TWITTER

 Background

Twitter is an online social networking and microblogging service that allows its users to send and
read text-based messages up to 140 characters, but on November 07, 2017, up to 280 characters are
known as Twitter. Twitter was founded in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, and its social networking site
was launched in July. Since its launch, Twitter has been one of the ten most visited sites on the
Internet, and it is dubbed "a short message from the Internet." On Twitter, unregistered users can
read only tweets, while registered users Can write tweets through the website interface, short
messages , or through various applications for mobile devices.

Twitter is experiencing rapid growth and rapidly gaining popularity around the world. As of January
2013, there were over 500 million registered users on Twitter, 200 million were active users.
Twitter's usage spikes are generally ongoing during popular events. At the beginning of 2013, Twitter
users sent over 500 million tweets per day, and Twitter handled more than 1.6 billion search
requests per day. This led to the position of Twitter ascending second place as the most visited social
networking site in the world, from the previously ranked twenty-second.

Twitter's high popularity causes the service to be utilized for various purposes in various aspects,
such as the means of protest, political campaigns, learning facilities, and as a medium of emergency
communication. Twitter is also faced with issues and controversies such as user security and privacy
concerns, lawsuits, and censorship.

Twitter is owned and operated by Twitter, Inc., based in San Francisco, with offices and additional
servers located in New York City, Boston, and San Antonio. As of May 2015, Twitter has had more
than 500 million users, 302 million of them are active users.

 History
The origins of Twitter start from a discussion event organized by a podcast company called Odeo.
Jack Dorsey, a graduate student at New York University, raises his idea of using a short message
service to communicate with a small group. 25 [26] The original project codenamed for the service
was twitter, an idea later revealed by Evan Williams by Noah Glass; Inspired by Flickr and the
number five-digit American SMS short code. The developers initially decided on the number "10958
" as a short code for the service, but it was later changed to "40404 " for simplicity "usage and
memory. " The project was started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey was Publish its first Twitter
message at 9:50 PM PST. The message reads: "Just setting up my twttr ".

"... We chose the word ' Twitter ', and it was perfect. The definition is ' a brief explosion of
insignificance information ', and ' bird chirp '. And like that precisely this product. – Jack Dorsey

Twitter was first used as an internal service for Odeo employees, and the full version was introduced
to the public on July 15, 2006. In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other Odeo
staff formed a new company, acquiring Odeo and all its assets – including Odeo.com and
Twitter.com – from investors and shareholders. Williams then fired Glass, which did not reveal his
role in the founding of Twitter until the year 2011. Twitter stood as a standalone company in April
2007.
Twitter's popularity summit occurred during the South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference
in 2007. During the event, Twitter's use increased from 20,000 tweets to 60,000 tweets per day.
According to Steven Levy of Newsweek, "Twitter people cleverly put the 60 plasma screen in the
conference hall, which exclusively delivers Twitter messages. Panelists and speakers talked about the
service, and the bloggers were present to praise him. "

The public reaction at the conference was very positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "really
ramps " SXSWi. Social media expert, Danah Boyd, says that Twitter "master " conference. Twitter
staff received a Web Award award, and stated: "We would like to thank you in 140 characters or
less. And we just did! ".

The first Twitter message sent from the outside of the Earth was posted from the International
Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010. At the end of November 2010,
an average of a dozen tweets per day posted from @NASA_Astronauts account. NASA has also held
more than 25 "Tweetups ", which is an event that offers VIP access to NASA facilities for participants
on the social network to increase NASA's outreach objectives.

 Growth
Twitter is experiencing rapid growth. There were 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in the year
2007. This increased to 100 million tweets quarter at 2008. On February 2010, Twitter users sent 50
million tweets per day. As of March 2010, the company recorded more than 70,000 registered
Twitter applications until June 2010, according to Twitter, about 65 million tweets posted daily, or
around 750 tweets per second, and in March 2011, the number of tweets Which is posted every day
reaches 140 million. According to the Compete.com report, Twitter's position rose to the third place
as the most visited social networking site in January 2009, from the previously ranked twenty-
second.
Jack Dorsey, co-founder of Twitter, in 2009.

Twitter's usage spikes generally occur during popular events. For example, Twitter records were
recorded at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second after Japan scored a
goal against Cameroon on 14 June 2010. This record was solved when 3,085 Twitter was posted per
second by a user who celebrated the Los Angeles Lakers victory in the 2010 NBA Final on 17 June
2010, and was resolved as Japan defeated Denmark in the 2010 World Cup, with 3,283 Tweets per
second. The record was later solved when Twitter's user posted 7,196 tweets per second when it
witnessed the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States. When
American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter server broke down after tens of
millions of users updated his status to write the word "Michael Jackson ", with a Twitter rate of
about 100,000 per hour. As of January 1, 2013, the record is recorded by users residing in the
Japanese standard Time zone when celebrating the new year, with the number of tweets 33,388 per
second; Beat the previous record (25,088 tweets per second), also recorded by users in Japan during
the movie television screening "Castle In The Sky ".

Twitter acquired the application developer company, Atebits, on April 11, 2010. Atebits itself has
developed a Twitter client app called Tweetie, designed for both Mac and iPhone, and has won the
Apple Design Award. Currently, the app is named "Twitter ", which is distributed for free and
becomes the official Twitter client for iPhone, iPad, and Mac.
From September to October 2010, the company began introducing "New Twitter ", a new edition
that completely changes the look of its twitter.com. These changes include the ability to view images
and videos without having to leave the Twitter site; By clicking on individual tweets containing links
on images and clips from various supporting websites, including YouTube and Flickr. Another change
is reconstructing the interface by moving links such as ' @balas ' (mentions) and ' Retweets ' to the
top of the Twitter stream, while the ' message ' and ' exit ' features can be accessed through the
black bar at the very top of the twitter.com. On November 1, 2010, the company announced that
"New Twitter " was launched for all users.

On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested the new front page display and gradually left "Old Twitter. "
However, some glitches appeared after the page was launched, so that the front page "Retro " was
previously kept in use until the problem can be solved; The new front page was finally reintroduced
on April 20th. On December 8, 2011, Twitter again remodel the site by introducing the "Fly " design
feature. It is said that this service will make it easier for new users to follow and promote ads. In
addition, Twitter also introduces the ' home ', ' Connect ', and ' discover ' (Discover) tabs, and
redesign your profile and Twitter timeline. This new twitter.com layout is often compared to
Facebook.

On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex, a Russian-based search engine,
had agreed to cooperate. On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth anniversary, while
announcing that Twitter had 140 million users, with a total number of tweets of 340 million per day.
The number of Twitter users increased 40% from September 2011, at which time the user amounted
to 100 million. On April 2012, Twitter announced opening a new office in Detroit to work with
automotive companies and advertising agencies. Twitter also expanded its branch office to Dublin.

On June 5, 2012, Twitter's modified logo was inaugurated through the company blog; Delete the text
"twitter " and only display the bird image as a Twitter symbol. Subsequently, on October 5, 2012,
Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine. On January 24, 2013, Twitter released Vine as a
standalone application that allowed users to create and share video clips throughout six seconds.
Video Vine shared on Twitter will be visible directly on the user's Twitter feed. Due to the inclusion
of inappropriate content, this app is rated 17 + in the Apple App Store.
On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it has had 200 million active users per month. On April
18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called "Twitter Music for iPhone ".

The high popularity of Twitter has led to this service being utilized for many aspects, such as the
means of protest, political campaigns, learning facilities, and also as a medium of emergency
communication. Twitter is also faced with issues and controversies such as user security and privacy
concerns, lawsuits, censorship. Twitter is owned and operated by Twitter Inc, located in San
Francisco, and its additional offices are in New York, Boston and San Antonio, USA. May 2015 to now
Twitter has had over 500 million users of 302 million of these are active users.

 Logo

Internationally, Twitter is known for its blue bird logo called "Larry the Bird ". The original Logo was
used since the launch of Twitter from 2006 to September 2010. The Twitter logo modified version
was launched when Twitter redesigned its site for the first time.

On February 27, 2012, a Twitter employee who handled the company's Twitter platform and API
about the evolution of the logo "Larry the Bird ", revealed that the logo was named after Larry Bird,
the NBA player from Boston Celtics. On June 5, 2012, Twitter launched the third logo in the redesign,
replacing "Larry the Bird " with a new logo called "Twitter Bird." In this logo revision, the word
"twitter ", with the letter "t " small, is no longer used, and the bird becomes The only symbol used
as the company logo. According to Douglas Bowman, the Twitter graphic designer, the new logo is
inspired by Mt. Bluebird.
According to Twitter, the new logo is designed from three overlapping sets of circles. It is to illustrate
how the networks, interests and ideas of Twitter users are interconnected.

In this new logo, it appears that the bird was flying high with the head looking up. As quoted from
Digital Spy, on Sunday (10/6/2012), this illustration also has its own meaning.

"Whether the bird is flying high on Earth or gathering with other birds to achieve the same goal, this
flying bird is a representation of independence, hope and endless possibilities," said Twitter.

Twitter currently includes the world's most popular social networking site with approximately 140
million active users. Twitter manager hopes to be able to remark up to USD 1 billion in 2014.

 Use
Twitter is one of the ten most visited sites in the world according to the ALEXA web traffic analysis.
The estimated number of Twitter daily users varies as the company does not publish the statistics of
active accounts. In February 2009, compete.com placed Twitter as the third most-used social
networking site, the rating is based on their calculation of 6 million active visitors per month and 55
million visits per month. On March 2009, Nielsen.com placed Twitter as the fastest growing website
by category number of members as of February 2009. Twitter experienced an annual growth of
1,382 percent, increasing from 475,000 visits in February 2008 to 7 million visits in February 2009. In
2009, Twitter had a monthly user growth rate of 40%.

According to a social media expert named Jeremiah Owyang, in 2009, Twitter is generally used by
adults who may never have used another social network before Twitter; "Adults are just following
what the teenagers do over the years ", said Owyang. According to comScore, only 11 percent of
Twitter users are between 12-17 years old. However, "Twitter began to penetrate popular cultures
after several celebrities such as Shaq, Britney Spears, and Ashton Kutcher joined Twitter."
According to the results of the Sysomos research in June 2009, female Twitter users were a little
more when compared to male users, with a ratio of 53:47 percent. The research also found that 75%
of the overall activity on Twitter was generated by 5 percent of active users. It was also found that
New York City had more Twitter users compared to other cities.

According to Quancast, 27 million US citizens use Twitter after September 3, 2009. Quantcast also
reveals that in the United States, 63 percent of Twitter users are under thirty-five years of age; 60
percent of Twitter users come from Caucasian races, but the average African American/black user is
higher when compared to other social networks, whereas Hispanic users amounted to 11 percent;
and 58% of Twitter users have a total income of at least US $60,000. The prevalence of Twitter use
by African Americans in a variety of popular hashtags has been the subject of research by social
media experts.
On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced it has had 100 million active users who are at least open
Twitter once a month, and 50 million active users every day. In an article published on January 6,
2012, Twitter has reportedly been the largest social network in Japan, shifting Facebook to position
two. ComScore also stated that Japan is the only country in the world that users of Twitter are more
than Facebook users. As of July 2012, it was reported that the number of registered Twitter users
reached 500 million, with 200 million active users; 140 million of them come from the United States,
and the city withthe most Twitter users is Jakarta.

The Big 5 global market Twitter according to user growth (%)

Country Percent

Jun 2010 20.8%
Indonesia
Des 2010 19.0%

Jun 2010 20.5%
Brasil
Des 2010 21.8%

Jun 2010 19.0%
Venezuela
Des 2010 21.1%

Jun 2010 17.7%
Belanda
Des 2010 22.3%

Jun 2010 16.8%
Jepang
Des 2010 20.0%

Note: Visitors aged 15 + are accessing Twitter from home and workplace. Excludes visits from public
computers such as Internet stalls or access from mobile phones and PDAS.
 Technology
Twitter relies heavily on open source software. The Twitter Web interface uses Ruby on Rails
frameworks, and Ruby's Enterprise Edition performance enhancer. At the beginning of Twitter's
operation, users ' tweets are stored in a MySQL database, which is divided according to the time of
posting. However, this storage on MySQL raises problems in reading or writing on Twitter, and the
company decides to overhaul the system. On April 6, 2011, engineers on Twitter stated that they had
switched from Ruby on Rails to the Java servers they called Blender.

From spring 2007 to 2008, content is managed by a Ruby persistent server called Starling. However,
since 2009, its implementation was gradually replaced by software written in Scala. The transition
from Ruby to Scala and the JVM has led to the increased performance of Twitter, from the previous
200-300 requests per second per host to 10,000-20,000 requests per second per host. This increase
was 10x higher than previous Twitter technician forecasts. Other changes made with the transition
from the monolithic development of a single application into an architecture with different services
built independently and combined through a remote procedure call.

The Application Programming Interface Service (API) enables Web services and other applications to
integrate with Twitter. Individual tweets are registered under a unique ID using software called
Snowflake, and geolocation data is added using ' Rockdove '. The t.co URL rating then checks the
spam link and abbreviate the URL. Twitter is stored in the MySQL database using Gizzard and
conveyed to the user that Twitter has been sent. Twitter is then sent to the search engine via the
Firehose API. The process is managed by FlockDB, with an average time of 350 Ms. On 16 August
2013, the vice president of Twitter's Platform management, Raffi Krikorian, wrote a post on a blog
that revealed that the company's infrastructure handled nearly 143,000 tweets per second on that
week, scoring a new record. Krikorian stated that Twitter could reach that record because it
combines homegrown and open source technology.

On April 30, 2009, Twitter reset its web interface, adding a search bar and a "trending topics "
Sidebar. Biz Stone explained that all Twitter will be indexed soon. Stone confirms: "With the launch
of this new feature, Twitter has unexpectedly become something important – a search engine to find
what is happening right now."

In March 2012, Twitter was available in Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, and Urdu; Into the first right-to-left
writing language available on this site. About 13,000 volunteers helped translate menu options on
Twitter, on August 2012, beta support for the Basque, Czech, and Greek languages was added, so
Twitter was available in 33 different languages.

The issue "onMouseOver " occurred on September 21, 2010 after XSS Worm attacked Twitter.
When users hover over a tweet, the worm inside the script automatically opens the link and re-post
it to the followers of the user in question. This error is then used to send Sembulan advertisements
and links to pornographic sites. The original was unclear, but Pearce H. Delphin and a Scandinavian
developer named Magnus Holm claimed responsibility for the incident. Masato Kinugawa, a
Japanese developer, claimed that he originally intended to use it to make colored tweets. Kinugawa
reported Twitter's vulnerability to XSS malware attacks on August 14. Delphin stated that he found a
security flaw on Twitter after writing the Javascript function to "onMouseOver" in the form of
Twitter, and Holm then created and posted an XSS Worm that automatically meretweet itself.
Security firms Sophos reported that the virus was disseminated by people who did it just to "play
and have fun", but asserted that the virus could also be utilized by cyber criminals.

In May 2011, Twitter was sued by an unidentified user named "CTB " (the user was then known to
be Ryan Giggs). This case is known as CTB v Twitter Inc.. The undisclosed claimant of his identity
(Giggs) filed a legal action against Twitter in the London High Court after posting his personal life
gossip Giggs by tens of thousands of Twitter users. The court asks Twitter to disclose the account's
identity, which causes Giggs to deal with the law; His affair with Imogen Thomas was revealed in
court after being a broad talk on Twitter. Tony Wang, the European Twitter leader, stated: "People
who do bad things on Twitter are entitled to defend themselves in accordance with the applicable
laws of their jurisdiction, and Twitter will submit information about users to the authorities if
Required legally. "It also reveals that Twitter will approve English court orders to reveal the names
of users responsible for certain" illegal activities ".

On 29 May 2011, it was reported that the city Council of South Tyneside, UK, successfully won a
lawsuit against Twitter in a California court to be willing to reveal the identity of five user accounts.
The city council sought to find a blogger's identity nicknamed "Mr. Monkey ", who allegedly had
posted a defamatory statement against three board members. On 23 January 2012, Twitter was
reportedly going to acquire Dasient to improve protection from malware. Next, on January 26, 2012,
Twitter offers a feature that allows a country to be able to selectively remove certain tweets. For
example, in France and Germany, the pro-Nazi-smelling content will be removed. This feature was
first used to block accounts of the neo-Nazi Germany group, Besseres Hannover, on 18 October
2012. The next day, the antisemitic smell of French users (#unbonjuif) was also removed using this
feature.

On 20 February 2012, CrypTweet, a third-party public key encryption app written in Python and
largely funded by Shuttleworth Foundation, was released for users of Twitter for security in
messaging private messages. On May 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would apply the privacy option
"Do Not Track ", a cookie Blocker feature on the Mozilla Firefox Web browser. This feature will only
work on sites that have approved those services. In April 2013, Twitter warned news organizations
around the world to secure their Twitter account following the fact that a number of news
organization accounts such as The Associated Press and The Guardian were recorded. [199] In May
2013, Twitter introduced two-factor login verification as an additional defensive step against
hacking.

In August 2013, Twitter introduced the "Report Abuse" button on all versions of the site. Petitions
for reporting complaints about abusive content have gathered more than 100,000 signatures. This
move was carried out after posting abusive tweets, including threats of rape and murder, against the
historian Mary Beard, British feminist activist Caroline Criado-Perez, and English lawmaker Stella
Creasy. Three people were arrested in connection with this incident.
  How to use Twitter for Android

A. How to register for a new account

1. Open the app and tap sign up.
2. You will be guided in our registration process and asked to enter information, such as your name
and email address.
3. If you include an email address when registering, we will immediately send you an email with
instructions so we can verify your email address.
4. If you list your mobile phone number when registering, we will immediately send you an SMS with
a code so we can verify your mobile number.
5. Learn how to adjust settings for your new account.
6. Learn how to manage multiple Twitter accounts through the app.

B. Edit the profile

1. In the top menu, you will see the navigation menu icon
1. Or your profile icon. Tap whichever icon you have.
2. Tap Profile.
3. Tap Edit profile.
4. Make the changes you want, then tap Save.
5. Learn how to manage multiple Twitter accounts through the app.

C. Update your account settings

1. In the top menu, you will see the navigation menu icon
2. Or your profile icon. Tap whichever icon you have.
3. Tap Settings and privacy.
4. Scroll through the menu and select the account settings you want to view or edit.

D. How to reduce data usage

You can reduce the amount of data used by Twitter by enabling Data Saver mode. Decide which
media you want to download in real time to save data.
1. In the top menu, you will see the navigation menu icon
2. Or your profile icon. Tap whichever icon you have.
3. Tap Settings and privacy.
4. In the general section, tap data usage.
5. Tap the slider next to data saver to turn it on.
In this mode, the image will load in lower quality and the video will not AutoPlay. To view images in
high quality while data saver is on, tap the more icon and select Load High quality.
E. How to enable Dark mode
1. In the top menu, tap your profile icon.
2. Tap Settings and privacy.
3. Tap the Display and Sound tab.
4. Touch the Dark Mode button to enable the feature.
5. Select Dim or off lamp by touching preference in dark mode view.
6. To disable the feature, tap the Dark Mode option again.

F. How to enable Dark mode from the menu

1. Tap your profile icon.
2. Touch the bulb icon to activate the dark mode.
3. Go to the settings to toggle between Temaram or off lamp.

G. How to enable automatic dark mode

1. In the top menu, tap your profile icon.
2. Tap Settings and privacy.
3. Tap the Display and Sound tab.
4. Touch the automatic Dark Mode button to enable the feature.
5. To disable it, tap the automatic dark Mode button again.

 Pros of Twitter
1. Twitter is a free and simple service to broadcast a short status over the Internet. For short, Twitter
status can be sent via e-mail, SMS, and social networks.
2. To write the status of Twitter, a person must have an account. However after having an account,
to write a status or tweet can go through many programs for various devices, do not have to go
through twitter.com.
3. Twitter status can be immediately announced to all Twitter users. Unlike the Facebook status that
can only be seen by users who have become friends. That is why Twitter is widely used by politicians,
companies, even governments (but in other countries Lho). They can announce important news that
is immediately seen by fellow Twitter users. To be able to see the status of people or other parties,
someone must first search for Twitter users.
4. Twitter also provides direct communication to fellow Twitter users, so it is not another user's
readability.
5. Twitter Status can be associated with other apps such as Facebook, so the network is even wider.
6. Easy to update and more opportunities to have a wider network.
7. Anyone becomes a Follower of another person unless blocked.
8. Pure communication tools, fast responsiveness
9. You do not need to have to log in to get updates; You can use an RSS reader.
10. Highly interactive, extensible messaging platform with open API, many other applications that
are being developed (Twitterific, Summize, Twhirl, etc.)
11. The potential to use this media for future advertising.
12. Twitter may be more scalable than Facebook, giving a cost advantage.
  Disadvantages of Twitter
1.21% of Twitter account turns blank. This is a percentage of Twitter accounts that have never
posted a Tweet. They may also be registered to continue using their last username, or just a trial
account created but never used.
2. Almost 94% of all Twitter accounts have less than 100 followers. In search of the possibilities
consistent with new patterned tools as well as the fact that many people may currently have an
account to start trying with the tool, Sysomos has found the majority of Twitter users have very low
followership.
3.150 followers is a magical number. Particularly in attracting data points from the survey, Sysomos
found that Twitter users tend to "follow back " All their followers up to about 150 connections. Then
the exchange falls dramatically, which seems to indicate that this number may be a crosswalk where
people switch from using Twitter to more personal to use more on thought "lifecasting " and actions
Towards a community of people they feel have varying degrees for connection.
4. Half of all Twitter users "inactive. " If we take an overview to "active " On Twitter means that we
have tweeted at some point within the last 7 days (1 month), then the survey can find out that
50.4% of all Twitter users in accordance with this category. If you remove 21% of the first point, it
means about 30% of the users who already have an account and have previously tweeted, but what
will happen is now inactive.
5. The character limitation of the post box of 140 characters is one of Twitter's shortcomings. If
apparently the blog post that will be on-Twitter has a number of character titles and permalink that
exceeds 140 forced to use the URL facilities free Shortener that many provided web to shorten the
number of characters permalink.
6. Limited functionality For example in finding people, sending short messages
7. Having too much of a follower count
8. Easy to misuse to spam and increase network noise level.

 Conclusion
Twitter is an online social networking and microblogging service that allows its users to send and
read text-based messages up to 140 characters, but on November 07, 2017, up to 280 characters are
known as Twitter. Twitter is experiencing rapid growth and rapidly gaining popularity around the
world. Twitter's high popularity causes the service to be utilized for various purposes in various
aspects, such as the means of protest, political campaigns, learning facilities, and as a medium of
emergency communication. Twitter is also faced with issues and controversies such as user security
and privacy concerns, lawsuits, and censorship.
 Social media

Tutor : MAM MEYTI SYAFITRI

Member : 1. INDAH HUSNUL KHOTIMAH
2. LALA NOPITA SARI
3. MUHAMMAD ANDRE
4. MUHAMMAD FATHUR ROHMAN
CLASS : si 1b