EX, No: 7

STEP RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF RTD AND THERMOCOUPLE

Date:

To analyse the step response characteristics of RTD and thermocouple.

APPARATUS REQUIRE D:

SL.NO Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RTD I

2 Thermocouple J type 1

3 Heater setup 1

4 Thennometer 1

5 Multimeter 1

6 Connecting Wires Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. RTD should be handled very carefully.

2. All connections should be made properly.

THEORY:

RTD:

This type of transducer is used for temperature measurements. The basic concept used is that
electrical resistance of different metal changes in accordance with the temperature . Resistance of
a conductor changes with the change in temperature. The variation of resistance 'R' with
temperature ' T' can be represented as

Where Ro = resistance at 0° C

a1 . a2 = constant
,,f

,'1_

I Pl
TABULATION

S.No RTD Thermocouple

Unit Temperature in Tim e in secs Temperature Time in secs

oc in° C

4
5

MODEL GRAPH

RTD

....
t:f

-r- - - - - -
Time in secs

RESULT:

Thus the step response characteristics of RTD and thermocouple arep lo tet .d
-- -- - == -;:;;-oiCURRENN'rT TToO
pJlESSURE coN. VERTOR

- CHA RAC T ERISTICS OFc u RRE1

a te:

. for various
AIM: . the output pressure
. · b tabulating
To draw the I.P Converter charactenst1cs y , -
·
range of input current.

(i) From 3-15 psi forwardtr av e l

(ii) From 15_-3 psi backward travel

APP ARATUS REQUIRED: . Quantity

Range Type
Name of the Apparatus ------
SL.NO 1
1 1-P converter trainer
1
External .co mpressor
2 1
I-P transducer
3
Asper
4 Patch cords required
-.
,.

PRECAUTIONS:
l. All connections should be made properly.

2. The supply air must be dry and free of oil and dust.

3. To·a void fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings marks on the instrumen(.'

THEORY:

The input converter gives us a linear way of translating the 4 to 2OmA current into 3-i 5
psi pressure signal. The supplied direct current flows through the plunger coil located in the field
of a permanent at magnet. At the balance_ beam, the force of the plunge, coil, which
is proportional to the current, is balance against the force of the dynamic back-pressure. The back
pressure is produced on th·e flapper by _ the ir jet leaving the· Nozzle. e supply air flows
into. the lone diaphragm chamber of the booster, a certain amount of this air determined by the
diaphragm position flows past the plug sleeve to the output of the converter. The output signal
is used to supply the Nozzle. The offset spring ensures that the output signal is at least 50mbar
eve n when the input signal is 0mA. When the input current and thus the force at the plunger il
 .
increases, the flapper close to .the Nozzle. This causes the back pressure and the cascade
pressure forming upstream of the throttle to increase. The cascad. e pressure increases until it
i equal to the input.

PROCEDURE

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram and pressure source of 20 psi is
connected
2. Adjust the Curre'i1t source to 4mA through potentiometer and pressure of.3 psi as output is·
observed .
3. The coil is attracted by the magnet so the flapper moves towards the nozzle.
4. The input current is increased in steps up to- 20mA and note down the output pressure.
5. The readings are tabulated.
6. The output pressure varies from 3 psi to 15 psi in steps of 1.5 psi.
7. Plot the graph by taking current along X axis and Pressure along Y axis.

APPLICATIONS:

It is used to conver:t electrical signal from electronic PID controller to operate the control valve.·

TABULATION
(a) Forward travel

S.No Current · .Input Output pressure

Pressure
(mA) (Psi) ..
(Psi)
1 4 • '

5 20

,. t'
 - SO U
\- RC E
CURRENT
SOURCE
PRESS1JRE
- lR IESSURL
OUTPU T P
-- --- -
t
_
__ _- - -
, . -
-
S OURCE .
- ....
/
I
I .
I
(
i \,
i
I : .
f
..
.
• ]rowER \;
\
I .i (' / ;'
I

r:. ---- -- ? ...l,l · · \ \"' (· . \. .

/
I
; ON -------- _,),,· /i'

_
,
i_.!,.,/T

0 CL'
o\ · :

f /
R.R '

.
EN \._/' '
ETX"r
mA

r'\
.

\ - --- - --·· - - -- !

..--,.]---- ·-
f
/
,Vi i.; '.'-:'<., 2.R
COLL
BALANCE
BEAlv
FLAf'.PER NOZZLE/
PLATE
·7!
_g , /atpK
I

.f
l
. t I _L___ _
-_ TO P CON)'tERTER
1\ _ _ __
-·
!
___

FLAPPER INPUT (PK)

.+
/ //t · c:1

OJRRENT SOURC F.. .

1,J..:-.s • • .-.---
4T020mA I ·--·- - ----
--------- --
 l ·ard a el
Inpu p essure Ou pu· pres
s.0 I Current
(s' ) Psi
\ (mA)
I

'

I 1 2 I
I I
I
2 II

3
I

I
I
I
I
4 I
5 4

MODEL GRAPH:

·- Q.
..C..: /

Current In mA

RES LT:

Thus the characteristics of current to pressure convertor is plotted.

 O CURRENT CONVE RT OR
,£ •' 10 :9
CH A RACTERISTICS OF PRESSURET

Date:

AIM:
To study the operation of pressure to current convertor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Range Type Quantity
SL.NO Name of the Apparatus
15psi UITM-17 1
1 P- I converter trainer
1
2 Air tank fitted with pressure gauge.

(0-20)mA MC 1
3 Ammeter
As per
4 Patch cords
required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All connections should be made properly.

2. The supply air must be dry and free of oil and dust.

3. To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings marks on the instrument.

THEORY
Pressure Transducer is devices that convert pressure into an electrical signal through a
measurement of either displacement, Strain, of piezoelectric response. A common type of
pressure sensor used to measure pressure is bourdon tube pressure gauge. The transducer utilizes
a bourdon tube as the elastic element. The bourdon tube is a C-shaped pressure vessel with a flat
oval cross section that tends to straighten as internal pressure is applied. The other type of
pressure sensors used to measure pressure includes strain gauge based pressure sensor, piezo
resistive type sensor LVDT type pressure sensor. Etc. These pressure sensors are used to convert
mechanical pressure force to electrical output. These sensors are used for digital signal processing
and computer in terface application. The setup is provided with Digital 3.5 digit indicator to
measure the pressure with transmitter output (4-20mA). The system is complete with
accessories such as foot pump, pressure chamber etc., The instrument works under 230V/50Hz.
p ' }( I· l l R I.:
e connec 10
.h
0 as e
,,

2.
0
3.
te 4rn a d th" fult1n1 "t
4. sor

ssur a
5. lea s e \\ 311 th r"aJin
e 00
A l th ress re 0

rr tl rtio1nl to th
an
mt
Th
pr ss u r in th=- t ,.

r ut utu rr - nt

m .A
l nit
 .!_t_)l) f"l GRAPH:

<(
E

-
.f:
C

.::.,.
.
u
◆ --: A

--+-------- _.,

Pressure in psi .,-

.... -
...

CONNECTION DIAGRAM

I 1 1 ( l', i I I' ·\ I I

l' l< l -.;-.;1 "'.I 11{ \ \ 111 I !·. I I IC \ I I· I'

-7- , , .-(- 1 ! >() \ \ ' l ·. R

:;··;';:"\ '' 0
_J
I II I · I
'1 · 1
I I. · \ I I
(>:

BACK PANEL

S1 N SOR PO V..'ER
, ,, _
_.,-
)
0 0 . FU SE -+ I

I
\
l1L \ d f1
./

I
. ,

2 U \ ' () I 1 1
 - -- --= = = = = - - -

P-1 ET UP

RESULT:

Thus the use of pressure to current convertor is studied.

l CAPA CITJVE TR,A D- ER

A·

tain

APPA RAT
Qua nti·
SL. m of fh Apparatu Ran

ra1r

·it

1 ltir t r

/4 !10 I f

I l l·. I' I[

r I

H CJ R\'

Jr
i dielectric medium
u ... ... . ...

· gita indicator i pr vided

a nsor use the electrical
· a p. operty that exists between
. C ges in the distance
between
ce hat capacitive sensor se
· s la eme sensors use small
PROCEUDRE:

l. Connections were made as per the diagram.

2. Move the moving plate to zero position

3. Adjust the zero potentiometer so that the display reads '000'

4. M ve the plate instep of 10mm and note down the reading till 50 mm.
TABULATION
,

S.No Actual scale Indicator reading Error =B-C % Error

readings capacitance
-
(B) (C)

Unit mm mm %
..

MODEL GRAPH·

a
a
.s
i
"2!

Ac.tual s.cale readin•o in mm

RESULT:

Thus the characteristic of capa.

. CIrIve transducer is plotted.
 BLOCK V l A G R AM OF E LE CT J{O NI C CAP AC I T ANCE M E. T ER

.TJ M TNG AVE R AGI NG

cm..curr
I

M ONOSTABLE

TIMJ.NG AVER.A.GING
.MONOS TAB LI :: <.: .1 P.C v I T
C

WAVEFO RMS FOR CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT

+s1 . C

·.:·
TA
all 'I I I.I
T A I t I.

B
0
+5 9 +SJ
0 L . ;- "1
 -- -- -
1
• M ENT. US I NG STRAIN 9,AUGE T SDUC R-
· N· . o- .. . ·-:1r.l,:'
IYA -
r•. LOAD .
. .
. .
t ,.. _
MEASURE . - . ·•

.
AIM.
To- study the characted-stics of strain gauge and load cell.

.APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. ITB-04-CE Trainer Kit lNo

2 Multimeter -- l No

3. Load Cell Unit - iNo

- 4. Standard Weights (up to 5 Kg)

5. Power chord - lNo

_ PlmCAUTIONS:
. • 1, · Do not apply more than 5 Kg weight o press pan by hands.
· 2. Th e· beam should not be 'disturbed during the experiment
· 3. Remove the load from the beam, after completion of.the experiment. Otherwis·e wire
wound strain gauge·willdamage ·

.
. . ·- ,l;=.,EU!i'etR:
·
y•
.
/
1
The Load' Gellis an Electro-mechanical sensor employed to .m eas ure static · and dynamic
•

· for des Load cells can be'' designed to handle a wide range "of operating forces with high level
♦-

of
- . reliability and hence it is one ·of the most popular transducer in industrial measurements The
· · L o d' Ce lls derives .it output from the· deform_ation of an elastic member havi g ·high
tensile
strength: The basic design parameters include relative size and shape material - d nsity and
. .modulus of elasticity, strain sensitivity, deflection and dynamic esponse. Through a careful
chotce of.the material and structural configuration, a li nea-r relationship between a dimensi£_:r;ial
change and measured forc.e can be achieved. The material so chosen should posses tlie foTio ing
p opeities. ·
(i) Linear stress strain relationship up to a fairly large elastic strain limit.
 .( ii}l1ow strain Hysteresis over repeated loading.

--- (Hi) Very..:low creep over long periods ofloading.

· (iv) Very low plastic flo\V due to strain.

· The.most popular configuration ofload cells is:

(r) Column-type

·· (ii) Providing ring type

(iii}iCantilever beam type

_ (iv) Shear-type

· 1t is
important that in. all cases the strain gauges shoul.d :be suitable locate_d so that the
· output strain is linearly.proportion-al t-o the input force with minimum hysteresis and reep, high
· repeatedly and overload capacit)_',..In all types of load cells, the stress developed duo·to the force
is nieasured with four electrical strain gauges. All four strain gauges are connected to form a. four
. .:active wheat-stone bridge. One of the most common configurations used in construction of
. · foad cell is the cantilever beam in which four strain gauges are employed.
. . .
-
o <Y·
_·
c ,,.,, .
ClRCUITDIAGRAM:

Fig.1 Load cell Trainer Module (ITB-04 CE)F .

,. - root Panel Diagram

-- _ ,.- .--·•
 -- -

PROCEDURE:
1. Install the load cell module and interface the pin D connector with ITB-04-CE kit.

2. Connect the multi eter in mode across T2 andT3 fro t.he bridge voltage measured.

3. Switch ON the module .

4. Initially unloaded the beam and modify the display by using zero adjustment (Zero

calibration).
5. Gradually increase the load and note down the bridge voltage (mV.)

6. Note down the readings in increasing and decreasingmo de.

.7 Tabulate the values for· the applied load (kg) and the bridge voltage (mV. )

. 8. P lo t t he- h between applied load along x axis and bridge voltage (mV.)
grpa

TABULATION:

S .No Applied Load in increasing Load in pecreasing

-.: > Loa mode • mode
d
(Kg)
Displayed DVM Displayed DVM
Load in reading Load in reading in
Kg inmV Kg mV
1
2
3
4
5
MODEL GRAPH

Output voltage in mV

Applied Load in grain,

APPLICATION: .

1. Dual tank level controller.

2. Automated assembly line bag filling.

3. To control material distribution while monitoring the tank level.

RESULT:
q>\ -., ··
Thus the characteristic between applied load and the bridge voltage was ;t ttN aflcl graph is
EX. No: 12 HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER

Date :

AIM:
To study the characteristics of Hall effect transducer.

1. To determine the positive hall voltage at the bottom of the transducer.

2. To determine the negative hall voltage.
3. To measure the displacement of a structural element.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: i.

SL.NO Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Hall effect characteristics trainer 1

2 Set of bar magnet I

3 Voltmeter I Multimeter (0-5) V MC 1
4 Cathode ray oscilloscope· 1
5 . Patch chords
As per
required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Keep the IC in the perpendicular direction while conducting experiment

2. Handle the equipment's with care.

THEORY:

. .. When a semiconductor sample is . sub. ·

magnetic field, Hall voltage .develops ·n d' e ted to mutually perpendicular electric·
and · 1
. . .. · a 1rect1on th t · ·
field s. Th is voltage1s mdicated as VH Th' f:c . a is perpendicular to both the applied
. . ise iect is known as Hall effect.
 PROCEDURE:

I . Study the internal configuration of Hall effect IC.

2. Patch the circuit diagram as per patching diagram.
3. Keep both the magnets across the HALL IC in the attraction direction. Observe the output
voltage.
4. When the HALL IC is kept in the magnetic field in attraction mode the IC get swit,ched on
and is capable· if sinking 28mV of voltage at the output tenninal and the LED gets off because of
this low value of voltage.
5. When the magnetic field is reduced below the "release point'' which is less than the operate
point the output get switches off.
6. The current can be calculated from the fonnula Vout/RL. Take RL=Ik.0.

MODEL GRAPH:

·,..,.1

.9

·._.
 CIRCUIT,DIAGRAM:

.
r
SAR MAGNET
0 VON304()T
0
N N +5V +5
V

Ht

OiP

5
- - .

- t'

·
TABULATION

S.No· Output.Voltage Current

Unit mV mA

RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of Hall Effect transducer ips lo ett.d
 •.:·.·t ••
,. .·;.J i.

PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
E X. No: 13

Date:

AIM: f d nam1 .c "bra1·on using piezoelectr ic transd,ucer.

. force / v1

To obta-m the measurement o y . . i

APPARATUS REQUI RED_;_

Name of the Range Type Quantity

SL.NO
Apparatus

1 Piezoelectric trainer kit 1

.. ..
. .
2 Piezo Sensor Donut type 1000 pf 1
:

... piezo-crystal. ..

Multimeter Digital
3 1
'

P.ower chord
4 ·As per
'
required

PRECAUTIONS:

l. Afl the connections should be tight.

2. Handle the equipment' s with care

3. The lo d appl,ied on the sensor should not exceed 1Kg.

· THEORY:

PiezoElectric Trainer comprises of piezoelectric crystal mounted insidehous ing and fitted 6na
base plate. Digital indicator is suppijed to indicatO the vibrational force. Piezoelectric
accelerometers rely on the piezoelectric effect of quartz or ceramic crystals to generate an
electrical output that is proportionalto applieda
ccele rtaion. The piezoelectric effect produces an opposed accumulation of charged particles on
the crystal. This charge is proportional to applied force ors terss. A force app
li e d toa quartz crystal lattice structure alters alignment of positive and negative ions,
which
resul.ts in an accumulation of t hese · chftrged ions on opposeds u rfacs.e These charged ions
 . accumulate on an electrode that is ultimately conditioned by transistorm icr oe l ectronics.

,.,;.,,i PROCEDURE
r

I . Connections were made as per the diag ram.

2. Adju st the zero potentiometer so that the display reads '000'

.3 Gen t yl tap the plate on which the sensor is mounted at regular interval witha small metal or
woo de n piece. Note down the display reading by varying the frqeuency.

4. Connect the CRO between input terminals where s·ens or is connected.

..
_ _/ , ,,,,
.5 Depending on the force applied, the display will sho.w l hep-
a- t ame ter selction.
-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FRON T PA NEL

'>! ' \ S < ll< T U :\f/ N ,\.L S

IJISPLA Y
I
l

PIEZOELECTRIC SETUP
 TABULATION

S.No Applied Output voltage

acceleration

Unit mV

-.::

MODEL GRAPH

-.: ._,

Output YO(taee in mv

RESULT:

Thus the measurement of acceleration is measured using

piezoelectric
 .: 4

r ;:.t :

charac eri - o th"'

e tac tio1m et er

SOE co ol

Quanti
.. n r t
-· - -- -

-
. --- ,

T H FA R '

.' h h th haft, light pas ing through n erted to electrical curren in

the as two square waves. The two slits
· ere e betv.·ee e s that the phase differencc between the

iu-e
uar w U U· i Y, it

l. nn tions are made as per e diagram

on the power sup 1y.
e sure the tone wheel is in O degree posit·on.
ee t every· terval of O degree and noce do ·w'tl tht! read ·ng.
a e th re ng m bo clockwise and anf clockwise d irec o· n.s