Exampro GCSE Physics Name:

P3 - Moments, Centre of Mass, Hydraulics Class:

and Circular Motion Self study Qs

Author:

Date:

Time: 128

Marks: 128

Comments:

Page 1 of 48
Q1. The diagram shows a spanner being used to undo a tight nut.

The nut was tightened using a moment of 120 newton metres.

Use the following equation to calculate the force needed to undo the nut. Show clearly how you
work out your answer.

moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

Force = ............................................. N
(Total 2 marks)

Page 2 of 48
Q2. The London Eye is the largest observation wheel in the world.

The passengers ride in capsules. Each capsule moves in a circular path and accelerates.

(a) Explain how the wheel can move at a steady speed and the capsules accelerate at the
same time.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) In which direction does each capsule accelerate?

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) What is the name of the resultant force that causes the capsules to accelerate?

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 3 of 48
 (d) The designers of the London Eye had to consider three factors which affect the resultant
force described in part (c).

Two factors that increase the resultant force are

• an increase in the speed of rotation

• an increase in the total mass of the wheel, the capsules and the passengers.

Name the other factor that affects the resultant force and state what effect it has on the
resultant force.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q3. Tractors are often used on sloping fields, so stability is important in their design.

On the diagram, the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the tractor.

(a) Explain why the tractor has not toppled over. You may add to the diagram to help you to
explain.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 4 of 48
 (b) Give two features of the tractor which affect its stability and state how each feature could
be changed to increase the tractor’s stability.

Feature 1 .....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

Feature 2 .....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q4. (a) The diagram shows a child’s mobile. The mobile hangs from point P on the ceiling of
the child’s bedroom.

(i) Mark the position of the centre of mass of the mobile by drawing a letter X on the
diagram. Do this so that the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the mobile.

(1)

(ii) Explain why you have chosen this position for your letter X.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 5 of 48
(b) The diagram shows a device which helps to prevent a ladder from falling over.

Use the term centre of mass to explain why the ladder, in the situation shown, is unlikely to
topple over.
You may add to the diagram to illustrate your explanation.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 6 of 48
Q5. This page is from a science magazine.

The Red Planet

The two natural satellites, or moons, of Mars are Phobos (fear) and
Deimos (terror). They are named after the horses which pulled the
chariot of Mars, the god of war in the mythology of Ancient Greece.
Phobos takes less than eight hours to orbit Mars and gets slightly
closer every time it does so. Scientists predict that in about 100
million years time it will either be ripped apart by the gravitational force
or will crash onto the surface of Mars.

(a) Suggest how scientists have arrived at their prediction of about 100 million years.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The centripetal force on Phobos is gradually changing as it orbits Mars.

Is the force increasing or decreasing?

.....................................................................................................................................

Explain your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 7 of 48
 (c) Scientists expect that the mass of Mars and the mass of Phobos will not increase.

Explain what will happen to the gravitational force on Phobos as it orbits Mars.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q6. A student wants to weigh himself but the only balance available is a newtonmeter that
measures up to 200 newtons.
The diagram shows how the student solved the problem using moments.

Page 8 of 48
(a) Use the information in the diagram to calculate the weight of the student given by this
method.

Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer
and give the unit.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Weight = ....................................
(5)

(c) Even though all the measurements are accurate the student’s weight obtained by this
method is inaccurate.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 9 of 48
Q7. Tractors are often used on sloping fields, so stability is important in their design.

On the diagram, the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the tractor.

(a) What is meant by the term centre of mass?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Explain how the design of the tractor could be changed in order to increase the tractor’s
stability.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Explain why the tractor does not topple over. You may add to the diagram to help your
explanation.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 10 of 48
Q8. The fairground ride called ‘The Rotor’ is a large cylinder which rotates. When the cylinder
reaches its maximum speed the floor drops away and the riders inside the cylinder are left
against the cylinder wall.

(a) Explain how the cylinder is rotating at a constant speed but at the same time the riders
inside the cylinder are accelerating.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) In which direction do the riders accelerate?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) What name is given to the resultant force that causes the riders to accelerate?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) At the end of the ride the floor goes back into place and the cylinder slows down and stops.

How does the resultant force on the riders change as the cylinder slows down?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 11 of 48
Q9. The diagram shows a design for a crane. The crane is controlled by a computer.

The purpose of the motors and gears is to change the pulling force in the steel cable.
This is done so that the jib stays horizontal whatever the size of the load or the position of the
load.

Use the equation in the box to answer questions (a) and b).

perpendicular distance from the line of action

moment = force ×
of the force to the axis of rotation

(a) Calculate the moment caused by the load in the position shown in the diagram.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Moment = ..............................................................
(3)

Page 12 of 48
 (b) Calculate the pulling force that is needed in the steel cable to keep the jib horizontal.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Pulling force = .............................................................. N

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q10. The diagrams show two concrete mixers.

Concrete mixer A Concrete mixer B

On each diagram, the centre of the white X marks the centre of mass of the concrete mixer and
its contents.

(a) Complete the sentence to explain what the term centre of mass means.

The centre of mass of a concrete mixer and its contents is ........................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 13 of 48
(b) Both diagrams are drawn to the same scale.

Concrete mixer B is more stable than concrete mixer A.

The two features which make concrete mixer B more stable are:

1 ......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Use the terms ‘line of action of the weight’ and ‘resultant moment’ to explain why a stable
concrete mixer does not fall over when it is given a small push.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 14 of 48
Q11. The diagram shows a back view of a computer monitor.

(a) In normal use, the monitor is stable.

(i) Explain the meaning, in the above sentence, of the word stable.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) State the relationship between the total clockwise moment and the total anticlockwise
moment about any axis of the monitor when it is stable.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 15 of 48
(b) The instruction booklet explains that the screen can be tilted.
It also includes a warning.

Caution

The monitor can tip over if the screen is tilted too far back.

Explain why the monitor will tip over if the screen is tilted too far back.

Include the words centre of mass, weight and moment in your explanation.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 16 of 48
Q12. The diagram shows a fork-lift truck with a load of 2.4 kN. The clockwise moment caused by
this load is 2880 Nm.

(a) Use the equation in the box to calculate the distance d.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force ×
action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out the answer and give the unit.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Distance d = .......................................................
(3)

Page 17 of 48
 (b) This warning notice is in the driver’s cab.

Explain in terms of moments why the maximum load must not be exceeded.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q13. The diagram shows a device called a current balance.

(a) (i) When the switch is closed, the part of the wire labelled XY moves upwards.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 18 of 48
 (ii) What is the name of the effect that causes the wire XY to move?

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) An alternating current (a.c.) is a current which reverses direction. How many times
the current reverses direction in one second depends on the frequency of the
alternating supply.

Describe the effect on the wire XY if the battery is replaced by an a.c. supply having
a frequency of 5 hertz.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The diagram shows how a small weight can be used to make the wire XY balance
horizontally.

Use the data in the diagram and the equation in the box to calculate the force, F, acting on
the wire XY.

moment = force × perpendicular distance from the line of

action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Force = ............................................................ N
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 19 of 48
Q14. The diagram shows a father and his two children sitting on a playground see-saw.
The see-saw is not moving.

(a) What is the total clockwise moment of the two children about the axis of rotation?

........................................................................................................................

Explain the reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) (i) What is the clockwise moment of the boy, B, about the axis of rotation?

...............................................................................................................

Moment = .................................................. Nm
(1)

Page 20 of 48
 (ii) Use the information in the diagram and the equation in the box to calculate the
weight, W, of the boy, B.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force × action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Weight of boy B = .................................................. N

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q15. The London Eye is one of the largest observation wheels in the world.

© Angelo Ferraris/Shutterstock

The passengers ride in capsules. Each capsule moves in a circular path and accelerates.

(a) Explain how the wheel can move at a steady speed and the capsules accelerate at the
same time.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 21 of 48
(b) In which direction is the resultant force on each capsule?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The designers of the London Eye had to consider three factors which affect the resultant
force described in part (b).

Two factors that increase the resultant force are:

• an increase in the speed of rotation

• an increase in the total mass of the wheel, the capsules and the passengers.

Name the other factor that affects the resultant force and state what effect it has on the
resultant force.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 22 of 48
Q16. The diagram shows a design for a crane. The crane is controlled by a computer.

The purpose of the motors and gears is to change the pulling force in the steel cable.
This is done so that the jib stays horizontal whatever the size of the load or the position of the
load.

Use the equation in the box to answer questions (a) and (b).

perpendicular distance from the line of action

moment = force x
of the force to the axis of rotation

(a) Calculate the moment caused by the load in the position shown in the diagram.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Moment = ........................................................................
(3)

(b) Calculate the pulling force that is needed in the steel cable to keep the jib horizontal.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Pulling force = .................................................. N

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 23 of 48
Q17. The diagram shows a man standing in an airport queue with his wheeled bag.

(a) The man applies an upward force to the handle of his bag to stop the bag from falling.
The moment of this force about the pivot is 36 Nm.

Calculate the upward force the man applies to the handle of his bag.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Force = ............................................................ N
(2)

(b) When the man lets go of the bag handle, the bag falls and hits the floor.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 24 of 48
 (c) During his holiday the man visits the Foucault Pendulum in Paris, France.
The pendulum makes 10 complete swings every 160 seconds.

Calculate the frequency of the pendulum and give the unit.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Frequency = ..........................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q18. The diagram shows a ‘G-machine’. The G-machine is used in astronaut training.

The G-machine moves the astronaut in a horizontal circle.

(a) When the G-machine is rotating at constant speed, the astronaut is accelerating.

State the name and direction of the force causing the astronaut to accelerate.

Name of force ................................................................................................

Direction of force ...........................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 25 of 48
(b) The force causing the astronaut to move in a circle is measured.

The graph shows how the speed of the astronaut affects the force causing the astronaut
to move in a circle for two different G-machines.

The radius of rotation of the astronaut is different for each G-machine.

Speed in metres per second

(i) State three conclusions that can be made from the graph.

1 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

3 .............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) The speed of rotation of G-machine 1 is increased from 20 m/s to 40 m/s.

Determine the change in force on the astronaut.

...............................................................................................................

Change in force = ............................................................ N

(1)

Page 26 of 48
(c) Each G-machine is rotated by an electric motor. The diagram shows a simple electric
motor.

(i) A current flows through the coil of the motor.

Explain why side A of the coil experiences a force.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of the forces acting on side A of
the coil and side C of the coil.
(1)

(iii) When horizontal, side B experiences no force.

Give the reason why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(d) While a G-machine is rotating, the operators want to increase its speed.

What can the operators do to make the G-machine rotate faster?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 27 of 48
(e) The exploration of space has cost a lot of money.

Do you think spending lots of money on space exploration has been a good thing?

Draw a ring around your answer.

Yes No

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 28 of 48
Q19. Mountain bike riders use brakes to slow down.

© Ljupco Smokovski/Shutterstock

Some mountain bikes have hydraulic brakes.

(a) What property of a liquid enables a hydraulic brake system to work?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 29 of 48
(b) When the rider’s hand pulls on the brake lever, the master piston applies a pressure of
1.5 × 106 pascals to the liquid.

Using information from the diagram, calculate the force F exerted on the liquid by the
master piston.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Force F = ............................................................ N
(2)

(c) The pressure in the liquid applies a force to move each slave piston.

How does the size of this force compare to the force F applied by the master piston?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 30 of 48
Q20. Musicians sometimes perform on a moving platform.

Figure 1 shows the parts of the lifting machine used to move the platform up and down.

Figure 1

(a) What type of system uses a liquid to transmit a force?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) The pump creates a pressure in the liquid of 8.75 x 104 Pa to move the platform upwards.

Calculate the force that the liquid applies to the piston.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Force = .................................................. N
(2)

(c) The liquid usually used in the machine is made by processing oil from underground wells.
A new development is to use plant oil as the liquid.

Extracting plant oil requires less energy than extracting oil from underground wells.

Suggest an environmental advantage of using plant oil.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 31 of 48
(d) Musicians often use loudspeakers.

Figure 2 shows how a loudspeaker is constructed.

Figure 2

The loudspeaker cone vibrates when an alternating current flows through the coil.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 32 of 48
Q21. (a) Figure 1 shows a sheet of card.

Figure 1

Describe how to find the centre of mass of this sheet of card.

You may draw diagrams as part of your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(5)

Page 33 of 48
(b) Figure 2 shows a person in his wheelchair.

Figure 2

AndreyPopov/iStock/Thinkstock

(i) Tipping the wheelchair at a large angle may cause it to become unstable and to
topple over.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Some disabled athletes use a wheelchair in sports.

State two ways of changing the design of the wheelchair in Figure 2 so that it is
more stable when used by a disabled athlete.

1 .............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 34 of 48
M1. 300
allow 1 mark for rearranging equation or correct substitution
[2]

M2. (a) any two ideas:

• (acceleration occurs when) the direction (of each capsule) changes

• velocity has direction

• acceleration is (rate of) change of velocity

2

(b) to(wards) the centre (of the wheel)

1

(c) centripetal
allow minor misspellings but do not credit a response which could
be ‘centrifugal’
1

(d) the greater the radius / diameter / circumference (of the wheel)
the smaller the (resultant) force (required)
accept ‘the size’
both parts required for the mark
accept converse
1
[5]

M3. (a) (line of action of) its weight

1

falls inside its wheel base

accept ‘falls between the wheels’
the first two points may be credited by adding a vertical line from
the centre of the X on the diagram (1)
and labelling it weight / force / with a downwards arrow (1)
provided there is no contradiction between what is added to the
diagram and anything which may be written
1

(so there is) no (resultant / clockwise) moment / turning effect

1

Page 35 of 48
 (b) centre of mass should be lower
accept ‘… centre of gravity’
accept ‘weight / mass low down’
not just ‘lower the roof’
1

wheel base should be wider

accept ‘long axle(s)’ for ‘wide wheel base’
allow bigger / larger wheel base
do not credit ‘long wheel base’
responses in either order
1
[5]

M4. (a) (i) centre of X directly below P and between the model aeroplanes
as judged by eye but between centre of propeller of top aeroplane
and canopy of bottom aeroplane
example

(ii) the centre of mass is (vertically) below the point of suspension / P

1

the centre of mass is in the middle of the aeroplanes

accept the centre of mass is level with the aeroplanes
1

Page 36 of 48
 (b) centre of mass of the worker and the ladder (and device)
1

line of action of the weight is inside the base

accept the centre of mass is above / within / inside the base (of the
ladder and device)
1

so there will not be a (resultant) moment

accept so he / it / the ladder will not topple even if he leans over

or it will (only) topple over if the line of action of the weight / the
centre of mass is outside the base
accept each point, either on the diagram or in the written
explanation, but do not accept the point if there is any contradiction
between them
1
[6]

M5. (a) (from present/recent) data/evidence/observations of (the rate of change in)

Phobos’/the moon’s orbit (1)
or appropriate example of data (1)
and its correct use (1)

(and) continued/extended/extrapolated
(the pattern/trend for the next 100 million years) (1)
example (present) distance from Phobos to Mars (1)
÷ (average) rate of approach (1)
2

(b) (it is) increasing (1)

Phobos/the moon will be nearer (to Mars) (1)

or the radius/circumference/diameter of the orbit of Phobos/the
moon will decrease/be less
only credit 2nd mark if the first mark is correct
2

(c) it will increase/be more (1)

(because) Phobos/the moon will get/be closer to Mars/the planet (1)

only credit 2nd mark if the first mark is correct
note part(s) of this response may be included as the answer to part
(b)
read both before marks are awarded
2
[6]

Page 37 of 48
M6. (a) 560
allow 1 mark for
clockwise (moments) = anticlockwise (moments)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 160 × 1.75 = W × 0.5
allow 1 mark for correct transformation

ie
4

newtons, N
1

(c) the weight of plank which has been ignored

1

causes an anticlockwise moment which has not been

considered / included in the calculation
1
[7]

M7. (a) where the mass of the object can be thought to be concentrated
1

(b) lower the C of M

1

and make the wheelbase wider

1
accept a practical description of how these changes could be
achieved

(c) the line of action of its weight

accept a vertical arrow drawn from X
2

falls inside its wheel base

accept falls between the wheels

therefore there is no resultant / clockwise moment

1
[6]

Page 38 of 48
M8. (a) the direction of the riders is constantly changing
1

therefore the velocity of the riders is changing

1

and because acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

the acceleration is changing
1

(b) to(wards) the centre (of the cylinder / rotor)

1

(b) centripetal
1

(b) it is reduced
1
[6]

M9. (a) 38 400

allow 6.4 × 6000 for 1 mark
2

Nm or newton metres
do not credit ‘nm’, ‘mN’ or ‘metre newtons’
1

(b) 16 000 (N) or 16 kN

allow 1 mark for 38 400 ÷ 2.4
accept their (a) ÷ 2.4 correctly calculated for 2 marks
accept their (a) ÷ 2.4 for 1 mark
2
[5]

M10. (a) the point at which the (total) mass seems to act / appears to be concentrated
accept ‘weight’ for ‘mass’
accept the point at which gravity seems to act
do not accept a definitive statement eg where (all) the mass is
1

(b) wider / larger base

marks are for a correct comparison
1

lower centre of mass

accept lower centre of gravity / c of g
1

Page 39 of 48
 (c) line of action (of the weight) lies / falls inside the base
in each case the underlined term must be used correctly to gain
the mark
1

the resultant moment returns mixer to its original position

accept there is no resultant moment / resultant moment is zero
accept resulting moment for resultant moment
do not accept converse argument
1
[5]

M11. (a) (i) will not fall over (1)

accept will not easily fall over (2)

or
centre of mass will remain above the base (1)
(line of action of the) weight will remain above within the base
accept centre of gravity / c of g / c of m / c m

if the monitor is given a small push (1)

depends on mark above
2

(ii) (total) clockwise moment = (total) anticlockwise moment

or they are equal / balanced
1

(b) the position of the centre of mass has changed (1)

the line of action of the weight is outside the base (1)
producing a (resultant) moment (1)
points may be expressed in any order
3
[6]

M12. (a) 1.2

allow 1 mark for conversion of 2.4 kN to 2400 N
or for correct transformation without conversion
ie d = 2880 ÷ 2.4
2

metre(s)/m
1

Page 40 of 48
 (b) any two from:

• as the load increases the (total) clockwise moment increases

• danger is that the fork lift truck / the load will topple / tip forward

• (this will happen) when the total clockwise moment is

equal to (or greater than) the anticlockwise moment
accept moments will not be balanced

• (load above 10.0 kN) moves line of action (from C of M)

outside base (area)
2
[5]

M13. (a) (i) current produces a magnetic field (around XY)

accept current (in XY) is perpendicular to the (permanent)
magnetic field
1

(creating) a force (acting) on XY / wire / upwards

reference to Fleming's left hand rule is insufficient
1

(ii) motor (effect)

1

(iii) vibrate / move up and down

1

5 times a second
only scores if first mark point scores
allow for 1 mark only an answer ‘changes direction 5 times a
second’
1

(b) 0.005
allow 1 mark for calculating moment of the weight as 0.04 (Ncm)
and
allow 1 mark for correctly stating principle of moments
or
allow 2 marks for correct substitution
ie F × 8 = 2 × 0.02 or F × 8 = 0.04
3
[8]

M14. (a) 960 (Nm)

1

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 see-saw is in equilibrium
accept see-saw is balanced
see-saw is stationary is insufficient
1

(total) clockwise moments = anticlockwise moment

accept no resultant moment
forces are balanced is insufficient
an answer clockwise moments balance the anticlockwise moments
gains 2 marks
1

(b) (i) 600 (Nm)

1

(ii) 375 (N) or their (b)(i) ÷ 1.6 correctly calculated

do not credit if (b)(i) is larger than 960
allow 1 mark for correct substitution and transformation ie

2
[6]

M15. (a) any two from:

• (acceleration occurs when) the direction (of each capsule) changes

• velocity has direction

• acceleration is (rate of) change of velocity

2

(b) to(wards) the centre (of the wheel)

1

(c) the greater the radius / diameter / circumference (of the wheel) the smaller the
(resultant) force (required)
accept ‘the size’ for radius
both parts required for the mark
1
[4]

M16. (a) 38 400

allow 6.4 × 6000 for 1 mark
2

Nm or newton metres
do not credit ‘nm’, ‘mN’ or ‘metre newtons’
1

Page 42 of 48
 (b) 16 000 (N) or 16 kN
allow 1 mark for 38 400 ÷ 2.4
accept their (a) ÷ 2.4 correctly calculated for 2 marks
accept their (a) ÷ 2.4 for 1 mark
2
[5]

M17. (a) 60
allow 1 mark for correct substitution (with d in metres),
ie 36 = F × 0.6
an answer of 0.6 or 6 gains 1 mark
2

(b) the line of action of the weight lies outside the base / bottom (of the bag)
accept line of action of the weight acts through the side
accept the weight (of the bag) acts outside the base / bottom
(of the bag)
1

a resultant / overall / unbalanced moment acts (on the bag)

accept the bag is not in equilibrium
do not accept the bag is unbalanced
1

(c) 0.0625
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 16 =

an answer of 0.00625 gains 1 mark

2

hertz / Hz
do not accept HZ or hz
1
[7]

M18. (a) centripetal (force)

allow tension (between astronaut and seatbelt)
1

towards the centre (of the G-machine / circle)

do not accept towards the centre of the Earth
allow inwards
1

(b) (i) the greater the speed (of a centrifuge), the greater the force
answers must be comparative
accept velocity for speed
accept positive correlation between speed and force
speed and force are not proportional – treat as neutral
1

Page 43 of 48
 the smaller the radius, the greater the force (at a given speed)
allow (G machine) 1 has / produces a greater force (than
G machine 2 ) at the same speed
must be comparative, eg a small radius produces a large force = 0
marks on own
1

as the speed increases the rate of change in force increases

accept force is proportional to the square of the speed
or
doubling speed, quadruples the force
accept any clearly correct conclusion
1

(ii) 12000 (N)

or

12 k(N)
1

(c) (i) the current (in the coil) creates a magnetic field (around the coil)
accept the coil is an electromagnet
1

so the magnetic field of the coil interacts with the (permanent) magnetic field of
the magnets (producing a force)
accept the two magnetic fields interact (producing a force)
if no marks scored an answer in terms of current is perpendicular
to the (permanent) magnetic field is worth max 1 mark
1

(ii) vertically downwards arrow on side A

one arrow insufficient

and

vertically upwards arrow on side C

1

(iii) the current is parallel to the magnetic field

allow the current and magnetic field are in the same direction
allow it / the wire is parallel to the magnetic field
1

(d) increase the current / p.d. (of the coil)

accept decrease resistance
accept voltage for p.d.
accept increase strength of magnetic field / electromagnet
1

Page 44 of 48
 (e) yes with suitable reason
or
no with suitable reason
eg
yes – it has increased our knowledge
yes – It has led to more (rapid) developments / discoveries (in
technology / materials / transport) accept specific examples
no – the money would have been better spent elsewhere on such
things as hospitals (must quote where, other things not enough)
no mark for just yes / no
reason must match yes / no
1
[12]

M19. (a) (i) liquids are (virtually)

incompressible
1

(b) 84
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie

1.5 × 106 =

numbers may not be written in standard form, ie

1 500 000 = F

allow 1 mark for an answer 216

2

(c) it (the force on the slave pistons) is greater / larger

accept force (at slave piston) = 216 (N)
1

the area (touching the liquid) of the slave piston is greater than the area of the
master piston
accept it has a bigger area
just quoting numbers, eg the master piston is 5 × 10–5 and the
slave piston is 14.4 × 10–5 is insufficient
1
[5]

M20. (a) hydraulic (system)

1

Page 45 of 48
(b) 15.40 ×102
or
1540
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie

8.75 × 104 =
or

87 500 =
or
F = 8.75 × 104 × 1.76 ×10-2
or
F = 87 500 × 0.0176
2

(c) any one environmental advantage:

stating a converse statement is insufficient, or a disadvantage of
the usual oil, ie the usual oil is non-renewable

plant oil is renewable

using plant oil will conserve (limited) supplies or extend lifetime of the usual / crude
oil.

plant oil releases less carbon dioxide (when it is being produced / processed)

plant oil will add less carbon dioxide to the atmosphere (when it is being produced /
processed, than the usual oil)

plant oil removes carbon dioxide from or adds oxygen to the air when it is growing
stating that plant oil is carbon neutral is insufficient
1

(d) (the current flowing through the coil) creates a magnetic field (around the coil)
1

(this magnetic field) interacts with the permanent magnetic field

or
current carrying conductor is in a (permanent) magnetic field
it must be clear which magnetic field is which
1

this produces a (resultant) force (and coil / cone moves)

1

when the direction of the current changes, the direction of the force changes to the
opposite direction
accept for 2 marks the magnetic field of the coil interacts with the
permanent magnetic field
1
[8]

Page 46 of 48
M21. (a) suspend shape from a point / pivot / pin
can be shown on labelled diagram
1

attach pendulum (bob) / plumb line to point of suspension

1

draw (vertical) line on card where string rests

1

suspend card from another point and draw (a second vertical) line on card where
string rests
1

where two lines cross = centre of mass

alternative method max 3 marks:
balance card on a point (1)
find point where card rests horizontally (1)
this point is the centre of mass (1)
1

(b) (i) (the line of action of) the weight acts / lies outside the base
reference to centre of mass unqualified is insufficient
1

there will be a resultant moment

references to stability insufficient
1

(ii) move the wheels further apart

answers must be comparative to diagram
accept any method that would give a wider base
accept tilt the wheels
accept on own, make a wider base but not wider seat
1

lower the seating position

accept any method that would lower the centre of mass, eg place
heavy mass under the chair
accept on own make it have a lower centre of mass
make wheelchair heavier on its own is insufficient
1
[9]

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