1.

3D Printing: Fused Deposition Modeling

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most widely utilized 3D printing technology.

Advantages:

1. FDM printers utilize a thermoplastic fiber that is warmed to a dissolving point and afterward
extricated in layers to make a three-dimensional article. The procedure is precise to inside .005
inches.
2. The FDM process utilizes thermoplastic and artistic fiber that is reasonable contrasted with the
other options. The unobtrusive size of the printers likewise implies parts don't need to be
fabricated in an enormous office, assisting with bringing down the cost of delivering little
segments.

Challenges associated with this additive manufacturing process:

The significant test related to the additive manufacturing process is the insufficiency of the
mechanical properties of FDM materials right now by and by to build up the models. Which required
to consider and create different materials with such properties it is a tedious procedure which
requires a ton of endeavors too.

the process flow of FDM 3D printing process.

The design idea is being created dependent on need of utilization and accessibility of the answer
for that issue. When a structure idea has been concocted the PC helped CAD 3d model of that
plan idea is being created thinking about the measurement and other parameter. The
geometrical model is dissected dependent on the genuine based information or some
examination instruments, for example, Ansys. The geometrical model after improvement is then
changed over to .STL organization to be presented for 3D printing. After post process whenever
required the 3D object model is gotten.

Design 3D CAD Analysis and

Concept Modelling Optimization

.STL format Post

3D Printing
Conversion Processing

3D object
2. Polymer Manufacture

Acrylonitrile:

Bisphenol A:
Vinyl Chloride:

Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA)

The ranking of least expensive to most expensive.

1. Vinyl chloride
2. Acrylonitrile
3. Bisphenol A
4. Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA)

The monomer at number 1 is least expensive and moving towards down the list PMDA is the most
expensive amongst the list.

3. Additives: Plasticizers

A plasticizes is a liquid that is added to ta material making that material softer, more flexible& easier to
process. The most widely plasticized polymer is polyvinyl chloride (PVC) because of its excellent
plasticizer compatibility character.

Followings are the commonly used plasticizers:

Di normal hexyl phthalate (DnHP) 325

Di iso heptyl phthalate (DIHP) 362

Di heptyl nonyl adipate (DnHNA) 370

Di ( 2-ethylhexyl) azelate (DOz) 412

Class of plasticizers:

1. Phthalate esters:
They are produced by esterification of phthalic anhydride or phthalic acid obtained by the
oxidation of naphthalene. i.e. DEHP is the world’s most widely used PVC plasticizer. (C 14H38O4).
2. Aliphatic dibasic acid esters:
There includes chemicals such as glutarates, adipates, azelates. There are made from aliphatic
dibasic acids such as adipic acids and alcohols.
3. Benzoate esters:
they are obtained by esterification products of benzoic acids and selected alcohols. i.e. ethyl
benzoate and benzyl benzoate.
4. Phosphate plasticizer:
Tritotyl phosphate esters are the example of phosphate plasticizer.

Application of plasticizers:

a. Film Sheeting: Products produced using adaptable PVD film and sheets incorporate ground
surface layers, geomembranes and baggage.
b. Flooring: Flexible PVC items incorporate strong sheet flooring, vinyl structures tile.
c. Wire and links: adaptable PVC is a decent electrical encasing with great processability and a
helpful assistance temperature go.
 d. Costal textures: PVC union covered textures offer climate opposition and have fantastic quality
and strength.
Flexible PVC is more appropriate example of polymer-plasticizer.
Advantages of plasticizers

1. Resist extraction, evaporation, migration.

2. Durable, flexible, weather resistance.
3. Economical and high temperature withstand.

Limitation/ issues:

1. Polymers like PVC, phthalates do not bind chemically with plastics.

2. Risky to health, develop toxins.
3. Certain phthalates can accumulate at low levels in our body.

4. Polymeric Ultrafiltration Membranes

Ultrafiltration is a membrane filtration procedure which resembles microfiltration in activity, yet

which utilizes topsy-turvy layers to complete 'more tightly' filtrations. The film top layer pore size is
in the scope of 0.05 μm to 1 nm. Consequently, ultrafiltration is a procedure of isolating amazingly
little particles and broke down atoms from liquids. The essential reason for partition is atomic size
albeit auxiliary factors, for example, particle shape and charge can assume a job. Materials
extending in size from 1,000 to 1,000,000 sub-atomic weight are held by ultrafilter layers while salts
and water will go through. Aloof vehicle through films happens as outcome of a main thrust, for
example a distinction in substance potential by an angle over the film in, for example focus or
pressure, or by an electrical field.

Contrasting the polymeric film and other inorganic layers. The previous has low creation cost and
delicate in nature because of the presence of the polymeric chains. While the inorganic layers are
fragile in nature and along these lines, it is high in cost. Inorganic layers are typically substance
steady, uniform pore structure and show reactant properties. Then again, these are powerless
against unfriendly impact from introduction to natural contaminants and water fumes. The material
expense of inorganic layers is normally high. It is hard to be worked in a natural domain.

Several main groups of solvent-stable polymers have been investigated in more detail: polyimides,
polysiloxanes, polyphosphazenes, (meth)acrylate-based polymers and some special crosslinked
polymers. Polyurethanes (PU) are a class of polymers with a very wide variability in structures and
properties what could be useful also for membrane separations.

Ultrafiltration is frequently used to pretreat surface water, seawater and biologically treated
municipal water upstream of the reverse osmosis unit. Other applications include:

 Filtration of effluent from paper pulp mill.

 Cheese manufacture see ultra filtered milk.
 Removal of some bacteria from milk.
 Process and wastewater treatment.
 Enzyme recovery.
 Fruit juice concentration and clarification.
  Dialysis and other blood treatments.

There are two main types of ultrafiltration membranes. Point-of-use: These are typically used for
under-the-counter drinking water systems. Point-of-entry: These are typically used to run water for
applications that do not require water filtered as fine.

4. Ionic Polymers (CHE 413/512 Students Only)

Ionenes:

Polyquaternary ammonium mixes with the ammonium particle fundamental in the foundation of
the polymer chain have been called 'Ionenes' or 'Ionene polymers', and speak to a one of a kind
class of cationic polymers among different particle containing polymers; They have been generally
utilized as materials

for fundamental research on ionic polymers as well as for industrial applications. The unique
characteristics of ionene polymers may be summarized as follows.

a) Ionic locales are situated on the polymer skeletons, and the thickness of ionic
destinations is high contrasted and other ionic polymers.
b) Ionic spacings on skeletal chains are standard and can be shifted freely. As it were,
charge densities on skeletal chains are controllable.
c) The manufactured system for ionene polymers is generally straightforward, and an
assortment of ionene polymers can be arranged without any problem.
d) Functional bunches other than the quaternary ammonium cation can be effortlessly
joined on the skeleton of ionene polymers.
e) Usually, the counter anion, X-, is a halogen, yet at times it tends to be supplanted by
a few other anionic animal groups.
Ionomer:
Ionomers are manufactured polyelectrolytes that comprise of both electrically nonpartisan and ionized
gatherings that are arbitrarily or potentially consistently conveyed along the polymer spine. They can be
partitioned into polycations, polyanions and polyampholytes. Typically ionomer amalgamation
comprises of two stages – the acquaintance of corrosive gatherings with the polymer spine and the
balance of a portion of the corrosive gatherings by a metal cation. In exceptionally uncommon cases, the
gatherings presented are now killed by a metal cation.

Polyelectrolytes:
Polyelectrolytes are polymers with separating bunches in their recurrent units. They can be isolated into
polycations and polyanions and polysalts. Like standard electrolytes (acids, bases and salts), they
separate in fluid arrangements (water) and bear at least one charges relying upon the pH esteem.

Acids are delegated either feeble or solid (and bases comparatively might be either powerless or solid).
Additionally, polyelectrolytes can be partitioned into "frail" and "solid" types. A "solid" polyelectrolyte is
one that separates totally in answer for most sensible pH esteems. A "powerless" polyelectrolyte,
paradoxically, has a separation consistent (pKa or pKb) in the scope of ~2 to ~10, implying that it will be
halfway separated at middle of the road pH. In this way, powerless polyelectrolytes are not completely
energized in arrangement, and additionally their fragmentary charge can be adjusted by changing the
arrangement pH, counter-particle focus, or ionic quality.