Polymer Orals

1. Repeating unit of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6

The monomeric repeating unit of Nylon 6 is caprolactam and the
monomers of Nylon6, 6: is adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine.
2. Tacticity
The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units in the
main chain of a regular macromolecule (or oligomer or block).
3. Vulcanization process
 The process by which a network of crosslinks is introduced into an
elastomer is called vulcanization.
 Rubber can be vulcanized or cured without heat by the action of
sulfur chloride.
 Vulcanization may be defined as any treatment that decreases the
flow of' an elastomer, increases its tensile strength and modulus, but
preserves its extensibility.
4. Biocompatiblilty
Biocompatibility is a general term describing the property of a material
being compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not
produce a toxic or immunological response when exposed to the body or
bodily fluids.
5. Explain TGA
In thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) a sensitive balance is used to follow
the weight change of' the sample as a function of temperature. Typical
applications include the assessment of' thermal stability and decomposition
temperature, extent of cure in condensation polymers, com- position and
some information on sequence distribution in copolymers, and composition
of filled polymer.
6. Difference between TGA and DSC
DSC: it gives exact amount of energy change i.e reaction is exothermic or
endothermic. It is a quantitative process of measurement.
 TGA: it used to measure weight loss /gain by heating or cooling the sample
with respect to reference as function of temperature. It is used to measure
crystallization temp, Tg, MP etc.

7. Repeating unit of Epoxy and ether

Ether: C-O-C
Epoxy: triangle 3 membered ring

8. Rubber property change due to low weather

Rubber experiences changes in properties from the temperature changes.
This allows the rubber to become more elastic. Entropy and temperature
are the two factors that play a critical role in whether the rubber will be
stiff or flexible. While in a low-temperature environment, rubber can
expand. Temperature and entropy are in a correlated relationship.
9. Fire resistance uses
A fire resistant material is one which is designed to resist burning and
withstand heat. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used
in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect them from the flames of a
burning building. Automobile, Aerospace, Electrical,
Transportation,Building, Furniture, TV cabinet.

10.Fire resistance additives

o antimony oxychloride, phosphate ester
o Aluminium trihydrate ( Nylon)
o Antimony trioxides (ABS)- Sb2O3
o Chlorinated Paraffin
o Zinc borate
o Halogen Compounds
o Phosphorous acid esters ( PA,POM,FRP)
o Nitrogen Compounds
 11) IR spectroscopy
Principle:
1. Vibrational excitations
2. Condition for IR absorption – Change in dipole moment
For a molecule to absorb IR, the vibrations or rotations within a molecule
must cause a net change in the dipole moment of the molecule.
• In IR spectroscopy values are always expressed as frequency (wave
number) values cm-1.
• EMR range of IR spectroscopy 12500 – 50 cm-1
• Working:
i. Instrument is calibrated using blank solution for 100% transmittance
ii. Sample is kept in the cell
iii. Recorded graph of sample is obtained
iv. Obtained graph is compared with literature
 Applications:
a) Monitoring environmental pollution
b) Detection of Ethanol in breath using breath analyzer (intoximeter)
c) Kinetics of a reaction
d) % crystallanity of a polymer
e) (eg Nylon crystlline – 935 cm-1/amorphous – 1235 cm-1)
f) Quality of tea leaves
g) Measurement of DoP (degree of polymerisastion) etc
h) Face recognition is the most obvious approach to biometric
authentication and has become a focus of research partly because of
increased global security concerns.
i) Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as
a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control,
and dynamic measurement.

12) Which polymers for blankets?

Polyacrylonitrile is used in making blankets (artificial wool)

13) Examples of additives

Plasticizers: Phthalates – Di-Octyl Phthalate (DOP)

Di Iso Octyl Phthalate (DIOP)

Phosphates – Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP),

Sebacates,

Adipates

UV Absorbers:

Black in any form : Carbon Black, Black dye, Black paints

Benzophenones – for PE, Polyesters

Benzotriazoles – for PS, Polyesters

Anti-Oxidant: Aromatic Amines, Hindered Phenols,

Flame Retardant:

i. Aluminium trihydrate ( Nylon)

ii. Antimony trioxides (ABS)
iii. Chlorinated Paraffin
iv. Zinc borate
v. Halogen Compounds
vi. Phosphorous acid esters ( PA,POM,FRP)
vii. Nitrogen Compounds

Antistatic: The accumulation of static charge can be minimized by the use of

antistatic agents.

a) Amines
b) Quaternary ammonium compounds,
 c) Phosphates,
d) Esters,
e) Polyethylene glycol esters

Blowing Agent: Blowing agents are also known as foaming agents. Upon heating
liberate Gas. Are used to produce porous polymers i.e. cellular/foam plastics.
Examples

i. Ammonium bi carbonates
ii. Sodium bi carbonates
iii. Azo Di carbonamide
iv. Azo bis formamide
v. N-nitrogen Compound
vi. Sulfonyl Hydrazides

Fillers: It is used to modify mechanical properties & to reduce the cost

Example: Wood Flour, Saw Dust, Jute, Mica, Wood Pulp, Graphite, Silica ,
Asbestos, Glass Fibers

Stabilizers: Sulphour & Phosphours Compunds such as

sulphites,thioethers,tertiary phophites, phophorates.

Chelating Agents: prevent degradation by metal

Examples: Organic Phospines, phosphites,melamine, Diamine

Lubricants: Steric Acid & it’s calcium, hydrocarbon waxes, esters, Cadmium salts
14) Resin Code

A plastic resin code, or 'Resin Identification Code', shows the consumer which

type of plastic resin was used to make the chosen product, whether that be a
plastic bottle, container or jug.

15) Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization

Condensation Polymerization(Step Reaction) : Condensation polymers are

those in which the molecular formula of the repeat unit of the polymer chain
lacks certain atoms present in the monomer from which it is formed (or to
which it can be degraded).
For example, a polyester is formed by typical condensation reactions
between bifunctional monomers, with the elimination of' water

Addition Polymerization (Chain Reaction): are those in which this loss of

a small molecule does not take place. The most important group of addition
polymers includes those derived from unsaturated vinyl monomers.

16) Properties of Polyurethanes

a) Better thermal stability and flammability resistance

b) Chemically inert
c) Combustible (Because of the flammability of the materiality, it has to be
treated with flame retardants)
17) Addhesives different types and differences among them

Epoxy adhesives
Epoxies are a type of structural adhesive. They are highly temperature
and solvent resistant and can be structurally bonded to most types of
materials, such as metals, ceramics, wood and plastics.

Polyurethane adhesives
Polyurethanes are polymer-based adhesives used for constructions
requiring high strength bonding and permanent elasticity. They are
often offered as two-part adhesives and have many uses. Unlike
epoxy adhesives, they require moisture to set, which means they can
be used for projects where other types of glues are often unsuitable.
Polyurethane adhesives, such as the Adbond EX 5690, can be painted
for an ideal finish, offer high flexibility and can be used in any weather.
This makes polyurethanes ideal for the transport industry.

Polyimide adhesives
Polyimides are one-part synthetic polymers that usually contain solvents.
They are known for their strength, heat and chemical resistance, as well as
performance in extremely high temperatures, as high as 500 degrees
Celsius.

They are offered in two formulations, thermoset and thermoplastic, and are
often used for coating or electronic insulation.

18) About any such case study, from anywhere where recycled polymers
were used
19) Specific requirements of photoluminescence

20) Compression molding

In compression molding, the polymer is put between stationary and movable

members of a mold. The mold is closed, and heat and pressure are applied
so that the material becomes plastic, flows to fill the mold, and becomes a
homogeneous mass. The necessary pressure and temperature vary
considerably depending upon the thermal and rheological properties of' the
polymer. For a typical compression-molding material they may be near
150°C and 1000-3000 psi.. A slight excess of' material is usually placed in
the mold to insure its being completely filled .The rest of' the polymer is
squeezed out between the mating surfaces of' the mold in a thin, easily
removed film known as flash

21) Electrons and holes based conductivity in polymers and corresponding

additives.

After adding some additives in polymers, let's say monovalent metals

are added, it'll result into electron based conductivity. If let's say
pentavalent impurities are added, it'll be hole based conductivity.

22) Emulsion polymerization

In emulsion polymerization two immiscible liquid phases are present, an

aqueous continuous phase and a non-aqueous discontinuous phase
consisting of' monomer and polymer. The initiator is located in the
aqueous phase, and the monomer-polymer particles are quite small, of'
the order of' 0. 1 µm in diameter.
23) What are Pendant Groups? Properties of pendant groups in polymers.

A group attached to the polymer backbone and present in the

repeating unit is called a pendant group. Examples of pendant groups
are the methyl group in polypropylene and the benzene ring in
polystyrene. Polymers with pendant groups still are designated as
linear polymers.

By increasing the pendant group size, the chain diameter of the

polymer increases and lowers the entanglement modulus. Finally, as
the wedge pendant group size increases, the segmental relaxation
time and the fragility index of these norbornene-based polymers are
decreased.

24) Difference between low molecular Wt materials and polymers

25) Material used for Raincoats and stuff

Polyester, PVC

Poly styrene something : economic stuff

26) Blow moulding

This operation can be carried out either on an extruder (Section B) or a

reciprocating-screw injection machine. A section of molten polymer
tubing (parison) is extruded into an open mold (Fig 17-3) By means of
compressed air or steam the plastic is then blown into the configuration
 of the mold. This technique is widely used for the manufacture of bottles
and similar articles In the case of large articles, such as 2-liter beverage
bottles, the parison may previously have been injection molded and
oriented to provide additional strength to the final blown piece.

27) Table cloth material

Polyester

28) Differentiate between silk, nylon, wool

Silk Nylon Wool

Less than wool Highest Tensile Less than Nylon

Strength
29) Composite polymers and applications

Composite: made up of polymer matrix and reinforcing materials

being put together with a definite interface

Polymer matrix : polyoleifins , poliimides, vinylic

polymer ,polypheneles, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, polyester.

Functions of matrix : binds reinforcement together , helps distributing

loads , prevents the development of cracks due to plasticity and
softness, protects the reinforcement

Reinforcement phase : fibers - carbon , glass , aramides

Applications: Automobile body, sports rackets, musical instrumental,

toys, rockets, helicopters, electronics circuit boards, Hull, Propellers,
shafts, Communication Antennas, Turbine Engines, Pumps, Valves.

Properities: They have high thermal stability, high tensile strength,

stiffness, chip & easily fabricable, low thermal expansion, high impact,
oxidative & abrasion resistance.
30) Silicone applications

I. Aerospace
II. Automotive
III. Chemicals/ Petrochemicals
IV. Construction
V. Consumer Products
VI. Electrical/Electronics
VII. Food Processing
VIII. Industrial Maintenance Production
IX. Medical Products
X. Paints & Coatings
XI. Personal, Household & Automotive Care
XII. Pharmaceuticals
XIII. Plastics
XIV. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
XV. Textiles & Leather

31) Injection molding

Most thermoplastic materials are molded by the process of' injection

molding. Here the polymer is preheated in a cylindrical chamber to a
temperature at which it will flow and then is forced into a relatively cold,
closed mold cavity by means of' quite high pressures applied hydraulically,
traditionally through a plunger or ram, but today almost invariably by means
of a reciprocating screw that serves the dual purposes of providing the
molten polymer mass (as it does in extrusion) and forcing it into the mold.

32) Properties of resin

In high-performance coatings

 Gloss and color retention

 Resistance to corrosion, moisture, weather, heat

In formulations

 Weatherability

 Water repellency

 Physical strength

 Release properties

33) Which molding you will use to make decorative?

Injection Molding

34) Material used in Aeroplane?

PTFE: Polytetra Fluro Ethylene(Teflon)

35) Liquid crystal polymer

Liquid crystal polymer: A polymer that under suitable conditions of

temperature, pressure and concentration, exist as liquid crystal is known as
liquid crystal polymer. Contain long,rigid units or disc shaped molecular
structure called as mesogens.

Types:

1. Thermotropic liquid crystal polymer

2.Lytropic liquid crystal polymers

Classification: Smectic LCP , Nematic LCP ,Cholesteric LCP

Properties: good thermal stability, high dimensional stability , easily moulded

,good electrical Properties at high temp , very low coefficient of thermal
expansion ,high chemical and solvent resistance, high crystallinity.

Application: electronic and electrical equipment, data storage disc's, fabric

optic cables,chemical appliances, aerospace applications ( as a filler for
composite material) Ex. Kevlar

36) Success story of recycling of plastic

37) Need of Biodegradable polymer

 Bio-based polymers have become feasible alternatives to traditional

petroleum-based plastics. In recent years, there has been a marked
 increase in interest in biodegradable materials for use in packaging,
agriculture, medicine, and other areas.
 Polymers form the backbones of plastic materials, and are continually
being employed in an expanding range of area. As a result, many
researchers are investing time into modifying traditional materials to
make them more user-friendly, and into designing novel polymer
composites out of naturally occurring materials.
 A number of biological materials may be incorporated into
biodegradable polymer materials, with the most common being starch
and fiber extracted from various types of plants.
 The belief is that biodegradable polymer materials will reduce the
need for synthetic polymer production (thus reducing pollution) at a
low cost, thereby producing a positive effect both environmentally
and economically.

38) Extrinsically conducting polymer & Examples.

Those conducting polymers which owe their conductivity due to the

presence of externally added ingredients in them are called
extrinsically conducting polymers.

Conducting polymers such as polythiophene (PTh), polyaniline (PANI),

polypyrrole (PPy), polyacetylene (PA), poly(para-phenylene) (PPP),
polyfuran (PF).
 39) How will you measure glass transition temp?

There are a variety of thermal and mechanical analytical techniques

that can be used to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg).
Most notably these include: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC),
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Thermomechanical Analysis
(TMA) depending on the sample.

40) Biodegradation kaise hota hai polymers ka?

41) How could the course have been better?

42) Taking into consideration the mechanical properties, what can be used
in aerospace applications?

Aerospace applications : carbon fiber composite material can be used

because it has good strength as compared to other metal like steel . i.e
carbon fiber has strength of around 220 gpa and steel has 200 gpa and also
it has lightweight

43) What is your takeaway from the course?

 Able to classify between various polymer mechanisms ,

polymerization techniques
 Identify relation between structure property and application of
polymers in different fields of Engineering.
 Familiar with composites, specialty polymers, photo luminescent
polymers, high strength high thermal stability polymers
  Impact of development in polymers on environment and
remedies.

44) How does functionality affect final structure?

45) Mass polymerization vs emulsion polymerization (ppt) + role of

radiation in mass polymerization?

Mass Polymerization:

46) Materials used for carpet?

Carpet: polyester - soft and luxurious to touch , do not stain easily.

nylon - durable , resistant to wear and dirt

47) What are Electroluminescent Polymers?

Electroluminescent polymer - polymer in which material emits light in

response to the passage of an electric current or strong electric field.

48) What are Biocompatiables? Give examples.

Biocompatibility is a general term describing the property of a material

being compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not produce
a toxic or immunological response when exposed to the body or bodily
fluids and biodegradable material.

PHBV - example of biocompatible

49) What are Biodegradable polymer? Classify them.

Biodegradable polymer: which can be degradaded by biological systems like

bacteria or fungi .polymer chain is cleaved via enzymatic activity.

Biodegradable polymers should have functional groups like amines ,

carboxylic acid.

Synthetic poly-condensation polymers are generally biodegradable.

Types:

1. Natural biopolymers - cellulose ,starch , protein

2.Synthetic biopolymers - polycaprolactone ,polylactic acid

3.Biosynthetic polymers - polyhydroxyalkonoates

Applications:

1. Packing material

2. Medical applications - drug delivery, cell transplantation

3.agricultural applications

50) Applications of polycarbonate.

Applications:

1.Electrical and electronic components ( good insulator , heat

resistant, flame resistant)
 2. Data storage: CD ,DVD

3.Optical applications : Sunglasses, Swimming, automotive head

lamp ,small planes and helicopter, LCD screens

4.Security components: bullet proof glass

5.Other applications : hair drier bodies , camera

51) Advantages of Thermoplastic and it’s examples?

Advantages of Thermoplastic:

1.High thermal stability

2.Excellent chemical resistance

3.High tensile and impact strength

4.High flexibility

5.High mechanical strength

6.light in weight

7.readily moldable into complicated shapes

8.High dimensional stability

Examples of thermoplastic: polycarbonate,

polysulphonates ,Teflon ,Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin.
52) Repeating unit of Teflon?

Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene-PTFE

53) What is glass transition temperature?

The temperature at which a glassy state makes a transition to rubbery state

is called Glass transition temperature Tg.

54) Tenacity

The strength of a fiber usually expressed in terms of tenacity. The strength

per unit size number.

Tensile strength = Tenacity * density