Prevention of Vortices at Intakes This article presents theoretical and experimental results of an investigation into various types of flow occurring at an intake and the prevention of swirl and vortex formation. It is shown that the formation of a vortex depends on the depth of submergence and on swirl of the oncoming flow. Graphs are presented to predict vortex formation, and it is shown that the parameters of the measured By Dr.Ing. H. N recent years engineers and research workers have devoied considerable time to studies of the formation of vortices at an intake or in the pit of, a pump sump. Analyses of data collected either from model studies or trom existing installations have been used in the development of some empiric criteria to predict the onset of vortices. The data were usually from a model study or measurement of an existing installation and have been adapted to suit a general theory, but this work has lacked the support of a basic study of vortex flow. To provide a rational basis for the understanding of vortex phenomena an extensive series of investi= gations has been carried out_at the Hydraulics Research Station. Wallingford. These studies, which were both theoretical and experimental, produced useful information for understanding the perform- ance of vortices and the conditions in which they could be expected to occur, and the results have been published in various journals as completed. The purpose of this atticle is to relate the conclu. sions that have been drawn from these studies of various special aspects of the problem to the cir- cumstances that frequently occur in practice and to summarise the information for use in design offices The present article deals with two types of flow occurring at an intake—purely radial, and swirl flow. The intake in urn can be that of a pump sump or a structure for drawing water from a reservoir ot canal, which can be required to operate under regu- lar variation of water level. It will be shown that a Strong or a weak vortex can only form at an intake when swirl and head above the intake reach certain values; otherwise only small depressions or a dimple will be formed on the water surface which will not extend to any depth and cause vibration in the pipe- line or reduce the coefficient of discharge. Such a weak spiral flow, however. may reduce the efficiency of the hydraulic machinery. It is obvious that a general basic study of vortex Phenomena cannot provide a definite solution to all Possible problems. Thus a model investigation is often required to ensure the satisfactory performance of a design. The question then arises, if geometrical similarity between model and prototype is. used, under which condition will dynamic ‘similarity be achieved? This is provided by the identity of the model and the prototype values of all dimensionless FPeinsipal Scene Oto, ‘logy, Wallagond, Hes WATER Pow RP Orinher lone. graphs can be calculated or on models O. ANWAR* combinations defining the vortex phenomenon for which dynamic similarity is assumed, and is an im- portant point for hydraulic model. engineers which will be discussed in the last part of this article. Purely Radial Flow The experiment described in the present article was conducted in a cylindrical transparent plastic tank of 3it diameter and Sit in height with a central outlet pipe. The essential components of the appara- tus can be seen in Fig. L. The top edges of the outlet pipe were radiused to a semicircular section of diameter equal to the pipe thickness. However, it was found that the effect of the floor of the tank could be excluded from the flow when the projecting Iength of the outlet pipe into the tank was about Jin. ‘These types of radial flow may occur at the en- trance to an outlet pipe and will be described in the following sections, Fig. 1. View of the apparatusFig. 2. Gulping phenomenon with air entrainment Weir-Type Flow When the discharge is low the flow clings to the wall of the outlet pipe leaving a central air column in the middle. This type of flow is the so-called weir- type flow. The size of air column will decrease pro- gressively with increasing discharge until a noisy Bulping stage occurs'. It was found that the level at_which gulping commenced was approximately OSD for all outlet pipes tesied. This type of flow, under which a great deal of air was drawn down in the pipe, can be seen in Fig. 2. Coefficients of discharge have been evaluated for the range of weir-lype flow over which the central air column remained open without gulping. It was found that the coefficients of discharge depended on the head and outlet diameter as well as on the thick- ness of the pipe. In Fig. 3 the coefficient of discharge C, which is dimensionless, is plotted against H/D, where H is the head, measured from the crest of the outlet pipe, and D the internal diameter of the outlet pipe. The water discharge was calculated from the following expression O=C=DH 29H where g is gravitational acceleration. Fig. 3 shows a decrease in discharge coefficients with increase in the wall thickness of the outlet pipe. This is to be expected because as wall thickness in- creases, the turning angle of the streamlines over the outlet pipe approach is 180°, which would reduce the coefficient of discharge to C=0°5 for a weir-type flow. This. in fact, has been confirmed by experiment when dye was injected into the water to make the fiow pattern visible near the outlet pipe. 394 Borpa Flow Before the onset of the gulping stage, a sudden change in. flow was observed with increase in dis- charge. This type of flow is called Borda tlow. Fig. 4', and it was shown to be stable in its appearance, because with decreasing discharge the Borda fiow could be maintained well into the region in which weit-type flow would be the normal condition with rising discharge. In order to investigate Borda flow. an outlet pipe was fitted the length of which was equal to the dia- meter. Coefficients of discharge C in a dimensionless form for this type of flow have been determined from the experimental data and the results are plotted in Fig. 5. This figure shows that the coefficients of dis- charge are also dependent on the parameters defined under “Weir-Type Flow”. It further shows that the coellicients of discharge for rounded edges are higher than those for square edges. It can be seen that the coefficient of discharge C approaches a constant value when H/D=3-5. The water discharge Q is to be calculated from the following expression : D O=—- C/2eH OniFice Frow an increase in discharge the gulping stage of the flow disappeared and the outlet pipe ran full. It was observed that a slight increase in discharge produced a large rise in head. Weak vortices appeared from time to time and collapsed to entrain air bubbles, some of which were drawn down with 2 250mm Rend P| Nemtel saree ¢ aes [O87 am aa os 05 0 Fig. 3. Coefficient of discharge for weir-type flow WATER POWER Octoher loneFig. 4. Borda fiow the flow. Measurements showed that the water dis- charge Q and water surface level were not affected by the vortices and there was no general rotation of the water in the tank. The area affected by vor- tices was small and much less than that of the outlet. pipe. Coeflicients of discharge for the case in point have been determined from the experimental data and are shown in Fig. 6 for various thickness of rounded and_ square-edged pipes. Fig. 6 shows that the Coefficients of discharge C are not dependent on the value H/D, but they vary with the thickness and the shape of the edge of the outlet pipe. The di charge Q is to be calculated from the followir formula : A O=C—— V2 FD where L is the length of the outlet Pipe. The H/D value can be calculated from the prow type data. The type of flow occurring at the entrance to the outlet can be determined by comparing th HID value with those given on the horizontal ax of Figs. 3, 5 and 6. Moreover the coefficient of dis charge for the above-determined type of flow ca in turn be obtained from the figures, and the dis charge Q calculated from the corresponding ex pressions, Appearance of Vortex at Outlet ‘The vortex to be discussed here should be under stood as that which forms a rotary motion round point in the area of water and tends always toward a symmetry of motion as far as possible. This typ of vortex can only occur in a container or at an’in take when the approach flow has a certain amoun Of swirl. In this context swirl means the strength o circulation or the magnitude of tangential velocit: at a given radius. When a vortex forms near a rigic boundary its axis tends always to stand at righ angles to the boundary. Tornadoes. and vortices @ the entrance to the outlet for instance, have thei feet standing exactly on the ground or normal t the entrance of the intake. Vortices that grow or energy obtained from others, or decay on accoun of breaking up or by molecular viscosity, will no be discussed here. Their decay and growth, as men: tioned under “Orifice Flow,” cannot seriously affec the efficiency of the intake and hydraulic machinery or cause any serious vibration in a pipeline. Formation of stable vortices results in energy losses and a reduction in discharge, together with vibration in pipelines. The presence of swirl alone. without the entrainment of air, is a frequent source of trouble with axial-flow machines. We will first discuss the results of an investigation carried out on the formation of a stable vortex, and later dif- ferent types of intakes that are more prone to vortex difficulties will be shown. The results of the above 09) | Rounded [5 t= 5mm sie 2mm bes Tem 3mm Sn | os "8% 1 z 3 + 5 * 7 3 ¥o Fig. 5. Coefficient of discharge for Borda free flowel epoenocoton a 5 + xt am ‘| te Simm L. Stettmm pie let sz om ‘ 7 6 @ « 16 18 2 2 2 Mo Fig. 6. Coeficient of discharge for orifice flow study will be applied for prevention of vortices in tom of the tank was provided with a central opening such intakes to which various sizes of outlet pipe could be fitted. ‘The dimension of the outlet pipes used in the in- Experiment on Vortex Formation vestigation are given in Table 1 FORMATION oF 4 STEADY OPEN Vortex Tangential velocities have been measured at A vortex with an open air core may form, usually various levels and radii. It has been found that the due to gravity, at the intake of a hydroelectric tangential velocity depends on radius only. Measure: scheme and at the entrance to a diversion tunnel ments showed that the tangential velocity distribu. during the construction of a dam. Such vortices were tion corresponds to the theoretical distribution observed at the diversion tunnel of the Harspringet_ V,r=C, where r is the radius and C is a constant, dam, and at the inlet to the diversion tunnel of the up to a point A (defined below). A significant de. Kariba dam a very large vortex was observed dur- parture from this theoretical distribution occurs ing the 1958 floods at a submergence of 67ft above between point A and the ait core, Fig. 7. The posi= the intake. Other examples of this type can arise ina surge shaft when low water levels occur during 1¢-—y T the downsurge, and may allow air to enter the pipe, { Vortices of other types, having intermittent air cores which trap volumes of air. may occur at a vertical suction pipe under severe conditions of high swirl and/or low submergence. Ly The above-mentioned types of vortex can only occur when the approach flow has a certain amount of swirl and the inlet is submerged under a certain head. It is therefore important to study the effect of these two factors upon the formation of vortices. Model investigations were carried out in the cylin: drical tank (Fig. 1) when the nozzles were tangent to the tank. For moderate swirl. nozzles of lin bore were fitted, and were replaced by nozzles of tin bore when a high swirl was required. The discharge from each nozzle was registered by a separate orifice meter and the total flow was checked volumetrically «0 after final discharge from the outlet pipe. The bot = Caleuation [Ty Tate 1 Internat | Run No. | diameter al | — | ss rm 1 & | & os r 2 400 | O86 | 3 261 24 | on 4 1s! 24 026 5 ria 24 or 7 aa = 6 087 2% | O19 To} og 3 619 . 8 8k a O19 Fig. 7. Comparison between calculated and measured _ tangential velocities far from core 396 wees phwee nciic.. 2...Soy “4 pos | 44 —_ | anos y | as} so] _ 25 24 4 | [p= caestation 1s lL 1 ve os ea oF . Fig. 8. Comparison between calculation and measure- ‘ment of tangential velocities near to air core tion of point A was determined from the experi- mental data and this lay at an angle of about 8° measured from a vertical line positioned at the entrance edge of the outlet pipes. In Fig. 8 the measured-value non-dimensional tangential’ velocity ° is plotted against the non-dimensional , taken in the region between point 4 and the air core. Vs. in Fig. 7 is the tangential velocity at point A. which can be calculated from V.r-¢ having determined the constant C by measuring the tangential velocity at another convenient point, and r.=1/2 D is the radius of outlet pipes. In Fig. 8 the calculated velocity distribution’ for the region in question is also shown for comparison, PROFILE OF FREE SURFACE The profiles of the vortices were measured with point gauge which could be traversed both hori- zontally and vertically. Measurements show that the free surface is hyperbolic up to the point B and it can be calculated from the following formula: cri rn (E-8) 2e\n? FF where C is constant as defined before and hy, is the reference height measured at a convenient radius r,, ‘The measurements indicated that the point B lies at an angle between 9° and 11”. The shape of the free WATER POWER October 1968 surface closer to the axis departs significantly fror the hyperbolic form. This part of the free surfac can be calculated from the given form in Fig. 9. I: Fig. 10 the measured profile together with that cal culated from the above formula and the curve it Fig. 9 are shown for comparison. The agreemen between calculation and measurement is seen to b satisfactory. Weak Vortices Vortices with a narrow air core, which is sensibly cylindrical over the greater part of its length (Fig 1, have been observed frequently at intakes Formation of such vortices in pump sumps (Fig. 12 even without an ait core, will affect pump perform. ances. An occurrence of a vortex at the suction pipe of an axial-flow pump, for example. will alter the angle of attack on the impeller blades with conse- quent effects on blade loading’. Vortices. as mentioned before. can only occur when either the approaching flow possesses or causes a certain amount of rotation about an axis within the body of the flow. Consequently the submergence and the swirl V, which is to be expressed in terms of the tangential velocity at a radius, will govern the appearance of a vortex. Theoretical studies of vortex formation” suggested that the relation between these main parameters and the physical properties of the fluid ‘can be expressed in the following non- dimensional parameters: n40 7 [ T Werswenen Cateatation ATT a | j l T Tt | | Fig. 9. Comparison between measured and caleulated free surfaces of an open vortex wmawh | “| | | ecce : t CHES | | - an Fig. 10. Measured and calculated profiles for small outlet pipe 40 Ve QD Vs,D? J 2gh’ vk’ 2h where Q is the discharge through the outlet pipe, Ve, is the tangential velocity at a radius equal to that of the outlet pipe, Va. Q/= D*, D is the dia- Fig. 11. Formation of weak vortex in model 3908, Fig. 12. Formation of vortex at suction pipe meter of the outlet pipe, /t is the submergence anc v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. 40/V., D and Q/vh, because of their forms, will be called the Rossby number and radial Reynoids number respec tively. Va) V2gh represents the coeflicient of dis charge and D/2h indicates the non-dimensiona Iength. The above mentioned non-dimensional para meters have been determined experimentally. In Fig 13 the Rossby number 4Q/V., D* is plotied agains the radial Reynolds number Q/vh for a range o D/2h values. Fig. 13 shows that for similarity be tween different dimensions a vortex with a narrov air core or a deep dimple does not depend on radia Reynolds number for R,> 10°, whereas the forma tion of a strong vortex with an open core does de pend on this number. This has been confirmed by some additional experiments in which the floor o the tank was roughened. In this case a great re duction of tangential velocities was measured with the same initial discharge. as in the case of a strong vortex. Tt is concluded from these experiments tha the radial Reynolds number is significant for flov along the floor and the solid boundaries. The con clusion can be drawn that the radial flow at th boundary supplies the eneray necessary to maintair an open vortex. without which it would collapse produce a dimple at the water surface, Excessive Toughness in the model therefore can prevent. the full development of a vortex. This means that in takes prone to vortex difficulties can be controllec with comparatively little structural alteration. Since a vortex with a free surface causes a reduc tion in discharge, it is of practical value to have measure of this reduction due to swirl. In Fig. 1¢ WATER POWER Octoher JOKKFig. 13. Boundary calculation for the formation of viscous vortices the coefficient of discharge, V/V Qe where Va. is the mean velocity in the outlet pipe and h the sub: mergence, is plotted for a range of r/D_ values against the value of Vr'/Q (V» being the tangential velocity at a large radius 1). The non-dimensional parameter Vor'/Q can be termed the unit circula- tion. As the tangential velocity at a fixed radius r tends towards zero the coefficient of discharge approaches the constant value for radial flow (C= O81 as defined earlier), Prediction of Vortex at Intake It is of great importance for design engineers to be able to predict the formation of a vortex at an intake. As mentioned previously the formation of vortex at an intake is governed by two major factors: submergeice, and circulation, The sub- mergence of an intake is determined by the maxi- jum drawdown from a reservoir, canal or river. The intake must be adequately submerged so that, at the minimum water level, it is sufficiently below the water surface and vortices will not be formed. The head of water at an intake the physical tread—is the difference between the upstream and downstream water levels when the intake is not in operation, The physical head varies with the condition of flow and may be very different at minimum stream flow and at high flow (flood), The effective head of water is determined by the discharge through the intake and is equal to the physical head minus all the losses in the system, The losses can occur at (1) trashrack. (2) entrance, (3) transition from one section to another, (4) bends or curves: there is also friction and in some cases losses due to gates or valves in the pipeline. The coefficient of discharge C will be determined from the effective head for a given discharge Q. The value of C represents the scale of the horizontal axis of Fig. 14. The curves in Fig. 14 are determined from experimental data and they predict the forma- tion of vortices at an intake if the values of the horizontal and vertical axis can be determined for the intake in question. The value of the vertical axis of Fig. 14 can be determined when the tangential velocity at a point in the flow field is known. This, can be measured at a convenient point either on an existing installation or on a model constructed for the scheme. Alternatively, tangential velocities can be calculated by superimposing a certain amount of swirl upon the approach flow depending upon the location and boundary condition of the intake in question. The calculated values of discharge co- efficient C and unit circulation V,7?/Q should be compared with the corresponding r/D curve. If they fall on the curve or near to it then a steady open vortex will occur with marked reduction in discharge from that allowed by radial flow alone. If the cal- culated point is away from the curve then the swirl will cause either a deep dimple or a small depression, T oo - | angemtial velocity at cade + i ischarge through outlet pipe | ameter at outlet pipe end a) | uh £20 | | z TRANSIENT REGION 0 VORTEX prone REGION ° oF Fig. 14, Coefficient of discharge due to swirl Il | te ee ee ee eeFig. 15. Intake prone to vortex formation only on the water surface depending upon distance from the curve within the vortex-prone region. Tt has been found in the experiment that swirl with dimpling of the water surface can occur any- where within the vortex-prone region and a com pletely swirl-free flow can be achieved when the Circulation is virtually reduced to zero. The area to the right of the curves (Fig. 14) represents transient conditions in which the flow is settling to a steady state of circulation and discharge which will result in an open vortex if the values of unit circulation and discharge coefficient C terminate near the r/D curves. This would apply to the case of a sudden opening or closing of an intake. It will be seen from the trend of the curve in Fig. 14 that an open vortex can be reduced either by increasing the submergence or reducing the circulation. An increase in submergetice which can be achieved by lowering the elevation of the intake leads to practical and economic difficulties in some cases. Fig. 13, on the other hand. shows that the vortex can be suppressed by increasing the radial Reynolds number. An increase in this number can be obtained by incorporating an excessive roughness at the rigid boundaries. This was confirmed by the model ex- periment mentioned under “Weak Vortices”. Calculation of Swirl at Intake The formation of a vortex at an intake depends upon the boundaries of the approach flow. Fig. 15 shows various types of intakes prone to vortex diffi culties when the flow approaching intakes possesses @ certain amount of swirl. The appearance of a Vortex at an intake can be predicted by using the similarity curves of Fig. 14 when the tangential velocity at a given radius is known, The tangential velocity can be determined either by superimposing a certain amount of swirl upon the radial flow, or by means of Fig. 16, This figure shows that the tangential velocity V., at a distance b/? is approxi. mately equal to the’ mean velocity U of the on coming flow of the channel. Tangential velocity at a radius r from the centre of the outlet can then be calculated from the following expression: Va b Varn? 2r The non-dimensional unit of circulation V,r2/Q and coefficient of discharge C=V./ 4 2gh, where 400 Vn is the mean velocity in the outlet V4=4Q/ x D*, ean be determined and compared with the corres: ponding r/D curve when the discharge Q head h (effective head or physical head) and the diameter D of the outlet pipe are known. If the non-dimen- sional parameter V,r°/Q and coefficient C coincide with or appear near the corresponding r/D curve then a steady open vortex will occur. If the cal- culated point is in the vortex region of Fig. 14 then swirl will cause a deep dimple or a small depression to appear above the intake, which may break through the depth. When vortices occur at intakes or suction pipes the question arises as to what remedial measures can be taken. It has been mentioned previously that the formation of a vortex is governed by two major factors: submergence. and swirl of the oncoming flow. It has been shown also (Figs. 13 and 14) that an increase in submergence or a reduction in swirl can prevent the formation of a vortex. The degree of submergence is usually restricted, and increasing it may lead to practical and economical difficulties Hence, a reduction in swirl is the only way of sup. pressing a vortex at an intake. This can be obtained by altering the design or layout of the scheme. A vortex can be suppressed in the first instance by pay- ing due attention to the following points: (@) As mentioned before. by artificially roughen- ing the rigid boundaries, (i) By shaping the side and rear walls to reduce swirl when the inlet is positioned in a pit. The shape of the wall can be a part of a spiral similar to that of a turbine chamber, or any curve close to it—a parabola or elliptical curve, for example. The curvature should be small, without discontinuity in order to pro- vide streamlines approaching the inlet with small curvature. ii) When the inlet is projected from the base, the floor should be sloped gradually from’ the base to the level of the inlet. In some existing installations vortices have been prevented by using a floating raft above the inlet or with the type of baffle walls shown in Fie. 17. They Produce an excessive roughness to dissipate the energy necessary to maintain the vortex. Experiments showed that the bellmouth fitted to a suction pine can improve the flow condition into the pump. It is recommended that the bellmouth dia- meter should approximate twice the diameter of a suction pipe’. Moreover it has been noted that the performance of a pump depends very much on the Fig. 16. Approximate determination of the tangential velocity WATER POWER Octoher loneFig. 17. Prevention of vortex at intakes (see refer- ence 2) side-wall and floor clearances, provided that the side walls produce, as mentioned betore, streamlines with large carvature. Experiments show that the side- wall and floor clearances should be approximately one half of the bellmouth diameter. Model Investigation At is someumes advisable to study the performance of a small-scale model of the system that is going to be built before undertaking an expensive engineer- ang project; this is so when a theoretical stuay and computation alone will not yield a reliable answer. ‘The study of the natural phenomenon can thus be replaced by study of a physically similar phenomenon, which is more convenient and easier to reproduce. ‘Model studies are performed in order to avoid costly mistakes and to obtain information that will help in the design of the prototype. However, model studies can neither be expected to provide an answer to ail questions nor can they give reliable results when the basic theory ‘and physical interpretation of the natural phenomenon have not been properly under- stood, Geometrical similarity is a prerequisite of any model study. Having geometrical similarity, dynamic similarity can be achieved if the characteristic of one ean be obiained from the assigned characteristic of the other, Quite often in practice, however, the con- ditions that govern dynamic similarity of the pheno- mena as a whole are not fulfilled, and we have then to consider the magnitude of the error that will be involved in applying the model results to actual con- dition—the scale effect, Also the possibility of obtaining dynamically similar flow depends on the sale chosen for the model. The conditions for dynamically similar flow invoive the equality of the relevant non-dimensional parameters in model and prototype and similarity in the boundary conditions. Models have been frequently used to examine the formation of vortices at a proposed intake and to compare the effect of various devices for eliminating them. Experience has shown that the results of these model studies are uncertain and usually cannot be applied to prototypes because of the lack of a theoretical and experimental study of the vortex phenomenon. A theoretical and experimental study, therefore, has been carried out on the formation of vortices at an intake. The theoretical study of vortex flow suggests that the following non-dimensional parameters govern dynamic similarity WATER POWER October 1968 Va D v 28h 2h Q vh where V, is the tangential yelocity at an arbitrarily convenient radius r, which can also be referred to as the radius r,=D/2'of the outlet pipe, as in the case Of the vertical axis of Fig. 14, Q is the total dis- charge through the outlet, A is the height of the Vortex where the free surface is horizontal, Va is the mean velocity in the outlet and w is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, It was mentioned previously that when the radial Reynolds number Q/vi (Fig. 14) is larger than 10° the vortex phenomenon does not depend on this number; thus dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype can be obiaifted by equalising the non-dimensional parameters V,r°/Q, c=Va/_ ¥ 2gh and D/2h provided geometrical similarity "exists. It can be seen that the ratio of tangential velocity in the model and the prototype V,, is equal to the square root of the scale ratio yL, when the non- dimensional parameter V, r/Q is equal. This means that the performance of the model is in accordance with Froude's law. The same result will be ob- tained by equalising the non-dimensional parameter vi. Te can be seen from the non-dimen- sional parameter D/2h that L,,=L). A model con- structed according to Froude’s law must be built to a reasonably large scale and be of sufficient extent to reproduce the sum total of circulation about the intake, or the curved flow pattern in the vicinity of the intake must be artificially reproduced if the model does not reproduce the total circulation. A model of a pump suction and jts immediate sur- roundings to scale not less than 1:20 will provide a satisfactory zepresentation of prototype performance. Acknowledgment ‘The work described in this article was carried out as part of a research programme of the Hydraulics Research Station of the Ministry of Technology and the article is published by permission of the Director of Hydraulies. Research. ‘The writer wishes to express his thanks to Mr. J. A. Weller for his careful measurements. Revenevcrs, 1. ANwar, H. O. (1965). "Coefficients of Discharge for Gravity Flow into ‘Vertical Pipes", Jounal of Hydraulic. Research, Yol.3, No. 2. YOUNG, G. A. J, (1962). “Swiel and Vortices at Intakes British’ riydroméchanies Research Association. SIs 936, Presented ‘at the Fighth Conference on Hydrodynamics, 9 April. 3. ANWAK, H. 0. (1965), “Flow in a Free Vorte Power, ‘November 1967, p. 435. 4. Dewy, D. F-and YouNe, G. A. (1957), “The Prevention of Yortices and Swirl at Intakes", Proceedings, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Lisbon, 5. Anwar, H. 0. (1966). “Formation of a Weak Vortex”, Sournal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 4 No. et Soletanche Publications. Soletanche, 7 rue de Logel- bach, Paris 17, have made two additions to their French catalogue. The first leaflet explains the con- struction and advantages of concrete piles cast in situ and the second describes a large concrete cofferdam that was built to protect the foundation of one of the piers of the Bonpas bridge over the Durance. Both leaflets are well illustrated + WATER ae