LABORATORY MANUAL

BTY309
BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND
NETWORKS
LABORATORY

Name of the Student: ……………………………………………

Registration Number/Roll No……………………………………
Section and Group……………………………………………….
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences
 GENERAL GUIDELINES
The following general rules and precautions are to be observed at all times in the laboratory.
1. Shoes must be worn at all times.
2. Remove all loose conductive jewellery and trinkets, including rings, which may come in
contact with exposed circuits. (Do not wear long loose ties, scarves, or other loose clothing
around machines.)
3. Don’t switch ON the power supply without confirming the connections from the lab
instructor.
4. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a time. No part of a
live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
5. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires and cables
are involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.
6. Be as neat as possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the
experiment.
7. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Also,
turn
instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
8. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.
9. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
10. "Cheater" cords and 3-to-2 prong adapters are prohibited unless an adequate separate
ground lead is provided, the equipment or device is double insulated, or the laboratory ground
return is known to be floating.
11. No ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus is to be used in the laboratory unless it is
double insulated or battery operated.
12. Keep fluids, chemicals, and beat away from instruments and circuits.
13. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory
instructor.
14. Regarding specific equipment, consult the instruction manual provided by the
manufacturer
of the equipment. Information regarding safe use and possible- hazards should be studied
carefully.
15. Do not install standard electrical equipment in locations where flammable gases, vapours,
dusts, or other easily ignitable materials are present. If electrical equipment is used in a
chemical fume hood, elevate it to allow efficient air flow.
16. Use tools designed for electrical work that has a non-conductive cover. Electrically
insulated gloves are also available.
17. Use appropriate rating of the electrical meters required for experiment.
Table of contents
 EXPERIMENT No.1
Aim: To verify Kirchhoff Voltage Law and Kirchhoff Current Law.
Apparatus required:

1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any

closed path (loop or mesh) is zero.

Figure 1.1

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the first and the second loops in the circuit shown

in Figure yields:

Loop 1: -Vs +V1 +V2 +V5 = 0 (1a)

Loop 2: -V2 +V3 +V4 = 0 (1b)

2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node
is zero.

Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to the first four nodes in the circuit shown in Figure yields

the following equations;

 Node a: -Is + I1 = 0 (2a)
Node b: -I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 (2b)
Node c: -I3 + I4 = 0 (2c)
Node d: -I2 - I4 + I5 = 0 (2d)

Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1.1 using the resistors available in laboratory.

2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.

3. Accurately measure all voltages and currents in the circuit using the Digital Multi-Meter

(DMM).

4. Record the measurements in a tabular form containing the measured voltage and
current values.

5. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b.

6. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d.

Precautions:

1. All the connections should be perfectly tight.

2. Always connect ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel

3. Use safety guards while working on live parts

4. Don’t touch the bare conductor when supply is ON.

5. Supply should not be switched ON until and unless the connections are checked by the

Faculty/Lab Instructor

6. Use proper wire for connections

Results and discussions:

Learning outcomes:
 Experiment No.2
Aim: To verify superposition theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus Required:

THEORY
Superposition Theorem: The voltage and current response of a linear network to
a number of independent sources is the SUM of the responses obtained by
applying each independent source once with the other independent sources set
equal to ZERO. The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property.

Voltage Measurement using Superposition Principle

Consider the following figure Fig. 1(a), where we need to find the voltage across 3. For this
case we consider each independent source individually and calculate voltages across 3
accordingly, i.e. VAB and V''AB . The net voltage across the resistor 3 is the algebraic sum of
these two voltages which is same as the voltage across 3 when both the independent sources
work together, i.e. V'AB + V ''AB = V AB .
Current Measurement using Superposition Principle

Consider the following figure Fig. 2(a), where we need to find the current across 3. For this
case we consider each independent source individually and calculate currents across 3
accordingly, i.e. I 'AB and I ''AB . The net current across the resistor 3 is the algebraic sum of
these two currents (including the polarity) which is same as the current across 3 when both the
independent sources work together, i.e. I 'AB + I ''AB = I AB .
Precautions:
1. Experiment must be performed in the presence of instructor/lab technician.
2. Connections must be checked before switching on the circuit.
3. Switch off the supply when not in use.
4. Reading should be taken carefully.
5. All connections should be tight and correct.

Learning Outcomes:
 Experiment No.3
Aim: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Figure 3.1
 Experiment No.4
Aim: To verify Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus required:

Statement:

Any linear, bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by an equivalent current
source (IN) in parallel with Norton’s resistance (RN)

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in
the original circuit.

3. To Find IN: Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.

4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.

5. To Find RN: Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load
and note down the resistance across the two terminals.

6. Equivalent Circuit: Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.

7. Verify Norton’s theorem.

Circuit Diagrams:

Circuit 1: To find load current

Figure 4.1
Circuit 2: To find IN

Figure 4.2

Circuit 3: To find RN

Figure 4.3

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.
 Experiment No.5
Aim: To verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus Required:

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: According to this theorem, the load

resistance will abstract maximum power from the network when the load resistance is equal to
the Thevenin’s resistance as seen from the load.

Consider the following circuit, where a voltage source is in series with two resistors RL and
RTH. For maximum power transfer across RL load resistance RL must be equal to the
Thevenin’s resistance RTH.

Figure 5.1
The maximum power across the load resistance is given as:
PROCEDURE:
Circuit – I
1. Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS.
2. Vary RL and note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
3. Repeat the procedure for different values of RL & Tabulate it.
4. Calculate the power for each value of RL.

To find VTH:

5. Remove the load, and determine the open circuit voltage using multimeter (VTH)

To find RTH:
6. Remove the load and short circuit the voltage source (RPS).
7. Find the looking back resistance (RTH) using multimeter.

Equivalent Circuit:
8. Set VTH using RPS and RTH using DRB and note down the ammeter reading.
9. Calculate the power delivered to the load (RL = RTH)
10. Verify maximum transfer theorem.

POWER MEASUREMENT USING MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Table 1: Observation table for maximum power transfer

PRECAUTIONS
1. Experiment must be performed in the presence of instructor/lab technician.

2. Connections must be checked before switching on the circuit.

3. Switch off the supply when not in use.

4. Reading should be taken carefully.

5. All connections should be tight and correct.

CALCULATION:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Learning Outcome:
 Experiment No.6
Aim: To study reciprocity theorem.
Apparatus Required:

Theory: In any linear bilateral network, if a single voltage source Va in branch ‘a’
produces a current Ib in branch ‘b’, then if the voltage source Va is removed and inserted in
branch ‘b’ will produce a current Ib in branch ‘a’. The ratio of response to excitation is same
for the two conditions mentioned above. This is called the reciprocity theorem.
Consider the network shown in figure 6.1 AA’ denotes terminals and BB’ denotes output
terminals. The application of voltage V across AA’ produces current I at BB’. Now if the
position of source and responses are interchanged, by connecting the voltage source across
BB’, the resultant current I will be at terminals AA’. According to Reciprocity theorem, the
ratio of response to excitation is the same in both cases.

Figure 6.1
Procedure:
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 6.2.
2. Vary the supply voltage V1 and take the corresponding reading I3 from the ammeter.
3. Find out the ratio R= (V1/I3).
4. Now interchange the position of ammeter and variable voltage supply V1 as shown in
figure 6.3.
5. Vary the supply voltage V1 and take the corresponding reading I3’ from the ammeter.
6. Find out the ratio R’=(V1/I3’)
7. Now check whether R and R’ are same.

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3
Tables:
 Experiment No.7:
Aim: To study the compensation theorem.
Apparatus required:

Theory:
The compensation theorem states that any element in the linear, bilateral network may be
replaced by a voltage source of magnitude equal to the current passing through the element
multiplied by the value of the element provided the currents and voltages in other parts of the
circuit remain unchanged. Consider the circuit shown in figure 7.1. The element R can be
replaced by voltage source V, which is equal to the cuurent I passing through R multiplied by
R as shown below.

Figure 7.1
This theorem is useful in finding the changes in current or voltage when the value of resistance
is changed in the circuit as shown in figure 7.2.
 Figure 7.2
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 7.3.
2. Set the supply voltage V1= 15V and take the corresponding reading
I3 from the ammeter.
3. Now connect the additional resistor (DRB) as shown in figure 7.4.
4. Now fixing V1 = 15 V and finding out the current I3’ due to extra
resistor DRB where Decade Resistance Box value is changed
correspondingly.
5. Now replace the voltage V1 by compensated voltage V2 as shown in
figure 7.5 and find out the current I3’’ due to compensated voltage
V2.
6. Finally find the ammeter reading I=I3-I3’’.

Figure 7.3
 Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Tables:
 EXPERIMENT NO.8
AIM: Determination of transient response of current in RC and RL circuits with step voltage
input.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
• Bread board
• Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors
• CRO
• Function generator
• Power supply
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter and connecting wires

THEORY:
Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2
 Experiment No.9
AIM: Determination of Z and H parameters (dc only) for a two port resistive network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
• Bread board
• Resistors, Inductor, Capacitor
• Power supply
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter and connecting wires
THEORY:

Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3
PROCEDURE:

Figure 9.4
 Worksheet of the student
DATE OF PERFORMANCE:
AIM:

OBSERVATION TABLE 1: Calculate Z-parameter

OBSERVATION TABLE 2: Calculate H-parameter

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Learning Outcome:
Experiment No.10
PROCEDURE:
Low ‐pass Filter 1. Set up the circuit in figure 10.1 .Channel 1 is observing the incoming signal
and channel 2 is looking at the out coming signal. Make sure you use the same ground point in
your circuit for both channels.
2. Set the Vin to 3.5 volts peak to peak (3.5 Vpp) at 500 Hz.
3. Use the measurement tools on the scope to measure the amplitude and frequency of
the incoming signal and outgoing signal.
4. Record the data for 10 points from 500 Hz to 10,000 Hz
5. Graph the results of Vout vs. frequency
6. Calculate the cutoff frequency and compare

Figure 10.1
HIGH PASS FILTER:
1. Build the circuit in figure 10.2.
2. Repeat the above procedure for the high pass filter and find its cut-off frequency from
m graph and calculation.

Figure 10.2