1

LABORATORY MATERIAL

EE0211 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LAB






















DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY, Kattankulathur 603 203


2
CONTENTS


Sl.No. Name of the Experiments Page No.
1 Verification of Kirchoffs laws 3
2 Verification of Superposition theorem 6
3 Verification of Thevenins & Nortons Theorem 9
4 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem 15
5 Power measurement in 3 phase unbalanced circuits 19
6 Power measurement in 3 phase balanced circuits 20
7 Power measurement using 3 voltmeter & 3 ammeter
method
22
8 Circuit analysis using CRO 26
9 Circuit transients by digital simulation 28
10 Study of resonance 30
3

Experiment No. 1
Date :
VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFFS LAWS

Aim:
To verify Kirchhoffs current law and Kirchhoffs voltage law for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Resistance 330O, 220O 1kO 6
3 Ammeter (0-30mA)MC 3
4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 3
5 Bread Board & Wires -- Required

Statement:

KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal to zero.
KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero.

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure for KCL:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading
4. Repeat the same for different voltages

Procedure for KVL:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note all the voltage reading
4. Repeat the same for different voltages

Circuit - KCL


4

Circuit - KVL


KCL - Theoretical Values:
Sl.
No.
Voltage
E
Current I
1
= I
2
+ I
3

I
1
I
2
I
3

Volts mA mA mA mA
1 5 5.68 3.12 2.56 5.68
2 10 11.3 6.18 5.12 11.3
3 15 17.05 9.37 7.68 17.05
4 20 22.73 12.49 10.24 22.075
5 25 28.42 15.62 12.68 28.42


KCL - Practical Values:
Sl.
No.
Voltage
E
Current I
1
= I
2
+ I
3

I
1
I
2
I
3

Volts mA mA mA mA
1 5 5.6 3.1 2.2 5.3
2 15 17.2 9.4 7.6 17
3 25 28 15.6 12.7 28.3



KVL Theoretical Values
Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL
E
1
= V
1
+ V
2
E
1
E
2
V
1
V
2
V
3

V V V V V V
1 5 5 0.58 4.41 0.583 4.99
2 10 10 1.16 8.83 1.17 9.99
3 15 15 1.75 13.2 1.75 14.95
4 20 20 2.33 17.67 2.33 20
5 25 25 2.913 22.08 2.915 24.993



5


KVL - Practical Values
Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL
E
1
= V
1
+ V
2
E
1
E
2
V
1
V
2
V
3

V V V V V V
1 5 5 0.6 4.4 0.56 5
2 10 10 1.13 8.83 1.19 9.96
3 15 15 1.72 13.20 1.78 14.92


Model Calculations:





























Result:
Thus Kirchoffs voltage load and Kirchoffs current law verified both theoretically
and practically.






6


Experiment No. 2
Date :
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM


Aim:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1
3 Resistors 1kO, 330O, 220O 3
4 Bread Board -- --
5 Wires -- Required

Statement:

Superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing more than
one source, the current flowing through the branch is the algebraic sum of the current flowing
through that branch when sources are considered one at a time and replacing other sources by
their respective internal resistances.


Precautions:

1. Voltage control knob should be kept at manimum position
2. current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the diagram.
2. Set a particular voltage value using RPS
1
and RPS
2
& note down the ammeter
reading
3. Set the same voltage in circuit I using RPS
1
alone and short circuit the terminals
and note the ammeter reading.
4. Set the same voltage in RPS
2
alone as in circuit I and note down the ammeter
reading.
5. Verify superposition theorem.


7
CIRCUIT - 1

CIRCUIT - 2



CIRCUIT - 3

TABULAR COLUMN
Theoretical Values
RPS Ammeter Reading (I)
mA 1 2
Circuit 1

10 V 10 V I = 8.83
Circuit 2

10 V 0 V I= 3.5
Circuit 3

0 V 10 V I= 5.3
I = I ~ I = 8.83
Practical Values
RPS Ammeter Reading (I)
mA 1 2
Circuit 1

10 V 10 V I = 8.5
Circuit 2

10 V 0 V I= 3.5
Circuit 3

0 V 10 V I= 5
I = I ~ I = 8.5 mA
= 3.5 + 5 = 8.5 mA


8


Model Calculations:










































Result:
Superposition theorem have been verified theoretically and practically.



9

Experiment No. 3
Date :
VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM

Aim:
To verify Thevenins theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1
3 Resistors 1KO, 330O 3,1
4 Bread Board -- Required
5 DRB -- 1

Statement:
Any linear bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by a equivalent
voltage source (V
TH
). Thevenins voltage or V
OC
in series with looking pack resistance R
TH
.

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding
ammeter readings.

To find V
TH

3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter
(V
TH
).

To find R
TH

4. To find the Thevenins resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the
R
TH
using multimeter.
5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set V
TH
and R
TH
and note the
corresponding ammeter reading.
6. Verify Thevenins theorem.

Theoretical and Practical Values
E(V) V
TH
(V) R
TH
(O) I
L
(mA)
Circuit - I Equivalent
Circuit
Theoretical

10 5 495 3.34 3.34
Practical

10 4.99 484 3.3 3.36

10

Circuit - 1 : To find load current


To find V
TH


To find R
TH



Thevenins Equivalent circuit:





11


Model Calculations:








































Result:
Hence the Thevenins theorem is verified both practically and theoretically





12


Experiment No. 4
Date :
VERIFICATION OF NORTONS THEOREM


Aim:
To verify Nortons theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-10mA) MC
(0-30mA) MC
1
1
2 Resistors 330, 1KO 3,1
3 RPS (0-30V) 2
4 Bread Board -- 1
5 Wires -- Required

Statement:
Any linear, bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by an equivalent
current source (I
N
) in parallel with Nortons resistance (R
N
)


Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the original
circuit.

To Find I
N
:
3. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.
4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.

To Find R
N
:
5. Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down
the resistance across the two terminals.

Equivalent Circuit:
6. Set I
N
and R
N
and note down the ammeter readings.
7. Verify Nortons theorem.






13

To find load current in circuit 1:

To find I
N


To find R
N


Nortons equivalent circuit

Constant current source





14

Theoretical and Practical Values
E
(volts)
I
N

(mA)
R
N

(O)
I
L
(mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent
Circuit
Theoretical
Values
10 10.10 495 334 3.34
Practical
Values
10 10.4 485 3.4 4


Model Calculations:































Result:
Nortons was verified practically and theoretically




15

Experiment No. 5
Date :
VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
THEOREM


Aim:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-30V) 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10V) MC 1
3 Resistor 1KO, 1.3KO, 3O 3
4 DRB -- 1
5 Bread Board & wires -- Required

Statement:
In a linear, bilateral circuit the maximum power will be transferred to the load when
load resistance is equal to source resistance.

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure:
Circuit I
1. Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS.
2. Vary R
L
and note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
3. Repeat the procedure for different values of R
L
& Tabulate it.
4. Calculate the power for each value of R
L
.

To find V
TH
:
5. Remove the load, and determine the open circuit voltage using multimeter (V
TH
)

To find R
TH
:
6. Remove the load and short circuit the voltage source (RPS).
7. Find the looking back resistance (R
TH
) using multimeter.

Equivalent Circuit:
8. Set V
TH
using RPS and R
TH
using DRB and note down the ammeter reading.
9. Calculate the power delivered to the load (R
L
= R
TH
)
10. Verify maximum transfer theorem.







16

Circuit - 1

To find V
TH


To find R
TH


Thevenins Equation Circuit






17




Power V
S
R
L




Circuit I

Sl.No. RL (O) I (mA) V(V) P=VI (watts)
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

200

400

600

800

1200

1300

1400

1500
1.3

1.2

1.1

1

0.80

0.77

0.74

0.71
0.27

0.481

0.638

0.771

1.083

1.024

0.998

0.968
0.26

0.53

0.707

0.771

0.866

0.788

0.738

0.687


To find Thevenins equivalent circuit
V
TH
(V) R
TH
(O) I
L
(mA) P (milli watts)
Theoretical
Value

2002 1320 0.758 0.759

Practical Value

2 1306 0.77 0.77



18
Model Calculations:













































Result:
Thus maximum power theorem was verified both practically and theoretically


19

Experiment No. 6
Date :
THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
(TWO WATTMETER METHOD)


Aim:
To measure the 3-phase active and reactive power by 2 wattmeter method for (i)
resistance load (ii) inductive load

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-20A) MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V, 10A, UPF 2
4 Wattmeter 600V, 10A, LPF 2

Precautions:
- THE TPST switch must be kept open initially.
- Load must not be applied while starting.
Procedure:
(i) Resistive load

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give the supply by closing TPST switch.
3. Vary the resistance load and note down the corresponding readings.

(ii) Inductive load
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give the supply by closing the TPST switch
3. Vary the inductive load and note down the corresponding readings.

for inductive load

20

for resistive load

Formulae Used:

1. Real power = w
1
+ w
2


2. Reactive power = ) ( 3
2 1
w w

3. Tan | =
2 1
2 1
) ( 3
w w
w w
+

4. Power factor = cos |

Two Wattmeter Method : Resistive Load


V
(volt)

I
(A)
MF =
Wattmeter
Reading (W
1
)
MF =
Wattmeter
Reading (W
2
)
Power

Cos |
OBS
(watt)
ACT =
OBS X
MF
(watt)
OBS
(watt)
ACT=OBS
x MF
(watt)
Real
Power
(watt)
Reactive
power
(watt)
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
0
1.8
3.7
4.6
5.5
6.3
7.2
8.1
9
0
70
160
200
240
280
320
350
390
0
560
1280
1600
1920
2240
2560
2800
3120
0
90
180
210
250
290
330
370
410
0
720
1440
1680
2000
2320
2640
2960
3280
0
1280
2720
3280
3920
4560
5200
5760
6400
0
-277.12
-277.12
-138.56
-138.56
-138.56
-138.56
-277.12
-277.12
0
0.977
0.9949
0.999
0.9
0.993
0.996
0.9988
0.990
21
Two Wattmeter Method : Inductive Load



V
(volt)


I
(A)
MF =
Wattmeter
Reading (W
1
)
MF =
Wattmeter
Reading (W
2
)
Power

Cos |
OBS
(watt)
ACT =
OBS x
MF
(watt)
OBS
(watt)
ACT=OBS
x MF
(watt)
Real
Power
(watt)
Reactive
power
(watt)
410
410
410
410
410
410
1
2
3
4
5
6
11
15
28
43
78
95
89
120
140
344
624
760
26
32
53
80
106
132
208
256
424
640
848
1056
296
376
564
984
1472
1816
-554.26
-443.41
-734.39
-1108.51
-1461.78
-1829.05
0.351
0.647
0.609
0.664
0.708
0.705


Model Calculations:





























Result:
Thus power for three phase power supply was measured using 2 wattmeter method.

22

Experiment No. 7
Date :
POWER MEASUREMENT BY 3 - VOLTMETER


Aim:
To measure the power in an inductive circuit, Eg: transformer, by 3- voltmeter
method.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-5A) MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150V) MI
(0-300V) MI
2
1
3 Transformer 230V/115V, 1KVA 1
4 Auto Transformer - -
5 Auto Transformer - 1
6 Rheostat 100O 1

Precaution:
1. The DPST switch must be kept open initially.
2. The auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential position
3. The rheostat must be kept at maximum resistance position.

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the auto transformer, to bring the rated voltage of the transformer
3. Note down the transformer and voltmeter readings.
4. Vary the rheostat for different values and note down the corresponding meter
readings.

3 Voltmeter Method
Sl.
No.
I
(amp)
Vs
(volts)
V
R

(volts)
V
L

(volts)
P
(watts)
Cos |
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.2
0.6
0.8
1
1.1
1.2
150
150
150
150
150
150
15
54
73
86
90
95
136
120
120
110
105
100
25.193
21.99
15.18
17.46
20.625
21.99
0.82
0.293
0.158
0.158
0.178
0.182



23



Formulae Used:

1. Power (P) =
R
V V V
L R S
2
2 2 2

watts
R = V
R
/ I

2. Cos | =
L e
L R S
V V
V V V
2
2 2 2




Model Calculations:















Result:
The power was measured for given circuit using 3 voltmeter method



24

Experiment No. 8
Date :
POWER MEASUREMENT BY 3 - AMMETER


Aim:
To measure the power in an inductive circuit, Eg: transformer, by 3- ammeter method.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-2A) MI
(0-5A) MI
2
1
2 Voltmeter (0-150V) MI 1
3 Auto transformer - 1
4 Transformer 230V/115V
1KVA, 1|
1

5 Rheostat 100O / 4A 1


Precaution
1. The DPST switch must be kept open initially
2. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum potential position
3. The rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position


Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Adjust the auto transformer, to bring the rated voltage of the transformer
3. Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Vary the rheostat for different values and note


3 Voltmeter Method

Sl.
No.
V
(volts)
Is
(amp)
I
R

(amp)
I
L

(amp)
R
(ohm)
P
(watts)
Cos |
1
2
6
4
5
6
115
115
115
115
115
115
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.05
1.15
1.25
0.54
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.46
213
191.67
164.3
143.7
127.7
0.46
4.31
912.6
14.9
16.6
18
20.1
0.07
0.22
0.57
0.3
0.32
0.37



25


Formulae Used:

Power (P) = | |
2 2 2
2
L R S
I I I
R


R = V / I
R


Power factor cos | =
L R
L R S
I I
I I I
2
2 2 2




Model Calculations:

















Result:
Thus power was measured using 3 ammeter method
26

Experiment No. 9
Date :
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING CRO


Aim:
To measure voltage and current and also to study the phase relationship between
supply voltage and current in series RC circuit.


Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Function generator 1
2 DMM 1
3 Resistor 200 O 1
4 Capacitor 1 F 1
5 CRO 1

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. In the function generator, select SINE WAVE as the output and set the
frequency to 200 Hz.
3. Adjust the amplitude knob of the function generator until the waveform on the
oscilloscope shows 2 V
p
.
4. Record the peak voltage across the resistor using CRO.
5. Calculate u from At.
6. Draw the waveform for V
S
, V
R
.


Circuit Diagram:



















27
Sl.No. Frequency
(Hz)
V
R

V
T
(ms)
A
t

(ms)
u
deg
1 200 0.4 5 0.3 21.6
(leading



Sl.No. Frequency
(Hz)
V
R

V
T
(ms)
A
t

(ms)
u
deg
1 0.32 1.6mA 1.2 750O 7.95O


































Result:
The phase relationship between supply voltage and current in series RC circuit is
studied and also the voltage and current are increased practically.

28

Experiment No. 10
Date :
CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS BY SIMULATION IN RL
CIRCUIT

Aim:
To simulate the RL circuit using Pspice software and to study the transient response


Circuit Diagram:
























Simulation Parameter:
V
dc
= 10 volts, R
1
= 50 ohms, L = 100mH















29

Simulation Output:

1. Transient L wave form




















2. Transient R wave form





















Result:
Simulation of the RL transient circuit was done
30

Experiment No. 11
Date :
STUDY OF RESOURCE

Aim:
To study series and parallel resource in AC circuit

Series Resource:
An RLC circuit is said to be at re source when voltage and current are in phase with
each other and power factor is unity.


z
C L
X X j R Z ) ( + =

At series resource X
L
= X
C

Z = R
X
L
= X
C


C
L
e
e
1
=

C
L
1
2
= e

LC
fr
n
1
) 2 (
2
=

C
r
L
f
t 2
1
=
Power factor
Z
R
= | cos
Q - factor =
V
V
V
V
L C
=

Parallel Resonance:
Parallel AC circuit is said to be at resource when voltage and current are in phase with
each other and power factor is unity.

(i) ideal parallel circuit
C u
L
f
2
1
0
=

(ii) Practical circuit - I
2
2
0
1
2
1
L
R
L
f
C u
=

(iii) Practical circuit II
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
C L R
C L R
I
f
L
L
C u
/ ) (
/ ) (
2
1
2
2
0