U/s

1V=0.2H
20V =??

D/s
1V=0.8H
?? = 40H
Z1= 60m
50m

20m

10m 40m
3m
 Hint : Use USBR uplift distribution for no cracking, Z d = Z2 + Kd (Z1-Z2)
Solution Zd = Z2 + Kd (Z1-Z2) = 10+ 0.33*(60-10) 26.5

Submerged unit wt of Sediment  sub

'
  s  W 8.19
Active Sediment Pressure ,
1  Sin  s
Ka  0.33354
1  sin  s
Wave Height
For , F>32Km, Hw  0.032 UF 1.8102

Table -1: Concrete Gravity Dam Stability Analysis

Magnitude of forces (KN/m)

S.No Description Horizontal Vertical
Negative Positive Negative
A) SELF WEIGHT
1 W1=1/2*24*4*20
2 W2=24*10*63
3 W3= 1/2*24*44*33
B) WATER LOAD
4 PH=1/2*9.81*60^2 17658
5 Ph=1/2*9.81*10^2 490.5
6 PV1=9.81*4*40
7 PV2=1/2*9.81*4*20
8 PV'=1/2*9.81*10*8
C) UPLIFT PRESSURE
9 U1=9.81*9*26.5 2339.685
10 U2=1/2*9.81*9*(60-26.5) 1478.8575
11 U3=9.81*45*10 4414.5
12 U4=1/2*9.81*45*(26.5-10) 3641.96
D) SEDIMENT LOAD
14 PS=1/2*0.333*8.19*10^2 135.135
15 PVS=1/2*8.19*10*2
E)WAVE PRESSURE
16 PW=2*9.81*1.81^2 64.277082
F) EARTH QUICK LOAD

17 Fe  0.555α h γ0w Z 1 2 0
18 W1eh =ah*W1 0
19 W2eh =ah*W2 0
20 W3eh =ah*W3 0
21 W1ev =aV*W1 0
22 W2ev =aV*W2 0
23 W3ev =aV*W3 0
Total Sum for R.F.C 17793.14 490.5 11875.005
Total Sum for R.E.C

CASE -1 FOR RESERVOIR FULL CONDITION

Overturning Stability

Sliding Stability
F SS  

For a = 0

Shear friction factor
S  CAb   V * tan c 41793.18016

Limit Equilibrium factor

 c   n tan 
FLE 

40 f 0.6981317 radian
tan f 0.8390996

Making

Then, Find an inclined

4
51907.91 
Cos (1
By Trial and Err

Hence, Provide an inclined foundation

Check for Stress

A) Stress Analysis
M *
Centroid
X 
V
T
Ecentricity e   X
2

1) Vertical normal Stresses, on horizontal plan

v  6e 
At U/s heel   1 
T  T 
zu
 
 v  6e 
  1 
T  T 
zu
 

v  6e
At D/s toe
 zd  1 
T  T

2) Horizontal normal Stresses, on Vertical plan

tan fu 0.2
 yu  Pw  
tan fd 0.8
 yd  ( zd  P
3) Determine the principal & shear stresses at the he

u/s major principal stress

u/s minor principal stress

D/s major principal stress

D/s minor principal stress

U/s shear stress

D/s shear stress

Check for Ten

T
If e  , the vertical stress at the up
6
54
It can be proved that 2 . 937   9 th
6

 zu  448.368KN / m2
  zu  448.368KN / m2

Effective stress at the heel

i) Vertical normal stress Distribution

448.368

iii) Effective Pressure Distribution

Tension Zone (-)
140.232
(54- Lcrack)
Lcrack

CASE -2 FOR RESERVOIR EMPTY CONDITION

Consider only the self weight of the dam
 Ka

KN/m3

orces (KN/m) Moment (KNm/m)

Moment
Vertical Driving Resisting
Arm
Positive M- M+

960 51.33 49280

15120 45 680400
17424 22 383328

20.000 353160
3.333 1635
1569.6 52 81619.2
 392.4 52.667 20666.4
392.4 2.6667 1046.4

49.5 115814.4075
51 75421.7325
22.50 99326.25
30 109258.875 Uplift Force
11875.005
3.33 450.45
81.9 53.33 4368

60.68 3900.253

35940.3 753431.72 1222343

33504 0 1113008

 M  ve
Fo  1.62236733 > 1.5 Safe Sum(V) 24065.295
 M  ve

F SS  
H
V 0.718987031 < 0.75 Safe but under ELC up to 0.9 is acceptable

S
F SF 
 2.415422862 <3 Unsafe
H

CAb   V cos   H sin  tan

FLE  For a =0 , FLE =FSF
 H cos  V sin.
 CAb   V cos   H sin  tan
FLE 
 H cos  V sin.

To make safe against shear, Provide a small inclined foundation angle , a

CA b
S    V tan(  c   ) KN / m
Cos  (1  tan  c tan  )
S
F SF   3
 H S  3 * H 51907.905

hen, Find an inclined foundation angle , a from the above equation as follows:
400*54*1
51907.91   24065.295 * tan(400   ) KN / m
Cos (1 tan 400 tan  )
By Trial and Error , For a= 5 S = 47,465.66
, For a= 6 S = 48,740.05
, For a= 8 S = 51,455.66
, For a= 8.3165 S = 51,907.43
n inclined foundation angle with a = 8.31 in order to be safe against Shear friction

Stress M*  864832.297 V  35940.3

(Excluding Uplift Moment and Uplift Force)

24.06302 m

 X 2.93697612400029 m (D/s of the centroid)

Combining axial & bending load

esses, on horizontal planes
z 
 V

 M * y1 R
Ab I

v  6e 
1  448.3681 Kpa < 1200 Safe
T  T 
 v  6e 
1 
T  T 

v  6e 
 1 
T  T 
882.75412 Kpa < 1200 Safe

Stresses, on Vertical planes

 yu  Pw   zu  Pw  tan 2u 582.990724 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

 yd  ( zd  Pw' ) tan 2 d 502.178638 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

& shear stresses at the heel and toe of the dam?

tress  1u =  zu (1 + tan 2u ) - Pw tan 2u 442.758825 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

tress  3 u  Pw   w * Z 1 588.6 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

stress  1d =  zd (1 + tan 2d ) - Pw' * tan 2  d 1384.93276 KN/m2 > 1200 unSafe

stress  3 d  Pw"   w * Z 2 98.1 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

/s shear stress  u   Pw   zu  tan u 112.185519 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

/s shear stress  d  ( zd  Pw' ) * tan  d 627.723297 KN/m2 < 1200 Safe

Check for Tension

tical stress at the upstream face of the dam will be negative i.e tensile stress .
54
937   9 the resultant is with in the middle third.
6

 zd  882.754KN / m2 Puplift , heel  9.81 * 60  588 .6 KN / m 2

  zd  882.754KN / m2 Puplift , heel  9.81 * 60  588 .6 KN / m 2

he heel  eff , heel  ( 448 .368  588 .60 )   140 .232 KN / m 2

stress Distribution ii) Uplift Pressure Distribution

882.754 98.1
588.6

sure Distribution
From Similarity of triangles, Length of crack can be calculated as:

(54- Lcrack) Compression Zone (+)

Lcrack (54  Lcrack )
 Lcrack =
882.754 140.232 882.754

Hence , Effective base width of dam , Teff = 54-7.40 = 46.597m ( then

( Left as an exercise for students)

 Uplift Moment
399821.265

.9 is acceptable
tion as follows:

R
sile stress .
alculated as:

7.40m

0 = 46.597m ( then you can further check for stress)

 Sediment load

1
Ps  K a *  sub
'
* h s2
2
 sub
'
  s  W
 Crown Cantilever Projection of an Arch Dam using U.S.B.R Metho
Q#1
The volume of concrete required for the arch dam in cubic feet is found from:

V  2 *10 6 H 2 L2
 H  0.8L2   0.0004 HL ( H  L )
 L1  L2  1 1

Exercise
ng U.S.B.R Method

Single Curvature Arch Dam Double Cur

*Keep U/s face vertical, but
make the horizontal axis curved.
c feet is found from:

(All in feet)
 Double Curvature Arch Dam
*Keep U/s face curved, and
make again the horizontal axis curved.
 Design of an Arch Dam
Q#2 120m

C) What is Canyon shape factor for the arch dam? Is it feasible?

Solution
Li=2ri sin()
t

A) Using Crown cantilever Projection , the thickness at the crest is given by :

TC  0.01 * ( H  2L1 ) 3.00 m

B) Constant angle arch dam 2  133o34'00''

Minimum central angle =133034’00” , Li=2ri sin(133034’00”/2) , Li =1.838ri or ri =0.544Li

Depth of radius, pressure,

Span, Li Pri fa-P t=Pri/ fa-P
Arch ri = 0.544Li p =gwh
0 120 65.28 0 0 5000 3
10 108.33 58.933 100 5893.33 4900 3.00
20 96.67 52.587 200 10517.33 4800 3.00
 30 85.00 46.240 300 13872.00 4700 3.00
40 73.33 39.893 400 15957.33 4600 3.46899
50 61.67 33.547 500 16773.33 4500 3.72741
60 50 27.2 600 16320.00 4400 3.70909
X Y
Using Excel : 0 120 Using Regresssion Analysis , Y=a+b*X
60 50
INTERCEPT a 120
SLOPE b -1.17

Constant Radius arch dam

The minimum volume of concrete for the whole of the arch dam with a constant radius is
by keeping the angle a at the top quite large. It ranges between (100-140) degrees.
Let us assume an angle of 1400 ranges between (100-140)
Assume , 2a=1400 (1/2)L 60
sin a =60/ri ,
sin 700 =60/ri ri = 63.8507
42.5m m Extrados radius
Extrados (re) =, rRi+t
Radius e
=R
re = 63.850+3 =
1.22173
0.939693 Hence , the Extrados radius of all arches will be kept constant as 66.85m

Depth of Span, L pressure

radius, re t=Pre/fa ri=re-t
Arch ( m) i , p =gwh
0 120 66.85 0 3 63.85
10 108.33 66.85 100 3 63.85
20 96.67 66.85 200 3 63.85
30 85.00 66.85 300 4.011 62.839
40 73.33 66.85 400 5.348 61.502
50 61.67 66.85 500 6.685 60.165
60 50 66.85 600 8.022 58.828

b  H ( Se
C) C .S . F 
 Li=2ri sin()
U/S
Axis
120m
60m D/S
R
R
Ri
RC 2
Re

3m
R.B 1H : 2V
???= 60V
X1 30m

L.B 1H : 1.5V
???= 60V
X1 40m

Hence, Base width , B = 120-(30+40) = 50m

est is given by :

 w hR i
o
33 34'00 '' T 
   wh
838ri or ri =0.544Li

Using Calculator : SHIFT MCL

re=ri+t
MODE 1 2 3
68.28 Select 3 LINEAR
61.93 (0,120) n=1
55.59 (60,50) n=2
 49.24 Then, 10 SHIFT S-VAR
43.36 X^ = 108.33
37.27
30.91

Li=2ri sin()

60m 60m

with a constant radius is obtained 

100-140) degrees. Ri

Extrados Radius , Re = Ri + t
63.850+3 = 66.85m

kept constant as 66.85m

b  H ( Sec  1  Sec  2 )
C .S . F 
H

Sec y = 1/Cos y =Hyp./Adj.

 Design of Butress Dam

PwV

Pwh

B) Determine the prestress load required in each units? Considering Seismic criteria for Fsf =3.2

Solution: Normal load combination (NLC):- Water load (to design flood level (DFL)) + self-weight + uplift (no press
A) i) Water Load

1 1
P   * 10 * 20  x * 10 * 20  20,000 KN acting at 20 / 3  6.666 m
2 2 2

2 2
wh w

1 1
P  *  * 2 * 20 * 10  2,000 KN acting @ 19  x 2  18.33m
2 3
wv w

1 1 1
P  10 * *  * Z * T  x10 x 20 x3 x10  3,000 KN acting @ 19  * 3 
2 2 3
U w 1 B4

consider uplift to act only under buttress head

ii) Self Weight

PmA  23 * 10 * 3 * 2  1, 380 KN at 15 . 5 m
PmB  23 * 10 * 20 * 3  13 , 800 KN @ 16 . 5 m
Pmc  23 * 10 * 3 * 16  11 , 040 KN @ 10 m
 PmA  23 * 10 * 3 * 2  1, 380 KN at 15 . 5 m
PmB  23 * 10 * 20 * 3  13 , 800 KN @ 16 . 5 m
Pmc  23 * 10 * 3 * 16  11 , 040 KN @ 10 m

Table 1 : Load - moment

Moment Vertical (KN) Horizontal (KN)

S.No Load - ®
arm (m) - ¯+
+
A Water Load
Horizontal, Pwh 6.6667 - - 20,000
Vertical , Pwv 18.33 2000
Uplift ,Pu 18 3,000
B Self-wt
A 15.5 1380
B 16.5 13800
C 10 11040

S 3000 28220 20,000

Fo   M  ve  396150  2.11 > 1.50 (Satisfactory)

 M ve 187330

S CAb  V tan
FSF   2.8330
H H

B) Seismic criteria for Fsf is unsatisfied because 2.83<3.2

  Prestress load /buttress= Pps can be computed by taking the tendons are inclin

CAb  (v  Pps cos u ) tan c 500 * 78  ( 25

FsF 3 .2 
H  Pps sin u 20 , 00

 2 
u  tan 1    5.77 0
 22 
 FO *  M 
Ppo  ve

y2
 1V : 0.7H 0.5
20V= ????
X = 14m

toe

14m
Z1

Z1

10m

w*Z1

ring Seismic criteria for Fsf =3.2

(DFL)) + self-weight + uplift (no pressure relief drains).

KN acting at 20 / 3  6.666 m

1
19  x 2  18.33m
3
1
000 KN acting @ 19  * 3  18m
3

at 15 . 5 m
KN @ 16 . 5 m
N @ 10 m
 at 15 . 5 m
KN @ 16 . 5 m
N @ 10 m

Moment (KN/m
M- M+

133,334
36,660
54,000

21390
227,700
110,400

187,330 396,150

Satisfactory)
Ab 78
tanf
0.610865 0.700208

>2.40 (Satisfactory)

use 2.83<3.2
by taking the tendons are inclined

500 * 78  ( 25220  Pps * 0 . 99 ) x 0 . 7

3 .2 
20 , 000  Pps * 0 . 09

Sliding design pre-stress required , PPs= 7230 KN per buttress

PT (KN) = 7230/2 =3615 KN per tendon
Overturning design pre-stress required , PPo

FO *  M    M 
Ppo  ve  ve
KN / m -50.497 KN/m
y2 -504.9714 KN per buttress
 Seepage Analysis of an Embankment Dam

Case 1: If there is Horizontal Filter

K= 4*10-6m/s

W
W

STEP:1 STEP:2
On U/S Side 1V:2.5H Location of A from B= 0.30*67.5 = 20.2
27V=???? STEP:3
L=27*2.5= 67.5 The coordinate of A is (b,h)
STEP:4
y Hence, coordinate of A is (64.75,2
STEP:5
P R From Property of Parabola , PF=PR
F Directrix
X x 2  y 2  x  yo

Parabola Curve •For known values of point A (b,h) , x = b and

STEP:6
Where F=Principal Focus  y  b  h b
o
2 2

• The Equation of Parabola is given by :

STEP:7
i) • To Locate the Phreatic line using the equation
 X 0 10 20 30 40 50
y 5.4 11.712 15.658 18.793 21.474636 23.857

ii) To Draw the flow net, the number of flow channels must be b/n
STEP:8 equipotential drops shall not exceed 15 (characteristics of flow
Assume number of flow channels , Nf = 3 and Number of Equipotential dro

Assuming isotropic soils in which kx  ky  k

iii) STEP:9
q •Hence the total discharge through the complete flow
q
q h b N
Q   q  k .  . N  kh . f

N l N
T f

d d

Or Direct Solution , using darcy Equation

y and Continuity Equation
y
Flow
Area

X 1m Q  K * y o 2.16E-05
0r 2.16*10^-5 m3/s/m width of
STEP:10 Þ Seepage through the whole cross section of the dam

Q  Q*LT Crest

Case 2:If there is No Horizontal Filter

Solution
L
3m A 0.3L B 2 yo
1
2.5 K Y
h =27m J
 2.5 Y
h =27m 1 J
a
a
 F STEP:3
X
b
a
a*sin 

a*cos 
STEP : 4
i) • To Locate the Phreatic line using the Parabola equation

y 2 xy o  y 0
2
At X = 0 , Y=yo

Þ X-varies from , X = a*cos a =16.9m to X=b =94.75m (Cur

Þ Y-varies from , y = a*Sin a =8.449m to Y=h=27m (Curve sta

 y  b  h b
o
2 2
3.772 m

X 0 16.9 20 30 40 50 60
y 3.772 8.449 12.849 15.51 17.776 19.784514 21.607

STEP : 5 The discharge/seepage per meter width of the dam is given by

For a < 300 Q = k.a( sin

STEP : 5

a+ Da=KF yo
a  a   35.72784
(1  Cos )

a  35.727 a  16.840

STEP : 6 Correction factor is computed from :

a
C  0.471336
(a  a) Less than 300
ment Dam

If Required
P(x.y)
P(x,y) Top width for medium dam is g
R
W  0.55 H d  0.2
F
W= 9.012

m B= 0.30*67.5 = 20.25m
20.25 h 27 m

of A is (b,h) Then , b=142-30-0.7*L = 64.75 m

ate of A is (64.75,27) y
X yo
P R
la , PF=PR
y
y 2  x  yo Directrix
x
F
nt A (b,h) , x = b and y = h
2
 h b
2
5.4038488 m
2
bola is given by : y 2 xy o  y 0

equation y  10.8 X  29.16

 60 67.75
26.022 27.58

hannels must be b/n 3-6 and number of

haracteristics of flow net)
ber of Equipotential drops be Nd =15

k  k  k
x y

h the complete flow net is given by

N
N  kh f
.
N 2.16E-05 0r 2.16*10^-5m3/s/m width of tha dam
f

V  k *i
Q  v* A  k *i* A
dy d ( 2xyo  yo2 )
Q  k * ( y * 1) Qk * ( 2xyo  yo2 )
dx dx

0^-5 m3/s/m width of tha dam

s section of the dam is given

*L Crest

STEP:1 D/S slope 1V:2H

30V =??? X=60m
U/S slope 1V:2.5H
27V =??? L=67.5m
STEP:2
 b=142-0.7*L 94.75 m

a = tan -1(30/60) 0.463647609000806 26.5651 Degree

Cos a 0.894427
2 2
For a < 300 b b h
a   Cos 2 a 0.800 Sin 2 a
cos cos2  sin 2 

a= 18.888 m
18.888 m

=b =94.75m (Curve starts from point J onwards)

=27m (Curve starts from point J onwards)

Equation y  7.544* X 14.227

70 80 90 94.75
23.287 24.854517 26.3284446939 27.0004

e dam is given by:

k.a( sina) (tana) 1.7358315E-05 m /s/m width of the dam 3

It declines. Why? Justify???

Table: Correction
m
a C
30 0.36
60 0.32
90 0.26
Less than 300 120 0.18
135 0.14
150 0.1
180 0
 Actual Phreatic
L

h for medium dam is given by :

 0.55 H d  0.20 * H d vFor medium dam (10m<Hd ≤30m),

m
0.200
Actual Phreatic line
Theoretical Phreatic line
 Slope Stability Analysis of an Embankme

C=24KN/m2

Slice no 1 2 3 4 5
α (degrees) 55 50 45 41 32
Arc Length
8.6 8.7 5.4 6.4 6.3
(meters)
Area of Slice
45 49 51 80 87
(m2)
Pore water
Pressure (KN) 0 150 250 300 290

STEP : 1 Since Average unit weight of emb material is given, we don't need
But, if we have both Saturated and Submerged unit weight of emb material w

Arc Pore water Weight,

α Area of
Slice no Length Pressure
(degrees) Slice (m2) W=g*V
(meters) (KN)
1 55 8.6 45 0 900
2 50 8.7 49 150 980
3 45 5.4 51 250 1020
4 41 6.4 80 300 1600
 5 32 6.3 87 290 1740
6 23 5.9 54 210 1080
7 15 6.2 52 95 1040
8 12 6 48 0 960
9 0 7.4 44 0 880
Sum 60.9 510 1295 10200

STEP : 2 Factor of Safety is given by:

2 r 
  L  L AB  Lenghth of Slip circle
360 0

Mr CL tan (N U) 24*60.9  tan250 *7073

F.S   
Md T 5071.7199

Remedial Measures
1. Change the type of embankment Material to i
2. Make the D/s Slope more gentle
3. Improve moisture content , lift thickness , com
of an Embankment Dam

3m

2
1 Phreatic line
H=25

Heel

Solution: : F. B.D for a single Slice

N  W
R T
U

6 7 8 9
23 15 12 0

5.9 6.2 6 7.4

54 52 48 44

210 95 0 0

ial is given, we don't need to convert it to other unit weight.

unit weight of emb material with out any Phreatic line pattern. Then, we will use gave =(gSat + gSub)/2

Resisting Driving
Force, Force, N-U
N=W*cos(q) T=W*Sin(q)
516.2188 737.2368 516.2188
629.9319 750.7236 479.9319
721.2489 721.2489 471.2489
1207.5353 1049.6944 907.5353
 1475.6037 922.0595 1185.6037
994.1452 421.9896 784.1452
1004.5629 269.1718 909.5629
939.0217 199.5952 939.0217
880.0000 0.0000 880.0000
8368.2683805 5071.719926 7073.2684

ghth of Slip circle

24*60.9  tan250 *7073.268 0.938522 < 1.5 (Not Safe)


5071.7199 The D/S Slope is bieng colappsing during Steady seepage Condition.

embankment Material to improve shearing resistance ,C and internal friction angle, f

more gentle
ontent , lift thickness , compaction , number of pass of roller,
 6m

Phreatic 1line2 3 4 5 6 7 1
8 9

25m
146m

O
 O

epage Condition.
Exercises