The human safety has become paramount with the industrialization of the world.

So, a
massive portion of industrial textile has been involved in developing protective clothing.
The main challenge in flame retardant clothing is to make them comfortable to wear as
well as environment friendly and non-toxic.

Why is Flame Retardancy Needed?

Flame retardant clothing’s requirements range from situations where the wearer may be
subject to moderate heat occasionally during his working period to protecting the wearer
from severe heat to direct flame

Flame retardancy gives safety from flames in an unsafe area or environment. Generally,
firefighters and other emergency personnel need flame retardant garments. In public
buildings, upholstery, floor coverings, etc. need protection. There is a lot of military
application of flame retardancy.

Mechanism of Flame Retardancy

First, let’s know some important parameters of flame retardant finishing.

 Combustion: Three components, i.e., heat, oxygen, and suitable fuel, are

required for this exothermic process. It becomes self catalyzing and continues until
the three elements are not depleted.
 Tc (Combustion Temperature): The flammable gases get mixed with the oxygen
to create a free radical reaction(gas phase) at T c. The reaction is highly exothermic
and produces a large amount of light and heat.
 Tp (Pyrolysis Temperature): Several chemical changes occur in the fiber at T p.
The chemical changes are irreversible, and it produces non-flammable gas,
carbonaceous char, tars, and flammable gases.

Some Free Radical Combustion Reactions

 Mainly the amount of heat generated is the determining factor of a textiles

burning behavior. The rate of heat release is the secondary factor.

Now, let’s look at the combustion cycle of fiber.

 Combustion Cycle of Fiber

To make a fiber flame retardant, this circle needs to be disrupted. This can be done by
the following methods –

An Insulating Layer Around the Fiber Below T p

Boric acid and its hydrated salts release water vapor and produce a surface that is
foamed glassy on the fiber when heated. By this action, they provide insulation from the
applied oxygen and heat.

Formation of Foamed Gas

A Heat Sink In or On the Fiber

The heat sink is made of thermally decomposable materials through a strongly
endothermic reaction. If the reaction can absorb enough heat, the temperature can not
go close to the pyrolysis temperature, and so combustion can not occur.

Aluminum hydroxide or Alumina trihydrate and Calcium carbonate are used as coatings
in the fiber for this method.
 Endothermic Decomposition Reaction

Influencing the Pyrolysis Reaction

Due to this, The production of less-flammable volatiles is more and residual char is less.
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants used. During thermal decomposition, they
produce phosphoric acid. By cross-linking with hydroxyl-containing polymers, they alter
the pyrolysis reaction to produce less-flammable by-products. This is called the
‘Condensed phased’ mechanism.

Crosslinking with Phosphoric Acid

A chemical finish is applied to cellulose to reduce flammability. Some human-made

fibers have some additives inside them, which naturally reduces flammability. This
property is obtained by adding reactive chemicals in the polymer chains during
polymerization or in the solution before spinning.

Typical Flame Retardant Chemicals

Ammonium carbonate and Borex are commonly used. During heating, Ammonium
Carbonate produces ammonia, water, and Carbon-di-oxide. These gases prevent the
oxygen from reaching the fiber. Borax coats reduce the evolution of combustible gases
by creating a cover on the fiber surface.

Reactive chemicals are combined with crease-resist resins in the modern flame
retardant finishing.

 The material is padded into a solution or dispersion of the mixture of chemicals.

 Then drying and curing is carried out, sometimes washing also.
Key Points of Flame Retardant Finishing
1. The color fastness and dyes are both affected by the finish.
2. Softening agents are required as the chemicals make the fabric harsh and stiff.
3. The cold pad-batch method can be used to reduce the stiffness and also
increase the wash-fastness.
Considering Factors of Flame Retardant
Finishing
During designing a flame retardant clothing, several things should be kept in mind.

 The textile fiber‘s thermal behavior

 The influence of fabric structure on the thermal behavior
 Non-toxic and smoke-free chemicals selection
 Designing the garment with comfort properties according to its end use
 Ignition source’s intensity
 Availability or supply of the oxygen
Complications of Flame Retardant Finish on
Textiles
 Meticulous quality check from end to end, side to side of the fabric is necessary
 Uniform application of the chemical is necessary
 Harsh handle and loss of strength
 Fabric yellowing and change of color
 Careful selection of other substances to combine with flame retardant chemical is
necessary
 Toxicity of flame retardant finishes
Frequently asked questions
1.What is the difference between flame retardant and flame
resistant?
Flame resistant fabrics are made from inherently non-flammable materials that have
built-in flame resistance into their chemical structure. They prevent the spread of fire
and will not melt near a flame. They will burn very slowly and, most of the time, self-
extinguishing.

Flame retardant fabrics are chemically treated with a particular chemical that provides
non-flammability.

2.How long does flame retardant clothing last?

It depends on fabric material. 100% Cotton fire retardant fabric can last up to 12-16
months. 88/12 Cotton Nylon blend fire retardant fabric can last up to 18-30 months.
Synthetic blends fire retardant blends can last up to 2 and a half years to 4 years.

3.What is durable flame retardant finishes for Cellulose?

Finishes based on phosphorus and the nitrogen-containing chemical system is the most
successful durable flame retardant finishes for cellulose.
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) is the main ingredient in this type
of finish. It is generated from phosphine, formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid.

In the pad-dry-cure process, THPC reacts with urea and form an insoluble structure on
cellulose.

4.What are the differences between the condensed-phase and

gas-phase flame retardant mechanisms?

Condensed Phase #SL Gas-phase

It is based on pyrolysis chemistry 1 It is based on flame chem

As dehydration and carbonization decrease the formation Not very beneficial and it chang
of burnable volatiles, it is very effective. 2 properties hugely.

It can be applied to mainly cellulose and wool. 3 It can be applied to all kinds

A multi-step process is required for durable flame Only viscosity control is necessary
retardancy. 4 simple.
Formaldehyde emits during curing and finishing and Antimony oxide and organic halog
phosphorus compounds in wastewater. 5 the primary concern.