch inches 8
Rpm 7000
reduction efficiency 100% Motor power/thrust Engine 1
Motor power 2511 PS: 3.414 Metric
prop power [W] 2511 HP: 3.371 Imperial
prop Thrust kg 10.78 lbs 23.72 free air prop
lbs/hp 7.04 static-thrust 22.77 lbs (with plane)
prop noise rpm limit 7448 =n-max for noise requirements
pitch speed [ms] 23.7 km/h 85.34 D/P corrected prop constant
Disk load 174.063 naut. Mph 46.1 1.405
Specific thrust lbs/hp 7.04 Mph 53.0
prop tip mach= 0.55

prop pitch calculator using pitch diameter and angle

angle 10.8 degrees
radius 23.5 cm
pitch 11.09 inches
Some of the used basics for calculating the Data

standard method for correcting horsepower

Dyno correction formula: (acc to SAE J1349)
Cf=1.180[(990/Pd)((Tc+273)/298)^0.5]-0.18
Cf=Dyno correction factor
Pd=Dry air pressure (millibar)
Tc=Temperature in Centigrade

barometric pressure reduction: 10mb per 100m altitude

Noise limits for a prop start when tip speed exceeds 0.65 mach (ripfree limit)
This rpm for a prop will be inserted into the evaluations
(not yet corrected for elevation, the speed of sound does not alter significantly)

The sheet can be used for engines behind a prop drive reduction gear.

Carb dimension calculator, for best power. (Input best power rpm)
data are metric
green = input
° Induction 150 timing input
v(gas) 70 input m/sec 60-70 at peak power rpm
rpm 7000 input rpm t=60/rpm
Acarb 4.65 result cm2 a=(ccx.95xrpm)/(60xVgas)
engine-cc 116 input cc
dia carb 24.3 carb venturi diameter in mm

calculate best carb diameter for engine and rpm combo

induction reed port 120-180

examples rotary port 160-200
piston port 100-150

simple carb venturi dimension estimator

D=K*SQRT(CC*rpm/1000)
engine cc 58.00 K=0.65 to 0.9
rpm 7000.00
carb min 13.10
carb max 18.13

Wing Lift calculator (can be used to estimate wing incidence needed

Local surface pressure difference, depending on local Cp value and airspeed in kM.hour
km/hr m/sec Cp (ca/cd) dP (kg/m2) mBar Area (m2)
10 2.78 0.50 0.48 4.82 1.50
20 5.56 1.93 19.29
30 8.33 4.34 43.40
 40 11.11 7.72 77.16
50 13.89 12.06 120.56
60 16.67 17.36 173.61
70 19.44 23.63 236.30
80 22.22 30.86 308.64
90 25.00 39.06 390.63
100 27.78 48.23 482.25
110 30.56 58.35 583.53
120 33.33 69.44 694.44
130 36.11 81.50 815.01
140 38.89 94.52 945.22
150 41.67 108.51 1085.07
160 44.44 123.46 1234.57
rights: Pe Reivers Status: 20-Jan-13 V3-14

check setting of propellor constants for each engine; If Kt is not provided, assume a value
check setting of altitude in the altitude calculator
check fuselage drag
h and diameter prop constant values quicklist
(based on field and bench test data)
ed to engine 2: (F is power factor, Kt is thrust factor. No Kt value, take Kt=1)
prop type F/Kt Prop type F/Kt
2-blade-generic 1.20 Glasner 1.40
3-blade-generic 1.84 Graupner G-sonic 1.00
in Wikipedia 4-blade-generic 2.40 Graupner 1.45
58 CC (input) 3W 1.37 Hawk 1.42
6.25 BMEP (Bar) Aeronaut-E 0.93 JC 1.45
APC-N 1.00 MA black 1.00
APC 1.23 MA-S3 1.18
APC 11x6 1.35 MA scimitar 0.95
APC 16x7 1.35 MA 4.1x5 ducted 3.40
corrected prop constant APC 16x12 1.60 MA-K 1.30
APC-W14x4 1.90 MA-3blade 1.30
(for static thrust only) APC-W 17x4 1.90 Mejzlik 1.18
es, use disk loads 100 - 250 APC-W 18x6 1.55 Mejzlik-L 0.96/1.1
150 = 3D APC-W 19x8 1.4 Mejzlik-L evo 1.09/1.1
250 = racer Bambula 1.25 Mejzlik-N 1.12
Biela 1.40 Mejzlik-S 1.3/1.1
Biela 3-bl 1.7? Mejzlik-thin 1.25
BME 1.40 Mejzlik-W 1.40
Bolly clubman 1.20 mejzlik 3-bl 1.80
Bolly wood 1.25 mejzlik-S 3-bl 1.95
Dynaflite 1.07 mejzlik-N 3-bl 1.70
Dynathrust 1.04 mejzlik-W 3-bl 2.14
Engel CF 1.02/0.9 mejzlik-TH 3-bl 1.75
Engel wood 1.45 MenzS 1.31
engel 3-bl 1.45/0.9 MSC 1.45
Falcon Carbon 1.15 Metts 1.35
noise requirements Fiala 0.80 NX 1.27
corrected prop constant Fuchs 1.20 PT 1.19
1.167 Fuchs 3-bl 1.70
static thrust only)

Prop Power curves engine 1 vs engine 2

ed to engine 1:
15
14
 Prop Power curves engine 1 vs engine 2

15
14
13
corrected prop constant
(D/P corrected prop constant)

12
(for static thrust only)

11
ed to engine 1:

10
Horsepower

9
8

corrected prop constant

7

(D/P corrected prop constant)

(for static thrust only)
6
5

ed to engine 1:
4
3
2

corrected prop constant

1

(D/P corrected prop constant)

(for static thrust only)
0

3000
0

1000

2000

required power (Cd*V*C)

 Links: SAE-J 1349 density calculator
Goodies: simple, quick, slightly unreliable, but nice
To Determine Required HP then use this Equation
engine 1
Propeller Length 5.0625 18.0 Inches
Propeller Pitch 0.833333 10.0 Inches
Engine Speed 328.509 6,900 RPM
Required HP 2.20 HP
Thrust generated 13.2 Lbs

To Determine Required RPM then use this Equation

Propeller Length 7.716049 20.0 Inches

Propeller Pitch 0.833333 10.0 Inches
HP Produced 4419.492 7.0 HP
Required Engine Speed 8,806 RPM

To Determine Required Pitch then use this Equation

Propeller Length 29.64198 28.0 Inches

Engine Speed 274.625 6,500 RPM
HP Produced 6313.559 10.0 HP
Required Propeller Pitch 9.3 Inches

To calculate the proper propeller Dia for your plane by propeller disk loading (oz/ft2)
oz/gram
plane weight Oz 210.5
plane weight grams 6000
prop selection max / min diameter 18

ed in kM.hour
Area (dm2) lift (kg)
150.00 0.72
2.89
6.51
 11.57
18.08
26.04
35.45
46.30
58.59
72.34
87.53
104.17
122.25
141.78
162.76
185.19
119.1790517
 Gentlemen, I am interested in prop rpm performance co
ded, assume a value 1.0 the data are from the same engine setup (damper syste

Calculate Please report data to preivers@mvvs.nl , so I can add t

calculate multiblade factor
multiblade diameter

two-blade 1.180 two blade 25.000 Fuselage drag estimator

three blade 1.808 three blade 22.600 Input drag: 1
four blade 2.366 four blade 21.000 bulky = 3 High wing trainer
Prop type F/Kt normal = 2 aileron sports plane
SC 1.30 slim= 1 racer
Solo - 2blade 1.40
Solo - 3blade 1.87 Altitude air pressure calc
solo - 4blade 2.32 altitude:
top flite 1.40 Calculated feet: 0
Turnigy scimitar 1.30
Vess 1.40 calculated pressure
Vess-A 1.15 barometric pressure reduction:
Vess-B 1.20 10mb per 100m altitude
JAS 1.22 You can also use actual air pressure (mBar) input in the
JXF 1.40 Actual mBar:
Xoar 3DA (8") 1.18 for water:
Xoar 3DB (10") 1.40 Acc to SAE J1349
Xoar sport 1.40 Temperature conversion
Xoar lam 3blade 1.90
Xoar Carbon 1.20 What is your local air temperature?
ZDZ 1.20 Input °C please
Zinger 1.10 20 °C
Zinger-pro 1.12
Zinger -3blade 1.20

These graphs are for clark-Y like airfoils with flat bottom
and camber of about 4%
More camber means more thrust retention at pitch speed, and vice versa
With zero camber, pitch speed thrust is reduced to zero.

ngine 1 vs engine 2
ToDo, integrate camber input in range
propscalculations
are calculated up to 0.8 mach tip speed, Beyond that speed,
load factor waves.
shock K thrustAlso take into
corrector Kt account the prop manufacturer mech
be lower than the max rpm pictured he
Cprop, dia/pitch correction (AKA prop stall)
ngine 1 vs engine 2
props are calculated up to 0.8 mach tip speed, Beyond that speed,
shock waves. Also take into account the prop manufacturer mech
be lower than the max rpm pictured he

To do list:
prop efficiency curve to be plotted in thrust graphs

899 0.013879357 899 0.01087727362

1798 0.111034854 1798 0.087018188962
2697 0.374742631 2697 0.293686387748
3596 0.888278829 3596 0.696145511699
4495 1.734919587 4495 1.359659202538
5394 2.997941047 5394 2.349491101985
6293 4.760619347 6293 3.730904851764
7192 7.106230629 7192 5.569164093595
8091 10.11805103 8091 7.929532469201
8990 13.8793567 8990 10.8772736203
rpm hp rpm hp

drag

3.1645590511367
3.9429208297503
4.5080728153479
4.8600150079293
4.9987474074946
4.9242700140437
4.6365828275768
4.1356858480937
3.4215790755945
2.4942625100791
1.3537361515476
0
3000

4000

5000

7000
2000

6000

RPM
ity calculator for dyno correction factor

engine 2 ratio eng.1/eng.2

3.160493827 16.0 0.97
0.666666667 8.0
636.056 8,600
2.12 propellor constant:
12.7

ding (oz/ft2) The proper disk loading is about 120 oz,

grams/oz 100 oz 150 oz need be can be raised up to 200 oz for ra
5999 planes
210.5
max min
ed in prop rpm performance comparison, but only if
me engine setup (damper system, fuel, altitude, weather)
vers@mvvs.nl , so I can add to this sheet

g estimator

sports plane

ude air pressure calculator

0 meters,calculated
0 Feet, input(0 or none for meters input)
0 meters, input is disregarded if feet value is greater than 0
1013 mBar, used for power calculations
etric pressure reduction:
per 100m altitude
air pressure (mBar) input in the field below (hint, or for denser fluids)
0 mBar, >0 will use this value
900000 to calculate the prop power
1013
perature conversions (°C and °F)
°C °F
20 68.0

°F °C
350 176.7

Prop thrust (with plane) an

tip speed, Beyond that speed, the prop may get damaged by
nt the prop manufacturer mechanical RPM limits, which may
r than the max rpm pictured here.
speed thrust %-eff.
 Prop thrust (with plane) an
tip speed, Beyond that speed, the prop may get damaged by
nt the prop manufacturer mechanical RPM limits, which may
r than the max rpm pictured here.

107.679 2.1 13.608859245234

98.7057 3.3 19.818815849746
89.7 4.5 24.6934945982069
80.8 5.7 28.2328954906165
71.8 6.9 30.437018526975
62.8 8.1 31.3058637072822
53.8 9.3 30.8394310315383
44.9 10.6 29.0377204997432
35.9 11.8 25.900732111897
26.9 13.0 21.4284658679995
17.9 14.2 15.6209217680509
9.0 15.4 8.47809981205102
0.0 16.6 0

speed in Km/h
speed thrust %-eff.

124.844 3.4 24.4392795134529engine

1
113.5 4.7 30.4504174833054
102.1 6.0 34.8149773225792
90.8 7.3 37.5329590312742
79.4 8.6 38.6043626093905
68.1 9.8 38.0291880569281
56.7 11.1 35.8074353738869
45.4 12.4 31.939104560267
34.0 13.7 26.4241956160683
22.7 14.9 19.262708541291
11.3 16.2 10.4546433359349
0.0 17.5 0 2.0

4.0
7000

8000

9000

10000

thrust (in plane) in K

lor constant: 1.18

per disk loading is about 120 oz, but if

e can be raised up to 200 oz for racing
p thrust (with plane) and expected plane speed

Data are verified with FH Trier windtunnel data on Glasner and

For estimated plane top speed, take the lastmost -1 v
p thrust (with plane) and expected plane speed

Data are verified with FH Trier windtunnel data on Glasner and

For estimated plane top speed, take the lastmost -1 v
speed in Km/h
2.0

4.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

16.0

18.0
6.0

14.0

thrust (in plane) in KG

 prop foil thickness in relation to operating mach number
from mh-aerotools.de

Example:

er windtunnel data on Glasner and Menz props

op speed, take the lastmost -1 values
140 engine1

engine2

130
er windtunnel data on Glasner and Menz props
op speed, take the lastmost -1 values
140 engine1

engine2

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
16.0

18.0

20.0
rop foil thickness in relation to operating mach number
rom mh-aerotools.de

For our example, we assume that the propeller has a Clark Y like airfoil (flat lower side),
which means, that the camber is approximately half the airfoil thickness. Using the
result from above, with a tip Mach number of M = 0.715, we enter the diagram at the
left, draw a line straight up, until it meets the curved line. From the intersection, we draw
a horizontal line up to the line corresponding to the camber of the airfoil. For the special
case of Clark Y-like airfoils, we can also use the dotted line as an end point. Dropping
down from this intersection, we find the maximum thickness to be 6%. If we choose a
thicker section, we will reach supersonic flow at the propeller tip, degrading the
performance. If the chord length at the tip is 10 mm, the airfoil there should have a
thickness of 0.6 mm, which is quite difficult to manufacture and rather unpractical
though.
 status Aug.4 2011
1)Moki 60 half
HP Torque Nm Torque Nm
24x10 xoar 6240 6.17 3.52 7.04 DLE55 with RE2 at 12.5"header
23x10 xoar 6720 6.47 3.43 6.85 2-2-13, off prop rpm data
23x10 mejzlik 6960 6.5 3.33 6.65
23x8 xoar 7140 6.34 3.16 6.32 7
23x8 CF xoar 7360 5.97 2.89 5.77
22x8 xoar 7420 5.93 2.845 5.69

2) engine name half

HP Torque Nm Torque Nm
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 6
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!

power (HP)
mufflers tested:
1) RE2 / 31.7cm
3) half
HP Torque Nm Torque Nm
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 5
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! props tested:
24x10 xoar
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
23x10 xoar
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 23x10 mejzlik
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 23x8 xoar
23x8 CF xoar
4) half 22x8 xoar
HP Torque Nm Torque Nm
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 4
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!

5) half 3
HP Torque Nm Torque Nm
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Torque/2

#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
(Nm)

#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
2

Torque(Nm) * Omega(rad/sec) = Watts

divide by about 746 to get horsepower
or:
HP=TORQUE * RPM / 5252 (imperial units)
Torque(Nm)=(HP/rpm) * 7121 (7121=5252x1.3558) 1
1ftlbs=1.3558Nm 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600
compressio ratio calculator cylinder volume calc RPM
compression ratio 8 dia 40
engine(cc) 43 height 38
chamber volume 6.14 cc volume 47.73 cc

input chamber volume 5

CR=.... 9.6
From: Andy Ellison http://www.tmfc.org.uk/info/pipes.html
These calculations are for glow engines
Gas engines have hotter exhaust systems, so require about 20% longer pipes.

Formula for Twin Cone Pipes.

Length in Inches (Li) = >(Ext multiplied by 1650)

RPM

Note that the length in Inches is measured from the Face of the piston to the back of the
second cone as per Fig 1.

remark: For racing ,we calculated to the mid of the cone, not to the end.
that would need to lower the 1650 value to about 1300

Formula for Flat Disk Pipes.

Length in Inches (Li) = (Ext multiplied by 1200)

RPM

Note that the length in Inches is now taken from the Face of the piston to the surface of the
reflecting flat disk as per Fig2

Remark: on multiple flat disk in sequence, the mid disk should be taken for reference,
and the constant upped a bit to 1300
Setting up with Formulas - A Formula Constant.

All the formulas circulating for calculating tuned pipe length contain a different constant and this
leads to confusion.
The constant is derived from the type of Tuned Pipe, the eventual length units (i.e. inches,
centimetres, millimetres etc.),
the point of measurement at each end of the length dimension, and the speed of the exhaust
pulse wave (over 1100mph!).
I have used many different formulas over the years but now tend to settle with the following
two. I have achieved great
success with these as they result in a conservative (long) pipe length from which to make
adjustments. A good, safe,
starting point if you will. Each formula is for a different type of Tuned Pipe. One for Twin Cone
pipes and one for Flat disk pipes.
From KIMI, for gas engines to unlock, pwd = kimi
spreadsheet by /KIMI
Calculation Input Constant based on Gordon P Blair theory

RPM = 6500

Exhaust open, degrees = 155

Transfer port open, degrees 117
EGT 450 Celsius measure inside the stinger, to ge

Exhaust time open 0.00397 sec We are interested of the gastemp

Transfer time open 0.00300 sec
Vo =wave speed, m/sec 516.87187323 m/sec

Lt Tuned length = 1027 mm

Exhaust port area square mm 500 mm^2
D1 = Inner diameter exhaust header 25
D1->D2 Constant 6 D1-> D2 about 6-6.5 *
D2 = main pipe diameter 63 mm
D1->D3 constant, 0.60 about 0.58-0.62
D3=stinger pipe diameter 15 mm
A1= Divergent cone angle, (diffuser) 6 6 degree rad= deg*pi/180

A2= 2* Convergent con angle 12 degree

L2= convergent cone (Baffle) 297 mm
L3= header (10*D1) 250 mm D1* 10-11 torque, D1 * 7-9 power
L4= Divergent cone 358 mm

L5= stabilizer section length 271 mm

L7=stinger length 90 mm
Total lengt to convergent cone 1176
L2=convergent cone length 297 mm
L3=Transfer port dependent 252 mm Sized to match transferport openi
L4= Divergent cone 358 mm
L5= stabilizer section length 269 mm
L6=reflector (convergent cone) length 226 mm
L7=stinger length 90 mm
Total lengt to mid of convergent cone 1027 mm
sheet by /KIMI
on Gordon P Blair theory

re inside the stinger, to get correct temp.

e interested of the gastemp in the pipe!

-11 torque, D1 * 7-9 power

o match transferport opening to scavenging effect (time to BDC)

r, to get correct temp.

astemp in the pipe!

t opening to scavenging effect (time to BDC)

 258

CO = 0.0475 kg /mol

EHG = 0.029 - 0.0315 kg/mol (dependent on oil mixture)

http://yosemite.epa.gov/oaqps/EOGtrain.nsf/fabbfcfe2fc93dac85256afe00483cc4/f74ae74c6531c97d85256b6c006d9c99/$
look page 29
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e74c6531c97d85256b6c006d9c99/$FILE/si412c_lesson11.pdf
Horsepower (1hp=746 Watt) con
engine/prop loads 102
12°
57%
15.0

14.0

13.0

12.0

11.0
power (HP)

10.0

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
5700
5900
6100
6300
6500
6700
6900
7100

9100
9300
9500
9700
9900
5500

7300
7500
7700
7900
8100
8300
8500
8700
8900

RPM
 conditions: prop power curve data for
ds 1020 mB
12°C
57% RH size 16x8

20x10 0.65
21x10 0.72
0.80
22x10 0.88
22x12 0.97
23x8 xoar 1.07
1.17
24x12
1.28
1.39
1.51

Power
1.64
1.78
1.92
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.57
2.75
2.94
3.13
3.34
3.56
3.78
0.65
4.26
4.51
4.78
5.05
5.33
5.63
5.93
9100
9300
9500
9700
9900
8700
8900

6.25
6.57
prop power curve data for Xoar props

17x8 18x6 18x8 18x10 20x8 20x10 21x10 22x10 22x12

0.83 0.81 1.05 1.29 1.61 1.98 2.42 2.92 3.46

0.92 0.89 1.16 1.43 1.79 2.20 2.69 3.25 3.85
1.02 0.99 1.29 1.59 1.99 2.44 2.98 3.60 4.27
1.13 1.10 1.43 1.76 2.20 2.70 3.29 3.98 4.72
1.24 1.21 1.57 1.93 2.42 2.97 3.63 4.39 5.20
1.37 1.33 1.73 2.13 2.66 3.27 3.99 4.82 5.71
1.50 1.46 1.89 2.33 2.91 3.58 4.37 5.28 6.25
1.64 1.59 2.07 2.54 3.18 3.91 4.77 5.77 6.83
1.78 1.73 2.25 2.77 3.47 4.26 5.20 6.28 7.44
1.94 1.89 2.45 3.01 3.77 4.63 5.65 6.83 8.09
2.10 2.04 2.66 3.27 4.09 5.02 6.12 7.41 8.77
2.28 2.21 2.87 3.54 4.42 5.43 6.63 8.01 9.49
2.46 2.39 3.11 3.82 4.78 5.87 7.16 8.66 10.25
2.65 2.58 3.35 4.12 5.15 6.32 7.72 9.33 11.05
2.85 2.77 3.60 4.43 5.54 6.81 8.30 10.04 11.89
3.06 2.98 3.87 4.76 5.95 7.31 8.92 10.78 12.77
3.29 3.19 4.15 5.10 6.38 7.84 9.56 11.56 13.69
3.52 3.42 4.44 5.46 6.83 8.39 10.24 12.38 14.66
3.76 3.66 4.75 5.84 7.31 8.97 10.94 13.23 15.67
4.01 3.90 5.07 6.24 7.80 9.58 11.68 14.12 16.73
4.28 4.16 5.40 6.65 8.31 10.21 12.45 15.05 17.83
4.56 4.43 5.75 7.08 8.85 10.87 13.26 16.03 18.98
4.84 4.71 6.12 7.52 9.41 11.55 14.09 17.04 20.18
0.83 0.81 1.05 1.29 1.61 1.98 2.42 2.92 3.46
5.45 5.30 6.89 8.47 10.60 13.01 15.87 19.19 22.72
5.78 5.62 7.30 8.98 11.23 13.78 16.82 20.33 24.07
6.12 5.95 7.72 9.50 11.88 14.59 17.79 21.51 25.48
6.47 6.29 8.16 10.04 12.56 15.42 18.81 22.74 26.93
6.83 6.64 8.62 10.61 13.26 16.28 19.87 24.02 28.44
7.20 7.01 9.10 11.19 13.99 17.18 20.96 25.34 30.01
7.59 7.38 9.59 11.79 14.75 18.11 22.09 26.71 31.63
8.00 7.78 10.10 12.42 15.53 19.07 23.27 28.13 33.31
8.41 8.18 10.63 13.07 16.34 20.07 24.48 29.59 35.05
23x8 24x12

2.86 4.93 5500

3.18 5.48 5700
3.53 6.08 5900
3.90 6.72 6100
4.29 7.41 6300
4.72 8.13 6500
5.17 8.91 6700
5.64 9.73 6900
6.15 10.60 7100
6.68 11.52 7300
7.25 12.50 7500
7.84 13.53 7700
8.47 14.61 7900
9.13 15.75 8100
9.83 16.94 8300
10.55 18.20 8500
RPM

11.32 19.51 8700

12.12 20.89 8900
12.95 22.33 9100
13.82 23.83 9300
14.74 25.41 9500
15.69 27.04 9700
16.68 28.75 9900
2.86 4.93 10100
18.78 32.38 10300
19.90 34.30 10500
21.06 36.30 10700
22.26 38.38 10900
23.51 40.53 11100
24.80 42.76 11300
26.14 45.07 11500
27.53 47.46 11700
28.97 49.94 11900
Beware, MVVS and MOKI do not support mix ratios leaner than 2.5%!
Visc.
Index
Brand Name Use type mix ratio specific mass VI
AeroShell sport2T air-2T mineral 0.866
Amsoil Dominator competition synth 2% 156
Amsoil series2000 sports synth 2% 139
Amsoil Interceptor sports synth 2% 173
Amsoil 100:1 premix sports synth 1%-2% ??
Amsoil Saber sports synth 1%-2% 145
Aspen 2T garden synth/ester 2-3% 0.88 148
Aspen 2T chainsaw synth/ester 2-3% 0.88 148
Castrol R2 racing sport 2-5% 0.878 SAE19
Castrol TTS sports synth 2-4% 0.875
Castrol power RS 2T racing synth 2-4% 0.875 162
Castrol RSscooter scooter semi-synth 2% 0.896
Castrol XR77 racing synth 2.5-4% 0.91 138
Castrol A747 racing castor/synth 2.5-10%
Castrol garden2T garden mineral 2-4% 0.874 126
Castrol GrandPrix MX 2-5%
Comma garden2T garden Mineral 0.879
Comma Chainsaw chainsaw "synthetic" 0.884
Comma twostroke scooter semi-synth 0.86
Comma twostroke 2-wheel synth 0.884
Elf moto2XT sport 0.88 100
Elf sport2 sport 0.9167 142
Elf HTX 909 racing castor/synth 0.95
Elf HTX 976 racing synth 3-4% 0.91 129
ERG Gold mix 2T ?? synth any 0.912 120
Erg Mix synt 2T sport semi-synth any 0.88 105
Kroon tornado sport ester 2-4% 0.88 160
Kroon Scoosynth scooter synth 0.868 129
Kroon Maestrol garden synth 0.868 129
Mobil1 MX2T racing synth 2-4% 0.884 154
Mobil1 2t racing synth 2-4% 154
Motul 800 RR racing synth/ester 3-4% 0.927 140
Motul 800 OR offroad synth/ester 2% 0.911 135
Motul KartGP kart synth/ester 4-6% 0.916 136
Motul 710 2T All 2T synth/ester 2-4% 0.862 175
Motul 600 racing ester-based premix
Penzoil Aircooled UL mineral 2-7% 0.88 112
Penzoil premium outboard garden semi-synth 1-4%
Putoline RS959 sport synth/ester 2-4% 0.88 160
Putoline MHX racing synth/ester 1-4% 0.893 132
Putoline kart tech 2 racing castor/synth 4-6% this oil mixes with gas, methanol and nitr
Redline 2T-Racing racing Ester 1-5%
Redline 2T-kart kart Ester 1-5%
Redline 2T-sport sport synth 1-5%
SHELL Advance Scooter plus2 scooter synth 0.884 189
SHELL Advance 2T MAX racing synth 0.884 187
Shell Advance Ultra2 synth 0.855 130
SHELL Advance SX2 garden mineral premix 0.872 116
SHELL Advance VSX2 garden mineral premix 0.863 130
SHELL Advance 2T scooter mineral 0.863 130
SHELL Advance Scooter2 scooter semi-synth 0.863 112
SHELL Advance scooter 2T plus scooter synth premix 0.853
SHELL Advance Racing X racing synth 2.50% 0.918 133

Oils in Bold are suitable for MVVS engines

Beware, MVVS and MOKI do not support mix ratios leaner than 2.5%!
er than 2.5%!

Viscosity Viscosity flash point

cSt @ 100°C cSt @ 40°C Pensky Martin pour point klass (NR=no rating)
61.6 100
7.6 40.9 92 -48 Jaso FC
8.3 51.-2 110 -42 Jaso FC
7.6 38 80 -49 Jaso FC
10.88 82.87 264 -28 TC-W3, JASO FC
11.9 78.2 101 ISO-L-EGD, JASO FC
12 76 75° -40 Jaso FC+
10 66 85° -40 Jaso FD/Iso-Legd
7 36 87 JASO FC++
7.6 43.2 73 -51 jasoFC/ISO L-egd
7.6 43.2 73 -51 Jaso FC/API/TC/ISO L-egd
9.7 78.6 138 -39
14.9 112 223 -24 report 417478/01 EMPA
21 185 273 NR
7.5 75 -36 API TC
5.4 160 -45 API TC+
10.3 >200 NR
7.2 83 NR
35 >70 NR
7.2 83 NR
11.3 75.3 108 -36 NR
15.1 111 276 -48 NR
17 157 288 -24 NR
18.8 165 230 -21 NR
10.2 75.2 210 -24 NR
10.5 88 230 -15 NR
10.7 63.3 98 -45 Jaso FC/apiTC/ISO-Legd
9.56 64.6 102 -25 Jaso FC/apiTC/ISO-Legd
9.56 64.6 -26 apiTC/ISO-Legd
13.8 90 110° -42 JASO FC++
13.8 90 224° JASO FC++
19.2 157.4 274° api TC
15.5 120.2 252° api TC
16.9 135 256° -33° apiTC
8.9 46.4 88 apiTC, JasoFD, ISO-L-EGD
api TC
10.3 78.6 104 -33 API TC
9.53 58.7 100 -39 TC-W3
10.7 63.3 98 -45 SAE30 Jaso FC++
18 152 100 -33 SAE50 Jaso FC++ ISO L-EGD++
xes with gas, methanol and nitromethane NR
NR
NR
NR
8.6 42 91 -51 API TC, JASO FC, ISO-L-EGD
8.6 42 91 -51 API TC, JASO FD, ISO-L-EGD
8.9 58.1 105 -43 API TC, JASO FC, ISO-L-EGC
8.9 63.1 122 -20 API TC, JASO FB, ISO-L-EGB
9.14 67 132 -20 API TC, JASO FD, ISO-L-EGD
 9.14 67 132 -20 API TC, JASO FC, ISO-L-EGC
9.2 68 134 -22 API TC, JASO FC, ISO-L-EGC
8.9 68.1 102 -21 API TC, JASO FC, ISO-L-EGD
19.9 173.6 292 -37 SAE50

er than 2.5%!
 total base ash color remarks

red premix / injector, air or watercooled

injector preferred
1:50 - 1:100
1:50 - 1:100
old data
0.10% brown autoign. >250°C,
0.12 green
3.6 red

0.31 red
brown

green
red petroleum destillate <30%
red
red petroleum destillate <30%
0.12 blue
0.09 blue
0.2 red
0.23 blue

1.8 0.18 same as Putoline RS959?

1.4 0.14
builds some soft carbon
honey builds some soft carbon
brown mix only, for oil injector use motul710
red mix only, for oil injector use motul710
red Keeps engines clean (not so with racing oils)
2.15mg KOH/g green mix or injector

blue

1.8 0.18 brown

blue
blue

red
green
red

purple
amber

not pre-mixed

0
Tree Species Average Specific Static Bending Impact Bending,
Gravity, Oven Modulus of Height of Drop
Dry  Sample Elasticity (E) Causing Failure

(0-1.0) 10^6 psi inches

Oak, Live 0.88 1.98 -

Hickory, Pignut 0.75 2.26 74
Honeylocust - 1.63 47
Locust, Black 0.69 2.05 57
Hickory, Shellbark 0.69 1.89 88
Hickory, Shagbark 0.72 2.16 67
Hickory, Mockernut 0.72 2.22 77
Hickory, Pecan 0.66 1.73 44
Hickory, Bitternut 0.66 1.79 66
Hickory, Nutmeg 0.6 1.7 -
Hickory, Water 0.62 2.02 53
Maple, Sugar 0.63 1.83 39
Oak, Post 0.67 1.51 46
Ash, Blue 0.58 1.4 -
Ash, Green 0.56 1.66 32
Ash, Oregon 0.55 1.36 33
Oak, Cherrybark 0.68 2.28 49
Elm, Rock 0.63 1.54 56
Oak, Bur 0.64 1.03 29
Oak, Swamp White 0.72 2.05 49
Ash, White 0.6 1.74 43
Oak, Willow 0.69 1.9 42
Oak, Scarlet 0.67 1.91 53
Oak, Swamp Chestnut 0.67 1.77 41
Birch, Sweet 0.65 2.17 47
Oak, White 0.68 1.78 37
Oak, Laurel 0.63 1.69 39
Maple, Black 0.57 1.62 40
Oak, Pin 0.63 1.73 45
Oak, Water 0.63 2.02 44
Pine, Slash 0.59 1.98 -
Beech, American 0.64 1.72 41
Oak, Northern Red 0.63 1.82 43
Walnut, Black 0.55 1.68 34
Maple, Red 0.54 1.64 32
Birch, Yellow 0.62 2.01 55
Pine, Longleaf 0.59 1.98 34
Oak, Black 0.61 1.64 41
Tupelo, Black 0.5 1.2 22
Larch, western 0.52 1.87 35

Cedar, Eastern Redcedar 0.47 0.88 22

Pine, Pond 0.56 1.75 -
Pine, Virginia 0.48 1.52 32
Hackberry 0.53 1.19 43
Oak, Southern Red 0.59 1.49 26
Tupelo, Water 0.5 1.26 23
Magnolia, Southern 0.5 1.4 29
Hemlock, Mountain 0.45 1.33 32
Sassafras 0.46 1.12 -
Oak, Chestnut 0.66 1.59 40
Pine, Sand 0.48 1.41 -
Elm, Slippery 0.53 1.49 45
Pine, Pitch 0.52 1.43 -
Pine, Shortleaf 0.51 1.75 33
Oak, Overcup 0.63 1.42 38
Douglas-fir, Coast 0.48 1.95 31
Tamarack 0.53 1.64 23
Pine, Loblolly 0.51 1.79 30

Douglas-fir, Interior North 0.48 1.79 26

Ash, Black 0.49 1.6 35

Douglas-fir, Interior West 0.5 1.83 32

Maple, Bigleaf 0.48 1.45 28
Maple, Silver 0.47 1.14 25
Douglas-fir, Interior
South 0.46 1.49 20
Baldcypress 0.46 1.44 24
Pine, Spruce 0.44 1.23 -
Cedar, Port-Orford 0.43 1.7 28
Sycamore, American 0.49 1.42 26
Redwood, Old-growth 0.4 1.34 19
Cherry, Black 0.5 1.49 29
Elm, American 0.5 1.34 39
Hemlock, Eastern 0.4 1.2 21
Chestnut, American 0.43 1.23 19
Sweetgum 0.52 1.64 32
Cedar, Alaska 0.44 1.42 29
Fir, California Red 0.38 1.5 24
Pine, Lodgepole 0.41 1.34 20
Birch, Paper 0.55 1.59 34
Pine, Red 0.46 1.63 26
Cedar, Incense 0.37 1.04 17
Pine, Jack 0.43 1.35 27
Pine, Ponderosa 0.4 1.29 19
Spruce, Sitka 0.4 1.57 25
Magnolia,Cucumbertree 0.48 1.82 35
Hemlock, Western 0.45 1.63 23
Spruce, Black 0.42 1.61 23
Spruce, Red 0.4 1.61 25
Fir, White 0.39 1.5 20
Fir, Noble 0.39 1.72 23

Redwood, Young-growth 0.35 1.1 15

Yellow-poplar 0.42 1.58 24
Fir, Grand 0.37 1.57 28
Pine, Sugar 0.36 1.19 18
Pine, Western white 0.38 1.46 23
Butternut 0.38 1.18 24

Cedar, Western Redcedar 0.32 1.11 17

Aspen, Bigtooth 0.39 1.43 -
Fir, Pacific silver 0.43 1.76 24
Alder, Red 0.41 1.38 20
Pine, Eastern white 0.35 1.24 18
Willow, Black 0.39 1.01 -
Spruce, White 0.36 1.43 20
Cedar, Atlantic White 0.32 0.93 13
Spruce, Engelmann 0.35 1.3 18
Fir, Balsam 0.35 1.45 20
Fir, Subalpine 0.32 1.29 -
Elm, Eastern 0.4 1.37 20
Aspen, Quaking 0.38 1.18 21
Basswood 0.37 1.46 16
Cedar, Northern White 0.31 0.8 12
Cottonwood, Balsam
Poplar 0.34 1.1 -
Cottonwood, Black 0.35 1.27 22
U. S. Hardwoods

U. S. Softwoods
 Compress. Compress. Shear Parallel to
Parallel to Grain, Perpen.  to Grain, Max Shear
Max Crushing Grain, Fiber Strength
Strength Stress at Prop.
Limit
psi psi psi

8,900 2,840 2,660 53

9,190 1,980 2,150 30
7,500 1,840 2,250 33
10,180 1,830 2,480 34
8,000 1,800 2,110 32
9,210 1,760 2,430 31
8,940 1,730 1,740 29
7,850 1,720 2,080 27
9,040 1,680 - 25
6,910 1,570 - 26
8,600 1,550 - 28
7,830 1,470 2,330 41
6,600 1,430 1,840 55
6,980 1,420 2,030 4
7,080 1,310 1,910 5
6,040 1,250 1,790 6
8,740 1,250 2,000 43
7,050 1,230 1,920 22
6,060 1,200 1,820 51
8,600 1,190 2,000 57
7,410 1,160 1,910 7
7,040 1,130 1,650 50
8,330 1,120 1,890 47
7,270 1,110 1,990 56
8,540 1,080 2,240 13
7,440 1,070 2,000 58
6,980 1,060 1,830 44
6,680 1,020 1,820 38
6,820 1,020 2,080 46
6,770 1,020 2,020 49
8,140 1,020 1,680 103
7,300 1,010 2,010 11
6,760 1,010 1,780 45
7,580 1,010 1,370 64
6,540 1,000 1,850 39
8,170 970 1,880 14
8,470 960 1,510 96
6,520 930 1,910 42
5,520 930 1,340 62
7,620 930 1,360 91

6,020 920 - 72
7,540 910 1,380 98
6,710 910 1,350 106
5,440 890 1,590 24
6,090 870 1,390 48
5,920 870 1,590 63
5,460 860 1,530 36
6,440 860 1,540 89
4,760 850 1,240 59
6,830 840 1,490 52
6,920 836 - 101
6,360 820 1,630 23
5,940 820 1,360 97
7,270 820 1,390 102
6,200 810 2,000 54
7,230 800 1,130 77
7,160 800 1,280 115
7,130 790 1,390 94

6,900 770 1,400 79

5,970 760 1,570 3

7,430 760 1,290 78

5,950 750 1,730 37
5,220 740 1,480 40

6,230 740 1,510 80

6,360 730 1,000 69
5,650 730 1,490 104
6,250 720 1,370 75
5,380 700 1,470 61
6,150 700 940 108
7,110 690 1,700 16
5,520 690 1,510 21
5,410 650 1,060 88
5,320 620 1,080 17
6,320 620 1,600 60
6,310 620 1,130 70
5,460 610 1,040 82
5,370 610 880 95
5,690 600 1,210 12
6,070 600 1,210 100
5,200 590 880 73
5,660 580 1,170 93
5,320 580 1,130 99
5,610 580 1,150 113
6,310 570 1,340 35
7,200 550 1,290 90
5,960 550 1,230 110
5,540 550 1,290 112
5,800 530 1,100 87
6,100 520 1,050 84

5,220 520 1,110 109

5,540 500 1,190 66
5,290 500 900 83
4,460 500 1,130 105
5,040 470 1,040 107
5,110 460 1,170 15

4,560 460 990 76

5,300 450 1,080 8
6,410 450 1,220 85
5,820 440 1,080 2
4,800 440 900 92
4,100 430 1,250 65
5,180 430 970 114
4,700 410 800 71
4,480 410 1,200 111
5,280 404 944 81
4,860 390 1,070 86
4,910 380 930 20
4,250 370 850 9
4,730 370 990 10
3,960 310 850 74

4,020 300 790 18

4,500 300 1,040 19
1
67
68
 change to 75%

Metric Max Bolt Torque (80%)

look up chart

Recommended Torque (N*m)

Diameter
Class 8.8 Class 10.9
class12.9
2 0.56 0.79
2.5 0.9 1.13
3 2.26 2.7
4 2.9 4.3 4.5
5 5.8 8.5 9
6 10 15 16
8 30 40
10 55 75
12 100 135
14 160 215
16 245 335
20 480 650

US Recommended Bolt Torque

Recommended
Size Grade 2 Grade 5
Coarse Fine Coarse

#4 - - -

#6 - - -

#8 - - -
#10 - - -
1/4 4 4.7 6.3
5/16 8 9 13
'3/8 15 17 23
7/16 24 27 37
1/2 37 41 57
9/16 53 59 82
5/8 73 83 112
3/4 125 138 200
7/8 129 144 322
1† 188 210 483
* Sizes from 4 to 10 are in lb-in.
Sizes from 1/4 up are in lb-ft.

† Fine thread figures are for 1-14.

Grade 2, 5, and 8 values are for plated bolts.

Spark plug torque

Remove all traces of grease and oil from the gasket surface (aerosol brake
cleaner and Q-tips work) and run the spark plug in by hand for at least three
full turns. Torque to specification
10 mm 7.2–8.7 ft/lb
12 mm 10.8–14.5 ft/lb
14 mm 18.0–21.6 ft/lb
 Engineer's handbook

Resistance
Wire Gauge per foot
Nm in.lb 4 0.000292
10 88.5075 input Nm 6 0 .000465
2.711635 24 input in.lb 8 0.000739
10 0.00118
12 0.00187
14 0.00297
16 0.00473
18 0.00751
20 0.0119
22 0.019
24 0.0302
26 0.048
28 0.0764

Recommended Torque
Grade 5 Grade 8 18-8 S/S Bronze Brass
Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine

- - - 5.2 - 4.8 - 4.3 -

- - - 9.6 - 8.9 - 7.9 -

- - - 19.8 - 18.4 - 16.2 -

- - - 22.8 31.7 21.2 29.3 18.6 25.9
7.3 9 10 6.3 7.8 5.7 7.3 5.1 6.4
14 18 20 11 11.8 10.3 10.9 8.9 9.7
26 33 37 20 22 18 20 16 18
41 52 58 31 33 29 31 26 27
64 80 90 43 45 40 42 35 37
91 115 129 57 63 53 58 47 51
128 159 180 93 104 86 96 76 85
223 282 315 128 124 104 102 118 115
355 454 501 194 193 178 178 159 158
541 682 764 287 289 265 240 235 212
Table 1 - Torque-Tension Relationships for SAE Grades 2, 5 and 8
Nom. Stress Grade Grade Grade 2 Grade Grade

Size Area 2 2 Torque 5 5

and -1 Clamp Torque Lub Clamp Torque

Threads in. 2 Load Dry k=0.15 Load Dry k=0.2
/ in. Lb. k=0.2 in-lb. lb. in-lb.
in - lb.
0.138-40 0.01014 418 10.2 7.7 647.5 15.6
0.138-32 0.00909 401 9.6 7.2 579.5 14.4
0.164.36 0.01473 608 17.4 13.1 938.5 27.6
0.164-31 0.01401 578 16.8 12.6 893 25.8
0.190-32 0.01999 825 28.2 21.2 1275 43.2
0.190-24 0.01753 723 24.6 18.5 1117.5 37.2
0.250-28 0.03637 1500 75 56 2319 116
0.250-20 0.03182 1313 66 49 2029 101
0.3125-24 0.05807 2395 150 112 3700 230
0.3125-18 0.05243 2163 135 101 3342 209
.0375-24 0.08783 3623 272 204 5600 420
.0375-16 0.07749 3196 240 180 4940 370

0.4375-20 0.11872 4896 428 321 7567 662

0.4375-14 0.10631 4385 384 288 6777 593
0.500-20 0.15995 6598 660 495 10197 1020
0.500-13 0.1419 5853 585 439 9046 904
Table 2 - Torque-Tension Relationships for Metric Property Classes
Stress
Major Area Class Class 4.6 Class 4.6 Class Class 4.8

Diameter 4.6 Torque Torque 4.8 Torque

Clamp Clamp
and mm2 Load Dry Lub Load Dry
Thread k=0.2 k=0.15 k=0.2
Pitch kN N-m N-m kN N-m
3.0x0.5 5.03 0.085 0.5 0.4 1.17 0.7
3.5x0.6 6.78 1.14 0.8 0.6 1.58 1.1
4.0x0.7 8.78 1.14 1.2 0.9 2.04 1.6
5.0x0.8 14.2 2.4 2.4 1.8 3.3 3.3
6.0x1.0 20.1 3.4 4 3 4.67 5.66
8.0x1.25 36.6 6.18 9.9 7.4 8.51 13.6
10.0x1.0
10.0x1.50 58 9.79 19.6 14.7 13.48 27
12.0x1.75 84.3 14.22 34.1 25.6 19.6 47
Tensile Strength 400 MPa 420 MPa
Proof Load Stress 224 MPa 310 MPa
Stress
Major Area Class Class 8.8 Class 8.8 Class Class 9.8
Diameter 8.8 Torque Torque 9.8 Torque
Clamp Clamp
and mm2 Load Dry Lub Load Dry
Thread k=0.2 k=0.15 k=0.2
Pitch kN N-m N-m kN N-m

3.0x0.5 5.03 . . . .
3.5x0.6 6.78 . . . . .
4.0x0.7 8.78 3.9 3.1 . . .
5.0x0.8 14.2 . 6.1 4.6 . .
6.0x1.0 20.1 . 10.4 7.8 . .
8.0x1.25 36.6 16.5 26.4 19.8 17.8 28.5
10.0x1.0 57
10.0x1.50 58 26.1 52.2 39.2 28.3 56.6
12.0x1.75 84.3 37.9 91 68 41.1 99
Tensile Strength 830 MPa 900 Pa
Proof Load
NOTE: Stress area of
The stress 600 MPa
threaded 650 Pa
series not included in Table 2 may be computed from the equation:
WHERE: As=Stress area in mm2 D=Diameter in mm P=Pitch in mm
discretion is recommended. The content, has been presented as accurately as possible, but responsibi
with the user.

clamping force is T=KDP T=torque lb-in

K=friction coëff
D=bolt dia in
P= clamping force lb
Grade 5 Grade Grade Grade

Torque 8 8 8

Lub Clamp Torque Torque

k=0.15 Load Dry Lub
in-lb Lb. k=0.2 k=0.15
in-lb. in-lb.
11.7 913.5 23.4 17.6
10.8 818 21 15.8
20.7 1306 40.2 30.2
19.4 1261 40.2 30.2
32.4 1798.5 63.6 47.7
27.9 1577.5 55.8 41.9
87 3273 164 123
76 2864 143 107
173 5225 327 245
157 4719 295 221
315 7905 893 445
278 6974 523 392

496 10638 935 700

445 9567 837 628
764 14396 1440 1080
678 12771 1277 958

Class 4.8 Class 5.8 Class 5.8 Class 5.8

Clamp
Torque Load Torque Torque

Lub Dry Lub

k=0.15 kN k=0.2 k=0.15
N-m N-m N-m
0.5 . . .
0.8 . . .
1.2 . . .
2.5 4.05 4 3
4.2 5.73 6.9 5.2
10.2 10.4 16.7 12.5

20 16.5 33.1 24.8

35 24 58 43
520 MPa
380 MPa

Class 9.8 Class 10.9 Class 10.9 Class 10.9

 Clamp
Torque Load Torque Torque

Lub Dry Lub

k=0.15 kN k=0.2 k=0.15
N-m N-m N-m

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 8.8 6.7
. . 15 11.2
21.4 22.8 36.5 27.3

42.4 36.1 72.2 54.2

74 52.5 126 94
1040 Pa
830 Pa As=0.7854 (D - 0.9382P)2
y be computed from the equation:

urately as possible, but responsibility for its application lies

 Wing Sweep, C = (S * (A + 2B)) / (3 * (A + B))

MAC (length) = A - (2 * (A - B) * (0.5 * A + B) / (3 * (A + B)))

MAC location, d = Y * ((A - MAC) / (A - B))

wing area, WA = Y * (A + B)
tail area, TA = YY * (AA + BB)
wing aspect ratio, ARw = ((Y * 2) ^ 2) / WA
tail aspect ratio, ARt = ((YY * 2) ^ 2) / TA
Tail Arm =  (D - wing AC) + tail AC
tail volume, Vbar = (TA / WA) * (Tail Arm / MAC)
NP (%MAC) = 0.25 + (0.25 * sqr(sqr(ARw)) * Vbar
ideal CG (%MAC) = NP - Desired Static Margin
(Lt wheel Wt * Lt Arm) + (Rt Wheel Wt * Rt Arm) + (Center
Moment (total) = Wheel Wt * Center Arm) + (Pilot Wt * Pilot Arm) + ( Psngr Wt
* Psngr Arm) + (Fuel Wt * Fuel Arm)
actual CG (%MAC) = ((Moment / Total Wt) - (Datum2LE + C)) / MAC
actual static margin % = (NP - actual CG) / MAC * 100

Placing CG 5% - 15% of MAC in front of NP creates a longitudinal (pitch) stability called Static Margin. A lower margin pro

Placing CG 5% - 15% of MAC in

front of NP creates a longitudinal
(pitch) stability called Static
Margin. A lower margin
produces less stability and
greater elevator authority, while
a higher margin creates more
stability and less elevator
authority. Too much static
margin results in elevator stall at
take off and landing.

CG / MAC Calculator adapted

from the Public Domain. Neutral
Point and Weight & Balance
Calculators developed by Dean
A. Scott (c) 2005, all rights
reserved.  Use with permission.

NP equations courtesy Alasdair

Sutherland (see C.G. Position
article on Bloobird Radio Flyers)
Margin. A lower margin produces less stability and greater elevator authority, while a higher margin creates more stability and less ele
 Plane data: wing correction on Cl 0.6

span cm 210 cm
mean chord cm 30 cm
Plane weight 6.5 kg
wing area 63 dm2
max foil lift 1.45 infinite span value

lift force calculator

Cl 1.45 foil factor @ AOA Cl needed for level flight:

speed 35 km/h max G-manoeuvre
lift force @ Clmax 6.486 kg

reates more stability and less elevator authority. Too much static margin results in elevator stall at take off and landing.
 (1.0 is infinite span wing)

1.45 stall!
1.00 G before stall

at take off and landing.