ADGITM, NFW OU.

HI
DIPAR fMI NI 01 f If CI RIC Al, ANO El I <:TRONICS HIOINEERINO

i:xpcrhncnt No: 01
POTENTIOMETl~R AS AN 11:Rl{Oli DltTECTOR

1. ~ Objective 1.2 Appnrn! us required 1.1 Theory 1.4 Conncc:.ti,m diagram

1.) Proccdmc 1.6 Ohscrvatton table 1.7 Rl'sult 1.8 Precautions 1.9 Ouestions

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To study the Potentiometer as an cnor detector.

1.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name of Apparatus Range/Rating Qty.

Potentiometer with DPM (Digilal
I Kit 01
Panel Meter) Kit
2 AC Supply 220 V, 50 tlz ' 01
3 Connecting Leads --- 03

1.3TREORY:
A potentiometer informally a pot is a three-terminal resistpr with a
sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resis~or or rheostat.
A potentiometer measuring instrument is essentially a voltage ~ivider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an irr.plem~ntation of
the same principle, hence its name:
Potentiometers are commonly used to _control electrical devices. such as
volume controls
..,
on audio equipment.
---.
Potentiometers operated by a mechanism
can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers
are rarely used to directly control significa:r.t power (more than a watt), since the
power dissipated in the potentiometer wouid be comparable to the pow~r in the
controlled load .
. (Potentiometers comprise a resistive element, a sliding contact (wiper) that
moves along the element, making good electrical contact with one p.u1 of il,
electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the
wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper. l
The resisti?e clement of inexpensive potentiometers is often made of graphite.
Other materials used include rc?. i:::tam:t· wi t\;. carbu.: phrticles in plastic, and .1
ceramic/metal mi.,.,turc called ccnni:.ts. lConcluctive tw~l< pn1f!:1urmckl·s .h:
conductive polymer ::!sJ.-,!nr pastes lh,1t r~ntriir :tard-\, c~•·ing r~~.in~ :md
1

Contr·Ji Systerr. Lab

ADGITM, NEW DELHI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAi. AND ELF.CrRONICS F.NGINF.ERINO

polymers, solvents, and lubricant, in addition to the carbon that provides the
conductive properties. Others arc enclosed within the equipment and are
intended to be adjusted to calibrate equipment during manufacture or repair, and
not otherwise touched. They are usually physically much smaller than user-
accessible potentiometers, and may need to be operated by a screwdriver rather
than having a knob. They are usually called "preset potentiometers". Some
presets are accessible by a small screwdriver poked through a hole in the case to
allow servicing without dismantling. A string potentiometer is a multi-turn
potentiometer operated by an attached reel of wire turning against a spring,
enabling it to convert linear position to a variable resistance.
I
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant amounts of
power (more than a watt or so). Instead they are used to adjust the level of
analog signals (for example volume controls on audio equipment), and as
control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a
potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly to control
the brightness of lamps. Preset potentiometers are widely used throughout
electronics wherever adjustments must be made during manufacturing or
servicing. User-actuated potentiometers are widely used as user controls, and
may control a very wide variety of equipment functions. The widespread use of
potentiometers in consumer electronics declined in the 1990s, with rotary
encoders, up/down push-buttons, and other digital controls now more common.
However they remain in many applications, such as volume controls and as
oosition sensors.

1.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Fig. l : Potentiometer as nn Error Dctcctor

Contr,il System Lab

t,.l)(,ll'M, NI W Ill I Ill
llll'AR I Ml NI OI 11 I< 1l{ll'AI ANll 11 I l TRONICq ENOINI F.RIN<l

1.5 PROC•:OlllU~:

Skn I: (\mn1..'1..'t th~ k-ml~ in In tlw pntch-lmrds ol kit nccrnding to the circuit
dingrnm.
Sk)l 2: r\dju~t th~ both Pnll'ntinm~t~1 s thmugh knob in lhis woy. tlldl the
\;\\\le l,rP,,
p, & \)\lf\\ 0.
Skp ..,: N1.,\\ p_h '-' ~onw mm ~llll'l\l lik~ J0/ 1~/Ml d1.~g1cc in P k11oh. Note the
I
, alnc (,f \C \'oltng~. Now, in~t\'n~c \\ frnm O in such H wny, that the volue
",rnPM h~1..-om~~ n.
Skn 4: N1..'tl' th~ nngk- l)l' P). Frror is lhc di1Tc1c11cc bl.'lwn;n P & P .
1 2
Skp S: R~pcut tlw steps 3 & .i ut other nnglcs up to 360 degree. 'f r,kc 7-8
r~ading::; und fill up them in the following ubscrvat1011 tublc.
Skp 6: Plot the graph between angular position o[ pol.I (P 1) & pot.2 (P2)

1.6 OBSERYATlON TABLE:

S.No. Pot. l(P1) DPM Pot. 2(P2) DPM Error

- P-P '
I

I
1.6.1 Calculation:
C2.lculate the mean of en-ors which should be lies between Oto 2 degrees.

Mean Error = L Ert[li'S

Total 1;0. of errors

1. 7 RESULT: Error between both potentiometers is ()btuinec ,rhich me lies

between 0-2 degrees.

Conin,I S)!>1Cin I.uh

A()GrrM. NEW DflJll
DEPARTMENT OF ElECiRJCAL AND ELECTRONICS ENOINEERINO

t.S pRECAUTIONS:
l. Connection should be available according to the circuit diagram.
2_ Connecting leads should be tight in the patch-cords of kit.
3_ Take the readings carefully.
1.9 QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the working of potentiometer?
2. Write the application of potentiometer?
3. How Potentiometer is used as the Transducer?
4. State the Principle of a potentiometer.
5. How can we increase the sensitivity of a potentiometer?

Pagll 4 ol'4
s_ lnb
ADGITM, NEW DELHI
Df:PARl Ml:NT Of 11 ECTRICAI. AND f:I FcrRON IC S [ NGINBERIN(,

Rxpcrimcnt No: 03
SYNCHRO TRANSMITTltR AND Rfi:CEIVf:R
3.1 Objecti\e 3 1 A . . .
35p d
3
·- ppatatus rcqu11cd 3.3 'I hcory 3A ( onnc<;.IJ<>n chagram
·- roce urc -0 Ohscl"\alion table J.7 RcsHlt 3.8 Precautions 3.9 ()ucstions

3.1 OBJECTIVE·· fo Slll

• d)' t I1c S) nchro-·r·rnn~m1tli;r
· · Al so obtam
·
and Receiver.
output characteristics ' s input chnrnctcristics.

3.1 APPARAT US REQUIRED:

S. No. Name of Apparatus Range/Rat ing Qty.

1. Synchro-Transmitter and Receiver Kit 01
2. AC Voltmeter 0-300 V 01
3. AC Supply 220 V, 50 Hz 01
4. Connecting leads --- 05

3.3 THEORY :

A transceiver is a device compnsmg both a transmitter and

a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing.
When no circuitry is common between transmit and receive functions, the
device is a tn~::i::>mitter-receiver. TI1e term originated in the early 1920=>.
Tecbnicslly , transceivers must combine a significant amoum of the trnnsmitle,·
and receiver handling circuitry. Similar devices include transponder, transverter.
and :-epeaters. Ours is a reputed entity prominently indulge in supplying anci
trnding quality l~sted Transmitter & Receiver.
The offered products are specifically designed by the experts with thf
usage of ultra modern technology and high grade factor components. Owing to
the saEent features like low power cor.su:nption! easv opet'ations, ability to
- --- ,
vi·iLh:;tand high temperatures and reassu;·e and 1o:-iger service t:fe these
!ransmittei:s & receiver are highly in confor1:-..ar.ce with the set industrial
standards and can be availed in required sr,ecifications. 11lerc are only a fo,,
types of rcr-.!ivcr and tran•;mitter architecture s. : :1 Fl rcc,~ ivi:r. th~ ccntr.11 :(1-:.i i-.
tu take iniorrnatio11 superim1,0~_1.::d on an ~i. F signal l'•i' cc1rrie1 aud convct\ it to u
lower fr,;qucr. ~y form whi~h can be dirccll~ ~np:ie1: 1L' • ·1 spc:al-.cr r, .. \lir,:L:1,·tl.

( <,ntrol 1
'))61Cm Luc
 Ill l'AIU Ml NI Ill fl I 1 1101 M MIi If I I ( lllllNll I N<IINII JUNO
ADGITM. NEW DEi Ill

In a cellular com111unic11tio11 sysh.·111. lhl' low-fn.: q11cn<.;y Higmil , oflcn

called the baseband 1-1ig1111I, could hnw II h1111dwidll1 of H) kl I/ lo 5 Ml lz mid the
carrier frequenc y could be 500 Ml I,.-; lo 2 UI l.1.. A 111111 H111i11 ~ , lsik cs the h,1!iCh,lfld
signal and supcrimposcs it on an I< I· c 1111 ic, whii.;. h c n11 bi.; ui<>r c cw-1ily r:idinl cd
into spacc and propagutcs cusily from one 1111l c 111111 lo HJl(1lhc1. 'I heir .,pplic 1tion
are Air traffic control, Guided mi ssiles.

3.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

~~ ~S

re~
S 2

~R2 RZQ) '30T

1'-----1-t-ED.,,-------rED~r
1
R R 1

S 1 S 3 S 1
Tx

Fig. I: Circuit Diagram of Synchro Transmiti.er & Receiver

3.5 PROCE DURE:

Step 1: First of all connect the leads in to the sockets of kit according to the
circuit diagram.
Stm2,_l: Adjmt Transmit ter and Receiver Q1 zero posifrm.
Step 3: Now give some m<.1 vemem like 30/45/6() degree i:~ fransmittcr knob
Receiver will aJSO 1novt t!1en, 1ccrw~ the mov<:;ment angle of Reech !..' l.
1

Step 4_: Calculate th~ differenc e t·~tween :mgles o: · ·;rnsmi:tcr :tild Re,:c i, 1'r.
Also no te the A.C volt[lges (~ 12, V2J& V 13) fro11.1 the S 1: 52• S3 st,1lor s ._'t' h't ,
with the help of AC Voltmete r.
Step 5: n.epeat the :,teps 3 & ,.~ ii: other nnglcs up to 360 dl'P,1'\~,, . T . 11'.c ~~- 10
readini_!" anc! fil! '-'P ~he·n in the following obsc.v~1tion tnblc.
~tcp ~: Skrlch a grnpl1 betw,:1. r, angles ol"frtin~r nittcr and Recci, er.

C0111rul , .• Mcm Lah

ADGITM, NEW DE1 .HI
I)( l'I\R fMEN1 01' 111:.l I Rf Al A rH H f({Jf.11( F: "'- 11

3.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. Transmitter Rcc,•ivcr ,._, rror Vu V2J

r------t----'-(_D---.cg
.::.:.)_--l-__,:(
:. ~Dc~) l'I .·R~) (VJ (V)
----'---+-~~c--='--=~-+---~~r--~~

i------r~--1---1
r-----J---i---=:j~-~ --=-
3.6 .1 Calculation:

Calculate the-: mean of errors which should be lies between() to 2 cfogree

A,fean Error = I: Errors

Total no. of errors

.:.7 RESlTLT: Error betW'jeL Transmitter and R~ceiver is ottained v.;Jic rJ lie
between 0-2 degrees.

3.8 PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connection should be available accordir.g w the circuit diagram.
2. Conn:.'cting leads should be tight in 1he sockets of kit.
3. Check the voltmeter which must be AC.
4. Take the readings carefully.

3.9 QUESTIONS:
l. E;~;1lain the work ing of synchro ·- tnrnsmittcr as transducer?
2. Wrik :1pplicaLion ofsynchrn -tran~·niHer as transducer?
-1. 'Nrite the app li cation of tLe synchro - transm itter and S) J!chro-recc.hcr as
pair?
5. What is null position in synchro?
6. What are the various fh.:qu;!ncy domair •; pcciJications?

l' .: t \ I
 DEPARTMENT OF l!LECTRICAL AND EL!CTIOM1CI 1N01N1
BRINo

Experiment No: IO
C SERVO MECHANISM VOLTAGE STAHILIZER USIN
G LOAD -BANK
!~·!
·
PObjective 10.2 Apparatus required I 0.3 Theory I 0.4
Connection diagram
rocednre 10.6 Observation table 10.7 Result I0.8 Precautions
I 0.9 ()uestions
10.l OBJ ECT IVE : To study the AC Servo mechanism
Load -bank . voltage stabilizer using

l0.l APP ARA TUS REQ UIRE D:

S.No . Nam e of Apparatus Range/Rating Qty.

1. Varia ble Input AC Supply
(Vari ac) 230 V (max) 01
2. A.C. Servo Moto r
01
3. Servo Amp lifier & Controller
01
4. A.C. Voltm eter 0-300 V 01
5. Load Bank (Bulbs) l00W 05
-
10.3 THE ORY :

A volta ge regul ator is designed to automatically main

tain a constant
volt&ge level. A volta ge regulator may be a simple
"feed-forward" design or
may inclu de negative feedback control loops. It may use an
elect rome chani cal mech anism , or electronic component
s. Depe nding on the
design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.

Elect ronic voltage regulators are found in

devices such as
comp uter powe r supplies wher e they stabilize the DC
voltages used by the
proce ssor and other elements. In automobile f!ltern
ators and central power
station g,~n,:rntor plants, voltage regulators control the
output of the plr.nt. In
an elect ric povver distribution system, voltage regulators
may be installed at a
sub~tation or a long distribution lines so that all customers
receive steady voltage
indep ende nt of how much powe r is drawn from the line.

A voltar,e stabilizer is an electri~al appliance med

to focd constant
volta ge curre nt to electr ical g;:tdgets like A.Cs and comp
uters , ~nd IJtotects them
from dama ge due to vol1agc flu ctuations. It works
on the principk· of a
trans former~ wher e the input current is connected to
prinu1 .y ,vin{Lings at1d
Control System Lab Pngl: I o''4
 DEPARTMENT Of ELECTRJCAL AND ELECTWONICS DIIOl-l:IMI

output is received fron . .

voltane •·t a 1· l secondary wmdmgs. When there is a drop in incoming
. tl e- • , c IVates' el c~ctromagncttc . relays which add to more number of, .....,_
m 1e secondary , .• d. . . . ....... u
. • ' 111 mg. thus g1vmg higher voltage which ,•rlfflflPft~~-s for
Ioss m ,output voltu ge. \\'l1en there is rise in the incoming voltage._....,,_.._._
the reverse
I1appens. and · thus · tlle "o '
. 1luge at the output side remains almost unchanged.

10.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

A.Cl VOLTAGE STABILIZER USINGSERVO MECHANISM

fig. I: AC Servo Mc..:hanism Voltage Stabilize!' TJsing I..oad-Rarik

10.5 PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Make the connection as sbm\n in the diagram.

Step 2: First of all. connect the Load-bank to the - ohage s:abilizcr m e

appropriate
Place & then. adjust the input AC supply at 23CV throu~h vari::?c.

Step 3: Now. set the Hilue of output volrage m 2.w, (nxoroin~ to the
1

requirement of Joad) through rhe knob ofvohage ndJtJStment.

Step 4: r11 Mnnunl mode. "hen load ,,ill
increase fror.1100\\ to 500\\ i
steps. input voltage will be reduced ns \\Cll ns output ,oltnge \\ill
decrease.

Contml Sysll.:nt I ub
 DIPAltTMINTO,ILll'l'IUcAL ANDIUIC'l'IOlael ■
SCIIII-•

Step Sa To increment in output voltage, we will use 'UP' switch. This is

the manually operation.
Step 6: In Auto mode, when load will increase from 100W
to 500W in
steps , inpu t volta ge will be reduced, but output volta
ge rema ins stationary
mean s no fluctuation/disturhuncc in inten sity
of load. This is the
auto mati c oper ation .

Step 7: Fill the readings in the following observation

table.
10.6 OBS ERV ATI ON TABLE:

Non -auto /Man ual mod e

S. No. Loa d in Wat ts Inpu t Voltage Outp ut Voltage

(V) (V)

I
I
I
I
'
Auto Mode

Inpu t Voltage Outp ut Voltage

S. No. Loa d in Wat ts
(V)
I
(V) I
I
I

*Ske tch grap h betw een load, input voltage & outp
ut voltage.

10.7 RES ULT : We h ave studied the voltage stabilizer in both modes .

Control System Lab

 DEPARTMP.Nl Ort ~l.l'CTJUCAL AND ELOCTROHJCS f!NOfHUKIHO

t0.8 PRECAUTIONS:
I. Connect loud tcrminuls ut proper pince given on the stabilizer.
2. Set accurate valu<.~s of input und output voJlagcs at the time of starting.
3. Take readings of voltages curcfu lly.
10.9 QUESTIONS:
I. Fxplain the three application or vollugc 8tubiJizcr'I
2. \Vhat arc the three basic componcn ls or voltage stabilizer'!
3. l low servomechanism is applied in vo ltage stabWzcr?
4. llow error detection is pcrfonncd in stabilizer'!
5. Explain the working or an auto trans former for voltage stabilizer with the
help of schematic diagram?
6. E)...plain the working of buck-boost with the help of schematic diagram?

<ontml Sy•,1c111 l,11IJ

Png~ 4 or,,