CONSTRUCTION AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
METALS

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NOTLARDA LİNK VARSA GÖRSEL LİNKİDİR, İYİ EĞLENCELER. GEÇMİŞ OLSUN..

METALSdemirli metaller kırsal yapılar

Several ferrous metals are useful in the construction of farm buildings and other rural structures.
Dökme demir sıhhi atık boruları ve bağlantı parçaları
Cast iron is used for making sanitary waste pipes and fittings.
Çelik demirden oluşur
Steel consists of iron, plus a small percentage of carbon in chemical combination.
kesici uçlu aletler için
High-carbon or ‘hard’ steel is used for tools with cutting edges.
Medium carbon steel is used for structural members such as I-beams, reinforcing bars and implement
frames. I şeklinde kirişler takviye çubukları uygulanan çerçeveler
(binalar için)
Low carbon or ‘mild’ steel is used for pipes, nails, screws, wire, screening, fencing and corrugated roof
sheets. yumuşak çelik borular, çiviler, vidalar, tel, tarama, çit yapma ve oluklu çatı tabakaları
demirsiz metaller
Non-ferrous metals, such as aluminium and copper, are corrosion-resistant and are often chosen for this
quality. alüminyum ve bakır gibi korozyona dayanıklı

Copper is used for electric wire, tubing for water supply and for flashing.
oluklu çatı tabakaları , oluklar , ve beraberindeki çiviler
Aluminium is most commonly used for corrugated roofing sheets, gutters and the accompanying nails.
Brass is a corrosion-resistant alloy of copper and zinc used extensively for building hardware.
yapı donanımı
Pirinç alaşımı

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 METALLERİN ÖZELLİKLERİ

PROPERTIES OF METALS
-uniform microstructure . düzgün mikroyapı
-good conductor of heat, sound, and electricity. iyi ısı ses ve elektrik iletimi
-Their compression and tensile stresses are equal. sıkıştırma ve çekme gerilimleri eşit
-Mechanical effects which are applied to metal first cause elastic and plastic
ilk elastik ve plastik deformasyona sebep olur
deformation between the crystal system. Then they lead to breakage of the metal in
sonra metalin kırılmasına sebep olur
shear deformation.

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 METALS pirinç dökme demir

yeğlemek
Metals are opted in construction
projects over other materials for its
durability, efficiency, and low
maintenance.dayanıklılık, verimlilik ve düşük bakım
Metals provide a cleaner look,
dikkat çekici
striking beauty, and more
çok yönlülük
versatility than their other
construction material counterparts.
benzerleri metal çamur bakır

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 METALS
Requirements of metal:

yükleri taşımak için yeterli güç

-Should provide sufficient strength to bear the loads coming on them
ısıya ve ateşe dayanıklılık
-should provide resistance to heat and fire
-should have good adhesion with cement concrete
çimento beton ile iyi birleşme (yapışma)

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 METALS
Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous Metals
pik demir (ham dökme demir)
1)pig iron 1)aluminium
dökme demir ( kullanımı
daha kolay olan) 2)copper
2)cast iron 3)magnesium
dövme demir
3)wrought iron 4)nickel
4)steel 5)titanium
6)zinc çinko
7)ead And Tin
Lead and tin
Kalay ve kurşun alaşımı

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 PROPERTIES OF METAL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: strength,
tokluk sertlik süneklik, sünme kapasitesi
toughness, hardness, ductility,
elasticity,fatique and creep.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: density, yoğunluk
specific heat, melting and boiling erime ve kaynama
ısı termal genleşme noktasi
point, thermal expansion and
iletkenlik
conductivity, electrical and magnetic
properties elektriksel ve manyetik özellikler
oksidasyon
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: oxidation,
corrosion, flammability, toxicity.
yanıcılık toksisite

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 saf olmayan madendeki safsızlıklar giderilerek metaller üretilmiştir

FERROUS METALS
Metals are aiming the most useful building materials. They exist in nature as
bileşikler compounds like oxides, carbonates, sulphides and phosphates and are
known as ores. oksitler karbonatlar sülfatlar fosfatlar ve maden olarak bilinenler
üretilmiş safsızlıklar
Metals are derived from ores by removing the impurities.
yapısal amaçlı kullanılanlar demir içeren metaller olarak sınıflandırılır
Those used for structural oluşturan
purposes are classified as ferrous metals, with
iron as the main constituent, e.g. cast iron, wrought iron and steel and
others like aluminium, copper, zinc, lead and tin in which the main
constituent is not iron as non ferrous metals.
Ana bileşeni demir olan ve yapısal amaçlı kullanılan metaller ferrous metaller diye geçer (türkçes demir içeren metaller)

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En önemli metal demirdir

IRON Iron is by for the most important of the metals used in construction. It
bolluk
is available in abundance, but does not occur freely in nature. The
iron content of the main ores are as follows:
içerik

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 PİK DEMİR

PİG IRON
demir madeni ezilerek safsızlıklar azaltılmış
The iron ore is dressed by crushing it to about 50 mm cubes. The impurities are knocked off and
the ore is then calcined to drive off moisture.
nemi uzaklaştırmak için kireçlenmiş
Pig iron is classified as
1)Bessemer pig basınç dayanımı yüksektir biçilmek, kırpılmak
PROPERTIES: Its compressive strength is high but is weak in tension and shear.
2)foundry pig Pig iron does not rust and cannot be riveted or welded.
paslanmaz perçinlenmez ve kaynak yapılmaz
3)forge pig
4)mottled pig.
mantıklı çevirilerini bulamadım görsellerine bakabilirsin:(

USES: Pig iron is most suitable for making columns, base plates, door brackets, etc.
taban plakaları kapı konsolları / menteşeleri

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 bence burdan sormaz hiç kalın kalemle yazmamış :D

pig iron (ham dökme demir) dan yapılmış o yüzden çoğu özellik aynı
işlenmiş dökme demir

CAST IRON
The product is known as cast iron containing about 2–4% of
bileşik sementit
carbon in two forms, i.e., as the compound cementite—in a state
of chemical combination; and as free carbon—in a state of
mechanical mixture.
sınıflandırma biçimlendirilebilir
CLASSIFICATION: Cast iron is classified as grey, white, malleable,
mottled, chilled.
alacalı soğutulmuş

kırılgan (yani benim gibi)

PROPERTIES: Cast iron is hard and brittle. It lacks
ductility,malleability and impact stregth.
süneklik, esneklik ve darbe dayanımından yoksun (benim gibi)
It can neither be riveted nor welded. It is strong in compression
but weak in tension and shear. perçinlenemez veya kaynak yapılamaz
Cast iron has a high compressive strength and good wear
resistance. aşınma direnci

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 CAST IRON
USES:
Some of the more common uses of
süs dökümleri
cost iron are making ornamental
duvar destekleri, lamba direkleri
castings such as wall brackets,
lamp posts; bathroom fittings
su tankları (rezervuar) su boruları, kanalizasyonlar
such as cisterns, water pipes,
rögar kapakları, sıhhi tesisat
sewers, manhole covers, sanitary
ray yatağı, taşıma tekerleri
fittings and; rail chairs, carriage
wheels and machine parts
subjected to shocks. It is used as
basic material for manufacturing
wrought iron and mild steel.
ferforje imalatı ve yumuşak demir

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burdan bakarız sınavda açıklama yazamıcam buraya şimdi

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 DÖVME DEMİR

WROUGHT IRON
Wrought iron considered to be pure iron, is produced by removing
the impurities of cast iron.
sünek, esnek, sert ve orta derecede elastik
PROPERTIES:Wrought iron is ductile, malleable, tough and
moderately
korozyon direnci
elastic. It can be molded easily and has good
resistance to corrosion.Wrought ıron can be machıned plated and işlenebilir, kaplanabilir ve şekillendirilebilir
easıly formed; however ıt has a low hardness and a low fatıque
strength. It’s ductility is lower than steel
sünekliği çelikten azdır
It’s tensile strength is lower.
gerilme direnci düşüktür
perçin çivisi süs dökümleri
USES: Roof coverings, rivets, chains, ornamental iron
works such as gates, etc. are made of wrought iron.
Wrought iron can be riveted to make things
like beams, trusses, and girders.
kirişler kafesler ve kirişler

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RAF

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 STEEL ŞÜKÜR YARABBİM ÇELİK

uygun
Steel is the most suitable building material among metallic
materials.
geniş alan ve kombinasyon
This is due to a wide range and combination of physical and
mechanical properties that steels can have.
uygun şekilde alaşım yapmak
By suitably controlling the carbon content, alloying elements
istenen sertlik kombinasyonu
and heat treatment, a desired combination of hardness,
ductility and strength can be obtained in steel. So steel is
elde edilebilir
shapeable and ıt has high strength.

kimyasal bileşim
The factors influencing the properties of steel are chemical
composition, heat treatment, and mechanical work.
ısı tedavisi(düzeltilmesi)

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 Karbon içeriği temelinde çelik aşağıdaki gibi sınıflandırılabilir
On the basis of carbon content steel may be classified below:

çekme köşebent (aynen öyle) takviye çubukları

Mild steel is used palplanj
in the form of rolled sections, reinforcing bars,
(aynnnen öyle) demiryolu rayları
roof coverings and sheet piles and in railway tracks
High carbon steel is used for reinforcing cement concrete and
öngerilimli
prestressed concrete members.
High Tensile steel is used in prestressed concrete construction.
öngerilmeli beton yapı

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burası çıkmaz heralde...
geçelim..

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 STEEL yine çelik

Steel is the most widely used as well as the most

recycled metal on earth.
imal edilenin çoğu inşaat sektöründe kullanılıyor
The majority of manufactured steel is used by the
construction industry because sustainable structures can
be built quickly at low prices.
köprü güverte plakası gibi bişi
Steel can most often be found
kıyı koruma yapıları
in bridge deck plates,
eğitim binaları yüksek katlı binalar
coastal defenses, educational buildings, high-rise
buildings, hospital buildings, low-rise buildings,
office buildings, stadiums, and security fencing.
koruma parmaklıkları

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 ÇELİK YAPI PROFİLLERİ

STEEL CONSTRUCTION PROFILES

-normal profiles except reinforcement bars which are used at
-construction of steel structure, especially steel systems (structural
-elements such as skeleton, roof truss, floor, etc.) can be mentioned as
-steel construction profiles.

-the main normal profiles are I-beam, variety edge of gussets / L, T, U, Z

and equal angle profiles

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 YAPISAL ÇELİKLER

STRUCTURAL STEELS
steel bands : çelik bantlar ve çelik teller (çelik hasır diye de geçiyor)
-steel ban and steel meshes
-steel construction profiles çelik yapı profilleri

-steel cables çelik kablolar

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STEEL BARS AND STEEL MESHES
-Concrete being extremely weak in tension requires reinforcement, which is in variably steel.
betonarme uymalıdır
-properties of structural steel used in reinforced concrete must conform to the steel
bars in concrete and the standard of steel meshes.
çelik çubuklar
-steel rods used for this purpose have different types in terms of surface shape, being
plain or deformed.
düz veya deforme olmuş olmak

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ÇELİK KABLOLAR

STEEL CABLES
tel
-materials that are used for this purpose are usually in the form of wire.
sıcak çekilmiş tel sağlam çelik
-hot drawn wire is manufactured from solid steel. metal tellerden oluşuyo
tel halat
-wire rope is a type of cable which consists of several strands of metal wire –laid
(twisted) into a helix
bir sarmal içine yerleştirilmiş

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STEEL BARS ANS STEEL MESHES
düz,sade
expected properties from plain reinforcing bars used in stuctures;
tekdüze ve pürüzsüz ezilmiş nokta
. must be uniform and smooth, should have no crushed points,
kusurlar kabarcık, leke, çatlak veya yarık
. bars should not be used if they have defects such as bubble, stain, crack or crevice move
up into sections of them,
kaplı
. bar surfaces should not be coated with
adhesion prevention substances like paint,
oil, etc.

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PASLANMA VE KOROZYON

RUSTING AND CORROSION

maruz kaldığında
When steel is exposed to atmosphere, it is subjected to action of atmospheric
nemli
agencies. The humid air causes the rusting of steel, also the atmospheric conditions
along with rain produces oxidation and corrosion.
yağmurla beraber oksidasyon ve korozyona sebep olur
Consequently, the physical and mechanical properties are affected. In due course of
zamanla çatlaklar ve kesiklikler
time cracks and discontinuities may form in the oxide film, due to electro-chemical
action on the metal surface, providing a fresh source of atmospheric action resulting
başladıktan sonra demiri aşındırır
in further corrosion. Once rusting is initiated, it gradually increases and corrodes iron.
Rusts in the form of scales are peeled off from the swelled surface of iron.
It is serious problem as the surface becomes rough with rusted iron projections. This
may injure users. Also, the loss of steel sectional area may cause failure of structural
elements.

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RUSTING AND CORROSION
To safeguard iron and steel from rusting and corrosion some
of the prevalent methods are enamelling;
kaplamalar
applying metal coatings
galvanizleme kalay kaplama galvanik
– galvanizing, tin plating, electroplating;
and applying organic coatings
kömür katranı
– painting and coal tarring.
Of these methods painting is the most common.

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 ALAŞIMLI ÇELİK

ALLOY STEEL In general, the properties desired in a metal to be used as building material are not
present to the best advantage in any single metal. To develop specific properties a
combination of metals or metallic substances is done and are classed as alloys.
İstenen özellikler elde edilmek için alaşımlar yapılmış

paslanmaz çelik

nikel çelik

invar çelik

vanadyum çeliği

tungsten çelik

manganez çelik

molibden

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NON-FERROUS METALS
Introduction:
demire kıyasla üretimi az
Athough the production of individual non-ferrous metals is small in comparison to the
dökümcü
iron, the former play an important part in many engineering structure
rağmen
and industrial
processes. The non-ferrous metals and their alloys are used despite their high cost
çok çeşitli özellikler sağlıyolar
because they provide a wide variety of properties. Some of the more commonly used
non-ferrous metals are aluminium, copper, tin, zinc, lead and manganese.
kalay, çinko, kurşun ve manganez

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 malleable: biçimlendirilebilir
less ductile than copper: bakirdan daha sünek
çinko, kalay ve kurşundan üstün

ALUMINIUM light : hafif

soft : yumuşak
strong : güçlü
durable : dayanıklı
termal iletkenlik düşük ama elektrik iletimi yüksek
Aluminium is silver white in colour with a brittle metallic
lustre on freshly broken surface. It is malleable, less ductile
than copper but excels zinc, tin, and lead.
Aluminium is very light, soft, strong and durable, has low
thermal conductivity but is a good conductor of electricity.
iletkenlik
Low density, high corrosion resistance good electric and
heat conductor. düşük yoğunluk, yüksek korozyon direnci, iyi elektrik ve ısı iletkeni
Rather high price compared to steel.
At normal temperature it is not affected by sulphur,
carbonic oxide, vinegar, sea water, etc., but is rapidly
corroded by caustic alkalis. kostik alkaliler
Aluminum is lightweight but it’s strong.
akışkanlık
It has a high resistance to corrosion and it gives fluidity.
Aluminum is often used in ceilings and walls, window
frames, roof covers, HVAC systems.

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 ALUMINIUM
İt is silver white colour
2.7 g / cm^3 density
Melting point is 658 °C.
Easy to process
Light weight
does not occur free in nature
exist more as compounds
aluminum was found in 1827 and it has been used in industrysince 1890
mainly compounds of aluminium are; alumina (oxide), silicates
(clay), bauxite, feldspar and mica.
haline getirilmiş
aluminium can be made into billet, bar, wire, tube, cable, sheet
and foils. folyo cephelerde paneller
it is used as composite panels in facades
it can be forged with hammer. çelikle dövülmüş
Aluminium is a good conductor for electricity and heat
The metal with the lowest tensile strength
A thin alumina layer that is formed on the surface under the
influence of oxygen in the air protects aluminum against corrosion

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 ALUMINIUM ALÜMİNYUMUN KULLANIM ALANLARI

USES: Pure aluminium is very soft and is unsuitable for

türetilmiş
structural purposes. Satisfactory properties are derived by
alloying copper, manganese, zinc, silicon, nickel with
aluminium.
It is most suitable for making door and window frames,
railings of shops and corrugated sheets for roofing
system. dükkan korkulukları ve oluklu çatı kaplama sistemi
Aluminium sheets are used over doors in bathrooms to
protect them from getting rot and for stamping into a variety
of shapes. çürümek

Alluminium alloys are widely used for the manufacture of

rolled sections, such as angles, channels, I-sections, round
and rectangular pipes, rivets and bolts.
perçin ve cıvata dişleri

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 BAKIR

COPPER ayrılmış
Copper is extracted form ores, e.g., copper pyrite,
such as, chalcopyrite , malachite and copper glance.
bakır cevheri
kalkoprit malakit
Copper is the oldest known metal used by man. It is
one of the most versatile materials available.
çok yönlü
The combination of copper’s physical properties,
iletkenlik conductivity, corrosion resistance, ductility, and
strength, make it suitable for a wide range of
projects.
Within the construction industry copper is most often
used for cladding, electrical wiring, heating
systems, oil and gas lines, rainwater systems, and
roofing.
kaplama, elektrik tesisatı, ısıtma sistemleri, petrol ve gaz hatları,
yağmur suyu sistemleri ve çatı kaplama

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 COPPER
-8.93 g/cm^3 density
-Melting point is 1083 °C.
-Easy to force and process.
-High thermal and electrical
conductivity.
-Exist free or as compounds in nature.
-Copper is a bright shining metal of
reddish colour.
-Its surface is exposed to abrasion
and is coated with a protective layer
known as verdigris (green colour). The
formation of this layer makes copper
resistant to perforation
kaynak ve lehimleme yapılabilir
-welding and soldering can be done.
-In addition to producing thin wire and sheet it is used as alloys because
of its
softness.
-any sharp corners should not be created with this material .
-should not be contacted directly with aluminum, steel, zinc and magnesium
and water insulation blanket should be laid below it when used as roof
covering.
paslanmaya dayanıklı
-resistant to rust.
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COPPER
Copper is a bright shining metal of reddish
colour which turns greenish on exposure to
weather.
şekillendirilebilir, sünek ve sıcak/soğuk durumlarda kullanılabilir
Copper is malleable and ductile and can be
worked in hot and cold conditions. It is not
weldable, except on red heat. It is soft and
good conductor of heat and electricity.
USES: In buildings nem
copper is used for roofing,
geçirmezlik
sheeting and damp proofing. Its use is kullanımı sınırlıdır
restricted in the appliances and connections
used for water supplies in houses.

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 COPPER
ALLOYS:
PİRİNÇ
BRASS is an alloy 60–90% copper and
10–40% zinc. It is white, yellow or red in
color according to the percentage of
copper it contains
BRONZ
BRONZE is an alloy of copper and tin
with one or more additional metal.
Higher corrosion resistance and wear
resistance than brass bronze is more
expensive because of tin price.

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 ÇİNKO
ZINC
-It is bluish white in colour.
-7.11 g/cm3 density yoğunluk
-Melting point is 419.41 °C
-It is damaged from contacting with tar, copper, iron,
katran, bakır, demir, çelik, çimento ve kireç
steel, cement and lime.
-It Is sold according to the basis of number in the market.

-Zinc is usually used in the manufacture of products on

the roof such as chimneys, valley, gutter, rainwater
bacalar, çatı olukları, iniş boruları
downpipe

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 ZINC
The main source of zinc is the sulphide ore zinc
blende or black jack.
doğal çinkosülfür
çinkosülfür
PROPERTIES: The most important property of zinc is
its resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Ductility is
good and it can be deformed into desired shapes.
USES: Used as corrosion resistant material and used
to produce brass,zinc plated steel sheets, some of
the bronzes, as a protective coating on iron and
steelfor resisting corrosion and for negative pole
pieces of batteries.

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 KURŞUN
LEAD
Mainly
en yoğun
used in its pure form, lead is the
densest, softest and the weakest metal. The
principal ore is lead sulphide, galena.
ana cevher galen: kükürtlü kurşun
tırnakla bile çizilebilir
PROPERTIES: Pure lead can be scratched even
with finger nail, highly malleable and can be
rolled, into thin foils. It has a blue grey colour
donuk metalik parlaklık
and dull metallic lusture when freshly
kırıldığında
fractured. When exposed to moist air it loses
lusture due to oxidation. oksidasyon kaybeder
yüzünden parlaklığını

ALLOYS: It finds its principal use in paints as

base, lead pipes and joints in sanitary sıhhi tesisat
fittings and in batteries. It was used water
pipes in old buildings

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 LEAD
lt is bluish brown in colour.
- 11.3 g/cm3 density.
- soft and flexible
- Melting point is 327.3 ° C.
- can be drawn with nail and can be cut
with knife.
- It is resistant to chemicals.
- If lead is coated on wood,
waterproofing membranes
should be laid under it.

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KALAY
TIN
çıkarılan siyah kalay oksidinden kasiterit
It is extracted from black oxide of tin, casseterite. Tin is extracted from the ore by
crushing, roasting and melting to a temperature of about 1000° C in a way similar to
that of coppers.
PROPERTIES: Tin is a silvery-white, lustrous, and extremely malleable metal. It is so
soft that it can be cut by a knife. Its specific gravity is 7.3 and it melts at 232° C. It is
harder, more ductile and stronger than lead. Tin is as ductile as soft steel. It is highly
çelik kadar sünek
resistant to corrosion and has low tensile strength.
teneke kutular, mutfak eşyaları ve fırın boruları
USES: Sheets coated with tin are used to make cans, utensils and furnace pipes.
Sheets coated with lead-tin alloy are used for roofing. Tin is also used for making
bronze and other alloys.

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 BURDAN SORMAZ BENCE SORARSA DA YAPAMAYIZ ZATEN BOŞVER

NICKEL NİCKEL AYNEN

pirit ama yapıştırıcı olan değil

Nickel is generally extracted from pyrite or silicate ores. silikat cevherleri
PROPERTIES: A brittle metal approaching sliver in colour nickel takes good polish and at ordinary
temperatures does not tarnish or corrode in dry air. It is almost as hard as soft steel far more
malleable, and when rolled and annealed, is somewhat stronger and almost as ductile. Nickel
resists alkaline corrosion, but gets readily dissolved in nitric acid and aquaregia.
USES: Nickel is used in making nickel steels, coin, German silver, wires, as catalyst and for
moisture-proof packings. Nickel is widely used as an alloying element in steel and cast iron and
as an electro-deposited coating over steel to give corrosion protection. Nickel is also used to form
alloys with such elements as copper, chromium and iron.

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 CHROME KROM

Chrome gives the emerald green color to Chrome is used;

glass when mixed ınto the structure of glass.
-Due to its stable crystal structure and -in hardened steel
enough thermal expansion as well as high -in the manufacture of stainless
melting temperature, it is used for making steel
fire-resistant brick. -at plating (chrome)
All chromium compounds are colored. The -as pigment at production of
most important ones of them are the sodium, paint (Cr203)
potassium chromate and dichromate. in making many useful alloys

All chromium compounds are toxic. so -Alloys are hard and have
precautions must be taken when working with glossy surfaces and are used in
chrome coating and prevention of
corrosion

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 CHROME
-Chrome was found In 1797
gray, shiny and smooth metal
-It Is very hard
-Melting point is 1857 'C

-It does not react with water,

air and oxygen at room
temperature
-Chromium is obtained from
reduction of chromite with
aluminum
Alüminyum ile kromitin indirgenmesiyle elde edilir

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TITANIUM dayanıklı
Titanium is more resistant than steel and as light as aluminium.
it is the metal with the highest corrosion resistance.
Using it as facade and roof covering is the most common use in the
architectural projects.
When material gets thicker its colour is transformed into bronze, green and
red-violet.
Almost all processes and welding techniques used for steel can be used for
titanium too

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TITANIUM

45
Metal As a Coating Material
çalışma kolaylığı yüzünden ÇİNKO hala suyu boşaltmak için kullanılıyor
Mainly due to the ease of workability zinc is still used for draining the
water
On the roofs such as valley and gutter and is used to solve the details
of chimney flashings.
Ayrıca bakır da aynı görevler için kullanılıyor
Also copper is used to solve the same tasks

In advanced building systems, stainless steel or aluminum wall elements for

which precautions are taken in terms of building physics are used between the
structural system or on the structural system (facade)

Using Metals At Structure

Materials For Windows And
Doors

Aluminum frames are used in very

widely in window and door construction .
Heat bridged compounds have been developed for
the prevention of heat loss in aluminum frames

Using Metals At Structure

 Instailation And Fine Construction Materials
-Aliminum sunshades and blinds Alüminyum güneşlikler ve panjurlar

-Aluminum, stainless steel, brass, etc. as pillar, filling and handrail at the stairs
sütun, dolgu ve tırabzan (küpeşte)
and balcony railings,
vidalar, cıvatalar ve çiviler
-Screws, bolts and nails kanalizasyon
-iron, copper and lead pipes used in clean water, sewage and heating systems
sıhhi tesisast armatürleri

-plumbing fixtures (faucets, radiators)

-materials used in the lock and door, window components such as aluminum,
stainless steel, bronze, brass and iron ,

-copper wires used for electrical installations

Using Metals At Structure

 Bearing elements
-Metals which are used as bearing elements into the structure are usually steel and
special steels.

-They are used as trusses, tensile systems, steel frame systems, etc. for
transition of large openings or in multi-storey buildings.

-Plain reinforcing steels and deformed steels whose resistance is increased by pre-pulling and
their adhesive value is increased by deforming surface (twisted steel bar) are used to meet the
tensile stresses in the concrete system

Using Metals At Structure