Small-Scale Wind Turbines: Policy Perspectives and Recommendations For The Municipality of The County of Kings

Small-Scale Wind Turbines
Policy Perspectives and Recommendations for

the Municipality of the County of Kings
kite
Dalhousie University School of Planning
Marta Downarowicz, Rachel Harrison, Robert Kostiuk, Jeff Wilson
March 19, 2006
Table of Contents
List of Figures ................................................................................................................. 4

List of Tables ................................................................................................................... 4
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 5
Glossary........................................................................................................................... 7
Part I: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 10
1.0 Approach................................................................................................................ 12
Part II: Background Information .................................................................................. 13
2.0 County Profile......................................................................................................... 13
2.1 What is a small-scale wind turbine?....................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Turbine Components ............................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Rated Output Capacity ............................................................................ 15
2.1.3 Tower Height ........................................................................................... 16
2.2 Where is the best place to site a small-scale wind turbine?................................... 16
2.2.1 Wind Density and Speed......................................................................... 17
2.3 Types of Small-Scale Wind Turbines ..................................................................... 18
2.4 Stakeholder Information ......................................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Opportunities ........................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Challenges............................................................................................... 19
2.5 Concerns with Small-Scale Wind Turbines ............................................................ 20
2.5.1 Acoustics ................................................................................................. 20
2.5.2 Aesthetics ................................................................................................ 20
2.5.3 Falling Towers ......................................................................................... 20
2.5.4 Types of Installation................................................................................. 21
2.5.5 Decommissioning .................................................................................... 21
2.5.6 Climbing of Towers.................................................................................. 21
2.5.7 Icing ......................................................................................................... 21
2.5.8 Extreme Weather..................................................................................... 21
2.5.9 Avian Mortality ......................................................................................... 21
2.5.10 Electromagnetic Interference................................................................... 21
2.6 How other policies deal with small-scale wind turbines.......................................... 22
2.6.1 Summary of Findings............................................................................... 22
Part III: Enabling Municipal Planning Strategy to Permit Small-Scale Wind
Turbines ................................................................................................................... 24
3.0 Municipal Planning Strategy................................................................................... 24
Part IV: Addressing Concerns through Land Use Bylaws ........................................ 26
4.0 Question 1: How big is a small-scale wind turbine?............................................... 26
4.1 Question 2: Where are small-scale wind turbines appropriate in the County?....... 28
4.2 Question 3: Where should small-scale wind turbines be sited on individual
properties? .......................................................................................................... 34
4.3 Other Considerations ............................................................................................. 35
4.3.1 Decommissioning .................................................................................... 35
4.3.2 Signage ................................................................................................... 35
Part V: Recommendations for Obtaining a Development Permit ............................. 37
5.0 Appropriate steps to obtain a Development Permit.............................................. 37
5.0.1 Neighbour Notification .............................................................................. 37
5.0.2 Submit a Site Plan.................................................................................... 37
5.0.3 Attain Approval from Transport Canada and NavCanada........................ 38
5.0.4 Provide Manufacturer’s Information ......................................................... 38
Small-Scale Wind Turbines 2

Policy Perspectives and Recommendations for the Municipality of the County of Kings
Part VI: Land Use Bylaw Amendments ....................................................................... 39
Proposed Amendment to Bylaw 75.............................................................................. 39
Part VII: Recommended Follow-Up ............................................................................. 43
Part VIII: Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 45
Endnotes........................................................................................................................ 46
References.....................................................................................................................49
Appendices.................................................................................................................... 54
Appendix 1: Interim Policy: Non-Utility Scale Wind Turbines .................................. 55
Amendments to Bylaw 75 ............................................................................................ 55
Appendix 2: Small-Scale Wind Turbine Manufacturers............................................. 57
Appendix 3: Small-Scale Wind Turbine Types and Use ............................................ 59
Appendix 4: National Wind Energy Association Profiles .......................................... 60
Appendix 5: Stakeholder Meetings ............................................................................. 61
Nova Scotia Power....................................................................................................... 61
Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries ................................................. 62
Second Source Power Company and Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. .............................. 63
Kings Federation of Agriculture.................................................................................... 66
Nova Scotia Department of Energy.............................................................................. 67
Appendix 7: Transport Canada and NavCanada (NavCan) Application
Procedures .............................................................................................................. 70

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Wind Energy Potential of the County ............................................................... 10
Figure 2: Map of the Municipality of the County of Kings................................................ 13
Figure 3: Land Use Map.................................................................................................. 14
Figure 4: Tower Styles and Parts ................................................................................ 15
Figure 5: Wind Speed and Wind Power Increase with Tower Height ............................. 16
Figure 6: Factors in Siting Small-Scale Wind Turbines................................................... 17
Figure 7: Wind Electric and Mechanical Water Pumping Systems ................................ 18
Figure 8: Sound Pressure Levels.................................................................................... 20
Figure 9: Soil Capability Map .......................................................................................... 28
Figure 10: Sample Setback Diagram .............................................................................. 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Wind Density and Speed by Height .................................................................. 17
Table 2: Other Small-Scale Wind Turbine Policies and their Land Use Applications ..... 22
Table 3: Zoning Suitability for Small-Scale Wind Turbines ............................................. 32
Table 4: Small-Scale Wind Turbine Manufacturers......................................................... 57
Table 5: Small-Scale Wind Turbine Category ................................................................. 59
Table 6: Small-Scale Wind Turbines Produced/Distributed by Atlantic Orient Canada Inc.
and Second Source Power Company. ............................................................. 63

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2005, Second Source Power Company (a local wind turbine distributor) approached
the Municipality of the County of Kings’ Council to develop the potential of small-scale
wind turbines. Recognising this as a land use issue, Council instructed its Planning
Department to develop policy permitting small-scale wind turbines. Council adopted an
interim policy in January 2006 until further study could be completed.
This report explores the implementation of small-scale wind turbines, recommending

permanent policy amendments. It reviews policy in other jurisdictions, as well as the
County’s own Municipal Planning Strategy (MPS) and Land Use Bylaws (LUBs),
incorporates stakeholder input, and suggests policy recommendations and amendments
to permit turbines in the County. The Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA),
Canada’s national group supporting this technology, is simultaneously pursuing the
creation of a model policy to be used by municipalities.
A definition of small-scale wind turbines evolved from the research and findings:
A small-scale wind turbine converts the wind’s kinetic energy into either electrical power
or mechanical energy. The turbine comprises the tower, rotor blades and nacelle. It shall
have a maximum rated output capacity of no greater than 100 kilowatts, a maximum total
height no higher than 170 feet, and a minimum rotor clearance no less than 15 feet from
grade. Power-generating small-scale wind turbines primarily provide power for on-site
usage; at minimum, 50 percent of generated power must be consumed on-site.
Two key land use considerations arise for small-scale wind turbines:
Where are small-scale wind turbines appropriate in the County?
How should small-scale wind turbines be sited on individual lots?
Three principles guided the policy recommendations responding to these questions:

maintaining consistency with the County’s existing MPS and LUBs, ensuring public
safety, and providing consumer opportunity.
As an accessory use, the report finds that small-scale wind turbines provide benefit to
farms, industries, forestry, and homes in identified residential areas, especially when
confronted with rising rates for traditional sources of power. Zones with particular growth
goals, heritage characteristics, and environmental sensitivities are identified as
inappropriate for turbines. Additionally, small-scale wind turbines are not suitable for
placement on public land. Instead, turbines are permitted on private land where it is the
landowner’s responsibility to be accountable for safety, liability and maintenance issues.
The report recommends small-scale wind turbine sites in clearly suitable zones. Once
the County gains experience with this new land use, Council may revisit the bylaw to
reconsider adding new zones.

Zones for Permitting Small-Scale Wind Turbines
Permitted Land Use Zone Permitted Use With Conditions
Heavy Industrial (M2) Zone N/A
Agricultural (A1) Zone N/A
Forestry (F1) Zone N/A
Agricultural Industrial (M3) Zone N/A
Resource Industrial (M4) Zone N/A
Hamlet Industrial (M5) Zone N/A
Salvage Yard Industrial (M6) Zone N/A
Country Residential (R6) Zone N/A
Hamlet Residential (R7) Zone Small-scale wind turbines as an accessory
to agricultural and forestry uses.
Future Shoreland (S2) Zone Small-scale wind turbines conditional to
same height and setback requirements as
dwellings.
Coastal Shoreland (CS) Zone Small-scale wind turbines conditional to
dwellings.
Seasonal Shoreland (S1) Zone Small-scale wind turbines conditional to
dwellings.
Country Residential Resort Small-scale wind turbines conditional to
Comprehensive Development (R8) required comprehensive development
agreement.
Water Supply (O2) Zone Small-scale wind turbines conditional to
Environmental Impact Assessment.
Resource Extraction (M7) Zone N/A

GLOSSARY
Average Wind Speed: The mean wind speed over a specified period of time.
Blade: The aerodynamic surface that catches wind, causing the

rotor to turn.
Blade Length: The length of the turbine blade measured from the blade
tip to the centre of the rotor.
Blade Diameter: The length of the turbine blade diameter measuring the
longest distance from the tip of one blade to the tip of the
opposite blade.
Energy: That which can accomplish work.
Generator: A device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into

electrical energy (electricity).
Grid: The utility distribution system, or network that connects

electricity generators to electricity users.
Guy Anchor: A foundation designed for guy wire connection.
Guy Wire: A cable or wire used as a tension support between a guy

anchor and a tower.
Guyed Lattice Tower: A tower that uses external guy supports.
Hub: The fixture attaching the blades or blade assembly of a

wind turbine to the rotor shaft.
Hub Height: The height of the centre of the wind turbine rotor above the
ground.
Interconnected Turbine: Interconnected turbines are small-scale wind turbines that

are connected to the utility grid.
Kilowatt (kW): A measure of power for electrical current (1,000 watts).
Kilowatt Hour (kWh): A measure of energy equal to the use of one kilowatt in
one hour.
Large-Scale Wind Turbine: Turbines with rated output capacities of greater than 300
kW.1 Large-scale wind turbines contribute electricity to the
grid for resale and profit.
Maximum Rated Output

Capacity: The maximum power produced by the wind turbine
operating at optimal wind speed.

Megawatt (MW): A measure of power equal to 1,000,000 Watts or 1,000
kilowatts (a typical measurement of rated output capacity
for large-scale wind turbines).
Mean Wind Speed: The statistical mean of the instantaneous value of the wind
speed average over a given time period which can vary
from a few seconds to many years.
Mechanical Water A 1 to 10 kW water pumping mechanical wind turbine that

Powered Pumping System: must be placed directly above the well.
Nacelle: The housing which contains the drive-train and other

elements on top of a wind turbine tower.
Net Metering: Net metering monitors the amount of energy consumed

from and contributed to the grid. Consumers are billed for
the amount of power used minus the amount of power
contributed. Consumers cannot profit if more power is
contributed than used.2
Off-grid: A site that operates independently from the electrical grid,

usually in rural environments. The wind turbine provides
the primary source of power.
Rated Wind Speed: The specific wind speed at which a wind turbine’s rated
output capacity is achieved.
Rotor: The rotating part of a wind turbine including either the

blades and blade assembly or the rotating portion of a
generator.
Rotor Diameter: The diameter of the circle swept by the rotor.
Rotor Speed: The revolutions per minute of the wind turbine rotor.
Solid Mono-tower: A solid tower that does not use external supports such as
guy wires.
Small-Scale Wind Turbine: A small-scale wind turbine converts the wind’s kinetic
energy into either electrical power or mechanical energy.
The turbine comprises the tower, rotor blades and nacelle.
It has a maximum rated output capacity of no greater than
100 kilowatts, a maximum total height no higher than 170
feet, and a minimum rotor clearance no less than 15 feet
from grade. Power-generating small-scale wind turbines
primarily provide power for on-site usage; at minimum, 50
percent of generated power must be consumed on-site.
Total Height: The height of a wind turbine measured from the base of
the tower to the tip of a blade at its highest point.

Tower Height: The height of the wind turbine tower as measured from the
base of the tower to the bottom of the nacelle.
Turbulence: The changes in wind speed and direction, frequently

caused by obstacles such as structures, trees and land
forms.
Utility-Scale Wind Turbine: See Large Scale Wind Turbine
Watt (W): A measure of power for electrical current (1,000 Watts = 1

kW).
Wind Electric Water A 1 to 10 kW wind turbines used for pumping water. Wind
Pumping System: electric pumping systems can be placed anywhere on a
site where the wind resource is best.
Wind Energy: Energy obtained from a wind turbine that is powered by the
wind.
Wind Power Class: A method for classifying different categories of wind power
(measured in both wind density and speed). There are
seven classifications ranging from Class 1(very light winds)
to Class 7 (very strong winds). Class 2 or 3 winds are
usually suitable for small-scale wind energy production.
Wind Power Density: An indication of how much energy is available on a site for
conversion by a wind turbine (measured in Watts per
square meter).
Wind Farm: A group of large-scale wind turbines often owned and

maintained by one company.

Part I: Introduction
PART I: INTRODUCTION
The Canadian Wind Energy Atlas identifies the Municipality of the County of Kings, Nova
Scotia (hereafter referred to as the County) as having potential for wind energy
production (Figure 1). Small-scale wind turbines present an opportunity for residents and
the County’s main industries (manufacturing and farming).3 The prospect of saving
money on power (and the potential for pumping water in agricultural applications),
motivates individuals and industry to pursue small-scale wind turbines. To optimise this
potential while minimising conflict with existing uses, the County is pursuing
amendments to its Municipal Planning Strategy (MPS) and Land Use Bylaws (LUBs) to
permit small-scale wind turbines.
Wind energy is the fastest growing source of electricity in the world – becoming cheaper
to produce as its popularity grows. In Nova Scotia energy rates are on the rise with Nova
Scotia Power attaining permission for another increase in power rates. The County
primarily relies on burning fossil fuels (coal and oil) for power generation; these energy
sources are environmentally unsustainable. Maximising the potential of its wind
resources for energy generation proactively responds to meeting the green energy
targets of Nova Scotia Power and the Kyoto Protocol, reducing the County’s contribution
to global climate change.
The County’s most favourable area is the valley floor between the North and South
Mountains, and along the Minas Basin. Currently, no detailed wind analysis data exists
for the County, as a result recommended policy will not be site specific.
Figure 1: Wind Energy Potential of the County
Source: Applied Geomatics Research Group. http://agrg.cogs.nscc.ca/home

Prior to January 2006, the County treated small-scale turbines as an accessory use,
restricting heights to levels that prevent them from clearing ground turbulence and
accessing adequate wind speeds for energy production.
In January 2006, the County adopted an interim bylaw to permit small-scale wind
turbines subject to height restriction and lot size (Appendix 1), with the intent of
introducing permanent amendments. This report provides further examination into small-
scale wind turbines and recommends amendments to the MPS and LUBs for their siting.

1.0 APPROACH
Part II compiles background information on wind turbines and the County;

synthesises stakeholder input regarding opportunities, constraints, and land use
for turbines in the County; and, reviews other small-scale wind turbine policies.
Part III reviews the Municipal Planning Strategy, suggesting requisite changes to
permit small-scale wind turbines.
Part IV establishes principles to guide the land use analysis and

recommendations. Key questions are answered responding to issues arising
from small-scale wind turbines. Recommended LUB amendments evolve from
this analysis.
Continuing on from Parts III and IV, Part V reviews the County’s application
process and recommends a specific process for dealing with small-scale wind
turbine applications.
Part VI proposes draft policy for small-scale wind turbines in the County.
Part VII recommends follow-up work to monitor the policy after implementation.

Part II: Background Information
PART II: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.0 COUNTY PROFILE
Figure 2: Map of the Municipality of the County of Kings
Source: Municipality of the County of Kings Planning Department
The County is home to 58,866 residents.4 Its twelve Growth Centres (Figure 2) have
experienced a population growth of more than 14 percent since 1991;5 however, more
than 80 percent of the County’s population still resides in rural areas.
The Municipal Planning Strategy (MPS) provides policy guidance for the County while
Land Use Bylaws (LUB) implement the land use regulations. Separate MPSs and LUBs
govern the towns of Wolfville, Berwick and Kentville. Special consideration is given to
preserve the character of the County by regulating land uses in zones and districts
(Figure 3).

Figure 3: Land Use Map
Source: Municipality of the County of Kings Planning Department

2.1 WHAT IS A SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINE?
2.1.1 Turbine Components

Small-scale wind turbines are comprised of blades, a shaft, and a
generator (Figure 4). Wind turbine manufacturers produce two different
types of towers: a guyed lattice tower and a solid mono-tower. The guyed
lattice tower usually comes with four guy wires, used to secure the tower
to the ground, whereas the mono-tower is a solid shaft, usually without
guy wiring.
Figure 4: Tower Styles and Parts
Source: Modified from Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy

“Wind Power.” Nova Scotian Research Foundation Corporation
2.1.2 Rated Output Capacity

Wind turbines are size-classed by their maximum rated output capacity –
the amount of power they produce in a year, measured in kilowatts (kW)
under optimal conditions. By definition, most small-scale wind turbines
have a maximum rated output capacity of between 50 kW and 100 kW.6
A single, on-site turbine provides power primarily for consumption by the

home, farm, or industry sharing its site. Small-scale wind turbines typically

produce between 1 kW and 100 kW of electricity per year. Manufacturers

produce turbines with different output capacities to suit a wide variety of
consumer needs (e.g. 1.5, 3, 4.5, 10, 50, and 100 kW turbines) (Appendix
2). As residential dwellings consume 8 kW annually7 and average farms
use about 15 kW per year8, one small-scale wind turbine can meet site-
specific power demands for these land uses (Appendix 3).
2.1.3 Tower Height
Tower height is measured from the base of the wind turbine tower to the
bottom of the nacelle. Tower height dramatically influences wind turbine
output because height allows rotors to clear turbulence. Higher towers
facilitate access to increased wind power (Figure 5); maximising tower
height provides higher returns on investment. For instance, a 10 kW wind
turbine with a 90-foot tower costs 10 percent more in capital costs, but
can result in 30 percent more power produced than the same turbine on a
54-foot tower.9
Figure 5: Wind Speed and Wind Power Increase
with Tower Height
Source: Modified from Canadian Wind Energy Association

http://allwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/YourTurbineSite/TowerHeight.html
2.2 WHERE IS THE BEST PLACE TO SITE A SMALL-SCALE WIND

TURBINE?
Turbines operate most efficiently when clear of structures, trees and land forms which
potentially cause wind turbulence. Elevation, topography, surface roughness, and
location, affect the quality and quantity of wind. Both the American Wind Energy
Association (AWEA) and the Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) (profiles in
Appendix 4) recommend small-scale turbines be elevated at least 25 to 30 feet above
any obstacle within a 250 to 500-foot radius of the tower (Figure 6). In most areas, the
highest point on the site, or the area with the least obstruction, provides the premier
location for the turbine.

Figure 6: Factors in Siting Small-Scale Wind Turbines
Source: Modified from American Wind Energy Association

http://www.awea.org/smallwind/documents/permitting.pdf
2.2.1 Wind Density and Speed
Small-scale turbines become a good investment when placed in an area open to

sufficient wind density and speed. The U.S. Department of Energy ranks wind
power (measured in both wind density and speed) according to seven
classifications (Table 1).
Table 1: Wind Density and Speed by Height

33 ft 100 ft 164 ft
Wind Wind Average Wind Average Wind Average
Power Power Wind Speed Power Wind Speed Power Wind Speed
Class Density (m/s) Density (m/s) Density (m/s)
2
(W/m ) (W/m2) (W/m2)
1 <100 <4.4 <160 <5.1 <200 <5.6
2 <150 <5.1 <240 <6.0 <300 <6.4
3 <200 <5.6 <320 <6.5 <400 <7.0
4 <250 <6.0 <400 <7.0 <500 <7.5
5 <300 <6.4 <480 <7.5 <600 <8.0
1
6 <400 <7.0 <640 <8.2 <800 <8.8
7 <1000 <9.4 <1600 <11.0 <2000 <11.9
Source: Modified from National Wind Technology Centre
http://www.nrel.gov/wind/wind_potential.html
With a small-scale wind turbine, Class 2 or 3 winds at minimum of 30 feet are

typically sufficient for yielding power.10 As Table 1 indicates, increased wind
speed and densities can be achieved at greater heights due to a decrease in
wind turbulence. Although wind classifications provide a general indication of a
site’s wind generation potential, professional wind testing of a site generates the
greatest accuracy, and is recommended by most manufacturers.11

2.3 TYPES OF SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINES
2.3.1 Interconnected Turbines

Interconnected turbines are small-scale wind turbines linked to the utility
grid. The power they produce feeds directly into the local power grid
where it is stored for their owner’s future use. Turbine owners are not
billed for electricity used from the grid except for amounts over and above
what is contributed by their turbine. Nova Scotia Power Incorporated
(NSPI) has a net metering program that allows small wind turbines
producing less than 100 kW to be connected to the grid.12
2.3.2 Off-Grid Turbines

When the site operates independently from the electrical grid, usually in
rural environments, the wind turbine provides the primary source of
power. Since wind does not blow consistently throughout the year, off-grid
systems require power storage facilities to provide for periods of low wind.
Battery systems ensure constant supply, but require additional investment
and maintenance.
2.3.3 Water Pumping Turbines

Ideal for farms and remote locations, wind-powered pumping systems
provide water for irrigation, livestock, and home use. There are two types
of water pumping systems: mechanical water pumping windmills and wind
electric water pumping systems (Figure 7). To avoid turbulence, water
pumping turbines require the same siting considerations as small-scale
wind turbines. Additionally, mechanical water pumping windmills must
mount directly over the water source.
Figure 7: Wind Electric and Mechanical Water Pumping Systems
Source: Natural Resources Canada

www.canren.gc.ca/app/imagerepository/wind_pump.jpg

2.4 STAKEHOLDER INFORMATION
Stakeholders provide insight and different perspectives for siting small-scale wind
turbines. Stakeholders represented a wide variety of interests, from potential users and
turbine manufacturers to regulators.
Stakeholders
• Nova Scotia Power Incorporated;
• Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries;
• Second Source Power Company (local small-scale wind turbine distributor);
• Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. (local small-scale wind turbine manufacturer);
• The Kings Federation of Agriculture; and,
• Nova Scotia Department of Energy.
Stakeholder representatives helped identify opportunities, challenges, and

considerations required to develop effective policy for siting small-scale wind turbines
(Appendix 5).
2.4.1 Opportunities
Stakeholders identified that small-scale wind turbines:
• Provide potential long-term cost savings to consumers;
• Present an option for an independent, sustainable energy source;
• Provide a supplementary power source during power failures (in off-
grid applications or where batteries store excess energy);
• Offer unique agricultural advantages including business opportunities
for entrepreneurial farmers and a practical means to pump water; and,
• Add potential value to the resale of properties.
2.4.2 Challenges
Stakeholders suggested that small-scale wind turbines:
• Require high initial installation costs and long cost recovery periods
(may not be feasible for transient residents);
• Lack financial incentives to encourage residential or farm use;
• Could increase farmers’ taxable land base;
• Are perceived to be noisy and aesthetically unattractive;
• Demand additional time and financial investment in maintenance;
• Consume valuable agricultural land; and,
• Can become an obstacle when ploughing.

2.5 CONCERNS WITH SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINES
Key concerns arise from the introduction of small-scale wind turbines. Legacy problems
associated with older wind systems, such as electromagnetic interference, are
addressed by the industry as it develops new generations of turbines. While many of the
issues have been resolved, quite often there remains a perception that these problems
still exist. The following is a summary of the major concerns identified from the literature
and stakeholder meetings.
2.5.1 Acoustics
Most small-scale wind turbines produce between 40 and 60 decibels of
noise (Figure 8). Within several hundred feet of the turbine, turbine noise
may not be distinguishable from general background noise (such as local
traffic or the wind blowing through trees). Actual noise levels depend on
the type of turbine and site terrain. CanWEA recommends that small-
scale wind turbines be placed at least 600 feet (200 meters) away from
occupied dwellings on neighbouring properties to avoid noise issues.13
Figure 8: Sound Pressure Levels
Source: American Wind Energy Association

www.awea.org/smallwind/toolbox/TOOLS/fs_safety.asp
2.5.2 Aesthetics
The aesthetic impacts of small-scale wind turbines are subject to
perception. Neighbours may be concerned about turbines obstructing
their views, while tourists may enjoy the nostalgic aspect of turbines on
farms. Land use bylaws mitigate and minimise aesthetic concerns.
2.5.3 Falling Towers

Limited instances of towers collapsing have occurred in the US and
Canada, mostly with older or poorly maintained turbines.14 Precautions

should be taken to ensure that, in the instance of a falling tower, occupied

dwellings and neighbouring properties are not affected.
2.5.4 Types of Installation

Mounting the tower on the ground is safer and generates more electricity
than rooftop installations. Buildings cause turbulence, reducing the
turbine’s stability and power output. Inefficient and dangerous, rooftop
installations are not recommended.15
2.5.5 Decommissioning
Neglecting to maintain turbines or complete abandonment can pose a
safety hazard to the public and leave a blight on the landscape. Imposing
policy regulations ensures that wind turbines are decommissioned in a
timely manor.
2.5.6 Climbing of Towers

The climbing mechanism to service most presently available towers
begins, at minimum, 10 feet above ground to prevent unauthorized
climbs. Some designs involve lowering the tower to ground-level for
maintenance procedures, eliminating the need for climbing mechanisms.
2.5.7 Icing
Accumulation of ice on rotor blades makes the blades less aerodynamic
so they turn more slowly. When melting occurs, ice typically drops to the
base of the turbine tower rather than being thrown.16 Precautions should
be taken to ensure that the public is not at risk from falling ice.
2.5.8 Extreme Weather

Weather conditions pose a threat to turbine parts, potentially causing
operational and durability problems. Sites close to the ocean may
experience corrosion.17 Owners of small-scale wind turbines in coastal
areas or areas with extreme weather assume the costs and responsibility
of additional servicing to their systems.
2.5.9 Avian Mortality

Small wind turbines can pose a threat to birds, but reports of bird deaths
are rare.18 Siting a wind energy system away from migration routes or bird
nesting and feeding sites minimises potential conflict.
2.5.10 Electromagnetic Interference

Modern small wind turbines do not create interference with television
signals. Although metallic blades used in older turbines caused some
localised problems, today, turbines made of wood, fiberglass or
composite materials do not cause electromagnetic interference.19

2.6 HOW OTHER POLICIES DEAL WITH SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINES
This study reviewed Canadian and American policies, model policies, and the
recommendations of national wind energy associations addressing small-scale wind
turbine applications. Table 2 displays specific small-scale wind turbine applications
related to each reviewed document.
Table 2: Other Small-Scale Wind Turbine Policies and their Land Use Applications
Policies, Models, Associations Application
Canada
Pincher Creek, AB Primarily rural setting
Windsor, ON policy Accessory use in all zoning district subject to
conditions
Bruce Co., ON Accessory use, primarily rural
Cape Breton Regional All zones, but primarily rural
Municipality, NS
Municipality of the County of All rural zones
Kings
United States
Huron Co., MI Primarily agricultural
Benton Co., WA Agricultural Protection Zone only
Kittitas Co., WA All zoning districts
California State Residential, farm, and small commercial uses
Monterey Co., CA Specified zones only
New York State: Model N/A
Ordinance
Washington State: House Bill All zones
1021
Clean Energy Resource Team Permitted in Agricultural and Industrial Zones;
(Minnesota) conditionally permitted in rural (large lot)
residential, highway commercial, urban
expansion, shoreland, wild and scenic river; not
permitted in rural town site or general business
areas
National Associations
American Wind Energy Permitted in all zoning classifications
Association
Canadian Wind Association of Grid-connected or off-grid
Canada
2.6.1 Summary of Findings

Land use bylaws mitigate potential issues associated with small-scale
wind turbines by establishing locally appropriate siting regulations. In
total, 35 regulatory attributes were identified in the policies and model
ordinances (Appendix 6); however, no policy, model, or association
comprehensively addressed all 35 attributes:

Acoustics Fencing Requirements Requirement for

Aesthetics Front Property Line Drawings
Airport Height Requirement for
Blade Clearance Heritage Engineering Analysis
Certification of Equipment Liability Insurance Roads and Right-of-
Coastal Areas Lighting ways
Decommissioning Minimum Lot Size Rotor/Blade Diameter
Definition Neighbour Notification Safety
Dwelling Net Metering Side Property Line
Dwelling on Adjacent Other Buildings Use
Properties Permitting Costs Utility Notification
Environmental Impact Production View Planes
Assessment Public Meeting Zone boundary
Rear Property Line
No exclusive definition exists for small-scale turbines. Several features

are often identified in the definition including maximum rated output
capacity, maximum total height, maximum rotor diameter, and minimum
rotor clearance. A review of other policies also highlights the importance
of creating a definition for small-scale wind turbines that reflects the local
context and energy requirements.

Part III: Enabling Municipal Planning Strategy to Permit Small-Scale Wind Turbines
PART III: ENABLING MUNICIPAL PLANNING STRATEGY TO

PERMIT SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINES
3.0 MUNICIPAL PLANNING STRATEGY
The future development of small-scale wind turbines is in the best interest of the County
for a number of reasons. Wind energy is a clean and abundant continuous supply
renewable resource, unlike other renewable resources such as wood, which require
replacement involving extra costs and time. Considering the County’s potential for wind
energy production, and the current reliance on fossils fuels for power generation by
NSPI, the development of a small-scale wind turbine policy helps the County create a
proactive response to the Kyoto Protocol’s emission reduction targets.
The MPS establishes the strategic land use goals of the County. The introduction of a
new use, such as small-scale wind turbines, necessitates a review of these goals to
determine a context for the new use.
Fulfilling the MPS Goals

Small-scale wind turbines fulfill the Strategy’s general goals:
1.3.1.1 TO FACILITATE A BROAD ECONOMIC BASE BY:

• supporting the continued growth of the agricultural industry.
1.3.3.1 TO FACILITATE THE GROWTH OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY IN THE

COUNTY BY:
• encouraging industry associated with agriculture to locate and expand in
the County;
• supporting the farm population in their efforts to increase the economic
viability of the agriculture industry.
1.3.3.2 TO MINIMISE AND REDUCE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE AGRICULTURAL

INDUSTRY AND NON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BY:
• promoting the prime agricultural areas from the intrusion of uses which
are incompatible with or adverse to the future growth of the agricultural
sector
Potential MPS Conflicts

There is the potential for conflict to arise between the use of small-scale wind turbines
and the particular goals of the MPS, notably:
1.3.1.2 TO PROTECT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE

COUNTY BY:
• ensuring the environmental compatibility of development within the
adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas.

Part III: Enabling Municipal Planning Strategy to Permit Small-Scale Wind Turbines
1.3.3.1 TO FACILITATE THE GROWTH OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY IN THE

COUNTY BY:
• designating lands with high agricultural soil capability as protected
Agricultural Districts;
Although the development of small-scale wind turbines can reduce the total amount
agricultural land, their use complements the agricultural industry, potentially increasing
its economic viability. The small footprint of turbines minimises the impact on prime
agricultural soils while increasing the economic viability of the agricultural industry,
furthering the goals of the MPS.
3.1 Amendments to the Municipal Planning Strategy
To enable the County to develop Land Use Bylaws for small-scale wind turbines, specific
policy must be created in the MPS. The following recommended policy allows for the
future development of small-scale wind turbines to be defined in greater detail in the
County’s Land Use Bylaws.
5.4 Siting of Small-Scale Wind Turbines
Small-scale wind turbines allow residents to develop and consume on-site energy
in an environmentally sustainable fashion. Within Nova Scotia, the County has
excellent wind power producing capability. Small-scale wind turbines vary in size,
use and rated output capacity, offering the opportunity for on-site energy
production and potential energy cost savings. Turbines are compatible with a
number of land uses in different zones. Given the potential of small-scale wind
turbines in the County, a comprehensive set of guidelines is required.
5.4.1 Small-Scale Wind Turbine Objectives
5.4.1.0 To prevent conflicts with neighbouring uses resulting from

indiscriminate placement of small-scale wind turbines.
5.4.1.1 To maintain consistency with and support the urban and rural
goals of the Strategy.
5.4.1.2 To control small-scale wind turbines to ensure an acceptable

standard of safety and compatibility is maintained in the County.
5.4.1.3 To respond to the needs of residents and businesses by providing

opportunity for on-site wind power generation.
5.4.2 Small-Scale Wind Turbine Policy
5.4.2.1 Council shall include provisions in the Land Use Bylaw to regulate
the use of small-scale wind turbines. Small-scale wind turbine
regulations, including limits on the number, type, size, rated output
capacity and location, are intended to ensure safety and mitigate
conflict with neighbouring uses.

Part IV: Addressing Concerns through Land Use Bylaws
PART IV: ADDRESSING CONCERNS THROUGH LAND USE

BYLAWS
Enabled by the Municipal Planning Strategy, the County’s Land Use Bylaws implement
land use regulations. Small-scale wind turbine policy must address three questions
arising from a review of background, policy, and literature:
How big is a small-scale wind turbine?

Where are small-scale wind turbines appropriate in the County?
Where should small-scale wind turbines be sited on individual properties?
The following principles guided the response to these questions:
Principle 1: Maintain consistency with the County’s MPS and LUBs.

Principle 2: Ensure public safety.
Principle 3: Provide consumers with opportunities.
Policy drafted to permit small-scale wind turbines should be consistent with existing
policy and bylaws, reflecting current land use patterns in the County. The MPS and
LUBs are intended to ensure that the public’s safety is not compromised. Land use tools,
such as setbacks and height restrictions protect both private land owners and the public
from physical harm and nuisance. Owners can benefit from the economic and
environmental opportunities of small-scale wind turbines, satisfying their own energy
needs from a sustainable source and potentially saving money through reduced power
bills.
4.0 QUESTION 1: HOW BIG IS A SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINE?
4.0.1 Potential Issue: Impacts related to the size of the small-scale wind
turbine
The size of the small-scale wind turbine includes height of the turbine tower,
rotor blade diameter, and rated output capacity. Longer rotor blades produce
less sound than small blades, but generally require a higher tower. Although
higher turbine towers increase the potential to optimise wind, visual impacts
are also affected.
4.0.2 Analysing Attributes of a Definition

4.0.2.1 Maximum Total Height
Maximum total height is measured from the base of the tower to
the tip of a blade at its highest point. While maximum heights in
the reviewed policies range from 50 feet to 100 feet, associations
recommend limits of 150 feet to 200 feet. Some policies correlate
turbine height to lot size, permitting higher turbines on larger lots.
One policy restricts height to 75 feet in urban areas.20 Other
policies make exceptions when site-specific heights recommended
by manufacturers exceed bylaw limits. Commercial availability of
products themselves may limit height – the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory in Wisconsin acknowledges that for turbines up

to 100 kW, new and remanufactured equipment generally does

not exceed a total height of 170 feet21 which is within the
suggested permissible height range of both CanWEA and AWEA.
4.0.2.2 Maximum Rated Output Capacity

Maximum rated output capacity is the output power operated at
the optimal wind speed. The average Nova Scotian home
consumes between 8 and 10 kW of power annually - this demand
could be satisfied with a 10 to 15 kW turbine.22 Industrial,
commercial, and agricultural uses consume more, with the
average farm using 15 kW annually. A capacity of 100 kW
exceeds the energy needs of most potential users, allowing for
future growth in these sectors.
Nova Scotia Power Inc. permits small-scale wind turbines with

rated capacities under 100 kW to be grid connected, so any larger
unit could not connect to the local grid. A 100 kW capacity is also
consistent with maximum limits set in many of the reviewed
policies.
4.0.2.3 Maximum Rotor Diameter

A maximum rotor diameter of 65 feet reflects the current maximum
diameter of a small-scale wind turbine with a rated output capacity
of 100 kW.23 The County of Washington restricts blade size to a
30-foot diameter. No other policy deals with the issue, suggesting
that other limits, including maximum total heights and minimum
blade clearance from grade, combine to reasonably limit rotor
diameter.
4.0.2.4 Minimum Rotor Clearance

Maintaining a minimum clearance between the spinning arc of the
rotor and the ground ensures safety while maximising energy
production. The County’s interim policy reiterates the 15-foot
minimum requirements found in most reviewed policies.
4.0.3 Answer: Definition

Based on a policy review, model ordinances, background research, and
stakeholder input, the following definition is recommended for small-scale
wind turbines.
A small-scale wind turbine converts the wind’s kinetic energy into either
electrical power or mechanical energy. The turbine comprises the tower, rotor
blades and nacelle. It shall have a maximum rated output capacity of no
greater than 100 kilowatts, a maximum total height no higher than 170 feet,
and a minimum rotor clearance no less than 15 feet from grade. Power-
generating small-scale wind turbines primarily provide power for on-site
usage; at minimum, 50 percent of generated power must be consumed on-
site.

4.1 QUESTION 2: WHERE ARE SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINES

APPROPRIATE IN THE COUNTY?
4.1.1 Potential Issue: Land Use Conflict

As an accessory use, small-scale wind turbines are appropriate where they
complement the primary use of the lot. Grey areas arise with regard to issues
of public liability in the unlikely circumstance of turbine malfunction. In cases
where potential conflicts arise between zone uses and public safety, policy
recommendations err on the side of caution and may be revisited as the
County gains experience with small-scale wind turbines in its local context.
4.1.2 Review of Current Zoning

i) Agriculture (A1)
The MPS and LUBs identify the County’s prime agricultural soils,
attempting to minimise land fragmentation on class two and three soils
(MPS 1.3.3.2). The County’s valuable soil resources (Figure 10) are
protected from fragmentation and development by allocating future
growth to Growth Centres and by strictly regulating development
activities on agricultural lands. However, limiting turbines to particular
soil classifications, in accordance with the MPS 3.1.1.1, precludes most
farmers from benefiting from small-scale wind turbines.
Figure 9: Soil Capability Map
Municipality of the County of Kings Planning Department

In accordance with MPS 1.3.3.1, small-scale wind turbines facilitate the

growth of the agriculture industry in the County, supporting efforts to
increase the economic viability of the agriculture industry. Historically,
wind turbines, along with other mechanical tools, have been used by
farmers in their operations. Today, turbines can complement agricultural
practices by supplying a farm’s energy and/or water needs, avoiding
conflict with MPS 3.2.3.2.1 b: protect the prime agricultural areas from
the intrusion of uses that are incompatible with, or unnecessary to the
future growth of, the agricultural sector. Long-term economic benefits of
turbines positively contribute to the sustainability of agriculture (MPS
2.3.2.1) in the face of rising energy costs.
ii) Urban Residential (R1, R2, RM, R3, R4, R5)

The County directs future growth into twelve designated Growth
Centres. The planning policies and regulations of the Growth Centres
aim to protect the unique character and to create an orderly urban land
use pattern (MPS 2.1.7.5 and 2.1.7.7). The MPS and LUBs encourage
higher density and small lot sizes (MPS 2.4.1.3 and 2.4.1.9); these
goals conflict with required safety setbacks for wind turbines, essentially
prohibiting them.
iii) Industrial (Heavy Industrial M2, Agricultural Industrial M3,

Resource Industrial M4, Hamlet Industrial M5, Salvage Yard
Industrial M6, Resource Extraction M7)
Industrial zones in the County provide for the development of industrial
and related activities in both urban and rural contexts. Small-scale wind
turbines offer energy alternatives for existing development and the
opportunity for future eco-industrial development. Current regulations in
the industrial zones minimise potential land use conflicts between
industrial activities and other surrounding uses (MPS 2.3.1.2).
iv) Commercial (Agricultural Commercial C8, Rural Commercial C9,

Hamlet Commercial C10)
Commercial zones endeavour to provide commercial opportunity in
appropriate urban zones within the County (MPS 2.2.1.1). The purpose
of rural commercial areas is to permit traditionally permitted commercial
uses (farm markets and wineries) as well as more intensive commercial
activities (agra-tourism) provided they will not lead to a loss of
agricultural land or create land use problems (MPS 3.2.8). The public
regularly accesses private property in commercial zones, potentially
creating liability issues related to the safety of small-scale wind turbines.
v) Hamlets (Hamlet Residential R7)

Hamlets provide amenities for surrounding rural areas. The MPS
intends to retain the rural character of hamlets by ensuring lower
density development sensitive to the visual character and identity of
each settlement, MPS 3.6.3. Precluding small-scale wind turbines from
R7 zones supports the MPS. Small-scale wind turbines; however, could

be suitable in Agricultural Hamlets to support various agricultural

operations.
vi) Hamlet Historic Residential (R9)

The Hamlet Historic Residential Zone comprises several land uses
supporting its unique history and development character. Grand Pre has
been identified as a Hamlet Historic Residential as well as a Heritage
Conservation District. Small-scale wind turbines with their potential
impacts on the heritage quality of the community, should be excluded
from R9 zones.
vii) Forestry (F1)

The Forestry Zone prioritises forestry and agricultural uses (MPS
3.3.1.2), some residential development at low densities (MPS 3.3.1.3)
and limited commercial and industrial (MPS 3.3.1.4). Small-scale wind
turbines could be an appropriate accessory use to a diversity of primary
uses in this zone including mills, farms and residences.
viii) Country Residential (R6)

The Country Residential Zone provides opportunities for rural residential
development and non-residential resource development. The mix of
uses intended for Country Residential Districts may result in land use
conflicts (MPS 3.4). Residents, for example, could expect to find
agricultural, forestry and aggregate extraction related uses on lands
adjacent to their homes. Small-scale wind turbines are suitable
considering the variety of land uses permitted in this zone.
Lot sizes in the Country Residential zone must also be a minimum of

50,000 square feet with a minimum road frontage of 200 feet (MPS
3.4.2.4). The large lot size in the Country Residential Zone is
appropriate for siting small-scale wind turbines minimising possible
nuisance to neighbours.
ix) Country Residential Resort (R8)

The Country Residential Resort identifies the opportunity for tourism
development while ensuring that the character of the rural landscape is
not compromised (MPS 3.4.13). A Comprehensive Development
Agreement is required for development, ensuring that plans for small-
scale wind turbines are reviewed prior to installation.
x) Institutional (I1, CF)

Institutional zones provide for the development of large land intensive
institutional uses serving a regional area (LUB 17.1.1). The public
nature of activities within institutional zones makes them inappropriate
for locating small-scale wind turbines.

xi) Shoreland District (Future Shoreland S2, Coastal Shoreland CS,

Seasonal Residential S1)
The shoreland district includes Coastal Shoreland (CS), Future
Shoreland (S2) and Seasonal Residential (S1) zones. The intention of
these districts is to protect shoreline access and provide for seasonal
and year-round cottage development. The MPS identifies several
matters for consideration in the Shoreland District including the effect on
existing development in terms of the social, visual, and natural
character (MPS 3.5). Since wind turbines provide good opportunities for
cottage owners to produce their own power, there is no conflict with
land use if the character of the area can be protected. Relying on land
use controls to protect character, subjecting small-scale wind turbines to
the same height and setback provisions as dwellings in these zones
ensures compliance with the objectives of the MPS.
xii) Parkland (P1)

The parkland zone provides for the development of parks and
recreational facilities in both the urban and rural contexts (LUB 18.1.1).
Due to the public use of the parkland zone, safety issues associated
with small-scale wind turbines are of concern.
xiii) Recreational Open Space (P2)

The Recreational Open Space zone intends to provide for the
development of recreational commercial uses requiring large tracts of
land in rural and urban contexts (LUB 18.2.1). Due to the public use of
the parkland, safety issues currently restrict permitting small-scale wind
turbines.
xiv) Environmental Open Space (O1)

Environmental Open Space zones prevent development on lands prone
to flooding while protecting environmentally sensitive areas (dykelands,
natural wildlife corridors and habitats, and erosive soils) from
development (LUB 18.3.1). The mudflats of the Minas Basin, comprising
this zone, provide significant bird migration and feeding grounds. Small-
scale wind turbines pose a potential risk in these areas, requiring further
research to fully understand their impacts on wildlife and habitat.
Existing zoning on these lands precludes structures such as turbines
from being erected, thus avoiding any potential conflict. In continuing
the goals of the MPS to protect these lands, the County should not
permit turbines in these areas.
xv) Water Supply (O2)

Development is limited within Water Supply areas, thereby protecting
the surface water from contamination (LUB 18.4.1). This zone includes
agriculture and forestry, uses which are compatible with small-scale
wind turbines. No development is permitted if water quality is
jeopardised (MPS 4.2.6.2), assuring that any potential impacts of small-
scale wind turbines are mitigated. Permitting small-scale turbines
conditional to a supportive Environmental Impact Assessment being

submitted with the application satisfies the requirements of the Nova

Scotia Department of Health and the Nova Scotia Department of
Environment and Labour (LUB 4.2.5.2a).
xvi) Airport Zone (T1)

This zone provides for the development of airports and commercial or
industrial uses related to airports (LUB 19.1.1). Siting small-scale wind
turbines poses potential safety concerns for aircraft, conflicting with
airport operations.
4.1.3 Answer: Land Use Zone Recommendations
Table 3: Zoning Suitability for Small-Scale Wind Turbines

Land Use Zone Code Permitted Permitted use with
conditions and
additions to LUB
General Commercial C1 No
Central Business C2 No
Shopping Centre C3 No
Community Commercial C5 No
Commercial Comprehensive C6 No
Development
Neighbourhood Commercial C7 No
Residential Commercial C4 No
Light Industrial Commercial M1 No
Heavy Industrial M2 Yes add to 7.3.2
Residential Single Dwelling R1 No
Residential One and Two Unit R2 No
Residential Manufactured RM No
Housing
Residential Mixed Density R3 No
Residential Medium Density R4 No
Residential High Density R5 No
Residential Facilities RF No
Agricultural Zone A1 Yes add to 11.1.2
Forestry Zone F1 Yes add to 11.2.2
Agricultural Commercial C8 No
Rural Commercial C9 No
Hamlet Commercial C10 No
Agricultural Industrial M3 Yes add to13.1.2
Resource Industrial M4 Yes add to 13.2.2
Hamlet Industrial Zone M5 Yes add to 13.3.2
Salvage Yard Industrial M6 Yes add to 13.4.2

County Residential R6 Yes add to 14.1.2

Hamlet Residential R7 Yes Permitted use with
conditions, add to
14.2.3
Hamlet Historic Residential R9 No
Seasonal Residential S1 Yes Permitted use with
conditions. Add the
following 14.4.2 “Uses
Subject to Conditions”
Future Shoreland S2 Yes Permitted use with
conditions. Add the
Coastal Shoreland CS Yes Permitted use with
conditions. Add the
Country Residential Resort R8 Yes Permitted use with
Comprehensive Development conditions, add to
14.7.1
Highway Commercial C11 No

Resort Comprehensive C12 No
Development
Resource Extraction M7 Yes add to 16.1.2
Institutional I1 No
Community Facilities CF No
Parkland P1 No
Recreational Open Space P2 No
Environmental Open Space O1 No
Water Supply O2 Yes Permitted use with
conditions. Add the
Airport T1 No

4.2 QUESTION 3: WHERE SHOULD SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINES BE

SITED ON INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES?
4.2.1 Potential Issues: Public Nuisance and Safety Concerns

Identifying suitable locations on appropriate sites minimises the impact of
turbines on neighbouring properties, thereby further reducing conflict with
adjacent land uses, a key goal of the MPS. Placing site specific controls
on wind turbines also protects people and structures from potential
physical harm and nuisance – two major issues related to wind turbines.
4.2.2 Land Use Controls
i) Setbacks
Safety evolves as a major issue when permitting small-scale turbines.
Adequate setbacks address safety issues by requiring minimum
acceptable distances between the turbine (as the potential source of
conflict) and neighbouring uses. While incidences are minimal,
setbacks protect dwellings and neighbouring lots from damage
caused by turbine failure including tower collapse and falling ice.
Appropriate setbacks ensure maximum turbine performance by
reducing the potential for wind turbulence caused by buildings.
Eight policies and model ordinances have setbacks ranging from the
total turbine height to 125 percent of the total height from lot lines,
rights-of-way, dwellings, and/or dwellings on adjacent properties.
Three ordinances contain minimum distances from dwellings on
neighbouring properties: Benton Co., WA requires 1,000 feet,
Rockingham Co., VA requires 150 per cent of total height, and
Pincher Creek demands four times total turbine height. There is no
conclusive argument for determining the appropriate distance from a
neighbouring occupied dwelling.
To mitigate sound impact, CanWEA recommends that small-scale

wind turbines be located at least 600 feet from a neighbouring
occupied dwelling. Five policies require decibel testing from either
neighbouring occupied dwellings or lot lines. Pincher Creek, AB
requires an analysis for noise to any residence that may be located on
adjacent properties within a 200 meter (600 foot) radius. Monterey
County, CA simply requires that turbines be placed to minimise noise
impacts. Setbacks are more appropriate than decibel testing; recent
professional opinion shows testing decibel levels of small-scale wind
turbines can produce inaccurate results as background noise is
indistinguishable from the actual noise of the turbine.24
ii) Minimum Acreage/Lot Size

Half of the policies reviewed require a minimum lot size, typically
ranging from 0.5 to one acre. Land use controls, minimum lot size,
and setbacks can mitigate safety, acoustic and aesthetic concerns on
individual sites. Setbacks provide the most comprehensive option, as

they impose a minimum lot size by maintaining distances between the

turbine and lot lines.
iii) Number of turbines permitted on site

There is concern that permitting more then one small-scale wind
turbine could potentially transform the site into a wind farm with
commercial, aesthetic and noise implications. Small-scale wind
turbines generate wind energy for on-site consumption, not for
commercial profit. Policies reviewed define small-scale as one turbine
per lot.
4.2.3 Answer: Reduce conflict through land use controls

Employing the following land use controls reduces potential for conflict.
i) Setbacks equal to the total height of the small-scale wind turbine from
adjacent lot lines, occupied dwellings, parking lots and rights-of-way
ensure public safety.
ii) Setbacks no less than 600 feet from occupied dwellings on
neighbouring properties minimise nuisance potentially caused by the
visual impact and/or sound emissions of the turbine.
iii) Turbines shall be limited to one per lot.
4.3 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Decommissioning regulations prevent abandoned or disused turbines from
becoming a blight on the landscape or a safety hazard. Four policies enact
removal enforcement powers after one year of disuse. Pincher Creek, AB
allows for two years of discontinued use. Following the issuance of a letter of
notification to owner, the local authority grants a period of 30, 45, 90 or 120
days to remove the turbine. The County’s policy regarding decommissioning
of signs requires removal within 60 days of discontinuance of activity (LUB
3.7.4).
4.3.1.1 Recommendation
The owner of a turbine deemed by the County to be abandoned
following a one year period of inactivity shall be given notice to
remove the turbine and all supporting structures within 60 days from
the date of notification.
4.3.2 Signage
Minimising the visual impact of wind turbines contributes to community
support. Policies restrict the colour and siting of turbines to best blend with
the natural surroundings. Two policies specifically prohibit advertising.
4.3.2.1 Recommendations
In following current policy regarding signs (LUB 3.7.5.13), no sign,
advertisement or object not required for the functioning or safety of
the turbine shall be painted on or attached to a turbine.

Colours are subjective and may either enhance or detract from the
character of the surroundings depending on personal perspective.
Colour should not be regulated.

Part V: Recommendations for Obtaining a Development Permit
PART V: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OBTAINING A

DEVELOPMENT PERMIT
The County’s MPS already requires development permits for all erected structures.
Future development of small-scale wind turbines must be included in the development
permitting process.
Requiring specific information prior to the development of a small-scale wind turbine can:
mitigate future issues (namely aesthetic and acoustic), eliminate inconsistencies with
other regulations and help the municipality ensure that the type of wind turbine falls
within the municipality’s definition of small-scale wind turbine.
The following process is a general guide for all zones, additional requirements for
specific zones are included in the Land Use Bylaws.
5.0 APPROPRIATE STEPS TO OBTAIN A DEVELOPMENT PERMIT
5.0.1 Neighbour Notification

Notification procedures help mitigate potential conflicts between
neighbouring properties before development occurs. Three plans (all
American) contain policies for neighbour notification consistent with a 500-
foot radius. Pincher Creek, AB requires notification to landowners within a
two kilometre radius. CanWEA recommends that the proximity of a small
wind turbine to a neighbour's lot be discussed with the neighbour before
purchasing a turbine.
With matters regarding neighbour notification, the County refers to the

processes established in the Municipal Government Act (MGA): Variance
Procedures (236). This requires that assessed owners whose lot falls within
30 metres (90 feet) of the applicant’s lot be notified. In practice, the County
notifies neighbouring assessed lot owners within 500 feet of new
development. Through a notification process, neighbouring lot owners can
appeal or voice grievances over the proposed development.
5.0.2 Submit a Site Plan

The site plan should indicate that the small-scale wind turbine meets the
established setback requirements. An example of a setback diagram is
illustrated in Figure 10.

Part V: Recommendations for Obtaining a Development Permit
Figure 10: Sample Setback Diagram
5.0.3 Attain Approval from Transport Canada and NavCanada

Wind turbines can be a hazard to aviation. When a small-scale wind
turbine’s total height exceeds 270 feet (90 meters), Transport Canada has
colour and lighting regulations in place to reduce any potential hazard to
pilots.25 Both Transport Canada and NavCanada (NavCan) have
application procedures (Appendix 7) in place to ensure that future
developments do not interfere with air space. Documentation of approval by
these federal bodies is required at the application stage in the development
approval process.
5.0.4 Provide Manufacturer’s Information

Requiring the manufacturer’s information including type of turbine, total
height, rotor diameter, rated output capacity and Canadian Standards
Association (CSA) approval ensures that small-scale wind turbines meet
the requirements of the County’s definition. Pincher Creek, AB and five
American policies require this information.

Part VI: Land Use Bylaw Amendments
PART VI: LAND USE BYLAW AMENDMENTS
The Municipality of the County Of Kings
PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO BYLAW 75
Land Use Bylaw
Small-Scale Wind Turbines
1. Adding the following to PART 1 – TITLE AND DEFINITIONS as follows:
1.130 Small-Scale Wind Turbine

A small-scale wind turbine converts the wind’s kinetic energy into either electrical
power or mechanical energy. The turbine comprises the tower, rotor blades and
nacelle. It shall have a maximum rated output capacity of no greater than 100
kilowatts, a maximum total height no higher than 170 feet, and a minimum rotor
clearance no less than 15 feet from grade. Power-generating small-scale wind
turbines primarily provide power for on-site usage; at minimum, 50 percent of
generated power must be consumed on-site.
1.130.1 Climbing Apparatus

The ladder located on the turbine tower used for climbing and
maintaining the turbine.
The removal of a small-scale wind turbine within one year of inactivity.
All supporting structures shall be removed within 60 days of the date of
notification by the County.
1.130.3 Kilowatt (kW)

A measure of power for electrical current (1kW = 1,000 watts).
1.130.4 Maximum Rated Output Capacity

The maximum power produced by the wind turbine operating at optimal
wind speed.
1.130.5 Rotor Clearance

The distance between the bottom tip of the blade and the ground.
1.130.6 Total Height of Wind Turbine

The total measurement from the base of the turbine to the tip of the
rotor blade.

2. Adding the following to PART 3 – GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL ZONES
3.2.15 Small-Scale Wind Turbines
Small-scale wind turbines shall be permitted as an accessory use in M2, M3,

M4, M5, M6, M7, A1, F1, S1, S2, CS, R6, R7, R8, O2 zones subject to the
following criteria:
a. One small-scale wind turbine shall be permitted per lot.
b. The total height shall not exceed 170 feet.
c. The rotor clearance shall be a minimum of 15 feet from grade.
d. The setback shall be, at minimum, equal to the turbine’s total height from
adjacent lot lines, dwellings, public parking lots and public right-of-ways.
e. Setbacks and height restrictions in CS, S1 and S2 zones shall be

equivalent to those set by the Land Use Bylaw for the main building.
f. The climbing apparatus shall be a minimum of 10 feet above grade.
g. The turbine shall not be mounted on or attached to any other structure.
h. In addition to the application for a development permit, the following items

are required:
• Notify neighbours within a 500-foot radius of the lot on which the

small-scale wind turbine will be located;
• Provide the manufacturer’s information including: type of turbine, total
height, rotor diameter, maximum rated output capacity, and Canadian
Safety Association certification;
• Provide a site plan showing the location of the small-scale wind
turbine in relation to lot lines, dwelling and distance from adjacent
dwellings, showing that the turbine is not within a 600 feet radius of
neighbouring dwelling;
• Submit authorisation documents from Transport Canada and NavCan;
and,
• Submit an Environmental Impact Assessment (only for sites located
all or in part in an O2 zone).
i. The owner shall remove the small-scale wind turbine from the lot
following one year of inactivity. A new application shall be submitted and
approved before a new turbine is installed.
j. There shall be no signs, advertisements or objects attached to or added

to the turbine.

3. Adding the following to PART 7 – URBAN INDUSTRIAL ZONES
7.3.2 Heavy Industrial (M2) Zone

add “small-scale wind turbines”
4. Adding the following to PART 11 – RURAL RESOURCE ZONES
11.1.2 Agricultural (A1) Zone

11.2.2 Forestry (F1) Zone

5. Adding the following to PART 13 – RURAL INDUSTRIAL ZONES
13.1.2 Agricultural Industrial (M3) Zone

13.2.2 Resource Industrial (M4) Zone

13.3.2 Hamlet Industrial (M5) Zone

13.4.2 Salvage Yard Industrial (M6) Zone

6. Adding the following to PART 14 – RURAL RESIDENTIAL ZONES
14.1.2 County Residential (R6) Zone

14.2.3 Hamlet Residential (R7) Zone

add “small-scale wind turbines as an accessory to agricultural and forestry
uses”
14.4.2 Seasonal Residential (S1) Zone

add “small-scale wind turbines conditional to same height and
setback requirements as main building”
14.7.1 County Residential Resort Comprehensive Development (R8) Zone

add “small-scale wind turbines conditional to required comprehensive
development agreement”
14.5.2 Future Shoreland (S2) Zone

add to “small-scale wind turbines conditional to same height and setback
requirements as main building”

14.6.2 Coastal Shoreland (CS) Zone

add “small-scale wind turbines conditional to same height and setback
requirements as main building”
7. Adding the following to PART 16 – COMMON INDUSTRIAL ZONES
16.1.2 Resource Extraction (M7) Zone

8. Adding the following to PART 18 – COMMON OPEN SPACE ZONES
18.4.2 Water Supply (O2) Zone

add 18.4.7 Small-Scale Wind Turbines

add “all small-scale wind turbines shall be subject to an Environmental
Impact Assessment satisfying the Nova Scotia Department of Health
and the Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour
requirements”

Part VII: Recommended Follow-up
PART VII: RECOMMENDED FOLLOW-UP

Enhancing the development and effectiveness of the County’s small-scale wind turbine
policy requires ongoing evaluation as further information becomes available. The County
should pursue the following work to review and improve the bylaw amendments.
7.1 Revisit the policy in two years. The County may consider examining the potential
for permitting small-scale wind turbines in more zones, or limiting potential in
permitted zones, based on its experience. By evaluating the small-scale wind
turbine policy after two years of implementation, the County can also identify and
mitigate arising issues specific to the local context. For example, Council may
further review the potential for two turbines with separate uses (power-generating
and water pumping) in A1 zones as accessory to agricultural uses.
7.2 Integrate a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. At this time,

sufficient GIS data does not exist to test the bylaw regarding setbacks from
dwellings to determine if this land use tool is effective or too limiting. Current GIS
data can show where properties meet a minimum lot size requirement; however,
this information can be misleading without factoring out properties which could not
meet the dwelling setback requirements of turbines. When municipal GIS data
includes dwelling and other structural information, an accurate assessment of the
number of properties meeting the requirements for a small-scale wind turbine
should be completed.
7.3 Conduct a wind analysis to examine the potential for wind energy production
in the County. The County may benefit from recognising which areas in the
municipality are more favourable for wind energy production at the small-scale
level. This information may be useful to support policy permitting or not permitting
small-scale wind turbines to further support the general goals of MPS 1.3.1.1 to
facilitate a broad economic base by establishing a data base upon which to
evaluate locations opportunities for industry within the County.
7.4 Gather local data on the implications of small-scale wind turbines on bird
mortalities. The County could benefit from doing its own data collection and
analysis of the impacts on bird mortality. The County contains significant bird
migration routes along its coast which should be protected. Knowing the local
impact on bird mortalities provides valuable information to the future siting of
turbines in the County.
7.5 Research insurance policies to address public safety and liability issues.
Ensuring appropriate insurance and liability measures would enable the future
siting of small-scale wind turbines on public lands.
7.6 Recognise the importance of public participation. It is acknowledged that

public participation was conducted as part of the process of adopting the interim
small-scale wind turbine amendments to LUB 75. The County’s Planning
Department intends to hold a public consultation prior to the adoption of the
recommendations of this report. Public participation is an important process in the
approval and acceptance of small-scale wind turbines as a new land use.

Part VII: Recommended Follow-up
7.7 Add sustainability goals to the Municipal Planning Strategy’s general goals.
Small-scale wind turbines fit into a larger goal of sustainability for the County.
Council may consider reviewing and revising the general goals of the MPS, in
particular 1.3.1.2, to include provisions for sustainable development in the County
encouraging and permitting renewable energy sources in addition to other specific
sustainability targets.

Part VIII: Conclusion
PART VIII: CONCLUSION

Policy for small-scale wind turbines at the municipal level is evolving. Canadian Wind
Energy Association, as Canada’s national wind energy association, is currently working
toward a model policy for municipalities. The Municipality of the County of Kings is
ahead of most Canadian municipalities in policy formation for small-scale wind turbines.
Citizens and stakeholders in the County recognise the future potential of small-scale
wind turbines. Pairing the benefits of small-scale wind turbines with the goals of the
County’s MPS, the recommendations included in this report open the County to the
introduction of small-scale wind turbines.
The recommendations maintain consistency with the County’s existing Municipal

Planning Strategy and Land Use Bylaws, ensure public safety, and provide consumer
opportunity. Adopting the Small-Scale Wind Turbine policy advances the pursuit of the
County’s strategic goals, highlighting the municipality as a leader in emerging alternative
energy policy.

ENDNOTES
1
Centre for Energy. (2003). “How is Wind Power Produced?” Retrieved January 16,
2006 from: http://www.centreforenergy.com/silos/wind/windOverview02.asp
2
Canadian Wind Energy Association (2005). “Electrical Grid Connection and Net
Metering.” Retrieved January 23, 2006 from:
http://www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/ConnectingToTheGrid/NetMet
ering.html
3
Statistics Canada. (2001).
4
Statistics Canada. (2001).
5
Ibid.
6
Based on a review of standards set by the Canadian Wind Energy Association, Natural
Resources Canada, the American Wind Energy Association, the US Department of
Energy, and the British Wind Energy Association
7
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated. (2005). “Customer Energy Forum 2005.” Average
residential consumption rates of electricity in Nova Scotia range between 6,000 and
10,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. Retrieved January 19, 2006 from:
www.nspower.ca/CustomerEnergyForum/DOCS/2005EnergyForumBooklet.pdf
8
Krec, Gerry. Government of Alberta. Personal Communication. March 13, 2006. No
information was available from either the Province of Nova Scotia or Nova Scotia
Power.
9
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Small Wind Energy: Frequently Asked
Questions.” Retrieved January 19, 2006
from:www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/FAQ.html#What%20about%20towers?
10
American Wind Energy Association. (2003). “Permitting Small Wind Turbines: A
Handbook.” Retrieved January 18, 2006 from:
www.awea.org/smallwind/documents/permitting.pdf
11
Legge, Hubert. Second Source Power. Personal Communication. February 1, 2006.
12
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated. (2005). “Interconnection Guidelines.” Retrieved
January 31, 2006 from:
www.nspower.ca/RenewablesRFP/docs/Net_Metering_Interconnection_Guidelines.p
df
13
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Social, Environmental and Other
Considerations.” Retrieved January 22, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/OtherConsiderations/AestheticsNois
e.html

14
American Wind Energy Association. (2003). “Small Wind Systems and Public Safety.”
Retrieved March 6, 2006 from:
15
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Where to Put the Turbine: Location on
Your Property.” Retrieved January 22, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/YourTurbineSite/MoreLocation.html
16
Ibid.
17
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005).”Benefits and Issues with Small Wind:
Issues to be Aware of.” Retrieved February 1, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Overview/BenefitsIssues/Issues.html
18
Ibid.
19
Ibid.
20
Kittitas County, WA
21
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2005). “Zoning for Distributed Wind Power –
Breaking Down Barriers.” Retrieved February 10, 2006 from:
www.renewwisconsin.org/wind/Toolbox-
Homeowners/Zoning%20for%20Distributed%20Wind-
JGreen%20and%20MSagrillo.pdf
22
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated. (2005). “Customer Energy Forum 2005.” Average
residential consumption rates of electricity in Nova Scotia range between 6,000 and
10,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. Retrieved February 1, 2006 from:
23
Breaking Down Barriers.” Retrieved February 10, 2006 from:
Homeowners/Zoning%20for%20Distributed%20Wind-
JGreen%20and%20MSagrillo.pdf
24
Pynn, Paul (P.Eng.). Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. Personal Communication. February
1, 2006
25
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Lighting Requirements for Wind
Turbines.” Retrieved March 6, 2006 from:
http://www.canwea.ca/downloads/en/PDFS/CanWEA_lighting_final_ver..pdf; and
Transport Canada. (2005). “Standard 621.19 – Standards Obstruction Markings.”
http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/Regserv/Affairs/cars/PART6/Standards/62119.htm
26
Iron Man Wind Mill Co Ltd. (2005). Retrieved from March 1, 2006 from:
http://www.internationalwindmill.com/

27
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated. (2005). “About Us.” Retrieved February 2, 2005
from: http://www.nspower.ca/AboutUs/index.html
28
Nova Scotia Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture. (2005). “About Our Department.”
Retrieved February 3, 2005 from: http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsaf/department/
29
Second Source Power Company. (2005). “About Us.” Retrieved February 5, 2006
from: http://www.secondsourcepower.ca/about.html
30
Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. (2005). “Wind Energy Systems for the World.” Retrieved
February 5, 2006 from: http://www.atlanticorientcanada.ca/ Retrieved on February 5,
2006
31
Nova Scotia Federation of Agriculture. (2005). “About the NSFA.” Retrieved February
7, 2006 from: http://www.nsfa-fane.ca/
32
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “About CanWEA.” Retrieved February 13,
2006 from: http://www.canwea.ca/en/AboutUs.html
33
American Wind Energy Association. (2005). “So…What’s AWEA?” Retrieved February
13, 2006 from: http://www.awea.org/aweainfo.html

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http://www.awea.org/smallwind/toolbox/TOOLS/fs_noise.asp
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www.awea.org/smallwind/documents/permitting.pdf
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(2003). Retrieved March 6, 2006 from:
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2006 from: http://www.awea.org/aweainfo.html
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Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. (2005). “Company Profile.” Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:
http://www.atlanticorientcanada.ca/company.htm
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http://www.bwea.com/
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http://www.canwea.ca/en/AboutUs.html
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). ”Benefits and Issues with Small Wind:
Issues to be Aware of.” Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Overview/BenefitsIssues/Issues.html
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Electrical Grid Connection and Net
Metering.” Retrieved January 23, 2006 from:
http://www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/ConnectingToTheGrid/NetMeterin
g.html
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Small Wind Energy: Frequently Asked
Questions.” Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/FAQ.html#What%20about%20towers?
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Small Wind Energy Systems.” Retrieved
March 7, 2006 from: www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/FAQ.html#What%20about%20towers?

Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Small Wind Turbine Types and
Applications.” Retrieved March 6,2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Overview/TurbinesApplications/Applications.html
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Small-Scale Wind Turbine Manufacturers.”

www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Resources/Manufacturers.html
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Social, Environmental and Other

Considerations.” Retrieved March 6, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/OtherConsiderations/AestheticsNoise.ht
ml
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). “Where to Put the Turbine: Location on
Your Property.” Retrieved March 6, 2006 from:
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/SmallWindAndYou/YourTurbineSite/MoreLocation.html
Centre for Energy. (2003). “How is Wind Power Produced?” Retrieved January 16, 2006
from: http://www.centreforenergy.com/silos/wind/windOverview02.asp
Legge, Hubert. Second Source Power Company. Personal Communication. February 1,

2006
Iron Man Wind Mill Co Ltd. (2005). Retrieved on March 1, 2006 from:
http://www.internationalwindmill.com/
Krec, Gerry. Technical Review Officer for Rural Utilities, Government of Alberta.
Personal Communication. March 13, 2006.
Municipality of the County of Kings. (1992 with amendments). “Bylaw #56 County of
Kings Municipal Planning Strategy.”
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March 7, 2006 from:
http://www.county.kings.ns.ca/comdev/lub/maps/CountyLUB_map.pdf
Municipality of the County of Kings. (2001). “Generalized Soil Capability Map for Kings
County.” January 17, 2006. Planning Department.
Breaking Down Barriers.” Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:
Homeowners/Zoning%20for%20Distributed%20Wind-JGreen%20and%20MSagrillo.pdf
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Retrieved March 1, 2006 from: http://www.nrel.gov/wind/wind_potential.html

Natural Resources Canada. (2005). “Technologies and Application.”
Retrieved March1, 2006 from:
www.canren.gc.ca/app/imagerepository/wind_pump.jpg
Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy. (1979). “Wind Power.”
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www.nsfafane.ca/content%5Carticles%5Ccounty%5Ckings.pdf
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March 7, 2006 from:
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated. (2005). “Interconnection Guidelines.” Retrieved March

7, 2006 from:
www.nspower.ca/RenewablesRFP/docs/Net_Metering_Interconnection_Guidelines.pdf
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated. (2005). “About Us.” Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:
http://www.nspower.ca/AboutUs/index.html
Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. (2005). “About Our Department.”
Retrieved March 1, 2006 from: http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsaf/department/
Second Source Power Company. (2005). “About Us.” Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:
http://www.secondsourcepower.ca/about.html
Statistics Canada. (2001). Retrieved March 3, 2006 from: http://www.statcan.ca
Pynn, Paul (P.Eng.). (2005). Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. Personal Communication.
February 1, 2006
US Department of Energy. (2005). Retrieved March 7, 2006 from:

http://www.energy.gov/
STAKEHOLDERS
American Wind Energy Association. (2005). http://www.awea.org/
Atlantic Orient Canada Inc. (2005). Interview with Paul Pynn, P.Eng. on January 25,
2006. http://www.atlanticorientcanada.ca/
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (2005). http://www.canwea.ca/
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January 31, 2005.
Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. (2005). Interview with Michael
Langman, Director on January 24, 2006. http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsaf/department/

Nova Scotia Department of Energy. (2005). Interview with Brian
Hayes, Energy Engineer on February 6, 2006.
http://www.gov.ns.ca/energy/AbsPage.aspx?siteid=1&lang=1&id=2
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January 23, 2006. http://www.nspower.ca
Second Source Power Company. (2005) Interview with Hubert Legge, Sales Manager
on January 25, 2006. http://www.secondsourcepower.ca/
POLICIES, MODELS AND ASSOCIATIONS
Canadian
Bruce County. (1997) “Bruce County Official Plan - Chapter 4.14.1 Small Scale
Generating Systems.”
City of Windsor. “Report to the Planning Advisory Committee.” (2005). Retrieved

January 20, 2006 from:
http://www.citywindsor.ca/documents/ReporttoPlanningAdvisoryCommittee.pdf.
Pincher Creek. (2002) “Municipal District of Pincher Creek no. 9 - Land Use By-law
1050-02.” Retrieved March 1, 2006 from: http://www.mdpinchercreek.ab.ca/.
Municipality of the County of Kings. (1992 with amendments). “County of Kings Land
Use Bylaw #75.”
Cape Breton Regional Municipality. (2004). “Municipal Planning Strategy of Cape Breton
Regional Municipality.”
American
Benton County. (2003). “Draft Zoning Ordinance - Chapter 11A.34 Agriculture Protection
Zone District (APZ).” Retrieved January 20, 2006 from
http://www.co.benton.wa.us/zoning_ord.htm.
California State. (2001) “Assembly Bill 1207 - Streamlining the Permitting of Small Wind
Turbines in California.” Retrieved January 20, 2006 from http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/01-
02/bill/asm/ab_1201-1250/ab_1207_bill_20011007_chaptered.html.
California State. (2005) “California Government Code Section 65892.13.” Retrieved

March 19, 2006 from
www.aroundthecapitol.com/code/code.html?sec=gov&codesection=65892.13
Clean Energy Resource Team (Minnesota). (2005). “Model Wind Ordinance.”
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Wind Energy Facility Overlay Zoning Ordinance.”

Kittitas County. (2005). “Kittitas County Code - Chapter 17.61.” Retrieved January 20,
2006 from: http://www.co.kittitas.wa.us/boc/countycode/kittitascountycode.pdf.
Monterey County. (2004). “Monterey County Code - Chapter 21.64 Special Regulations.”
Retrieved January 20, 2006 from:
http://municipalcodes.lexisnexis.com/codes/montereyco/.
Rhodes-Weaver, Heather. (2006). “New York State Model Ordinance – Final Draft.”
Personal Communication January 27, 2006.
Representative Morris. (2005) “Washington State: House Bill 1021 - 59th Legislature.”
National Associations
American Wind Energy Association. (2002). “Model Zoning Ordinance.” Retrieved

January 18, 2006 from: http://www.awea.org/smallwind/documents/modelzo.html

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: INTERIM POLICY: NON-UTILITY SCALE WIND
TURBINES
THE MUNICIPALITY OF THE COUNTY OF KINGS
AMENDMENTS TO BYLAW 75
LAND USE BYLAW
NON-UTILITY SCALE WIND TURBINES
“BE IT RESOLVED that Municipal Council gives First Reading to amendments to

Bylaw 75, the Land Use Bylaw for the Municipality of the County of Kings, as follows:
1. Adding the following to PART 10 – GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR RURAL

ZONES
10.1.6 Non-utility Scale Wind Turbines
Non-utility scale wind turbines shall be permitted in all rural zones

subject to the following criteria:
a. The lot shall be a minimum of 5 acres.
b. The turbine shall not exceed 150 feet in total height.
c. The turbine shall be located a minimum of 1.25 times the total

of height of the turbine from the nearest lot line.
d. The blade clearance shall be a minimum of 15 feet from grade

or from the top of an existing structure or building, which
cannot be used for human habitation.
2. Adding the following new definitions to PART 1 – TITLE AND DEFINITIONS as

follows:
1.21 Blade Clearance means the minimum distance from grade to the
bottom of the rotor’s arc.
1.99 Non-utility scale wind turbine or “turbine” means a machine that

removes energy from the wind and converts it to mechanical or
electrical energy. At least 50% of the energy produced is
consumed on site.
1.120 Rotor’s Arc means the total path travels by the turbine’s blade.

1.142 Total Height means the height of the turbine from grade to the
furthest vertical extension of the rotor.
3. Renumbering definitions 1.121 – 1.153 as 1.122 – 1.157.
4. Deleting and replacing the following sections of the renumbered definitions

to read as follows:
1.85 Lot Frontage … deleting “1.24” and replacing with “l.25”.
1.86 Lot Line
1.86.2 Flankage Lot Line … deleting “1.85.3.1” and replacing

with “1.86.3.1”.
1.122 School
1.122.1 Commercial School … deleting “1.32” and replacing

with “1.33”.
5. Section 6.4 SHOPPING CENTRE (C3) ZONE
Subsection 6.4.2 Permitted Uses
Deleting the number “1.126” and replacing with the

number “1.129”.

APPENDIX 2: SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINE
MANUFACTURERS
Table 4: Small-Scale Wind Turbine Manufacturers
Small-Scale Model Production Tower Rotor Maximum Total
Wind Turbine (kW) Height Diamet Height
Manufacturer (ft) er (ft)
(ft)
Synergy Power S3000 3 52.2 – 78 8.1 56.25 – 82.05

Corporation,
Hong Kong,
China
S5000DD 5 52.2 – 78 10.5 57.45 – 83.25

S20000 20 54 – 90 17.4 62.7 – 98.7
SLG 30 60 39.6 79.8
Vaigunth Ener AR-200W 0.2 12 or 24 5.55 14.77 or 26.77

Tek (P) Ltd.,
India
AR- 4.5 24 or 30 12 30 or 36
1000W
AR- 25 36 or 45 20.4 46.2 or 55.2
2000W
Fortis, Yellow 0.5 18-36 7.5 21.75 – 39.75

Netherlands Sand
Fortis 1.4 36-72 9.36 40.68 – 25.56
Passaat
Montana 5 54 15 61.5
Fortis 20-30 90 42 111
Boreos
Proven Energy, WT 600 0.6 16.5 – 36 7.65 20.32-39.82

Scotland (35 dBA)
WT 2500 2.5 19.5-33 10.5 24.75-38.25
(40)
WT 6000 6 27-45 16.5 35.25-53.25
(45)
WT 15000 15 45 27 58.5
(48)
Generation PV, Whisper 0.2 8.1

Ontario, 200
Canada
Whisper 0.5 15
500
Bergey 80 80 90-120

Atlantic Orient AOC 25 150 45
Canada Inc., 15/50
Dartmouth,
Canada
Entegrity Wind EW15 66 73.2-91.5 45

Systems,
Charlottetown,
Canada
Fuhrlander, FL 30 30 54-81 39 73.5-100.5

Germany
FL 100 100 105 63 126
Northern Power 100 75-96 57.3 103.65-124.65

Systems Corp.,
California, USA
Aerojoule, AJT 15 1.5 45 9.9 49.95

Montreal,
Canada
AJT 45 4.5 16.5
AJT 200 20 33
AJT 650 65 135 60 165
Koenders Koenders 12 - 20
Windmills Inc.
(Canada)
Water Pumping
wind turbine
Iron Man Iron Man 53 20 63

Windmill Co. Lt. 702
(China
manufactured,
American
company)26
Source: Canadian Wind Energy Association
www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Resources/Manufacturers.htm

APPENDIX 3: SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINE TYPES AND USE
Table 5: Small-Scale Wind Turbine Category
Commercial,
Battery Charging and Residential and Institutional, Farms,
Light Seasonal Loads Heavy Seasonal and Remote
Loads Communities
Typical Power
Rating 0-1 kW 1-30 kW 30-100 kW
Typical Grid Mostly off-grid, some Mostly on-grid On-grid (net-
Connectivity on-grid (net-metered) (net-metered), metered), isolated-
some off-grid grid, or off-grid
Typical Mobile uses Off-grid rural On-grid or isolated-
Applications (sailboats, houses with large grid large farms;
recreational vehicles, lot sizes (usually Off-grid small farms
etc.); greater than 1 where small wind
Seasonal applications acre); works in conjunction
(small cottages, On-grid rural with a diesel
hunting lodges, etc.); houses with large generator set and/or
Rural and ‘urban lot sizes (usually solar photovoltaics;
perimeter’ residential greater than 1 On- or off-grid
homes; acre) where DC commercial or
Specialty power appliances are institutional
sources (radar and driven by wind buildings;
telecommunication turbine/batteries Isolated-grid
devices, or where some communities where
measurement electricity is stored wind is
instruments, cathodic on the grid complemented by
protection, remote through net diesel
weather stations, metering;
etc.); Larger cottages or
Commercial parks hunting lodges
and camps; with significant
Electric fencing share of electricity
from wind
Source: Canadian Wind Energy Association

www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Overview/TurbinesApplications/Applications.html

APPENDIX 4: NATIONAL WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION
PROFILES
Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA)
CanWEA is a non-profit trade association that was established in 1984. The organisation
promotes the development and application of all aspects of wind energy and the
development of appropriate policies in Canada. CanWEA members are comprised of
experts in the wind energy industry and community in Canada.27
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)

AWEA, founded in 1974, represents the United States wind industries. AWEA advocates
for wind energy as a clean source of electricity for consumers in the United States and
the world.28 They provide research, policy information, and publication material to
consumers and other interest groups.

APPENDIX 5: STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS
NOVA SCOTIA POWER
Profile
Nova Scotia Power (NSPI) is the primary provider of electricity to Nova Scotians.29 NSPI
promotes renewable energy options; they own and operate 396 megawatts or 18% of
the company's generating capacity in wind, hydro and tidal power generation.
Currently, NSPI offers a small-scale net metering program to consumers who choose to
develop small-scale wind turbines or other types of renewable energy. To qualify for the
program the consumer’s energy output must not exceed 100 kW.
Opportunities
From NSPI’s perspective, three main opportunities motivate customers to pursue wind
power:
• cost savings;
• options for energy production; and,
• supplementary power source during outages (only if the customer has power
storage).
Challenges
NSPI identifies several challenges consumers pursuing small-scale wind energy
generation which include:
• high installation costs and long cost recovery (approximately 10-15 years at
$0.10/kwh for their wind turbine investment);
• the possible depreciation of property values;
• the lack of small-scale wind turbine incentives; and,
• technical expertise versus financial ability to pay for maintenance.
Considerations
NSPI suggests the following considerations in developing a land use policy:
• mandate professional testing of wind resources on individual parcels in
application process;
• require regular maintenance of small-scale wind turbines; and,
• provide setback regulations addressing issues regarding public liability for ice
throw, falling turbines, noise and encroachment.

NOVA SCOTIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
Profile
The Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries provides services and
programs to the agriculture and fishing sectors, the two biggest economies in the
province's coastal and rural regions.30 The department is interested in small-scale wind
turbines because they are one initiative that could help support and sustain the
agricultural industry.
Opportunities
From the perspective of the NS Agriculture and Fisheries, the opportunities of small-
scale wind turbines for farmers include the following:
• cost efficient energy production;
• contribution to the community’s overall energy needs; and,
• innovative business opportunities for entrepreneurial farmers.
Challenges
The major challenge facing farming communities is the competition for agricultural land
and the rising costs of farming. From NSDAF’s perspective, introducing wind turbines to
rural land:
• can create a conflicting land use - wind turbines are not an agricultural use;
• increases taxable land base because once land is cleared to site the turbine, the
land becomes taxable; and,
• requires high initial cost input.
Considerations
NSDAF suggests considering the following when siting small-scale wind turbines on
rural land:
• exclude high soil classifications (Classes 2 and 3) as suitable sites;
• reduce potential nuisances such as noise and aesthetics;
• recognise each farm’s unique size, use and arrangement (e.g. any farmers may
own disconnected parcels of farm land);
• write bylaws in terms of parcels not acreage (1 parcel = 20-40 acres);
• pay special attention to Country Residential (R6) zones;
• include a review process for the siting of wind turbines on individual sites;
• create set back/separation distances; and,
• maximise the potential of net-metering for farming.

SECOND SOURCE POWER COMPANY AND ATLANTIC ORIENT CANADA
INC.
Profiles
Second Source Power is a privately owned and operated company based in Windsor,
Nova Scotia. The company sells; installs, and services permanent and portable
generators and wind turbines.31 Last year, Second Source approached council asking
them to develop a policy to allow for small-scale wind turbines to be erected in the
County.
Atlantic Orient Canada Inc (AOCI), based in Dartmouth NS, is a member of CanWEA.
The company manufactures, markets, and installs 50 kW wind turbines called AOC
15/50.
Table 6: Small-Scale Wind Turbines Produced/Distributed by Atlantic Orient Canada Inc.

and Second Source Power Company.
Features Second Source Power Atlantic Orient
Company Canada Inc.32
Model name *Southwest Wind Power AOC 15/50
Whisper Link (1 kW) (50 kW)
* Southwest Wind Power
Whisper 500 (3 kW)
* Bergey Excel (10 kW)
*Atlantic Orient AOC 15/50
(50 kW)
Hub height 50-120 ft Average 80 ft
Rotor diameter 7-50 ft 45 ft
Blade height 3.5-25 ft 22.50 ft
Blade material Fibreglass or Carbon Glass-fibre
proxy composite
Total height 120-170 ft Average 67.5 ft
Configuration On and off-grid Downwind
passive yaw
Cut in wind speed 9-18 km/h 4.6 m/s
(10.2 mph)
Shut down (high 50-80 km/h 22.4 m/s
wind) (50 mph)
Peak (survival) 180 km/h 59.5 m/s
(133 mph)
Breaking systems Dynamic brake *Tip brakes
*Dynamic brake
*Parking brake
*Stall regulated
blades
Production 3 phase 480 VAC power 3 phase 480 VAC
energy type power
Noise rating 50-60 dc 64 rpm (60db @
80ft)
Footprint 12 ft stand alone

Cost 1 kW $12,500 Starts at
3 kW $25,000 $125,000
10 kW $60,000
50 kW $150,000
Recommended Residential, seasonal
Uses cottage, RVs, boats;
depending on size
Maintenance Annual inspection for Minimal
requirements smaller turbines. Twice a
year and retorquing every
6 months.
Calculated *5.4 m/s

Annual Output (12 mph) 87,000
@ 100 % kWh
availability *6.7 m/s
(15 mph)
153,000 kWh
*8.0 m/s
(18 mph)
215,000 kWh
Both manufacturers facilitate public meetings for communities prior to the approval of the
wind turbine on the property of the consumer. The public meeting focuses on providing
information about wind turbines and addressing concerns.
Opportunities
The two manufacturers identify opportunities associated with wind turbines for
consumers in Kings County:
• consumer independence in energy production;
• cost of fluctuating oil prices and uncertainties in future oil supply;
• desire for sustainable energy source; and,
• properties with a wind turbine which could potentially have a market advantage.
Challenges
The manufacturers identify several challenges presented by small-scale wind turbines:
• small-scale wind turbines can be noisy;
• aesthetics concerns may be voiced within the community; and,
• cost recovery may take a long time.
Considerations
The considerations to make when locating small-scale wind turbines include the
following points:
• allow for the unique qualities of each site;
• create height restrictions while recognising that taller wind turbines generally
produce greater energy and are less prone to turbulence;
• restrict rooftop installation to very specific situations;

• encourage professional wind testing on each site to identify the most energy
efficient and financial beneficial location for the consumer;
• omit the requirement for environmental assessments;
• focus on safety issues such as falling ice and maintenance;
• recognise the importance of insurance as a good practice; and,
• develop non-restrictive policy for height and noise considerations.

KINGS FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURE
Profile
The Kings Federation of Agriculture acts as the local voice for the agriculture community
and is a member of the Nova Scotia Federation of Agriculture. The goal of the
Federation is to ensure financial viability, ecological integrity, and social responsibility of
agricultural in Nova Scotia. The main tasks of the Federation include: reviewing
legislation affecting farmers, lobbying government for policy change and developing and
33
delivering supporting services and programs for the farming community.
Opportunities
The Kings Federation of Agriculture acknowledges one main opportunity of small-scale
wind turbines for the agricultural community, which is:
• wind power could be cost effective for farmers.
Challenge
The Federation recognises that the greatest challenge limiting farmer’s interests in
small-scale turbines is that the cost for installation is very high and requires large initial
input.
Considerations
Kings Federation of Agriculture suggests attention be made to the following factors when
locating small-scale wind turbines on farming land:
• avoid setting an acreage restriction for installing a wind turbine because that
limits and excludes people’s opportunity;
• allow turbines to be located close to barns to make maintenance easier;
• siting turbines in the centre of land could be problem for ploughing;
• provide setbacks for noise;
• treat wind turbines as a farm use, not separate;
• consider financial aid for increasing farmers interests in wind turbines; and,
• consider the selling of energy for profit which could make small-scale wind
turbines more attractive for farmers.

NOVA SCOTIA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Profile
The Nova Scotia Department of Energy uses the federal Energy Strategy to develop the
province’s energy resources. The department is made up of the Nova Scotia Petroleum
Directorate and the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources’ energy-related
activities.
Opportunities
The Department of Energy recognises the following opportunities for small-scale wind
turbines:
• independence from NSPI;
• access to free and readily available energy; and,
• agricultural opportunities for pumping water.
Challenges
The department acknowledges several challenges for small-scale wind turbines
including:
• the aesthetics of turbines;
• noise concerns;
• substantial financial investment;
• limited economic profit of small-scale turbines compared to large-scale turbines;
and,
• turbines require competency and/or capital to perform regular maintenance.
Considerations
The Department of Energy has several insights to consider when locating small-scale
wind turbines:
• require an environmental assessments before erecting a turbine;
• minimise the distance between the wind turbine and the grid; and,
• require regular maintenance.

APPENDIX 6: POLICY ATTRIBUTES
Attributes Policy Reference
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Definition X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Use X X X X X X X X X X X
Production X X X X X
Minimum Lot X X X X X X X
Size
Height X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Rotor/Blade X X
Diameter
Front Property X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Line
Rear Property X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Line
Side Property X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Line
Road X X X
Zone Boundary X
Dwelling X X
Dwelling on X X X X
Adjacent
Properties
Other Buildings
Blade X X X X X X X X
Clearance
Airport X X
Decommis- X X X X X
sioning
Permitting
Costs
Net Metering X X
Acoustics X X X X X X X X X X X
Aesthetics X X X X X
Fencing X X
Requirements
Safety X X
Lighting X X X
Coastal Areas X X
Heritage
View Planes X X
Certification of
Equipment
Certification of X X X X X X
Equipment
Requirement for X X X X X X X
Drawings

Requirement for X X X X X X X
Engineering
Analysis
Utility X X X X
Notification
Neighbour X X X X X X
Notification
Liability X X
Insurance
Environmental X
Impact
Assessment
Public Meeting X X
1. Bruce County, ON
2. Cape Breton Regional Municipality, NS
3. Pincher Creek, AB
4. Municipality of the County of Kings
5. Windsor, ON
6. Huron County, MI
7. Benton County, WA
8. California Assembly Bill 1607
9. California Government Code Section 65892.13
10. Kittitas County, WA
11. Monterey County, CA
12. New York State: Model Ordinance
13. Rockingham County, VA
14. Washington State, House Bill 1021
15. American Wind Energy Association: Model Ordinance
16. Clean Energy Resource Team (Minnesota)
17. Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA)

APPENDIX 7: TRANSPORT CANADA AND NAVCANADA
(NAVCAN) APPLICATION PROCEDURES

Land Use Proposal
Submission Form
Date Received by NAV NC file N°./ Ref N° TC FileN° / Ref
CANADA N°
General Information:
Proponent Name: Contact Person:
Address: City: Prov
Postal Code: Tel: Fax: Email:
Consultant or Contractor: Contact Person:
Address: City: Prov
Land Use Authority : Contact Person:
Address: City: Prov
Details of Proposal:
Project/Site Name/Number: Nearest town:
New Structure? Yes Height added: m Total Height: ft
No ft m
Coordinates of Site: ° ‘ “ N ° ‘ “
(Lat) W (Long)
For Linear Group of From: ° “ N ‘
Structures ‘ (Lat) ° “W
(include start/end To: ° ‘ (Long
coordinates) “ N )
‘ (Lat) °
Geodetic Datum: NAD27 NAD83 Ground Elevation (above mean ft
WGS84 sea level)
Type of Structure: ft
Structure Height (above ground
Dimensions: level) ft
Materials: Roof (Shape (& Materials):
Proposed Construction Start Date: Approximate Duration of Construction:
If Temporary Start Date: End Date: From: hrs To:

Structure
hrs

Comments:
Electronic / Telecommunication Interference - Check the following items which may cause
High voltage equipment Details
Arc welding Details
Radar emission Details
High powered Details

transmissions
VHF radio Details
Other Details
A: Proposals for structures not adjacent to an airport ( more than 6 km from centre-point of airport)
Drawings (Where applicable include lot lines and North arrow )
• 4 copies of a 1:50,000 topographical map section with the location of the proposed structure clearly marked
• 4 copies of legal survey (if available)
B: All Proposals on or adjacent to an airport (6 km or less from centre-point of airport)

Drawings (where possible include lot lines and North arrow)
• 4 copies of a 1:50,000 topographical map section with the location of the proposed structure clearly marked
• 4 site plans depicting entire airport and location of proposed structures and excavations/trenching
• 4 site plans at 1:2000 with (90°) distances to nearest runway centre line/centre line extension, taxiway, and distance to nearest runway
threshold
• 4 site plans at 1:2000 indicating the location of all proposed trenching/excavations (including depths)
Airport Manager: Tel: Fax: E-mail:
Details of Trenching/Excavation :
C: On airport with NAV CANADA Control Tower, FSS, CARS

Obstruction to Vision:
Check the items which may cause obstructions to vision to the NAV CANADA installation:
Line of Sight Details
Generation of Details
Smoke/Vapour
Reflectivity Details
Aircraft Parking Details
Exterior Lighting Details
Drawings:( in addition to drawings specified in Section B above)

• 4 plot plans at 1:500 showing orientation of structures including vehicle and aircraft entry/exit points
• 4 line of sight drawings showing plan view from Tower/FSS/CARS to runways and taxiways
• 4 line of sight cross section view from TWR/FSS/CARS to runways/taxiways & identifying possible obstructions
Applicant/Representative Signature Print Name Date
USE AND INSTRUCTIONS

1. This form should be used to obtain NAV CANADA comments on land use and/or construction proposals
a) at or adjacent to airports:
i) with which NAV CANADA has a formal agreement;
ii) which are specifically served by NAV CANADA navigational or telecommunication facilities;
iii) at which there is an operating NAV CANADA control tower and/or flight service station (FSS);
iv) at which there is an operating Aviation Weather Observation Site (AWOS);
v) at which there is an operating Community Aerodrome Radio Station (CARS); or
vi) which are served by an instrument approach procedure; and,
b) for all other proposals, which may have an impact on the provision of NAV CANADA Air Navigation
System, facilities and services located off-airport (e.g. towers affecting Instrument Approach
Procedures, land use adjacent to a navigation aid, etc.)
2. NAV CANADA non-objection of land use proposals and construction proposals neither constitutes nor replaces
any approvals or permits required by Transport Canada, other Federal Government Departments, Provincial or
Municipal land use authorities, or any agency from which any approval is required.
3. Completed applications and supporting documents should be mailed to the appropriate NAV CANADA regional office below:
(The demarcation line between Eastern and Western regions of NAV CANADA runs north from the US border along 88°
West Longitude to 60° North Latitude, then east to 80° West Longitude and then north to 74° North Latitude.)
Western General Manager Airport Operations (GMAO), NAV CANADA, 1601 Tom
Region: Roberts, P.O. Box 9824, Station T, Ottawa, ON
K1G 6R2, Attention: Land Use Office – West
Tel: (613) 248-4074 Fax: (613) 248-4094
Eastern General Manager Airport Operations (GMAO), NAV CANADA, 1601 Tom
Region: Roberts, P.O. Box 9824, Station T, Ottawa, ON
K1G 6R2, Attention: Land Use Office - East
Tel: (613) 248-4121 Fax: (613) 248-4094


Small-Scale Wind Turbines: Policy Perspectives and Recommendations For The Municipality of The County of Kings

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Small-Scale Wind Turbines: Policy Perspectives and Recommendations For The Municipality of The County of Kings

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Small-Scale Wind Turbines

Policy Perspectives and Recommendations for

List of Figures ................................................................................................................. 4

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 2

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 3

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 4

This report explores the implementation of small-scale wind turbines, recommending

Three principles guided the policy recommendations responding to these questions:

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 5

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 6

Blade: The aerodynamic surface that catches wind, causing the

Energy: That which can accomplish work.

Generator: A device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into

Grid: The utility distribution system, or network that connects

Guy Anchor: A foundation designed for guy wire connection.

Guy Wire: A cable or wire used as a tension support between a guy

Guyed Lattice Tower: A tower that uses external guy supports.

Hub: The fixture attaching the blades or blade assembly of a

Interconnected Turbine: Interconnected turbines are small-scale wind turbines that

Kilowatt (kW): A measure of power for electrical current (1,000 watts).

Maximum Rated Output

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 7

Mechanical Water A 1 to 10 kW water pumping mechanical wind turbine that

Nacelle: The housing which contains the drive-train and other

Net Metering: Net metering monitors the amount of energy consumed

Off-grid: A site that operates independently from the electrical grid,

Rotor: The rotating part of a wind turbine including either the

Rotor Diameter: The diameter of the circle swept by the rotor.

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 8

Turbulence: The changes in wind speed and direction, frequently

Utility-Scale Wind Turbine: See Large Scale Wind Turbine

Watt (W): A measure of power for electrical current (1,000 Watts = 1

Wind Farm: A group of large-scale wind turbines often owned and

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 9

Figure 1: Wind Energy Potential of the County

Source: Applied Geomatics Research Group. http://agrg.cogs.nscc.ca/home

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 10

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 11

Part II compiles background information on wind turbines and the County;

Part IV establishes principles to guide the land use analysis and

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 12

PART II: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Figure 2: Map of the Municipality of the County of Kings

Source: Municipality of the County of Kings Planning Department

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 13

Figure 3: Land Use Map

Source: Municipality of the County of Kings Planning Department

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 14

2.1 WHAT IS A SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINE?

2.1.1 Turbine Components

Figure 4: Tower Styles and Parts

Source: Modified from Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy

2.1.2 Rated Output Capacity

A single, on-site turbine provides power primarily for consumption by the

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 15

produce between 1 kW and 100 kW of electricity per year. Manufacturers

2.1.3 Tower Height

Source: Modified from Canadian Wind Energy Association

2.2 WHERE IS THE BEST PLACE TO SITE A SMALL-SCALE WIND

Small-Scale Wind Turbines 16

Figure 6: Factors in Siting Small-Scale Wind Turbines

Source: Modified from American Wind Energy Association