SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CHERANMAHADEVI

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL

Year : 2022 - 2026

Subject Code : EC3271 Regulations
: R21
Class : I B.E, II Semester
Branch : ECE
 INDEX
S. No. List of Experiments Mark
1 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law

2 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

3 Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

4 Verification of Norton’s Theorem

5 Verification of Superposition Theorem

6 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

7 Determination of frequency response of series resonance RLC circuits

8 Determination of frequency response of parallel resonance

RLC circuits

9 Transient Analysis of RL Circuits

10 Transient Analysis of RC Circuits

 EXP.NO:
Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law
DATE:

AIM:
To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) in a Passive Resistive Network.

APPARATUS:

Equipments &
Sl. No. Range / specification Quantity
Components

1 RPS (0-30) V 2

2 Ammeter (0-10) mA, (0-5) mA, 3,3 each

3 Resistor 220Ω,150 Ω,100 Ω One each

4 Bread Board ------------- 1

5 Connecting wires ------------ As per requirement

THEORY:
Kirchhoff's Current Law, often shortened to KCL, states that “The algebraic
sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero.” This law is used to describe
how a charge enters and leaves a wire junction point or node on a wire. Kirchhoff’s Current
Law is one of the fundamental laws used for circuit analysis.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.

2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage (say 5v) and note the Ammeter readings.
4. Gradually increase the supply voltage in steps.
5. Note the readings of Ammeters.
6. Sum up the Ammeter readings (I1 and I2) , that should be equal to total current (I).
7. Thus KCL is Verified practically

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 TABULATION:

For KCL

Applied I (A) I1 (A) I2 (A) I1+I2 (A)

Voltage
V (volts) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Calculation:
Theoretical Calculation1.

KCL
It is to be proven that the algebraic sum of currents entering the node A (in figure1) is equal
to the algebraic sum of the currents leaving the same node. Let thecurrents through R1, R2, &
R3 are I1 anfd I2
R1=
R2=
R3=
To prove this
Step1- Calculate the total resistance (equivalent resistance) by reducing the circuit towards
the source

Req=R1+R2||R3
Step 2- Calculate the total current I

I=V/Req

Step 3
Calculate IR1 and IR2 and IR3

IR1 = I

R2
IR2= I x
R 1+ R 2

R1
IR3=I x R 1+ R 2

IR1= IR2 + IR3

Result
Thus the Kirchhoff’s Current Law was verified successfully.

EXP.NO:
Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
DATE:

AIM:
 To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) in a Passive Resistive Network .

APPARATUS:
Equipments &
Sl. No. Range / specification Quantity
Components

1 RPS (0-30) V 2

2 Voltmeter (0-20) V, (0-10) V, (0-5) V 3,3 each

3 Resistor 220Ω,150 Ω,100 Ω One each

4 Bread Board ------------- 1

5 Connecting wires ------------ As per requirement

THEORY:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law or KVL, states that in any closed loop network, the
total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same
loop” which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the
loop must be equal to zero. KCL and KVL are not good for high frequency AC circuits.
KCL is valid only if the total electric charge is constant in the circuit. KVL is based on
the assumption that there is no changing magnetic field within the closed circuit.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.
2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage (say 5v) and note the voltmeter readings.
4. Gradually increase the supply voltage in steps.
5. Note the readings of voltmeters.
6. sum up the voltmeter readings (voltage drops) , that should be equal to applied
voltage
7. Thus KVL is verified practically.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 TABULATION:

Applied V1 (volts) V2 (volts) V3 (volts) V1+V2+V3 (volts)

Voltage V
(volts) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

CALCULATION:
It is to be proven that the algebraic sum of voltage around a closed path in acircuit (figure 2)
is zero. Let the voltages across R1, R2, & R3 are VR1,VR2 &VR3.
To prove this

Step1- Calculate the total resistance (equivalent resistance) by reducing the circuit towards
the source.

R1=
R2=
R3=

Req=R1+R2+R3

Step 2- Calculate the total current I

V
I = Req

Step 3

Calculate VR1,VR2 &VR3

VR1=IR1

VR2=IR2

VR3=IR3

Check whether
V+ VR1+ VR2+ VR3=0
RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law was verified successfully.

Verification Of Thevenin’s Theorem

DATE:

AIM:
To Verify Thevenin’s theorem.
APPARATUS:

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

 1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 R.P.S 1
0-30 V
4 Bread Board - 1
5 Resistors R1= Each 1
R2=
R3=
6 Connecting Wires - As required

THEORY:

Any linear, bilateral network having a number of voltage, current sources and
resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single
voltage source in series with a resistance, where the value of the voltage source is
equal to the open circuit voltage and the resistance is the equivalent resistance
measured between the open circuit terminals with all energy sources replaced by their
ideal internal resistances

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure
2. Measure current in RL.
3. Measure open circuit voltage Voc by open circuiting terminals i.e, VTH
4. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in figure.
5. Measurement current in RL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values

Voc

RTH

IL

CALCULATIONS:

FORMULA USED:
V
I= Ampere
R 1+ R 2

Vth = I x R2 Volts
Rth =(R1||R2)+R3 Ω

Vth
IL = Ampere
¿¿

RESULT:

Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.

 EXP.NO: Verification of Norton’s Theorem
DATE:

AIM:
To Verify Norton’s theorem.

Apparatus:

S.No. Equipment Range Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Multimeter
4 R.P.S 0-30 V 1
5 Bread Board - 1
6 Resistors R1=1.2K Ω Each 1
R2=100 Ω
R3=560 Ω
RL=330 Ω
7 Connecting Wires - As required

Theory:

Any linear, bilateral network with current sources, voltage sources and
resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in
parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is the current flowing through
the short circuit terminals of the network and the resistance is the equivalent resistance
measured between the open circuit terminals of the network with all the energy sources
replaced by their internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure

2. Measure the current Isc (or) IN by short-circuiting the load resistance.

3. The resistance equivalent are obtained by using. Voltmeter, Ammeter method and the
ratio of V and I gives RN.
4. Draw Norton's equivalent circuit by connecting IN & RN in parallel as shown in
figure and find load current.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:

Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values

Isc/ IN

RN

IL
CALCULATION:

FORMULA USED:
V
I= mA
Req

Rth =R1+(R2||R3) Ω

R2
IN = I x mA
R 2+ R 3

Rth
IL =IN x mA
¿¿
Result:
Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified successfully.
 EXP.NO: Verification Of Superposition Theorem
DATE:

AIM:
To verify principle of Superposition theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Equipment Range Quantity

1. Resistors R1 = 1.2 K Ω Each 1

R2 = 100 Ω
R3 = 560 Ω
2. Ammeter 3

3. R.P.S ((0-30 V) 2

4. Bread Board -- 1

5. Connecting Wires - Required

THEORY:

In an linear, bilateral network the response in any element is equal to sum

of individual responses While all other sources are non-operative.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure and note down the current flowing through R3 and let it
be I.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure and note down the ammeter Reading, and let it be I1.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in figure and note down the ammeter reading, and let it be I2.
4. Verify for I=I1+I2 .
5. Compare the practical and theoretical currents.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 TABULATION:
WHEN BOTH WHEN WHEN
PARAMETERS V1 & V2 are V1is active V1=0& V2 is
active & V2=0 active
(I) (I1) (I2)
Current through R3 (Theoretical Values)

Current through R3 (Practical Values)

CALCULATION:

Short circuit V2. Apply V1=20V.Calculate I1 and I2 and find IT1

IT1=I1 +I2
Step 2: Short circuit V1. Apply V2=15V.Calculate I1 and I2 and find IT2
IT2=I1 +I2
Step 3: V1 & V2 are active. Apply V1=20V & V2=15V .Calculate I1 and I2 and find IT
I T= IT1+ IT2
Result:
Thus the principle of Superposition theorem was verified theoretically and practically
 EXP.NO:
Verification Of Maximum Power Transfer
DATE: Theorem

AIM:
To design the load resistor which absorbs maximum power from source.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1. Resistors R1=1.5 K Ω Each 1
R2=560 Ω
R3=1.5 K Ω
RL=DRB
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. R.P.S (0-30 V) 1
5. Bread Board - 1
6. Connecting Wires - required

THOERY:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered
from a source to an load resistance when the load resistance is equal to source
resistance. (RL = Rs is the condition required for maximum power transfer).

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. Vary the load resistance in steps and note down voltage across the load and
current flowing through the circuit.
3. Calculate power delivered to the load by using formula P=V*I.
4. Draw the graph between resistance and power (resistance on X- axis and power on Y-
axis).
5. Verify the maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = Rs for DC.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:

V= 10 V

S. No RL IL P=(IL2RL)
1 100

2 200

3 300

4 400

5 500

6 600

7 700

CALCULTATION:
Step 1:Remove the Load resistance and find Vth
Step 2: Find Rth

Step 3:Draw the Equivalent circuit and find maximum power transferred:
Formula used:
V2
Maximum power transfer = 4 RL

MODEL GRAPH:
Power ,P (mW)

Load resistance, RL in Ω
Result:

Thus the load resistor which absorbs maximum power from source was calculated
and verified successfully.
 EXP.NO:
Determination of frequency response of series
DATE: resonance RLC circuits

AIM:
To determine the resonance frequency of seriesl RLC circuits

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Signal generator 1Hz to 3MHz 1
2 Required resistors 10Ω, 5Ω Each 1
3 Required Inductors 40 mH 1
4 Required capacitors 1µF 1
5 CRO probes required
6 Connecting wires required

THEORY:

The resonance of a RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactance are equal in
magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees apart in phase. The sharp minimum in
impedance which occurs is useful in tuning applications. The sharpness of the minimum depends on
the value of R. The frequency at which the reactance of the inductance and the capacitance cancel
each other is the resonant frequency (or the unity power factor frequency) of this circuit. This occurs
at

Fr=1/2 π √ LC

At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R

Bandwidth of a Resonance Circuit:

Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between two
points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414 of the
maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity of the
circuit. As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f2 – f1. f1 is the
lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figurefor series resonant circuit

 2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 10V.
3. Vary the frequency of the signal in steps and note down the magnitude of
response on CRO respectively.( response wave form is observed across
element R)
4. Form the observation table between the frequency and magnitude of
response in CRO for series resonance circuit.
5. Draw a graph between frequency and magnitude of response on the semi-
log sheet and determine the resonant frequency, quality factor and
bandwidth of series RLC circuit\.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response of series resonance RLC circuit was determined
successfully
CALCULATION:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

S.No Frequency (Hz) Current

.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXP.NO:
Determination of frequency response of parallel
DATE: resonance RLC circuits

AIM:
To determine the resonance frequency of parallel RLC circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1 Signal generator 1Hz to 3MHz 1
2 Required resistors 10Ω, 5Ω Each 1
3 Required Inductors 40 mH 1
4 Required capacitors 1µF 1
5 CRO probes required
6 Connecting wires required

THEORY:

A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I are in

phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex impedance
of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is maximum. Since V and
I are in phase, the power factor is unity.

Bandwidth of a Resonance Circuit:

Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between two
points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414 of the
maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity of the
circuit. As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f2 – f1. f1 is the
lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure for parallel resonant circuit.

2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 10V.

3. Vary the frequency of the signal in steps and note down the magnitude of
response on CRO respectively.( response wave form is observed across
element R)
4. Form the observation table between the frequency and magnitude of
response in CRO firstly for parallel resonance circuit.
5. Draw a graph between frequency and magnitude of response on the semi-
log sheet and determine the resonant frequency, quality factor and
bandwidth of parallel RLC circuit.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response of parallel resonance RLC circuit was

determined successfully.
CALCULATION:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

S.No Frequency (Hz) Current

.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MODEL GRAPH:
Aim:
EXP.NO:
Transient Response of RL circuit
DATE:
To obtain the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RL circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1 Signal generator
2 Required resistors
3 Required Inductors
4 Required capacitors
5 CRO probes
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RL or RC circuit to
analyze the
transient response of the circuit. The pulse-width relative to a circuit’s time constant
determines
how it is affected by an RC or RL circuit.
Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and
currents in RC and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time constants
(5τ) after switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value,
which
is also called steady-state response.
The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and the
Thevenin’s resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor.
τ = RC
A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back again. If
a waveform’s high time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square wave. The
length of
each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width (tp) of an ideal square
wave
is equal to half the time period
In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RL circuit to analyze the
transient response of the circuit. The pulse-width relative to a circuit’s time constant
determines how it is affected by an RL circuit.
Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in
RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five-time constants( 5τ) after
switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also
called steady-state response. The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent
capacitance and the Thevenin’s resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent
capacitor.

τ = RC.
A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back again. Ifa
waveform’s high time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square wave. The length
of each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width (tp) of an ideal square
wave is equal to half the time period.

Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Choose square wave mode in signal generator
3. Using CRO, adjust the amplitude to be 2 volts peak to peak.
4. Take care of the precaution and set the input frequency.
5. Observe and plot the output waveform.
6. Calculate the time required by the output to reach 0.632 times the final value (peak).
7. This value gives the practical time constant. Tabulate the theoretical and practical values
Procedure:

1.Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2.Choose square wave mode in signal generator.
3.Using CRO, adjust the amplitude to be 2 volts peak to peak.
4.Take care of the precaution and set the input frequency.
5.Observe and plot the output waveform.
6.Calculate the time required by the output to reach 0.632 times the final value (peak).
This value gives the practical time constant. Tabulate the theoretical and practical values

TABULATION:

S.No Time (msec) Charging Discharging

Current (I) A Current (I)A
Result:
Thus the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RL circuit.

Circuit Diagram
EXP.NO:
Transient Response of RC circuit
DATE:

Aim:
To obtain the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RC circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1 Signal generator
2 Required resistors
3 Required Inductors
 4 Required capacitors
5 CRO probes
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RL or RC circuit to
analyze the
transient response of the circuit. The pulse-width relative to a circuit’s time constant
determines
how it is affected by an RC or RL circuit.
Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and
currents in RC and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time constants
(5τ) after switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value,
which
is also called steady-state response.
The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and the
Thevenin’s resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor.
τ = RC
A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back again. If
a waveform’s high time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square wave. The
length of
each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width (tp) of an ideal square
wave
is equal to half the time period
In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RC circuit to analyze the
transient response of the circuit. The pulse-width relative to a circuit’s time constant
determines how it is affected by an RC circuit.

Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in
RC circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five-time constants( 5τ) after
switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also
called steady-state response. The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent
capacitance and the Thevenin’s resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent
capacitor.

τ = RC.
A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back again. Ifa
waveform’s high time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square wave. The length
of each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width (tp) of an ideal square
wave is equal to half the time period.

Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Choose square wave mode in signal generator
3. Using CRO, adjust the amplitude to be 2 volts peak to peak.
4. Take care of the precaution and set the input frequency.
5. Observe and plot the output waveform.
6. Calculate the time required by the output to reach 0.632 times the final value (peak).
7. This value gives the practical time constant. Tabulate the theoretical and practical values
 Procedure:
1.Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2.Choose square wave mode in signal generator.
3.Using CRO, adjust the amplitude to be 2 volts peak to peak.
4.Take care of the precaution and set the input frequency.
5.Observe and plot the output waveform.
6.Calculate the time required by the output to reach 0.632 times the final value (peak).
This value gives the practical time constant. Tabulate the theoretical and practical values
CALCULATION:
Result:
Thus the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RC circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 MODEL GRAPH

TABULATION

S.No Time (msec) Voltage across Current through C

C(Volts) mA