SEPTEMBER 2020

years

131
The technical service magazine for the rubber industry Volume 262, No. 6

Frictional characteristics
of rubber on ice
October 19 - 23, 2020
New approach to Si 363 mixing:
Controlled energy input for optimized processing
2020
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 SEPTEMBER 2020
years

131
The technical service magazine for the rubber industry Volume 262, No. 6

Frictional characteristics
of rubber on ice

New approach to Si 363 mixing:

Controlled energy input for optimized processing

Understanding traction enhancers

with a rotational traction measuring friction tester

Dynamically vulcanized alloy

as tire inner liner
www.rubberworld.com

ACS Events, page 62

@rubberworld
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Contents Vol. 262, No. 6 September 2020

FEATURES
SEPTEMBE
R 2020

24 Frictional
years

131
The technical
service mag

characteristics of
azine for the
rubber ind
ustry Volume 262
, No. 6

rubber on ice
Frictional ch
of rubber on aracteristics
ice

by Tibor Fulop and Nihat A. Isitman, New approa

Controlled ch to Si 363
energy input mixing:
Goodyear Tire & Rubber. An overview of for
optimized pr
ocessing
Understand
the mechanics of contact between ice and ing traction
with a rotat
ional traction enhancers
me asuring fricti
rubber sliders is provided. Dynamically
on tester
as tire inner vulcanized al
liner loy

30 Si 363 mixing:
Controlled energy

orld.com
input for optimized

www.rubberw
processing of highly
ACS Events
, page 62

@rubberwo
rld

filled silica Cover photo:

C h C
Courtesy off VMI G
Group
by Jens Kiesewetter and Andre Hasse,
Evonik Industries AG. This study aims to
correlate the energy input during mixing to

44
the consistency and performance of rubber
compounds with Si 363. Dynamically
vulcanized alloy as
36 Understanding tire inner liner
traction enhancers by Ramendra Nath Majumdar, American
Triangle Tire Technology (A3T, LLC).
with the Ueshima RTM Solutions are discussed to several problems
with dynamically vulcanized alloy (DVA)
friction tester type inner liners, as well as potential new
by Edward R. Terrill, Akron Rubber applications of DVA, so that building tires
Development Laboratory, and Hiroshi with DVA innerliner becomes more
Yoshioka, Ueshima Seisakusho Company manufacturer-friendly. Fabrication of
Ltd. Effects of three formulation variations decorative barcodes for tire sidewalls is
on coefficient of friction in tire tread also described.
compounds were studied.

DEPARTMENTS
4 Editorial 18 Tech Service
7 Business Briefs 22 Perspective
10 Market Focus 51 Meetings
12 Silicone/Medical Update 68 Suppliers Showcase
16 Patent News 77 People in the News

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 3

From the Editor Jill Rohrer

Virtual IEC 2020 plans coalesce
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tomer Conference (IEC), including the 198th Technical Meet-
ing, Educational Symposium, Company Showcase, Keynote
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ise of an event where connections are made, knowledge is
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will include a combination of presentations, both live and on
demand. Live presentations will be made available on de-
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General attendee registration provides attendees with free
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Educational Symposium registrations include free access to
those components, as well.
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opportunities for attendees to connect and network with other
participants, speakers and Company Showcase participants.
Chat and video meeting options will be available.
The Company Showcase allows attendees to visit and learn
more about the participating companies. Every conference at-
tendee will be able to access the Company Showcase at no
cost. Visit www.rubberiec.org for more information.
Rubber WorldWUDGLWLRQDOO\SXEOLVKHVWKH,(&ཚVShow Daily
issues, which this year will be digital IEC Daily editions pub-
lished on Monday, Wednesday and Friday (October 19, 21 and
23) during the IEC. News from the show, program schedules,
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winners, and features highlighting companies participating in
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IEC Daily issues.
 1H[WPRQWKཚV2FWREHUHGLWLRQRIRubber
World, traditionally our “Show Issue,” will
focus on thermoplastic elastomers.
There is still time to advertise and have
your company featured in these important
show publications. Contact Dennis Kennelly
(dennis@rubberworld.com) or Mike Dies
(mike@rubberworld.com) for details. Jill Rohrer

The Rubber WorldSOXVLFRQDSSHDULQJWKURXJKRXWWKHPDJD]LQHVLJQL¿HVPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQLV

available on that item by accessing the digital edition of Rubber World at: www.rubberworld.com

RUBBER WORLD, (ISSN-0035-9572),

EDITORIAL STAFF BUSINESS STAFF September, 2020, Vol. 262, No. 6, Copy-
Jill Rohrer editor Chip Lippincott publisher right: Lippincott & Peto, Inc. 2020; all
rights reserved. J.H. Lippincott, Chair-
David Schultz technical editor Dennis Kennelly senior vice president, man. Published monthly at 1741 Akron-
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4 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

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 ®
Business Briefs VESTENAMER
ADDITIVE FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
KraussMaffei builds WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES

extrusion plant
KraussMaffei (www.kraussmaffei.com), Hannover, Germany,
laid the foundation stone for construction of a production plant
for extrusion systems in Laatzen's eastern industrial park located
in the Hannover region.
A ,
CQUISITIONS The 66,500 square meter
facility is planned to be
EXPANSIONS completed by the third Evonik’s VESTENAMER® has been used
quarter of 2022. The new as an additive in the rubber industry for
facility will replace the former KraussMaffei site in Hannover- years. By virtue of its properties, the
Kleefeld that did not allow any further expansion. In the third versatile polyoctenamer can solve a variety
quarter of 2022, up to 750 employees will be working in of problems in the compounding and
Laatzen in order to produce extrusion systems for the rubber and processing of rubber. It can also improve
plastics industries. The facility will include the KraussMaffei the dynamic properties of the vulcanized
Innovation Center that will be available for challenging and material and as well be used to recycle
complex preliminary tests under realistic production conditions waste rubber.
to customers before they actually order a new machine.
Cooper Tire & Rubber (www.coopertire.com), Findlay,
OH, held a groundbreaking ceremony at the site of a 1 million

HB
square foot regional distribution center that will be opened by
Cooper Tire in Whiteland, IN. The facility, which will replace
Cooperཚs Franklin, IN, distribution center, is expected to open in
early 2021.
General Silicones (www.generalsilicones.com), Taipei,
Taiwan, a specialist silicone products manufacturer, has seen an CHEMICAL
unprecedented 65% leap in demand from the medical industry
in the first half of 2020 as the world battles coronavirus. The VESTENAMER® provides unique
company recently invested in manufacturing equipment to meet processing advantages to all types of
demand, largely from the USA and Europe, including liquid sili- rubber processors.
cone rubber injection molding machines.
Yokohama Rubber (www.yrc.co.jp), Tokyo, Japan, will VESTENAMER® a truly cross-linkable
build a plant in India’s Special Projects Zone, Atchutapuram processing aid reduces viscosity and
Industrial Park, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, for the pur- increases homogeneity with no effect on
pose of expanding production capacity of ATG (Alliance Tire dynamic properties.
Group), a Yokohama Rubber Group company engaged in the
manufacturing and sale of off-highway tires, such as those used VESTENAMER® when used as a blend
on agricultural and other equipment. The new plant will have component enhances overall consistency,
a daily production capacity of 55 tons (rubber weight), with speeds mixing, processing, and reduces
planned capital investment totaling $165 million. Construction
energy costs.
will start in the third quarter of 2020, and the new plant is sched-
uled to come on line in the first quarter of 2023.
The Rubber Group (www.rubber-group.com), Rochester, HB Chemical is the main distributor of
NH, a manufacturer of standard and custom molded rubber Evonik’s VESTENAMER® in North America.
products, has acquired a laser marking machine that can perma-
nently mark parts for identification and traceability. The Boss
LS-1416 laser engraver can mark logos, date or time stamps,
serial numbers, barcodes and other manufacturing information
HB
CHEMICAL
onto molded rubber parts and products. The Rubber Group also
1665 Enterprise Pkwy, Twinsburg, OH 44087
recently added a Desma 968.400 ZO Benchmark (S3) rubber
Ph: (800) 991-2436 F: (330) 920-0971
injection molding machine for larger parts.
www.hbchemical.com

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 7

 Business Briefs
Akrochem distributes ChemSpec North America (www.chemspecltd.com),
Uniontown, OH, has entered into a distribution agreement
materials for SI Group with Belgium-based Nanocyl SA to promote and distri-
bute Nanocylཚs various multiwall carbon nanotube products
Akrochem (www.akrochem.com), Akron, OH, a provider of (MWCNT). ChemSpec will call on both the United States
rubber chemicals and compounding materials, has been chosen and Canadian industrial manufacturing markets. In particular,
as the major distributor for SI Group in the rubber industry for ChemSpec will focus its efforts on growing MWCNT products
the United States and Canada. in thermoplastic and elastomer compounding.
C ONTRACTS , Akrochem will continue to
represent SI Groupཚs full line
Dow Polyurethanes (www.dowpolyurethanes.com), a busi-
ness division of Dow, Midland, MI, is accelerating its digital
LICENSES of phenolic resins, aminic and transformation through increased integration into artificial
phenolic antioxidants, and intelligence (AI) and predictive capabilities. Dow is collaborat-
antiozonants for elastomer compounding. SI Group, based in ing with Microsoft to accelerate the integration of machine
Schenectady, NY, develops and manufactures performance learning and AI solutions into a novel predictive intelligence
additives, process solutions, pharmaceuticals and chemical capability that will transform the product development process
intermediates globally. and enhance customer collaboration.
Solvay (www.solvay.com), Brussels, Belgium, announced Imerys Performance Minerals (www.imerys.com), Paris,
that Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC, is now distributing France, and IMCD, a distributor of specialty chemicals and
Tecnoflon fluoroelastomers (FKM) and perfluoroelastomers ingredients, have expanded their distribution agreement. IMCD
(PFR FFKM) in North America. Headquartered in Norwalk, will represent Imerys Performance Minerals as its preferred
CT, Vanderbilt Chemicals is a wholly-owned subsidiary of R.T. distributor across the U.S. and Canada. Imerys mineral solu-
Vanderbilt. tions are offered for rubber, polymers and other industries.

HB CHEMICAL KNOWS MEXICO

HB Chemical Mexico has different warehouses in Monterrey,
Querétaro, Leon, Toluca and Vallejo. With a team of industry
experts to help Mexican companies do their jobs easier and
make their products better. Call HB Chemical and see how
we can help you.

HB
CHEMICAL
Llame a uno de nuestros expertos hoy.
Mariana
Carlos
Sanchez
Sales
Calderon
Contreras
Operations
Armando
Garcia
Sales
Servicio que usted espera.
Manager

HB Chemical Mexico S.A. de C.V. , Av. Paseo Colon No. 311-A, Col. Residencial Colon, Toluca, Mexico 50120
Tel. +52 (722) 212 1800 www.hbchemical.com.mx

8 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 PRODUCTS YOU NEED.
Business Briefs PRICES YOU WANT.
DuPont introduces HB Chemical was founded in 1985 and has grown

Liveo silicone brand

to be a distributor of quality rubber chemicals
and products throughout North America. With
10 warehouses located in the US, Mexico
DuPont (www.dupont.com), Wilmington, DE, is introducing
and Canada, HB Chemical provides the most
Liveo, a new brand name for its extensive range of silicone
economical products to meet customer needs and
healthcare solutions. Historically marketed with a Dow Corning
quality requirements while providing the very best
or Silastic trade name,
C ORPORATE , the product offering
and packaging mate-
in customer service.

FINANCIAL NEWS rial are not changing, In 2006 our Northeast Ohio warehouse expansion
was completed to serve our distribution warehouses
and all locations will
in California, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts,
continue to manufacture the same products, using the same
Missouri, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Ontario,
rigorous processes and quality oversight as before, according to
Canada and several locations in Mexico.
DuPont.
Engel (www.engelglobal.com), Schwertberg, Austria, is one
HB Chemical is certified to ISO 9001 standards and
of 50 global Climate Leaders. In cooperation with TBD Media
is recognized as one of the top 30 US Chemical
Group, the Bloomberg media corporation analyzed and evalu-
Distributors and among the top 80 in the world by
ated the commitment of industrial companies from a wide range
ICIS Magazine.
of sectors and defined the 50 most sustainable and climate-aware
companies worldwide. Engel is the only plastics/rubber machin-
ery manufacturer to be included. The injection molding machine
manufacturer and system solution provider is said to continu- s Accelerators s Magnesium Oxide
ously optimize its processes with the aim of using resources even
s Antioxidants & s Nitrile, SBR, Natural
more economically and further strengthening recycling.
Wacker Chemie AG (www.wacker.com), Munich, Inhibitors Rubber
Germany, has honored Korean employees SeungA Lee and s Biocide s Plasticizers
JungEun Lee with the Alexander Wacker Innovation Award for
s Carbon Black s Process Aids
the development of silicone resins for optical bonding applica-
tions. Additionally, and for the first time, Wacker also presented s Dispersions s Stearates
this award in the Lifetime Achievement category, for outstanding s Fatty Acids s Sulfur
performance during an individualཚs career. It went to Amit Paul
s Flame Retardants s TiO2
of Wacker Metroark Chemicals, Wackerཚs Kolkata, India-
based joint venture, which makes silicone specialties for the s Lubricants s Waxes
Indian market and for international customers in the consumer
goods industry.
The Tire Industry Project (TIP) (www.wbcsd.org/tip),
Geneva, Switzerland, is celebrating its 15th anniversary as a
forum for the tire industry on sustainability issues. The company
Service you expect.
is sharing, free of charge, its scientific research on tire and road
wear particles (TRWP), eliminating the fees often required to
review scientific papers. Peer reviewed studies from more than a

HB
decade of research into TRWP, the tiny debris produced by nec-
essary friction between tires and road surface, are now available.
Mar-Bal (www.mar-bal.com), Chagrin Falls, OH, a thermo-
set composite molder, is celebrating 50 years of providing part
design, specialized material formulations, decorating, assembly
and customized automation to customers.
CHEMICAL
For all the latest
1665 Enterprise Pkwy, Twinsburg, OH 44087
business briefs Ph: (800) 991-2436 F: (330) 920-0971
click here:
www.hbchemical.com

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 9

 Market Focus
Surgical glove market to grow at 10.5% CAGR
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with the rise in incidences of several
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easily. Moreover, it provides a better
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ies that can spread contaminations across
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United States.

10 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 The Perfect Fit
With business relationships, we know when we have found a perfect fit.
Harwick Standard thinks of its 75+ year relationship with PPG Silica Products in
this way. This type of partnership hasn’t endured by accident. It’s our shared vision of
excellence, commitment to service, and mutual focus on the future that has kept our
partnership going strong since 1941.
As Henry Ford said, “Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress.
Working together is success.”
Let’s come together and find out if our quality products and dedicated service will
mesh with your business. Visit harwick.com to check out all of our products from PPG
or our other respected principals. Then contact us to get this relationship started.

Harwick Standard and PPG:

Working Together for
Over 75 Years

Registered
harwick.com O Akron, OH 1-800-899-4412 O Pico Rivera, CA 1-800-883-9911 to ISO 9001
 Silicone & Medical Update
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its customers.
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in the rubber industry within North America
Akrochem, a leading provider of rubber chemicals and compounding materials, announced it’s been chosen as the major distributor
for SI Group in the rubber industry for the United States and Canada. Akrochem will continue to represent SI Group’s full line of
phenolic resins, aminic and phenolic antioxidants, and antiozonants for elastomer compounding.

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consolidation of its rubber distribution network in the coming months. SI Group, based in Schenectady, New York, develops and
manufactures performance additives, process solutions, pharmaceuticals, and chemical intermediates globally.

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Akrochem Vice President Gary Jeffries. “It reinforces Akrochem’s strength in the rubber industry, and positions
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SI Group’s Vice President of Rubber & Adhesives Solutions, Robert Kaiser, commented, “SI Group is
committed to providing extraordinary service to our customers, and our strengthened partnership
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Akrochem’s broad line of rubber compounding products and innovative technical

experience contribute to the success of organizations throughout the world. Akrochem
works with its customers to optimize cure systems, improve chemical dispersion, and
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About Akrochem
Improving customer productivity has been Akrochem’s goal since the company
began serving the rubber and plastic industries in 1929. Akrochem provides a
comprehensive assortment of compounding materials and color concentrates
– from the basic to the most complex and customized – all supported by
the industry’s best technical expertise and service. Akrochem promotes
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Chemical Distributors (NACD) accreditations. Visit www.akrochem.com for more
information.

About SI Group
SI Group is a leading global developer and manufacturer of performance
additives, process solutions, pharmaceuticals and chemical intermediates, with
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pharmaceutical ingredients and industrial resins industries. SI Group solutions
are critical to the quality and performance of countless industrial and consumer
goods. Headquartered in Schenectady, New York, SI Group operates more than
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annual sales, and more than 3,000 employees worldwide. SI Group is a portfolio
company of SK Capital Partners. SI Group is The Substance Inside. For more
information, visit www.siigroup.com.

Akron, OH | Chino, CA | Norton, OH | Stow, OH

akrochem.com 800.321.2260
1
TESTING CAPABILITIES

Rheology Physical Testing

Mooney Viscosity Tensile & Elongation
Mooney Scorch Dumbell & O-Ring
Capillary Compression Set
MDR Dynamic Mechanical
Analytical Testing Analysis (DMA)
RPA
DSC Brookfield Tear
GC-MS Fluid Rheometer Compression Stress
Extractions Relaxation
pH Durometer Hardness
Wet Chemistry Hydrostatic Density
TGA Raw Material Volume Change
XRF Testing Rebound Resilience
SEM Abrasion
Ash Content
HPLC Taber & Drum
Wet Sieve Analysis
Particle Size Distribution Plasticity & Recovery
Carbon Black Testing
ICP Flex Fatigue
Moisture Analysis
FTIR Green Strength
GC Compression Load
Deflection
Processing Dimensional Analysis
Sample Conditioning Temperature Retraction
Mixing
Standard Laboratory Sigma, Tilt, Banbury Brittleness Point
Conditions Vulcanization Flame Testing
Hot Air Oven Aging Thermal Conductivity
HAV, Salt, Molding
Fluid Aging Volume Resistivity
Sample Preparation
Fuel Testing Surface Resistivity
Environmental Cycling Spider Mold Flow Analysis
Garvey Die Extrudability Adhesion & Tack
Ozone Exposure
QUV Analysis DC Conductance or
Xenon Arc Milling Resistance
Pressurized Gas Many other
 2
SCAN THIS

ACE Products & Consulting LLC

@aceprodcon

3 “We want to
modernize and
innovate the way in
which technical
services are offered in
our industry."

ACE Products & Consulting LLC

6800 N. Chestnut St.
Ravenna, OH 44266

ace_sales@aceprodcon.com
(330) 577-4088 CEO & President, Erick Sharp
 Patent News
Tire innerliner with carbon black
blend
U.S. patent: 10,730,347
Issued: August 4, 2020
Inventor: Melissa M. Clark
Assigned: Bridgestone
Key statement: A tire comprising an
innerliner, where the innerliner
includes a rubber, a first carbon black
having a statistical thickness surface
area of at least 50 m2/g and a second
carbon black having a statistical thick-
ness surface area of at most 45 m2/g.
10
12
18
14
20
22
16
32
30
35
31
Thermoplastic elastomers via
reversible addition-fragmentation
chain transfer polymerization of
triglycerides
U.S. patent: 10,730,975
Issued: August 4, 2020
Inventors: Eric W. Cochran, Ronald
Christopher Williams, Nacu Hernan-
dez and Andrew Cascione
Assigned: Iowa State University
Research Foundation
Key statement: The present invention
relates to a thermoplastic block copo-
lymer comprising at least one PA
block and at least one PB block. The
PA block represents a polymer block
comprising one or more units of
monomer A and the PB block repre-
16 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
sents a polymer block comprising one
or more units of monomer B. Monomer
A is a vinyl, acrylic, diolefin, nitrile,
dinitrile, acrylonitrile monomer, a
monomer with reactive functionality, or
a crosslinking monomer. Monomer B is
a radically polymerizable triglyceride
or mixtures thereof, typically in the
form of a plant or animal oil. The pres-
ent invention also relates to a method
of preparing a thermoplastic block
copolymer or novel thermoplastic sta-
tistical copolymers by polymerizing a
radically polymerizable monomer with
a radically polymerizable triglyceride
or mixtures thereof via reversible addi-
tion-fragmentation chain-transfer
polymerization (RAFT), in the pres-
ence of a free radical initiator and a
chain transfer agent.
Tire comprising a rubber composi-
tion including a substituted diene
elastomer
U.S. patent: 10,723,814
Issued: July 28, 2020
Inventors: Severin Dronet, Corentin
Pavageau and Benot Schnell
Assigned: Michelin
Key statement: A tire comprising a
rubber composition comprising a sub-
stituted diene elastomer is provided.
The substituted diene elastomer com-
prises units bearing an A-B radical, in
which: A represents an aliphatic
C3-C35 radical which can be interrupt-
ed by one or more heteroatom(s) and
B represents a linear, branched or
cyclic C 1-C 6 hydrocarbon radical. A
and B are such that the melting point
of the analogue, H-A-B, is less than
70°C and the substituted diene elasto-
mer comprises from 10% to 40% by
weight of the A-B radical, with respect
to the total weight of the elastomer. A
tread comprising such a rubber com-
position is also provided. A rubber
composition comprising such a substi-
tuted diene elastomer and at least one
of the following constituents: a second
diene elastomer; a reinforcing filler
and, if appropriate, a coupling agent is
also provided.
For additional industry patent
information click here:
Reduced weight aircraft tire
U.S. patent: 10,723,177
Issued: July 28, 2020
Inventors: Joanne Elizabeth Shaw,
Frank Anthony Kmiecik and Leonard
James Reiter
Assigned: Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Key statement: A pneumatic tire hav-
ing a carcass and a belt reinforcing
structure, the belt reinforcing structure
comprising: a zigzag belt reinforcing
structure formed of a strip of one or
more reinforcement cords, the strip of
one or more reinforcement cords being
inclined at 5 to 30 degrees relative to
the centerplane of the tire extending in
alternation to turnaround points at
each lateral edge, wherein the zigzag
strip of cords is formed from two dif-
ferent reinforcement cords made of
different materials and a low angle
belt of the tire has a higher EPI than
the zigzag belt.
43
49
EP
45
A
44
EP
Tire with tensioned spokes
U.S. patent: 10,723,170
Issued: July 28, 2020
Inventors: Douglas B. Costlow,
Andrew V. Haidet, Adam K. Nesbitt
and Sharon E. Reinhardt
Assigned: Bridgestone
Key statement: A non-pneumatic tire
includes a tread portion, an upper ring
and a plurality of spokes extending
radially downward from the upper
ring. Each spoke terminates at a lower
end having a spoke mount configured
to engage a corresponding hub mount.
Each spoke is under substantially no
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 Patent News
tension when the tread portion is not
in contact with a ground surface and
when each spoke mount is disengaged
from its corresponding hub mount.
Each spoke is under tension when the
tread portion is not in contact with the
ground surface and when each spoke
mount is engaged with its correspond-
ing hub mount.
100
120
130
110
D1
140
Tire tread comprising a block hav-
ing a plurality of cutouts
U.S. patent: 10,717,327
Issued: July 21, 2020
Inventors: Olivier Muhlhoff and Ben-
oit Durand-Gasselin
Assigned: Michelin
Key statement: Tire tread comprising
elongate block (3) of rubbery material
extending in a circumferential direc-
tion of the tire. Elongate block (3)
comprises ground contact surface (5)
delimited by first and second lateral
walls (7, 9). Elongate block (3) com-
prises successive sets of cutouts (6) in
the circumferential direction, each set
extending in an oblique direction and
opening onto the first and second lat-
eral walls and distributed over the
ground contact surface such that, when
a set of cutouts reaches second lateral
wall (9), another set of cutouts starts
out from first lateral wall (7) at the
same circumferential level. Each set of
cutouts comprises two cutouts, each
one extending as far as a cutout end
(13a, 13b) which does not open onto a
lateral wall. Ends such two cutouts are
disposed at the same circumferential
level. Cutouts of the same set of cut-
outs do not overlap in a transverse
direction.
X
5
Y
11a 11b
N
7 8
3

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 Tech Service
Elastomeric tire compounds: Advanced
testing for a competitive edge
While driving down a snowy mountain path to your weekend
getaway, you probably take it for granted that your tires perform
appropriately at all times and in all conceivable conditions. In re-
ality, there is a wide range of tires designed to be used on different
vehicles and in various road conditions. These tires can vary from
summer performance to all-season, grand touring or dedicated
winter tires, to name just a few. Tire options can also vary, depend-
ing on the type of vehicle, whether it is a passenger car, a heavy
truck or a dedicated off-roading vehicle. Regardless of the tire’s
intended use, extensive testing is required to confirm that the
chosen rubber compound is capable of performing the job it is
advertised to do.
Whether a tire is designed for comfort when driving over pot
holes, dampening road noise, optimal traction in deep snow or
traction when navigating twisty backroads on a bright sunny day,
materials testing allows us to investigate how each compound
responds to different loading conditions. While over-engineering
can slow the development of a new tire compound and impose
unnecessary costs, improper testing and under-engineering can
risk accidental failures and unsatisfied customers. For rubber
compounds used in tires, it is important to not only understand the
material’s properties at ambient temperature, but also how it will
perform in even the most extreme environmental conditions. This
includes measuring the forces the material can withstand and the
amount of elongation seen under various conditions.
Most rubber tire compounds are made up of various mixtures
Figure 1 - an operator opening an Instron
environmental chamber after sub-ambient
testing with LN2
18 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
by Charlie Pryor,
Applications Engineer, Instron
of natural rubber, synthetic polymers, fillers and other materials.
The amount of each ingredient and the rubber compound used
determine the tire’s intended application. For instance, winter tires
typically have a higher amount of natural rubber in them, which
helps to keep them more pliable in some of the coldest climates.
On the contrary, the harder compounds used for summer tires in-
clude less natural rubber, which helps them maintain adequate
grip on both wet and dry roads, but also makes them more likely
to become brittle when temperatures drop below freezing. Sum-
mer tires are also able to withstand higher temperatures with less
risk of their structures being compromised by softening in the
heat. All-season tire compounds usually fall somewhere in be-
tween those used for winter and summer tires, making them ad-
equate for use in most temperatures, but not as optimized to either
environment as dedicated seasonal tires.
These key differences between rubber tire compounds are part
of the reason materials testing can be so critical, both for the re-
search and development of new tires, as well as for quality con-
trol. Tensile testing above and below ambient temperature with
the use of a strain measuring device can determine the material
properties of rubber tire compounds in conditions as close as pos-
sible to those experienced in the real world.
Environmental chambers combined with appropriate acces-
sories make it possible to test at various temperatures. There are
several details to consider when using an environmental chamber:
the cooling options available, the temperature soaking of speci-
mens, the size of the chamber and the possible strain measure-
ment of specimens when testing inside a chamber.
Several different chemicals can be used to cool a chamber for
sub-ambient testing. The most common tests utilize cryogenic
liquid nitrogen (LN2) or carbon dioxide (CO2). While CO2 will
suffice for most testing, LN2 is usually the preferred option (figure
1). For testing rubber tire compounds below ambient tempera-
tures, LN2 is usually chosen because of safety restrictions in test-
ing laboratories, and because it is more easily available. Testing
with CO2 comes with additional safety concerns, such as a higher
risk of asphyxiation due to leakage or inadequate ventilation.
However, there are also cases where CO2 is a more appropriate
choice, either because of its longer storage life or its ability to
reach temperatures faster than LN2 (though both are still able to
reach temperatures quickly). Since tires are not normally intro-
duced to rapidly changing temperatures, testing for rubber tire
compounds does not need the marginally faster cooling rate of
CO2 to reach a given temperature.
Temperature soaking is another important variable to consider
when using environmental chambers to perform tire testing. Tem-
perature soaking involves heating or cooling the chamber, grips
and specimen to the desired temperature for a certain amount of
Tech Service
Figure 2 - Instron’s environmental chamber
set-up with an advanced video
extensometer 2.0 to measure the strain of
the specimen from outside the chamber
Figure 3 - Instron's self-tightening roller
grips work to prevent slippage while testing
time before beginning a test. While processes can vary for differ-
ent materials, it is always important to perform a temperature soak
of the specimen and fixtures within the chamber, as this allows
enough time for everything in the chamber to reach the same
temperature. When acclimating a specimen, test operators should
allow enough time for the entire specimen to reach temperature;
this ensures that no parts of the specimen will behave differently
than others during testing. Improper temperature soaking can
compromise material properties and risk creating the appearance
that a given material breaks earlier or later than it truly does, in-
creasing the risk of an accidental failure for a consumer.
Temperature soaks typically take between five and 30 min-
utes, depending on the size of the specimen or fixtures, the mate-
rial compound and the testing temperature. Additionally, the most
recent testing temperature should also be taken into account when
determining how long the temperature soak will need to be. The
greater the difference in temperature between tests, the greater the
soak time needed. Using a consistent and adequate temperature
Figure 4 - Instron's self-tightening roller
grips test an elastomer dog bone shaped
specimen
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 19
 Tech Service
Figure 5 - Instron's pneumatic side-action
grips paired with specimen alignment aids
and jaw face shields for easy and safe
specimen loading
soak time for both the chamber and specimens will help reduce
variability in test results.
When choosing the size of your chamber, it is crucial to un-
derstand how your material will behave at high and low tem-
peratures. Since natural rubber is an elastomer, this material is
susceptible to excessive elongation before failure. Rubber speci-
mens can typically exhibit 1,000% elongation at break, and a
large enough chamber is needed to allow for adequate crosshead
movement and strain measurement throughout the test. Other
factors that will influence chamber size are the type of grips and
the extensometer being used.
When measuring strain at ambient temperatures, there are
many extensometer options. However, the choices can be fairly
limited when testing in an environmental chamber due to the chal-
lenge of fitting an extensometer inside the chamber without com-
promising its heating and cooling abilities. Given the high elonga-
tion seen in rubber tire compounds, most clip-on style extensom-
eters will not work without needing to be removed during testing.
Because removing extensometers during testing can reduce op-
erator safety and compromise the test when the chamber door is
opened, this style of strain measurement device is not recom-
mended when testing with a chamber. For this reason, the most
appropriate extensometer for rubber tire compounds is an optical,
non-contacting solution that can measure each specimen from
outside of the chamber. In order for this solution to work, the
chamber must have optical quality glass with a large enough
window to provide a field of view able to capture the entire test.
Usually, this optical quality glass is also heated and/or ventilated
to prevent it from fogging or frosting while testing. Non-contact-
ing extensometers not only have the benefit of being protected
20 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
Figure 6 - Instron's pneumatic side-action
grips testing an elastomer dog bone
shaped specimen
from the environment inside the chamber, but they are also able
to accurately measure strain in high elongation specimens through
break without having a negative influence on the specimens them-
selves due to the additional hanging weight and attachment points
of contacting extensometers. With materials like rubber tire com-
pounds that are inclined to exhibit over 1,000% elongation, the
chances of a specimen being affected by a contacting extensom-
eter’s attachment points become much greater as the specimen’s
cross-sectional area thins out during testing. Another benefit of a
non-contacting extensometer is that it is not limited by the internal
width and depth of the chamber walls, nor will it interfere with the
grips used for testing (figure 2).
A significant amount of testing is necessary to obtain and
prove the material properties of a new tire compound in devel-
opment. When considering testing efficiency, it is critical to
choose grips that are both safe and easy to use. The two most
common gripping options for testing rubber tire specimens are
self-tightening roller grips (figures 3 and 4), and pneumatic side-
action grips (figures 5 and 6). Both options are easy to use,
 Tech Service
which helps to reduce operator effort when testing a large vol-
ume of specimens. Other things to be taken into consideration
are the temperature rating and repeatability of each grip. Rubber
tire compounds with high elongation experience an exaggerated
reduction in cross-sectional area during testing, which can lead
to grip extrusion. Grip extrusion can be mitigated by ensuring a
constant or increasing clamping pressure during testing, regard-
less of specimen thinning. If there is not constant or increasing
clamping pressure on the specimen while testing, then the
specimens are at a higher risk of slipping out of the grips as grip
extrusion begins to occur.
Self-tightening roller grips are a great solution for materials
that exhibit a large reduction in cross-sectional area under load.
They use a snubbing style clamping action which increases the
gripping force as the load increases. Self-tightening grips are
typically less expensive than pneumatic grips of similar capacity,
are simple to use, and are compatible with high and low tempera-
ture testing. There are, however, a few downsides to using self-
tightening roller grips instead of pneumatic side-action grips: It
can be more difficult to align specimens when using these grips,
and they can also apply varying clamping pressures when used by
different operators.
Pneumatic side-action grips offer the most versatile solution
for rubber tire compound specimens. Like self-tightening roller
grips, they are easy to use and easy to load specimens into, and
temperature resistant models are usually available. Pneumatic
side-action grips can also help reduce variability thanks to their
repeatable and constant clamping pressure, which can be adjusted
and optimized for each specimen or material. Pneumatic side-ac-
tion grips can also be equipped with specimen alignment aids.
The use of specimen alignment aids can greatly reduce variability
and operator error when setting up a test specimen inside the
chamber. The ease of installation and alignment is important, as it
prevents unnecessary heat loss or gain during specimen insertion
while the chamber door is open.
Pneumatic side-action grips can usually be paired with differ-
ent jaw faces as necessary, making them versatile for many differ-
ent material types and specimen sizes. Most commonly for mate-
rials testing, jaw faces should be at least as wide as the specimen
tabs, and their height should cover the specimen tabs without al-
lowing excess empty space. If the height of the jaw face is too
large compared to the specimen tabs, it can lead to bowing of the
jaw faces under load, which both compromises test results and
risks slippage of the specimen. The most common jaw faces for
testing rubber specimens have serrated teeth, helping to prevent
the specimen from slipping. Other jaw face options can also be
effective, depending on the material being tested.
With tire technology advancing at a staggering pace, it is im-
perative that manufacturers continue to invest in and focus on the
importance of materials testing, and ensure that they employ op-
timal testing solutions to provide the highest quality products to
consumers. Establishing appropriate quality control and research
and development habits is the best way to remain vigilant in to-
day’s market. To take things one step further, companies should
consider the possibility of an automated testing system that uses
all the products mentioned in order to accommodate the large
number of tests necessary to prove a new rubber tire compound.
Having the best possible materials testing equipment and methods
is vital for obtaining quality products and maintaining a competi-
tive edge in a continuously evolving industry.
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 21
 Perspective
Service, the key to customer success:
VMI achieves a major milestone
The year 2020 is a significant one for VMI, the world leader in
automated tire building technology, as this marks the 75th an-
niversary of the company’s foundation. It should have been a
year of celebration, but no one anticipated the crisis that would
upset so many plans and require urgent action to face the eco-
nomic after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
VMI has one advantage: Founded in 1945 right after WWII,
VMI started its life helping to rebuild after the greatest crisis of
the 20th century. This is one business that does not panic in dif-
ficult times.
Over its 75 year history, the company has transformed its
product range, scope of activities and international presence. In
one way, however, nothing has changed. The focus was always
on innovation linked to engineering excellence, backed by high
quality service. That is still true, although these days, service is
becoming more important than ever.
The changing face of customer service
The definition of customer service in the tire industry has been
changing a lot in recent years. Its scope is expanding and the
concept now embraces many more disciplines, with a greater
strategic significance than ever before.
No company has moved faster than VMI in building a more
ambitious vision for service in our industry. In this article, we
KHDUIURPERWK(ULN/DSUp90,ཚVQHZO\DSSRLQWHGJOREDOYLFH
president for service, and Ashok Bisoen, general manager of
VMI Americas, to understand more about the fresh thinking
VMI is bringing to the service market.
Ashok Bisoen defines it like this: “Customer service for us is
now all about customer success. We have moved beyond being
a company that builds, sells and installs high
quality machines alone. Our task now is also
to work as closely as we can with customers,
ensuring that our equipment is always work-
ing at its best, and is always making the
strongest possible contribution to our custom-
ers’ business goals.”
This means altering and, in many cases, Ashok Bisoen
expanding the core definition of service beyond its traditional
scope. It cannot be limited only to maintenance, spares and up-
Judith Koops is the manager of communica-
tions for VMI Group. VMI is a supplier of
machinery and services to manufacturers of
radial passenger, light truck, all steel radial
WUXFNEXVDQGRৼWKHURDGWLUHV90,VXSSOLHV
millroom equipment and a complete line of tire
manufacturing, curing and testing systems.
22 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
by Judith Koops,
VMI Group
grades, as in the past. That is because the whole manufacturing
industry has developed a more nuanced and ambitious under-
standing of what service really is, and what it brings in terms of
competitive advantage.
The holistic approach to service
In a manufacturing industry that is moving fast to adopt con-
cepts such as asset performance management (APM), for ex-
ample, customers are looking at their production assets holisti-
cally, asking about condition, settings, component upgrades and
how to dynamically manage production quality. For VMI, the
goal is to work in partnership with customers to optimize their
processes and asset performance, and therefore to help them be
as competitive as possible in this very tough marketplace.
Bisoen, former customer services lead, is now VMI’s business
leader in North America, and this reflects a greater emphasis on
service following an operational reorganization that took place in
late 2019. So what are the big developments in service right now?
Key success factors
First, the growth in retrofitting now represents a high proportion
of VMI’s service business in North America. When VMI intro-
duces new and improved functionalities or modules, they are
also made available for existing machines as retrofits. These
retrofits are all about protecting customers’ investments and
extending the machine’s life cycle by making the latest technol-
ogy available where this offers advantages. The aim is to keep
machines at best practice status always, so customer invest-
ments are maximized all through machine life.
Second, long-term service relationships enable VMI to take
a more proactive role in optimizing output, working more
closely with customer engineers, especially in dedicated reli-
ability departments, fine-tuning performance to deliver the right
output at all times. A big benefit here is the growth in proactive
maintenance. Unplanned downtime is seen as being more and
more unacceptable these days, and a good service relationship is
the best way to avoid that.
Third, there is a stronger focus on total cost of ownership
(TCO) as a key differentiator. “The upfront asset cost,” Bisoen
comments, “is perhaps less important now than the long term
profit generating potential of the equipment we sell.” These
days, it is all about the total package, including service support,
and the bottom line benefits to the company throughout the pe-
riod of operations.
Of course, the traditional aspects of service remain vitally im-
portant: fast response, ready availability of parts, together with
VMI’s willingness to fix problems at its own risk. But the evolu-
tionary change in North America is the growing focus on the
 Perspective
cost-risk equation. Reducing risk, raising profitability and partner-
ing for long term success are the keys to successful service deliv-
ery today.
Service as a driver for change
Erik Lapré sees even higher levels of ambition in the market.
“Businesses are really engaging with the concept of our ma-
chines as producers; not just of tires, but also
of meaningful data,” he says. “They want to
maximize the potential of this data to deliver
competitive advantage for their businesses.”
VMI’s tire building machines bring to-
gether a range of technologies, from digital
controls to vision systems, from sophisticated
Erik Lapré handling through to diagnostic data. There
are now growing opportunities to optimize performance by ap-
plying enhancements derived from data analytics.
“These days,” Lapré tells us, “We can help our customers to
optimize production, even while working from a distance; while
collaboration through virtual teaming, enabled by new technolo-
gies like remote vision aids such as smart glasses, makes it pos-
sible to give hands-on support without being on site.”
These new options continue to add value to the service rela-
tionship, making service more relevant to customer operations.
The starting point, as ever, is the customer demand, based on
their specific operational priorities.
Service plans tailored to customer needs
A VMI tire building machine is a flexible and responsive manu-
facturing system. Customers will specify their own priorities,
which could range from rapid turnaround between short runs of
many different varieties of tire, through to maximized production
uptime for a single tire type over an extended period. They will
require a service relationship that supports their priorities while
having early access to new technology where it makes sense.
VMI’s service strategy is designed to ensure that customers’
investment in production machines is always optimized across
the lifecycle of the installation with maximum performance
under all conditions.
And some of these conditions will be harsh indeed. As Lapré
points out: “Even when the COVID-19 crisis is over, life will be
tough and the winners will be those companies able to optimize
every aspect of their operations.”
Post-COVID-19 recovery
What exactly can companies do to optimize production and gain
a competitive edge? Options include becoming more agile and
responsive, so our customers can deliver what the market needs,
where and when needed, at an excellent combination of keen
pricing and high quality. It also means reducing wastage of ev-
erything from tire scrap to energy, achieved by making all as-
pects of core processes more efficient.
We expect the most successful companies to become more
expert at providing metadata for every individual tire to give proof
of quality and compliance, while achieving all of this by a more
innovative approach to collecting and using data, using analytics
to drive improvements. To stay successful, companies will need
to do this while continuing to evaluate constantly how new tech-
nology can deliver benefits to the business. The next year or two
might see a rapid move forward in the use of data for managing
processes better and improving product cost and quality, because
this will be central to staying ahead in a difficult market.
Facing the future
Both Bisoen and Lapré agree that big changes in service relation-
ships are inevitable. This is no longer about fast response in order
to fix problems and attack downtime, but about close partnership
to optimize performance and avoid problems in the first place.
“As the tire production processes become more closely integrated
and automated,” Lapré summarizes, “it becomes more necessary
to see everything we do at VMI (design, develop, manufacture,
deliver, install, enhance, optimize and support) as a continuum; a
single, integrated service focused on our customers’ success.”
There will always be a need for engineers to visit the factory
floor and fix things, for sure, but the emphasis now is on a differ-
ent kind of service. Proactive, not reactive, diagnostic and en-
abled by data, focused on agility, TCO and competitive perfor-
mance. In the post-COVID-19 market, the companies with the
most creative approach to service are likely to be the winners.
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 23
Frictional characteristics of rubber on ice
by Tibor Fulop and Nihat A. Isitman, Goodyear Tire & Rubber
:LQWHUWLUHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGVDIHW\HTXLSPHQWLQPDQ\FRXQWULHV
It is, therefore, not a surprise that in 2012, the European Union
LQWURGXFHGDOHJDOPDUNLQJVLPLODUWRWKH7KUHH3HDN0RXQWDLQ
ingly straightforward, everyday observations remain unan-
VZHUHG$QH[DPSOHLVKXPDQVཚDELOLW\WRHDVLO\VNDWHRQLFH
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PHOWLQJRIWKHLFHLVXQOLNHO\WRRFFXU7KHDLPKHUHLVWRH[-
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6QRZIODNH 306) LQ 1RUWK$PHULFD7KLV V\PERO DLPV WR
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LFHWUDFWLRQDVLF\URDGVDUHXQGRXEWHGO\PDMRUFRQWULEXWRUVWR
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GLWLRQVLVWKHUHIRUHRISULPDU\LPSRUWDQFH
 )ULFWLRQRQLFHDVRQPDQ\RWKHUPDWHULDOVLVJHQHUDOO\DF-
Pressure melting
7KHGHSUHVVLRQRIPHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHE\SUHVVXUHZDVRQHRI
the earliest explanations suggested for the experimental obser-
vations. It remains among the most popular ones, although
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equation (ref. 2) suggests, approximately 466 atm (standard
atmosphere) of pressure (equivalent to the pressure found at
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UHIFRYHULQJWKHHQWLUHUDQJHRIOXEULFDWHGIULFWLRQILJXUH rules out pressure melting as an explanation, for example, to the
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sure would simply squeeze out the water just formed under the
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FRQWDFW]RQHGU\DQGLFHVNDWLQJLPSRVVLEOH
Frictional melting
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HUJ\ JHQHUDWHG WKURXJK IULFWLRQ DW WKH LQWHUIDFH PHOWV DW OHDVW
Why is ice slippery? RQH RI WKH FRQWDFWLQJ ERGLHV ,Q WKLV FDVH KHDW LV SURGXFHG
'HVSLWH HQFRXQWHULQJ LFH IRU QHDUO\ DV ORQJ DV WKH KLVWRU\ RI ZKLOHVOLGLQJRQLFH7KLVKHDWLVWKHQWUDQVPLWWHGWKURXJKWKH
KXPDQOLIHVFLHQWLVWVKDYHQRW\HWDJUHHGRQWKHIXQGDPHQWDO FRQWDFW]RQH7KLVPLJKWOHDGWRDWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHRIERWK
reason behind its unusual slipperiness. Even some of the seem- VXUIDFHVZKLFKLQVRPHFDVHVLVKLJKHQRXJKWRFDXVHPHOWLQJ
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and friction force generation FXOWWRDUJXHWKDWLFHLVQRWVOLSSHU\HYHQZKLOHZHVWDQGDOPRVW
still on it.
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 Figure 2 - linear friction tester
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24 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Figure 3 - structures observed on Figure 4 - rubber-ice friction coefficient for
laboratory prepared pristine ice surface different ice surfaces

Grain First ice surface

orientation 0.8 Second ice surface
Grain boundary Third ice surface
0.7 Fourth ice surface
Sub-grain

(TKEVKQPEQGHſEKGPV
boundary
0.6
Frost
1 mm
0.5

0.4

evidence for this fascinating concept was postulated in 1859 by 0.3

Michael Faraday. He showed that ice cubes freeze together
when brought in contact with a moderate load, not only at low
temperatures, but also above the melting point (ref. 4). While
the mechanism of such regelation has been debated over 160
years, the pre-melting has only recently started to gain wide
acceptance as direct experimental evidence is generated on the
existence and structure of such a layer through observations
with, e.g., atomic force microscopy (ref. 5).
Laboratory friction testing device
To investigate the potential reason for ice slipperiness when in
contact with a tire tread block, a custom made linear friction
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sweeps
tester was used to measure the rubber-ice coefficient of friction.
The setup was described in detail in previous work (ref. 6). To
keep the environment constant, distilled water was used to
manufacture the ice tracks, and the ambient test temperature
during ice preparation and testing was -10°C. The experimental
setup and the motion of the rubber sample during testing are
shown in figure 2. The dynamic coefficient of friction, mea-
sured during the stabilized phase of sliding and evaluated using
the traditional Coulomb law of friction, was further considered

Figure 5 - friction regimes explained

Original ice After 1 sweep

1. Mainly asperity contact; formed frosts; small area of

contact Sliding direction
Reference grain
Untouched
boundries
10. Increasing area of contact, disappeared frosts

Rounded frost
100. Polished surface; strong surface directionality;
1 mm no global melting
Continuous scratch

Mμ evolution

After 10 sweeps After 100 sweeps

p = 2 bar
(TKEVKQPEQGHſEKGPV

ȣ= 500 mm/s

T = -10°C
Blurred sub-grain Visible sub-grain
boundary boundary

Disappeared
frost

Droplets 1 20 40 60 80 100
Many scratches
Sweeps

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 25

 Figure 6 - dynamic properties and surface optical images of rubber samples

35 8
Rough/soft
30 Rough/hard 7
Smooth/soft
25 Smooth/hard 6

5
E' (MPa)

20

E' (MPa)
4
15
3
10
2
5
1
0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

Rough surface Smooth surface

0.5 mm 0.5 mm

in this work. The values reported are calculated by averaging
the measured data for the last 10 sweeps for each individual
condition.
Microstructure of ice
It is conceivable that a complete understanding of friction on
ice relies on investigation of its microstructural and surface
features. An important novelty here is the follow-up of the
surface evolution while in contact with rubber sliders of differ-
ent characteristics. For this purpose, optical microscopy was
performed both in-situ and on cast replicates of the pristine and
post-sliding ice surfaces (ref. 7).
Figure 3 shows a variety of structures that can be observed
on pristine ice, as prepared in a laboratory environment. One
can observe features at different length scales. The rather coarse
frost particles grew by condensation of air moisture after the
surface was prepared. The ice grain boundaries visible on the
photos are originating from the polycrystalline nature of the ice.
The finer intragranular features, such as etch pits and sub-grain
boundaries. are linked to crystallization and micro-deforma-
tions.
More importantly, it is thought that relevant information on
contact mechanics can be derived from simply observing the
evolution of such structures with the passage of the rubber
slider. In order to draw a more optimistic picture, one might
ultimately envision prediction of the friction on ice for a given
slider simply by looking at its impact on the surface character-
istics of the ice with which it was in contact.
Rubber friction on ice
Figure 4 summarizes the evolution of the coefficient of friction
measured by the friction tester described above, with a given
rubber sample on differently prepared ice surfaces. For each
surface, a series of tests was run by repeating the same protocol
multiple times on the same ice track. As the figure shows, the
coefficient of friction is transient in the sense that it starts low
on a fresh surface during the few initial slides and picks up
quite rapidly with the number of sliding sweeps. Generally, it is
seen that it goes through a maximum which is followed by a
steady decrease until a plateau is reached after several sliding
sweeps. Here, a general description is presented of the contact
processes during successive passage of the slider (figure 5).

26 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Table 1 - compositions and designations of Figure 8 - post-sliding optical images of ice
rubber samples
Soft rubber compound
Sample Silica Silica Oil Stiffness Rough rubber Smooth rubber
designation level type level

Rough/soft 70 phr 160 m2/g 30 Low

Rough/hard 110 phr 160 m2/g 50 High
Smooth/soft 70 phr 125 m2/g 20 Low
Smooth/hard 110 phr 125 m2/g 40 High

1.00 mm 1.00 mm
The initial low friction forces are understood to be due to a
relatively low real area of contact caused by the dense surface Hard rubber compound
features present on ice. These are limiting the contact of the Rough rubber Smooth rubber
slider with the underlying ice surface. As these initial, fine fea-
tures are quite weak, the surface evolves rapidly to increase the
friction forces over a few sliding sweeps. The maximum in the
friction is observed generally around 10 sliding sweeps in con-
junction with the wearing down of the ice surface features, and
maximization of the real area of contact, without significantly 1.00 mm 1.00 mm
increasing the ice surface temperature. The decrease after the
maximum is attained could be explained by the eventual heat-
ing of the ice substrate through many successive passages of Figure 9 - contact mechanics schematic
the slider. This reduces the shear strength of ice.
In order to provide some mechanistic insight into influences
Rubber-ice Silica particle-
of rubber characteristics on ice friction, rubber samples de- No contact
contact ice contact
scribed in table 1 were prepared by internal mixing and press
Fa
curing. With the designed experiment, the dynamic stiffness of
the rubber compound was mostly controlled over a wide tem-
perature range, and two distinct levels of stiffness were
achieved while varying rubber surface roughness through the Local contact Local
level of filler macroscopic dispersion (figure 6). The goal was heating Local cooling scratching
to decouple dispersion from stiffness, and to achieve this re-
quired the tuning of the compound recipes with different filler
levels and types, as well as softener oil contents. where the rougher surface generates a higher force. The effect
Regarding the friction performance, one can observe that is rather small, however, for the harder rubber, showing no
the softer rubber consistently generates a higher friction force clear trend when tested at the two different ice temperatures.
when compared to the harder rubber (figure 7). The level of This observation is not trivial to explain, as one would expect a
surface roughness is rather significant for the softer rubber, rougher surface to generate a higher friction force through me-
chanical interlocking and ploughing, as the hard particles pen-
etrate the relatively softer ice surface.
Figure 7 - dynamic friction coefficient of
rubber samples Contact mechanics
It becomes evident from figure 8 that the rough/soft compound
Smoother surface
Test 1 warmer ice Test 2 colder ice results in occasional hard agglomerate scratching of ice and
0.60 keeping a high real area of contact outside the scratch zone. The
Rough test 1 Smooth test 1
&[PCOKEHTKEVKQPEQGHſEKGPV

Rough test 2 Smooth test 2 smooth compound leads to more remarkable ice surface dam-
0.55
age, mostly in the form of surface melting observed through
0.50 large re-solidification zones. The rough/hard compound dem-
onstrates a localized high pressure contact of the hard agglom-
0.45 erates with the ice. This apparently leads to a notable loss of the
rubber ice real area of contact. The smooth/hard counterpart
0.40
could ensure a homogeneous contact with no traces of scratch-
0.35 es or loss of real area of contact.
The contact mechanism derived from the analysis of friction
0.30 measurements and post-sliding ice microstructures is general-
Softer rubber Harder rubber
ized schematically in figure 9. According to this mechanistic

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 27

scheme, the softer rubber is thought to establish a larger real
area of contact with ice, and a rougher surface can induce a
ploughing mechanism to generate additional friction forces that
arise from pure rubber-ice contact. The harder rubber com-
pound conceivably has a smaller real area of contact. And, in
accordance with the Hertz contact mechanical theory, this gen-
erally reduces the amount of friction force that can be generated
from a pure rubber-ice sliding contact perspective. The addition
of a high surface roughness further reduces the real area of
contact, especially near the hard particle contact zones, ampli-
fying the local stresses and causing frictional melting, finally
leading to a reduced ploughing force.
Conclusion
A complete understanding of mechanisms of rubber ice friction
relies on detailed investigations of ice surface microstructure
and its interaction with rubber bulk and surface characteristics.
In this article, through characterization of the linear friction
behavior of various rubbers under different test conditions, and
examination of post-sliding ice microstructures, a generalized
contact mechanics scheme helpful in explaining some fric-
tional mechanisms operative for the rubber-ice contact is de-
scribed.
References
1. B. Jacobson, Tribology International (2003).
2. W. Thomson, Proc. R.S.E. (1850).
3. Bowden and Hughes, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A. (1939).
4. M. Faraday, On Certain Conditions of Freezing Water, 20
(4), 283, pp. 1,828-1,851 (1850); M. Faraday, “Note on regela-
tion,” Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 10, 440 (1860); also “On re-
gelation,” Phil. Mag. (4th series) 17, 162 (1859); “Researches
in chemistry and physics,” Faraday's Diary, Bell, London, pp.
373-378 (1933).
5. B. Slater and A Michaelides, Nature Reviews Chemistry,
2019.
6. N.A. Isitman, A. Kriston and T. Fulop, Tribology Transac-
tions (2017).
7. A. Kriston, N.A. Isitman, T. Fulop and A. Tuononen, Tribol-
ogy International (2016).

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A new approach to Si 363 mixing: Controlled
energy input for optimized processing of
highly filled silica compounds
by Jens Kiesewetter and Andre Hasse, Evonik Industries AG E) with intermeshing rotors in accordance with the formula-
tions in table 1 and the mixing instructions in table 2. Si 69 is a
The use of bifunctional rubber silanes in rubber compounds im- bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT), and Si 266 is the
plies chemical reactions during the mixing process. Two reac- corresponding disulfide (TESPD) produced by Evonik. Si 363,
tions must be controlled generally due to the silane’s bifunc- also produced by Evonik, is a silane with free mercapto func-
tional nature. First is the reaction of the silane with the silication derived from mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES), of
which two of the three ethoxy groups were substituted by am-
surface, called the silanization, which is needed to make the sili-
ca more hydrophobic, and hence more compatible to the polymer phiphilic long chain polyethers (ref. 3).
matrix. Second is the reaction of the silane to the polymer, which Si 363 was mixed at a broad temperature range targeted
binds the silica chemically to the rubber network. The first reac-between 100°C and 160°C by variation of rotor speed, with all
tion should happen during the mixing process in an efficient way other mixing parameters kept constant. Reporting mixing tem-
to reduce compound viscosity and filler-filler interaction. The peratures does not sufficiently describe the temperature profile
second reaction should be avoided in the mixing process because and mixing process of the compound. Very often, only dump
it would pre-crosslink the filler to the polymer, leading to high temperatures at the end of the mixing process are reported.
viscosities and processing issues (ref. 1). Therefore, the specific energy input calculated from the power
Therefore, whenever a bifunctional silane has been applied, consumption of the rubber mixer was used instead. Neverthe-
the attention was focused on the upper acceptable processing less, much care was taken so that the temperature profile was
temperature, as the tire industry aims naturally for maximum as similar as possible for the compounds.
throughput. The speed of the silanization reaction increases with The formulation is shown in table 1. Si 363 was mixed at dif-
increasing mixing temperature, which then makes sense to define ferent temperatures with 9 phr. The Si 69 and Si 266 were used
the maximum allowable process temperature that can be used with the usual equimolar concentrations, and were mixed at the
without pre-crosslinking. For the standard bifunctional silanes, recommended 140°C to 150°C in stages 1 and 2. The standard
the recommended temperature range was 140°C to 155°C for sulfur adjustment between Si 69 and Si 266, as well as the activa-
TESPT, and 140°C to 165°C for TESPD. For Si 363, a mercapto tor change for Si 363 (less DPG and more TBzTD) were applied.
silane with free mercapto function, the optimum range was found The timing of the mixing procedure was identical for all com-
to be 155°C to 170°C, because this range provides the best bal- pounds (table 2). The difference in mixing temperature was
ance of the overall rubber properties. The free mercapto
group of the silane did not show any pre-scorch at the el-
evated temperatures (ref. 2). Si 363 reduces the loss factor Table 1 - formulations
of tread compounds by more than 40% compared to the
First stage phr phr phr
standard silanes, which results in a significant reduction of Buna VSL 4526-2 TDAE/oil extended 96.25 96.25 96.25
the rolling resistance of tires produced with Si 363. S-SBR
The optimum range of 155°C to 170°C was certainly Buna CB 24 Nd-BR; cis1,4 > 96% 30.00 30.00 30.00
a valid recommendation at the time of introduction of the Ultrasil 7000 GR 80.00 80.00 80.00
Si 363 9.00 - -
silane Si 363, but with increasing silica concentration in Si 69 - 6.40 -
rubber compounds and the use of functionalized poly- Si 266 - - 5.80
mers, it became apparent that the processing of Si 363 Corax N330 Carbon black 5.00 5.00 5.00
could become challenging due to very rough or even in- ZnO RS RAL 844 C ZnO 2.00 2.00 2.00
Edenor ST1 GS Stearic acid 2.00 2.00 2.00
coherent rubber sheets. The amphiphilic long chain sub- Vivatec 500 TDAE 8.75 8.75 8.75
stituents in Si 363 reduce the filler network very effi- Vulkanox HS/LG TMQ 1.50 1.50 1.50
ciently, which could be responsible for the incoherence. Vulkanox 4020/LG 6PPD 2.00 2.00 2.00
Thus, the aim of this study was to correlate the energy Protektor G 3108 Wax 2.00 2.00 2.00
input during mixing to the consistency and performance Second stage
of the rubber compounds with Si 363. $CVEJſTUVUVCIG
Rhenogran DPG-80 80% DPG 0.25 2.50 2.50
Experiment I: Influence of mixing energy (identical
Third stage
target temperatures in first and second stage) $CVEJUGEQPFUVCIG
Experimental setup Richon TBZTD OP TBzTD 0.50 0.20 0.20
All compounds were produced in a 1.5 liter internal Vulkacit CZ/EG-C CBS 1.60 1.60 1.60
mixer (Harburg-Freudenberger laboratory mixer GK 1.5 Sulfur 80/90 Soluble sulfur 2.10 1.50 2.10

30 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 The mixing of the Si 363 at
Table 2 - mixing procedure different target temperatures,
which means mixing with dif-
First stage GK 1.5 E, fill factor 0.63; variable rpm; chamber temperature: 50°C
Minutes:seconds Batch temperature: Varied between 110°C and 155°C ferent energy inputs, had a con-
00:00 - 00:30 Polymer siderable effect on the com-
00:30 - 01:00 1/2 silica; silane; ZnO, Vulkanox HS; Vulkanox 4020 pound appearance (figure 1).
01:00 - 02:00 a) CB to the oil pouch; add blend to mixer The standard mixing tempera-
b) 1/2 silica
c) Protektor ture at 150°C led to a rough
d) Stearic acid compound sheet with frayed
02:00 - 02:00 Lift ram and clean edges, whereas the low energy
02:00 - 03:00 Reach target temperature with rpm variation input mixes (top) had very nice
03:00 Lift ram
03:00 - 05:00 Keep temperature and dump after 5:00 and shiny surfaces. Already, the
45 seconds on open mill (4 mm nip), sheet out 135°C dump temperature would
Weigh compound for second step; storage 24 hours/RT be rated as relatively poor.
Second stage GK 1.5 E, fill factor 0.60; variable rpm; chamber temperature: 60°C
The high energy mixed com-
Minutes:seconds Batch temperature: Varied between 110°C and 155°C pound had the worst appearance,
00:00 - 01:00 Batch stage 1 plasticize but the lowest Mooney value
01:00 - 02:00 DPG; mix; reach target temperature with rpm variation (figure 2), which indicates that
02:00 - 03:00 Keep temperature and dump after 3:00
45 seconds on open mill (4 mm nip), sheet out the silica may have been hydro-
Weigh compound for third step; storage 4-24 hours/RT phobized very effectively and
early with the long chain substit-
Third stage GK 1.5 E, fill factor 0.57; variable 55 rpm; chamber temperature: 50°C uents of Si 363. As a result, silica
Minutes:seconds Batch temperature: Varied between 90°C and 110°C
00:00 - 02:00 Batch stage 2; accelerators; sulfur clusters might not be broken be-
02:00 Dump batch; process on open mill 20 seconds with 3-4 mm nip cause of the lack of friction. This
Cut 3 x left, 3 x right with 3 mm nip could explain why higher energy
Roll up and pass through 6 mm nip 3 x input led to worse filler disper-
Sheet off 4 mm; store for minimum 12 hours before vulcanization
sion in this case (figure 3). The
topo is a topography type test
achieved with adjustment of the rotor speed. An attempt was using a stylus that runs across a fresh cut rubber surface and calcu-
made to reach the target temperature at the same time of the pro- lates the projected peak area of all the peaks coming from undis-
cess in stage 1 (between minutes 2 and 3), and in stage 2 (between persed material. That means a low number is a good dispersion
minutes 1 and 2), and to keep the temperature for a certain period because the peak area is low. After the third mixing stage, the
(2 minutes in stage 1, and 1 minute in stage 2). The different tar- viscosity differences were significantly reduced, which shows that
gets and the achieved temperatures are summarized in table 3. It the silica can be hydrophobized even at low mixing temperatures.
was not always possible to reach the target temperatures, but the The other compound properties can also be plotted against
temperatures of stages 1 and 2 for a given compound are the same the total specific energy input, and mostly give a linear correla-
(within the variations). It must be noted that the compound tem- tion (R2 is mentioned just as an indication) too. The most im-
perature was determined best by nicking the surface and deter- portant properties are plotted in figures 2-7.
mining the temperature, and not by the mixer’s sensor tempera- The vulcameter curve was taken at a 3° angle in the RPA
ture. The energy input into the rubber compound is a better mea- (instead of a 0.5° angle in the MDR) to eliminate the filler influ-
sure for the whole mixing process than a single point measure- ence in order to measure the crosslinking (figure 4). The torque
ment of the dump temperature. The energy inputs for every mix- increase and the static modulus (figure 5) indicate that higher
ing stage are given in table 3. mixing energies would be beneficial. As expected, the elonga-

Table 3 - target and achieved mixing temperatures and specific energy input

Compound number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Si 363 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 - - 9.00 9.00
Si 69 - - - - - - - 6.40 - - -
Si 266 - - - - - - - - 5.80 - -
$CVEJVCTIGVVGORGTCVWTGſTUVCPFUGEQPFUVCIG °C 100 100 115 130 145 160 145 145 145 145 160
$CVEJVGORGTCVWTGſTUVUVCIG °C 111 110 115 125 136 149 139 145 142 142 147
Batch temperature second stage °C 103 104 113 128 139 152 143 147 145 145 153
Batch temperature third stage °C 94 94 96 93 92 92 93 100 99 93 91
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWVſTUVUVCIG Wh/kg 328 305 323 430 529 644 538 520 543 538 640
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWVUGEQPFUVCIG Wh/kg 218 220 270 307 371 408 365 316 325 365 391
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWVVJKTFUVCIG Wh/kg 162 167 166 156 149 145 150 149 149 148 143
6QVCNURGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV Wh/kg 708 692 759 893 1,049 1,197 1,053 985 1,017 1,051 1,174

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 31

 Figure 1 - compounds with Si 363 mixed at Figure 4 - delta torque (MH-ML) of the
different temperatures in stage 1 rheometric curve at 3° and 165°C in RPA

43.0

MH-ML
42#u%uF0O
&GNVCVQTSWG
42.0 R2 = 0.7233
41.0
40.0
39.0
115°C - 323 Wh/kg 125°C - 430 Wh/kg
38.0
37.0
36.0
35.0

0
0

0
70

90

10

30
60

80

00

20
135°C - 529 Wh/kg 149°C - 644 Wh/kg

1,

1,
1,

1,
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV
9JMI

Figure 2 - Mooney values versus specific Figure 5 - static modulus at 300% elongation
energy input for stages 2 and 3
11.0
/QFWNWU R2 = 0.9918
140 10.5

5VCVKEOQFWNWUCV
ML (1+4) at 100°C second stage
120 /.
 CVu%VJKTFUVCIG 10.0
elongation (MPa)
Mooney viscosity (MU)

100 9.5
R2 = 0.9562 9.0
80
8.5
60
8.0
40 R2 = 0.9374 7.5
20 7.0
0

0
0

0
70

90

10

30
0
60

80

00

20
1,

1,
1,

1,
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV
9JMI
0

0
0

0
50

70

90

10

30
60

80

00

20
1,

1,
1,

1,

5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV
9JMI energy leads to better reinforcement and a lower filler network
at the same time, resulting in better elasticity (ball rebound) and
tion at break (figure 6) decreases with increasing modulus. The lower durometer A hardness (figure 7).
DIN abrasion (figure 7) is less affected. The increase of mixing This investigation confirms the already known fact that
compounding of silanes in general, and also of Si 363, means a
compromise between the processing and physical properties.
Figure 3 - peak area of undispersed filler
with tactile method topo (ref. 4)
Figure 6 - elongation at break
5.0
&KURGTUKQP2GCMCTGC
VQRQ
4.5 R2 = 0.8175 460
'NQPICVKQPCVDTGCM
4.0
'NQPICVKQPCVDTGCM


440
3.5
2GCMCTGC


420
3.0
2.5 400
2.0 380 R2 = 0.9718
1.5 360
1.0
340
0.5
0.0 320
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

70

90

10

30
60

80

00

20
50

70

90

10

30
60

80

00

20

1,

1,
1,

1,
1,

1,
1,

1,

5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV
9JMI 5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV
9JMI

32 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Figure 7 - durometer A hardness, DIN Figure 9 - loss factor tan į for Si 363 low and
abrasion and ball rebound high energy compared to Si 69 and Si 266

100 0.160
Physical property (at respective

90
R2 = 0.4680 0.140
durometer unit/mm3/%)

80

Loss factor tan G (60°C)

70 R2 = 0.9706 0.120
60 R2 = 0.958 0.100
50
40 R2 = 0.9488 0.080
Durometer A hardness
30 0.060
DIN abrasion, 10 N
20 Ball rebound, 23°C
10 0.040
Ball rebound, 60°C
0.020
0

0
0

0
70

90

10

30
60

80

00

20
1, 0.000

1,
1,

1,
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV
9JMI Si 363 low Si 363 high Si 69 Si 266
energy energy

Figure 8 - modulus 300% for Si 363

low/high energy, Si 69 and Si 266 Figure 10 - low energy mixing of Si 363
versus green tire mixing process of Si 363,
12.0
Static modulus at 300% elongation

Si 266 and Si 69 in the first stage

10.0

8.0
(MPa)

6.0 Low temperature Si 363 Green tire Si 363

222 Wh/kg 436 Wh/kg
4.0

2.0
Green tire Si 266 Green tire Si 69
0.0 410 Wh/kg 451 Wh/kg
Si 363 low Si 363 high Si 69 Si 266
energy energy

Compared to standard sulfidic silanes like Si 69 and Si 266,
the strong reinforcement potential and the reduction of hysteresis
loss with Si 363 is eminent. Even at the lowest mixing tempera-
tures of lower than 110°C, the modulus reaches the level of the
polysulfides (figure 8). The exceptional benefit in hysteresis of Si
363 is maintained, even at the lowest energy input (figure 9). The
higher mixing energy leads to better performance, but the fact
that low energy mixing of Si 363 provides a better rubber consis-
tency and good reinforcement allows adjustment of performance
and processing with a controlled energy input.
The results indicate that Si 363 can be mixed at uncom-
monly low temperatures in the range of 100°C to 120°C, but
the data also show that more performance can be achieved at
the higher mixing energies. As a consequence, a combination

Table 4 - target and achieved mixing temperatures and specific energy input

Compound number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Si 363 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 - - 9.00 9.00
Si 266 - - - - - - - 5.80 - - -
Si 69 - - - - - - - - 6.40 - -
$CVEJVCTIGVVGORGTCVWTGſTUVUVCIG °C 100 100 100 100 100 100 145 145 145 145 100
Batch target temperature second stage °C 100 100 115 130 145 160 145 145 145 145 145
$CVEJVGORGTCVWTGſTUVUVCIG °C 108 108 103 108 108 108 138 141 144 143 108
Batch temperature second stage °C 98 99 116 134 144 157 146 144 144 144 143
Batch temperature third stage °C 106 105 106 104 104 104 103 107 110 105 107
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWVſTUVUVCIG Wh/kg 215 222 215 214 218 221 436 410 451 352 221
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWVUGEQPFUVCIG Wh/kg 160 155 215 300 395 482 304 266 241 276 265
5RGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWVVJKTFUVCIG Wh/kg 174 167 160 155 149 146 145 147 151 148 153
6QVCNURGEKſEGPGTI[KPRWV Wh/kg 549 544 590 669 762 849 885 823 843 776 639

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 33

 Figure 11 - stepwise increase of energy Figure 13 - Payne effect RPA (60°C) of raw
input of Si 363 compounds compared to (second and third stage) and vulcanized
green tire mixing compounds

1.60
1.40
Si 363 1.20

Delta G' (MPa)

Si 363 Si 363
377 Wh/kg 430 Wh/kg 514 Wh/kg 1.00
0.80
Green tire 0.60
Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 0.40
613 Wh/kg 703 Wh/kg 740 Wh/kg
0.20
0.00
Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
of low and high energy mixing was investigated to optimize the low high green green green
rubber consistency and the performance of Si 363 compounds. energy energy tire tire tire

Experiment II: Low energy input in the first stage, and a D modulus second stage
stepwise increase of energy in the second stage D modulus third stage
The formulations were kept identical, but the target mixing D modulus vulcanized
temperatures were changed (table 4). For the Si 363, com-
pounds of the first stage were mixed at a target temperature of
100°C. The second stage was mixed with increasing tempera- Figure 14 - elongation at break
ture (compounds 1-6 and 11 as repetition of 5). In order to be
500
able to compare these trial compounds with the standard proce-
Elongation at break (%)

450
dure, Si 363, Si 266 and Si 69 were also mixed according to the 400
standard settings of the green tire mixing procedure (com- 350
pounds 7-10) with higher chamber temperatures (70°C in the 300
first, and 80°C in the second, but with the same timing). 250
Once again, Si 363 mixed at low mixing energy in the first 200
stage (compound 2, for example) showed very good sheet ap- 150
pearance compared to the green tire mixing procedure of Si 363 100
(compound 7) and Si 266 and Si 69 (figure 10). In the second 50
stage, the mixing temperature, and hence the energy input, was
stepwise increased (figure 11). Apparently, the Si 363 com- Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
pounds can be mixed at the highest energy inputs without a low high green green green
energy energy tire tire tire
Elongation at break
Figure 12 - Mooney values of the three
mixing stages
Figure 15 - modulus at 300% elongation
160
140 14.0
Mooney viscosity (MU)

120 12.0
Modulus 300% (MPa)

100 10.0
80
8.0
60
40 6.0

20 4.0
0 2.0
Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
low high green green green 0.0
energy energy tire tire tire Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
/.
 CVu%ſTUVUVCIG low high green green green
ML (1+4) at 100°C second stage energy energy tire tire tire
ML (1+4) at 100°C third stage Modulus 300%

34 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Figure 16 - ball rebound at 23°C and 60°C Figure 18 - peak area of undispersed filler
with tactile method topo
80.0
70.0 4.0
60.0 3.5
Ball rebound (%)

50.0 3.0

Peak area (%)

40.0 2.5
30.0 2.0
20.0 1.5
10.0 1.0
0.0 0.5
Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
low high green green green 0.0
energy energy tire tire tire Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
Ball rebound 23°C low high green green green
Ball rebound 60°C energy energy tire tire tire
Ball rebound 60°C to 23°C Dispersion: Peak area (topo)

300% elongation also benefits from the high energy mixing

Figure 17 - loss factor tan į at 0°C and 60°C (figure 15) compared to the low energy mixing.
Si 363 is known to have excellent dynamic properties com-
0.500
0.450
pared to all other available silanes on the market. This was
0.400 confirmed again looking at the ball rebound and hysteresis loss
0.350 YDOXHVILJXUHV7KHORVVIDFWRUWDQįDWƒ&RI6L
0.300 is roughly 30-35% lower than for the sulfidic silanes. Once
Tan G

0.250 again, the low temperature mixing is beneficial for the filler
0.200 dispersion (figure 18). This may be related to the higher shear
0.150 forces at the low mixing temperature of the first mixing stage.
0.100
0.050 Summary
0.000 In the past, the optimum mixing temperature for rubber silanes
Si 363 Si 363 Si 363 Si 266 Si 69
low high green green green was always the highest possible temperature without notable
energy energy tire tire tire pre-crosslinking or pre-scorch. The reason was that, with in-
Tan G, 0°C creasing mixing temperature, the silica was better hydrophobi-
Tan G, 60°C zed, which resulted in lower viscosities and better processing.
Due to the chemical structure of Si 363 with free mercapto
negative effect on the sheet appearance. function and long amphiphilic substituents on the silica active
In order to investigate the advantages of the low first/high side, higher mixing temperatures at the beginning of the mixing
second stage mixing procedure to the standard mixing process, process can lead to unsatisfactory rubber sheet appearance and
compounds 2 (Si 363, low energy), 6 (Si 363, high energy), 7 processability issues. It was shown that the unusual approach of
(Si 363, green tire), 8 (Si 266, green tire) and 9 (Si 69, green mixing the silane at low temperatures at the beginning and at
tire) were compared (figures 12-18). higher temperatures in subsequent mixing steps leads to a syn-
The high energy mixing of the Si 363 provides a very good ergism between processability and rubber performance. The
sheet appearance at comparable compound viscosities in all exceptional hysteresis benefits of Si 363 can be maintained.
three mixing stages (figure 12). After the third stage, it provides
even better viscosities than the green tire mixing procedure of References
all references. As expected, the Payne effect of the Si 363 com- 1. H.-D. Luginsland, “A review on the chemistry and the rein-
pounds is on a significant lower level than the standard silanes forcement of the silica-silane filler system for rubber applica-
(figure 13). The high energy mixing is on the level of the green tions,” Shaker Verlag, Aachen (2002).
tire Si 363 compound. This shows that the low/high energy 2. C. Röben, “Application of the high performance silane Si 363 in
mixing gives advantages over the standard mixing procedure. green tire tread compounds,” Tire Technology Conference (2015).
Elongation at break is improved with the new mixing ap- 3. O. Klockmann, P. Albert, A. Hasse and K. Korth, “A new
proach (figure 14). Si 363 provides typically lower elongation silane for future requirements: Lower rolling resistance, lower
at break values compared to the polysulfidic silanes because of VOCs,” Rubber World, 234, pp. 36-40 (2006).
its very high coupling efficiency. With the new mixing, the 4. A. Wehmeier, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Technical
elongation reaches the level of the references. The modulus at Report 820, April 2018.

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 35

Understanding traction enhancers with
Ueshima RTM friction tester
by Edward R. Terrill, Akron Rubber Development Laboratory,
and Hiroshi Yoshioka, Ueshima Seisakusho Company Ltd.
The effects of three formulation variations on coefficient of
friction (mμ) in tire tread compounds were studied. Three for-
mulation changes were examined as potential routes to improve
wet, dry and/or ice traction of a model tire tread compound. The
formulation changes were:
 ‡5HSODFHSKURIWKHSRO\PHUSKU)66%5DQGSKU
from Eastman Chemical (ref. 3), which is a known traction en-
hancer. The high Tg compatible resin (aromatic pure monomer
resin) shifts the viscoelastic properties (Tg) to higher temperatures.
This study aimed at understanding the effect of these formula-
tion variables on performance using several tests. The evalua-
tions included dynamic mechanical properties: frequency sweeps
and WLF (frequency/temperature) analysis. In the second test
method, dynamic mechanical properties were measured using a
Metravib VHF-104 (very high frequency) dynamic mechanical
 3%GZLWKSKUSRO\LVRSUHQH15 analyzer (DMA). Tire performance predictors were determined
 ‡5HSODFHSKURIWKHRLOZLWKSKUOLTXLGSRO\LVRSUHQH using dynamic mechanical analysis. Tangent delta at -10°C is
rubber probably the best predictor for ice traction where higher is better.
 ‡5HSODFHSKURIWKHRLOZLWKSKURIDQDURPDWLFSXUH Tangent delta at 0°C is probably the best predictor for wet trac-
monomer resin tion where higher is better. Loss compliance (J") at 30°C in shear
The background and motivation for this work was based on is probably the best predictor for dry traction where higher is
the idea that the mechano-chemistry at the rubber to surface in- better. Thirdly (the third method), the effects of traction enhanc-
terface has a significant influence on tire tread performance. For ers were evaluated with a Ueshima RTM friction tester FR-7225.
example, it is known to the industry that cis-polybutadiene is
very helpful for treadwear in tires. The reason is not understood; Experimental techniques
however, one hypothesis is that the mechano-chemistry of the Dynamic mechanical analysis (WLF experiment)
polybutadiene is playing a key role. It is known that polybutadi- A Metravib DMA150 dynamic mechanical analyzer was used
ene during aging/fatigue/abrasion generates free radicals, which in shear deformation to perform frequency sweeps at a series of
lead to crosslinking reactions (ref. 1). It is thereby possible that temperatures. The geometry used was a simple shear with a 10
the benefit (wear resistance) can be attributed to a “self-healing” mm by 2 mm sample in a dual lap shear configuration. The
or a “hardening” molecular mechanism. That concept suggested experimental conditions were 1 to 1,000 Hz with 15 points in
that the mechano-chemistry reactions could also possibly affect evenly spaced log steps at 5% dynamic strain. Subsequent
traction. The question was asked: Could a “chain scission” or analysis (data shifting) yielded a master curve.
“softening” molecular mechanism be beneficial for traction?
That means chain scission leading to the formation of reactive Metravib VHF 104 (very high frequency) DMA
carbon radicals, which subsequently undergo chain scission. The dynamic mechanical properties were measured using a
Presumably, chain scission would produce a tacky and/or soft Metravib VHF 104 (very high frequency) DMA by Laurent
material (adhesive material) on
a molecular scale. Can the free
radical degradation chemistry of Table 1 - compounds
natural rubber (chain scission NR LIR Resin
Variable/ Compound Control
and “long life radicals”) benefit Ingredients
friction? The background work FX3234A-2 Arlanxeo 61.9 55 61.9 61.9
E\ $1 *HQW DQG &75 3XO- SLF 16S42 Goodyear 10 10 10 10
ford (ref. 2) found that the free SBR 1502 E-SBR 30 30 30 30
Budene 1207 PBD rubber 15 10 15 15
radical chemistry was the only - 10 - -
Natural rubber CV-60
explanation for some of the ob- N234 Carbon black 5 5 5 5
served differences in abrasion Agilon 400 ERTNB8-55-5 77 77 77 77
and surface stickiness (during Aromatic oil Sundex 790 12 13.9 2 -
abrasion) in tire polymers. KL-10 LIR - - 10 -
Impera P1504 - - - 12
The motivation for the use of 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Zinc oxide Cure activator
liquid isoprene rubber (the sec- Stearic acid Cure activator 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
ond idea) to enhance friction is Okerin wax 7240 Microcrystalline wax 2 2 2 2
similar: reactive free radicals af- 6PPD 6PPD 2 2 2 2
fecting friction and, secondly, Wingstay 100 Diphenyl p-phenylene diamine 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Sulfur Crosslinker 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
the tackiness of the LIR. The 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
CBS Accelerator
high Tg resin additive (the third DPG Accelerator 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
idea) is a commercial material Total 221.81 221.81 221.81 221.81

36 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Figure 1 - tangent delta between 10 and Figure 4 - tangent delta as a function of
100,000 Hz at 5°C frequency at -10°C
1.4 1.2
Reference temperature = 5°C Control
1.2 1.1 NR
1.0 1.0 LIR
Tan delta

Resin 0.9 Resin

0.8

Tangent delta
0.6 0.8
0.4 Control, NR, LIR 0.7
0.6
0.2
0.5
0
0.4
01

02

03

04

05
0.3
E+

E+

E+

E+

E+
1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
Reduced frequency (Hz) 0.2
1,000 10,000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 2 - loss compliance as a function of
frequency at 10°C Ueshima RTM friction tester (Model FR-7225 rotational
traction measuring system)
2.5E-08 Control The RTM friction tester was used to evaluate the friction proper-
NR
Loss compliance (1/Pa)

2.0E-08 ties of the model tire tread compounds in dry, wet and ice condi-
LIR
Resin tions on a rotating surface. The surface was covered with a
1.5E-08 safety walk. The samples were molded rubber wheels. The slip
ratio was varied from 0% to 43% by increasing surface speed,
1.0E-08 while measuring the coefficient of friction. The angular slip was
usually zero; however, it was also varied. Six mμ slip tests were
5.0E-09 performed, including (1) 30 N, 30 km/hour, (2) varying speed:
30, 40, 50 km/hour, (3) varying load: 30, 70, 110 N at 30 km/
0.0E+00
1,000 10,000
Frequency (Hz) Figure 5 - Ueshima FR-7225 friction tester

Perier, material testing engineer, Metravib, a division of

ACOEM in Lyon, France. The test mode was tension-compres-
sion. The specimen size was 9.5 mm in diameter and 6.3 mm
in height. The dynamic strain was 1E-5. The frequency range
was 100 Hz to 10,000 Hz with 71 points. The tests were per-
formed at 10°C, 0°C and -10°C.

Figure 3 - tangent delta as a function of

frequency at 0°C

1.2 Control
1.1 NR
1.0 LIR
0.9 Resin
Tangent delta

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1,000 10,000
Frequency (Hz)

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 37

 plotted (figure 1). The WLF technique helped to determine wet
Figure 6 - sample wheel traction predicted rankings. The tangent delta in the 1,000 to
10,000 Hz frequency range corresponds to the phenomenon of
wet traction performance and wet traction prediction. The resin
IRUPXODWLRQKDGWKHEHVWSUHGLFWHGZHWWUDFWLRQXVLQJWDQįEH-
tween 1,000 and 10,000, where higher is better.

Dynamic mechanical analysis using VHF-104

The dynamic mechanical properties were also tested on a
Metravib VHF-104 (very high frequency) DMA. The test
mode was tension-compression. The specimen size was 9.5

Figure 8 - slip ratio versus time (typical

results)

50

40
Figure 7 - brush for cleaning surface

Slip ratio (%)

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (seconds)

Figure 9 - mμ versus time

2.0

1.5

1.0
mμ

hour, (4) acceleration mode (increasing sample speed), (5) slip

angle of 5 degrees and (6) slip angle of 10 degrees.
0.5
Materials
Four compounds were prepared (which will be called control, 0
NR, LIR and resin). The formulations as shown in table 1. The 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
control formulation contains four polymers: oil extended func- Time (seconds)
tionalized solution SBR (FX3234A-2), solution SBR (SLF
16S42), emulsion SBR (SBR 1502) and cis-polybutadiene
(Budene 1207). The control formulation (control) had Agilon Figure 10 - mμ versus slip ratio
400 as the filler and Sundex 790 aromatic oil. In the first ex-
2.0
perimental formulation (NR), five parts of functionalized solu-
tion SBR and five parts of cis-polybutadiene were replaced by
1.5
10 phr of natural rubber. In the second experimental formulation
(LIR), 10 parts of Sundex 790 aromatic oil were replaced with
1.0
mμ

10 parts of KL-10 liquid polyisoprene. In the third experimental

formulation, 12 parts of Sundex 790 aromatic oil were replaced
with 12 parts of Impera P1504. 0.5

Results 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
WLF experiments in shear at 5% strain
The DMA frequency sweep and WLF analysis results were Slip ratio (%)

38 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Figure 11 - typical mμ slip results (three replicates): dry, safety walk, 30 km/hour, 30 N

2.3
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3 Step
m (μ)

1.1 1
1
0.9
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45
Slip ratio %

in 4 seconds, and subsequently held at 43% for 2

Figure 12 - surface pressure and footprint seconds. The tests used braking slip conditions.
 The coefficient of friction (mμ) was measured
Set load N 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0
Contact cm 2 1.56 1.67 1.75 1.82 1.90 1.93 2.03 (figure 9), and during that time, mμ goes through
area a peak and slide. Subsequently, mμ was plotted as
Pressure N/cm2 12.8 23.9 34.2 43.8 52.7 62.3 69.0 a function of slip angle (figure 10).
psi 18.55 34.63 49.60 63.57 76.47 90.26 99.99 The slip ratio was varied from 0 to 43% by in-
20N 40N 60N 80N 100N 120N 140N 2
creasing surface speed while measuring the coef-
ficient of friction. The angular slip was usually
1 ]HURKRZHYHULWZDVDOVRDYDULDEOH6L[P—VOLS
WHVWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGLQFOXGLQJ1NP
0 KRXU  YDU\LQJ VSHHG    NPKRXU 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
The hardness of the sample rubber above is 65.
mm in diameter and 6.3 mm in height. The dynamic strain was
1E-5. The frequency range was 100 Hz to 10,000 Hz with 71
points. The test temperatures were 10°C, 0°C and -10°C.
The loss compliance results at 10°C predicted dry traction
(figure 2). The tangent delta results at 0°C, and -10°C were
used to predict wet and ice traction (figures 3 and 4). The com-
YDU\LQJORDG1DWNPKRXUDF-
celeration mode (increasing sample speed) and (5)
varying slip angle.
Figure 11 shows typical mμ slip results with three replicates.
The results show very good repeatability (low variance). The
surface pressures as a function of normal load were determined
from the changes in the contact area (figure 12).
The test methods on the Ueshima FR-7225 included the fol-
lowing:
pound with resin had higher predicted dry traction (loss compli-  ‡ȝVOLS1NPKRXUGU\ZHWDYHUDJHRIWKUHH
ance at 10°C) than the other compounds. The compound with measurements)
resin had higher predicted wet traction and ice traction than the  ‡ȝVOLSVSHHGVZHHSNPKRXUDW1ORDGGU\
other formulations. The compound with liquid isoprene rubber wet, ice
(LIR) had the second best predicted ice traction.  ‡ȝVOLSORDGVZHHS1DWNPKRXUGU\ZHWLFH
 ‡ȝVOLSDFFHOHUDWLRQPRGHZLWKVOLSUDWLRXSWRGU\
Ueshima RTM friction tester wet, ice
Friction property measurements from the Ueshima RTM fric-
tion tester (Model FR-7225 rotational traction measuring sys-
tem) on the model tire tread compounds included dry, wet and
ice conditions on a rotating surface. The surface was a safety
walk. Figure 5 shows the equipment housing. Figure 6 shows
the specimen and test surface. Figure 7 shows the brush for
cleaning the contact surface. Figure 8 shows the typical data
wherein the slip ratio was increased from 0% to 43% linearly
 ‡ȝVOLSDQJXODUVOLSDQJOHVZHHSƒƒƒZLWK1ORDG
 DQGNPKRXUGU\ZHWLFH
The dry traction results are shown in figure 13. The Ueshi-
ma FR-7225 tester could rank effects of braking (peak and
slide), speed, load, angular slip and acceleration on a dry sur-
face at typical tire footprint pressures. The Ueshima FR-7225
results found the four compounds were not significantly differ-
ent in dry traction.
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 39
 Figure 13 - dry traction results

3.0 0MOJQWT
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The wet traction results at low severity are shown in figure 14.
The Ueshima FR-7225 could rank effects of braking (peak and
slide), speed, load and angular slip on wet surface at typical tire
footprint pressures. The wet traction results were not significantly
different at low severity.
The wet slide coefficient of friction results at 10° angular
slip, which is high severity, measured compound differences
(figure 15). The formulations with resin and NR had a higher
coefficient of friction (COF) than the control at this higher se-
verity. The mμ slip curves for the wet slide coefficient of fric-

Figure 14 - sample wet traction results (at low severity)

8CTKGFURGGF
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40 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 lation had higher mμ values after about 15% slip. The NR
Figure 15 - wet slide coefficient of friction formulation had higher mμ values after about 20% slip, and
at 10° angular slip (high severity) continued to climb during the two-second hold. The resin and
NR formulations possibly improved wet traction (versus the
2.0
FGITGGCPIWNCTUNKR control) at high severity. The idea that chain scission leading to
1.8
%QGHſEKGPVQHHTKEVKQP
UNKFG

the generation of free radicals for increasing friction was ob-

1.6
served with the Ueshima FR-7225 tester under anaerobic (wet),
1.4 high-severity conditions.
1.2 An example of typical ice mμ slip results is shown in figure
1.0 17. Because the peak values had less variation, only the peak
0.8 values were reported.
0.6 The ice peak coefficient of friction as a function of speed is
0.4 shown in figure 18. The results, in general, were not signifi-
0.2 cantly different. The compound with resin had the lowest COF
0.0 at all speeds.
%QPVTQN NR LIR 4GUKP The ice peak coefficient of friction at various loads (30 to
%QORQWPF 110 N) are shown in figure 19. The formulation with LIR had
higher or equal COF at all loads. The compound with resin had
tion results at 10° angular slip are shown in figure 16. The plots the lowest COF at all loads. The ice traction results suggested
are shown with the same scale for comparison. The control and that the formulation with liquid isoprene rubber had better ice
LIR formulations had similar mμ slip curves. The resin formu- coefficient of friction than the other three compounds.

Figure 16 - wet slide mμ slip results at 10° angular slip (high severity)
1.5 1.7
1.4 1.6
1.3 %QPVTQN 1.5 NR
1.2 1.4
1.1 1.3
1.2
1.0 1.1
0.9 1.0
0.8 0.9
0.8

z

0.7
0.6 0.7
0.5 0.6
0.4 0.5
0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
 

1.5 1.8
1.4 1.7
1.3 LIR 1.6 4GUKP
1.2 1.5
1.1 1.4
1.3
1.0 1.2
0.9 1.1
0.8 1.0
0.9

z

0.7
0.6 0.8
0.5 0.7
0.4 0.6
0.5
0.3 0.4
0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2
0 0.1
-0.1 0
 

Figure 17 - typical ice mμ slip results

0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
0.05 0.05

Oz

Oz

0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 41

 Figure 18 - ice peak coefficient of friction Figure 19 - ice peak coefficient of friction
(speed sweep) at various loads (30 to 110 N)
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0.08 0.09
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Summary and conclusions  SHDNFRQGLWLRQVSUHVXPDEO\WKHUDGLFDOVGRQRWIRUPIDVW

The thrust washer coefficient of friction findings for these com-  HQRXJKWRDIIHFWWKHSHDN&2)3UHVXPDEO\WKHUDGLFDOV
pounds were published (ref. 4) and are included in this summary.
The dry traction summary of the compound rankings is:
 ‡9LVFRHODVWLF%HVW UHVLQDQGVHFRQGEHVW 15
 ‡7KUXVWZDVKHU&2)3HDN UHVLQVOLGH QRWVLJQLILFDQWO\
different
 ‡8HVKLPD)51RWVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQW
The wet traction summary of the compound rankings is:
 ‡9LVFRHODVWLF%HVW UHVLQDQGVHFRQGEHVW 15
 ‡7KUXVWZDVKHU&2)3HDN&2)EHVW UHVLQVOLGH&2)
 EHVW 15
 DUHOHVVUHDFWLYHZLWKWKHVXUIDFHJULQGVWRQHZKHQ
 R[\JHQLVSUHVHQWEHFDXVHWKHUDGLFDOVLPPHGLDWHO\UHDFW
 ZLWKR[\JHQWRIRUPSHUR[\UDGLFDOVOHVVUHDFWLYH
radicals) in place of carbon radicals.
 ‡7KH8HVKLPD)5LFHFRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQUHVXOWV
 ZHUHGLUHFWLRQDOO\GLIIHUHQWEXWQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQW
 2ISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLVWU\LQJWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHIIHFWVRI
the three experimental formulations on traction (coefficient of
friction) in wet and dry conditions. The effect of resin will be
GLVFXVVHGILUVWDQGWKHQWKHHIIHFWRI15DQG/,57KHSRWHQWLDO
 ‡8HVKLPD)5ORZVHYHULW\1RWVLJQLILFDQWO\ RIWKHUHVLQWRLPSURYHZHWDQGGU\WUDFWLRQFDQEHDWWULEXWHGWR
different the increase in TgRIWKHFRPSRXQGZKLFKPRGLILHVWKHYLVFR-
 ‡8HVKLPD)5KLJKVHYHULW\%HVW UHVLQ15 HODVWLFSURSHUWLHVHQKDQFLQJWUDFWLRQUHI,WDSSHDUHGWREH
The ice traction summary of the compound rankings is: particularly beneficial for peak coefficient of friction.
 ‡9LVFRHODVWLF%HVW UHVLQDQGVHFRQGEHVW /,5  1H[WWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQUHVXOWVIRUWKH15DQG/,5
 ‡8HVKLPD)5VSHHGVZHHS1RWVLJQLILFDQWO\ formulations will be discussed. The coefficient of friction re-
different VXOWV ZHUH D P\VWHU\ EHFDXVH WKH 15 DQG /,5 IRUPXODWLRQV
 ‡8HVKLPD)5ORDGVZHHS%HVW /,5 SURYLGHGKLJKHUZHW&2)WKDQWKHFRQWUROEXWORZHUGU\&2)
(directionally) than the control from the thrust washer technique. The thrust
The conclusions of the results are: ZDVKHUWHFKQLTXHFRQIRUPVWR$670'6WDQGDUG7HVW
 ‡7KH8HVKLPD)5FRXOGUDQNWKHHIIHFWVRIEUDNLQJ 0HWKRGIRU:HDU5DWHDQG&RHIILFLHQWRI)ULFWLRQRI0DWHULDOV
 SHDNDQGVOLGHVSHHGORDGDQJXODUVOLSDFFHOHUDWLRQ
wet surface and ice surface at typical tire footprint
pressures.
 ‡8HVKLPD)5UHVXOWVIRXQGWKHIRXUFRPSRXQGVZHUH
not significantly different in dry traction.
LQ 6HOI/XEULFDWHG 5XEELQJ &RQWDFW 8VLQJ D 7KUXVW :DVKHU
7HVWLQJ0DFKLQH7KH15IRUPXODWLRQKDGQRDGYDQWDJHGXULQJ
GU\WUDFWLRQRQWKH8HVKLPD)5%XWZHWWUDFWLRQZDVD
different story: The natural rubber material was surprisingly
RQHRIWKHEHVWIRUPXODWLRQVIRUVOLGHZHW&2)WKUXVWZDVKHU
 ‡5HVLQDQG15SRVVLEO\KDGEHWWHUZHWWUDFWLRQWKDQWKH DQG8HVKLPD)5DWKLJKVHYHULW\UHVXOWV
 FRQWURO7KLVZDVREVHUYHGE\WKHWKUHHWHVWPHWKRGV  7KH WKUXVW ZDVKHU &2) WHVW ZDV DOVR D KLJK VHYHULW\ WHVW
 8HVKLPD)5P—VOLSUHVXOWVDWKLJKVHYHULW\WKH WHFKQLTXHZKLFKXVHGORDGVEHWZHHQWRSVL$SRVVLEOH
 WKUXVWZDVKHU&2)UHVXOWVDQGWKHYLVFRHODVWLFSUHGLFWRU explanation is that chain scission during abrasion in isoprene
 WDQįDWž&7KHLGHDK\SRWKHVLVWKDWFKDLQVFLVVLRQ SRO\PHUV RFFXUV XQGHU DQDHURELF FRQGLWLRQV EXW QRW DHURELF
during abrasion/friction on isoprene polymers could conditions. The following explanation is offered as a prelimi-
generate free radicals which aid traction was possibly nary hypothesis. The natural rubber formulation in air during
 VXEVWDQWLDWHGXQGHUDQDHURELFZHWKLJKVHYHULW\ WKHGU\&2)H[SHULPHQWZLOOJHQHUDWHIUHHUDGLFDOVZKLFKLP-
conditions. This idea worked under anaerobic (wet) PHGLDWHO\ UHDFW ZLWK R[\JHQ WR IRUP SHUR[\ UDGLFDOV ZKLFK
 FRQGLWLRQVEXWQRWDHURELFGU\FRQGLWLRQV)XUWKHUPRUH OHDGWRFURVVOLQNLQJDQGWKHUHE\QRDGYDQWDJHZDVREVHUYHG
 WKLVLGHDZRUNHGXQGHUZHWVOLGHFRQGLWLRQVEXWQRWZHW ZLWKWKH15IRUPXODWLRQ

42 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 In contrast, during wet traction, the polyisoprene (NR) for-
mulation will be in an “anaerobic” situation. The free radicals
generated during the coefficient of friction experiment could
remain as carbon radicals. In other words, the water prevents
the free radical from quickly reacting with oxygen to from
peroxy radicals.
The carbon radicals would be more likely to react with the
counter surface (silicon carbide) and/or undergo chain scission
to generate a sticky/adhesive layer on the surface. Presumably,
chain scission would produce a sticky material (tacky/adhesive
material) on the surface.
References
1. J.A. Kuczkowski, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 84 (3),
pp. 273-295 (2011).
2. A.N. Gent and C.T.R. Pulford, Rubber Chemistry and Tech-
nology, 53 (1), pp. 176-185 (1980).
3. M. Arigo, “Performance hydrocarbon resins in tread formu-
lations: Balancing the magic triangle,” paper presented at the
194th Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Louis-
ville, KY, 2018.
4. E. Terrill, A. Bashir and R. Meser, Rubber and Plastics News,
September 23, 2019, pp.14-18.

Rubber Molding Principles

Author: Van Walworth Edition: Second, Pages: 156
Molding Principles is the first in a series of technical books written to highlight the fundamentals of various aspects of
rubber molding technology and how they relate to each other. The more one understands the interactions and rela-
tionships of these fundamental principles, the better one is able to exploit the fundamentals to their fullest advantage.
Rubber Molding Principles is not intended to be an exhaustive attempt to cover every aspect of rubber molding tech-
nology. The fundamentals presented in this book are the fundamental elements of rubber molding technology which
I consider to be essential to a better understanding of rubber molding technology. As a result, some of the information presented in this
book will be obvious and well known to many rubber molding practitioners, while some of the fundamentals discussed in this book will not
necessarily be considered basic, or even obvious, to those skilled in rubber molding technology.
www.rubberworld.com/BOOKSTORE

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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 43

Dynamically vulcanized alloy as tire inner liner
by Ramendra Nath Majumdar, American Triangle Tire Technology
(A3T, LLC)
The invention of a commercially viable tubeless tire by Frank
+HU]HJKRI%)*RRGULFKGXULQJWKHVZDVDEUHDNWKURXJK
in tire air retention technology that eliminated the need for sepa-
More than a decade has passed, yet the number of tires on
the street with a DVA type inner liner is negligible compared to
conventional tires with a halobutyl inner liner. This is because
of multiple manufacturing and other issues associated with the
DVA type inner liner. Three of the many issues are described.
 ‡6DPSOHVSURYLGHGWRWLUHFRPSDQLHVZHUHF\OLQGULFDO'9$
UDWH PDQXIDFWXUH RI WLUH LQQHU WXEHV UHI  7KH LQLWLDO EXW\O co-blown with an adhesive layer to fit a specific tire,
rubber based tubeless inner liner proposed by Herzegh was later because methods of joining the splices of DVA directly on
replaced by bromobutyl or chlorobutyl due to their better adhe- the tire building drum from a roll were not known at that
VLRQWRWKHWLUHFDUFDVVUHI time. This was a big issue for tire companies, as every tire
 ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI WLUHV ZLWK G\QDPLFDOO\ YXOFDQL]HG DOOR\ size required an inventory of specific diameter cylindrical
'9$DVWKHLQQHUOLQHUE\<RNRKDPDLQLQLWLDOO\DSSHDUHG DVA film co-blown with an adhesive. Moreover, inserting
WREHWKHQH[WELJWKLQJLQLQQHUOLQHUWHFKQRORJ\GXHWRDVLJQLIL- annular DVA rings onto tire building drums was
cant reduction in material use without a reduction in barrier problematic when conventional tire building machines
SURSHUWLHVUHIVDQG2QHH[DPSOHRIVXFKDWLUHLVWKH<R-
NRKDPD G% 6XSHU (6SHF IRU WKH 7R\RWD 3ULXV K\EULG ZKLFK
UHGXFHGWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHLQQHUOLQHUWRRIWKHRULJLQDOWKXV
reducing overall weight, which contributed to higher fuel mile-
DJHIURPVXFKWLUHV2WKHUQDPHVZHUHDOVRXVHGE\<RNRKDPD
IRUVLPLODULQQHUOLQHUSURGXFWVVXFKDV$LU7H[$GYDQFHG/LQHU
were utilized. Tire companies would rather buy a roll of
DVA to build multiple tire sizes and join the ends of the
DVA inner liner at the tire building machine, as is done
during conventional tire manufacturing.
 ‡&REORZLQJ'9$ZLWKDQDGKHVLYHOD\HULVUHODWLYHO\
complicated compared to manufacturing DVA film alone.
DQG<RNRKDPD$GYDQFHG/LQHU<$/7KH\DUHDOOHVVHQWLDOO\D Therefore, it potentially skyrockets the cost of adhesive
blend of rubber and plastic, where plastic is in the continuous coated DVA inner liners so that the material savings are no
phase and rubber is in the dispersed phase. The purpose of the longer more profitable to tire companies than using
SODVWLFFRQWLQXRXVSKDVHHJQ\ORQLVWRSURYLGHJRRGEDUULHU conventional inner liner. Tire companies would prefer to
SURSHUWLHV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHGLVFRQWLQXRXVUXEEHUSKDVHHJ adhere lower cost DVA without the adhesive layer directly
([[SURIURP([[RQ0RELOLVWRLPSDUWUXEEHUOLNHIOH[LEOHSURS- to the tire layer at tire building drums, as is done during
erties and to improve adhesion to other layers to which DVA is conventional tire manufacturing.
DWWDFKHG([[RQ0RELOXQGHUMRLQWDJUHHPHQWZLWK<RNRKDPD  ‡2QHRIWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJ'9$LQQHUOLQHULVZHLJKW
VWDUWHGGLVWULEXWLQJDQQXODU'9$LQQHUOLQHU\HOORZFREORZQ savings in aviation tires. Aviation tires need balancing, and
ZLWK DQ DGKHVLYH OD\HU ZKLWH LQ  XQGHU WKH WUDGH QDPH commercially available balance pads do not adhere to
([[FRUH'9$UHIVDQG7KHUHFRPPHQGHGWLUHPDQXIDFWXU- DVA inner liner.
LQJSURFHVVZLWK([[FRUH'9$LVVKRZQLQILJXUH7KHDQQXODU This article discusses solutions to the above mentioned
ring of inner liner was provided because the method of joining problems, as well as potential new applications of DVA, so that
WKHVSOLFHVRI'9$ZDVQRWNQRZQDWWKDWWLPH6LQFH'9$GLG building tires with DVA inner liner becomes more manufactur-
not bond well directly to the tire layer, special adhesive was er-friendly.
coated onto one side of the DVA for better bonding through this
intermediate adhesive layer to the tire carcass. Experimental
Materials
&REORZQ([[FRUH'9$ILOP\HOORZZLWKDQDGKHVLYHOD\HU
Figure 1 - recommended tire building
procedure with cylindrical dynamically
vulcanized alloy (yellow) co-blown with an
outer adhesive layer (white) (ref. 6)
ZKLWHZDVVXSSOLHGE\([[RQ0RELO([[FRUH'9$ILOPZLWK-
out the adhesive coating was obtained by special request from
([[RQ0RELO%DODQFH3DGVZHUHREWDLQHGIURPWZRVRXUFHV
3DWFK 5XEEHU &RPSDQ\ DQG7HFK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7KH IDVW GU\
FHPHQW XVHG LV DQ RUJDQLF VROYHQWEDVHG FHPHQW IURP 3DWFK
5XEEHU&RPSDQ\
Joining DVA by heat sealing
5HFWDQJXODUILOPVWULSV³;´RI([[FRUH'9$ZHUHWDNHQ
DQGWZRVWULSVZHUHSODFHGLQDSUHVVVRWKDW³;´ZDVRYHU-
DVA Tire ODSSHG DQG WKH ILQDO GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH WHVW SLHFH ZDV ³;´
adhesive building 7KHQLWZDVSUHVVHGIRUDVKRUWWLPHDWƒ&7KHWHVWSLHFH
side out drum prepared is shown in figure 2.
Cured
tire  7KHQWKHMRLQHG'9$ILOPZDVSXOOHGZLWKDQ,QVWURQWHQVLOH
WHVWHUDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHDWDFURVVKHDGVSHHGRIPPPLQ-

44 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Figure 2 - two 1“X3” DVA films with 1“X1” Table 1 - effect of HMMM on rubber
overlapped and then heat or ultrasonically composition or ExxonMobil adhesive layer
welded (ref. 7) on adhesion to DVA inner liner (ref. 8)

ExxonMobil HMMM in rubber Adhesion to DVA

adhesive layer composition (pounds/inch)
Yes No 5.3
No No 3.9
No Yes 17.9

Table 2 - adhesion of balance pads to tire

with DVA inner liner (ref. 9)

Adhesive Balance pad supplier 23°C peel

(N/inch)
Loctite 401a) Custom made 47.8+
Loctite 409b) Custom made 51.9+
Loctite 455c) Custom made 36.0+
Figure 3 - heat welded DVA film after Fast dry cementd) Patch Rubber Company 0.5
adhesion testing (ref. 7) Fast dry cementd) Tech International 0.3

a) 90-100% ethyl cyanoacrylate

b) 80-90% ethyl cyanoacrylate + 5-10% treated fumed silica
c) Alkoxyethyl cyanoacrylate
d) Zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate dibutylamine complex

in table 1 for comparison (ref. 8). Active HMMM (72%) in a

free-flowing silica carrier added was 2.78 phr.

180° angle peel adhesion of balance pads to a tire with DVA

ute. One tested piece is shown in figure 3. The sample broke
outside the overlapped area in this lap shear adhesion test, and the
elongation at break was 397% (ref. 7).
Joining DVA by ultrasonic welding
Rectangular film strips (1“X3”) of Exxcore DVA were taken.
Two strips were placed so that 1“X1” was overlapped and the
final dimension of the test piece was 1“X5”. The overlapped
portion was joined by heat generated from an ultrasonic welder.
The test piece looked similar to that shown in figure 2. After
testing for lap shear adhesion, tested pieces looked very similar,
as seen in figure 3.
Tire building
DVA film was wrapped around the tire building drum, and
overlapped portions were heat sealed using an industrial grade
hot air gun. The DVA film supplied was already coated with
adhesive by ExxonMobil, and the adhesive side was facing up.
The remainder of the green tire was built in a conventional
manner. The green tire was cured at 175°C in a curing press.
The passenger tire was successfully tested without any issues
(ref. 7).
180° angle peel adhesion of DVA to ply compound
Adhesion of DVA with and without an adhesive layer to control
the ply compound is shown in table 1. Adhesion of DVA with-
out an adhesive layer to a ply compound modified with 2 phr
active hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) is also shown
inner liner
Balance pads from Patch or Tech International were attached to
a tire with a DVA inner liner using the recommended fast dry
cement. The adhesion values are shown in table 2 (ref. 9).
The custom-made balance pad had a layer of DVA attached
to the high-density rubber layer. Adhesion of this balance pad
to a tire with a DVA inner liner with three different adhesives
from Henkel Corporation is also shown in table 2 (ref. 9). In all
cases, no separation occurred at the interface during adhesion
testing, and hence a “+” sign is added after the recorded adhe-
sion values.
Results and discussion
Joining two ends of overlapped DVA inner liner
On pulling heat or ultrasonically welded DVA film, the break
occurs outside the joined part, thus indicating that the film
strength at the joined portion is higher than for the original film
(figures 2 and 3). Thus, tires with DVA can be manufactured
from a roll of film, and the overlapped portion of film can be
directly welded at the tire building drum. The elongation at
break is high (397%), thus indicating that the overlapped and
joined film will survive the expansion of the film during tire
manufacturing (ref. 7). DVA, adhesive coated on one side by
ExxonMobil, also bonded well by heat with the uncoated op-
posite side (laboratory adhesion data are not shown). The ex-
perimental passenger tire built where overlapped DVA was at-
tached using a hot air industrial blower passed the roadworthi-
ness test (ref. 7). A European patent granted in 2011 and as-

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 45

signed to Goodyear on this DVA splice joining technology
which can be carried out directly in the tire building drum was
revoked on April 1, 2020, resulting from opposition filed by
Yokohama. However, to date, the German patent which was
prosecuted parallel to the European patent is currently active,
with an anticipated expiration on May 6, 2029 (ref. 7).
Adhesion of DVA to tire layer
Inner liner is generally attached to a ply compound in passenger
car tires, and hence, adhesion of DVA to a ply compound was
determined. DVA without an adhesive layer showed an adhe-
sion value of 3.9 pounds/inch to the ply compound, and it in-
creased 36% to 5.3 pounds/inch by coating the DVA with an
adhesive layer via a co-blowing procedure (table 1). Adhesion
of DVA without an adhesive layer increases 359% to 17.9
pounds/inch if 2 phr HMMM is added to the ply compound
(ref. 8). Adhesion value is increased by 238% by incorporating
HMMM in the ply compound compared to ExxonMobil’s rec-
ommended co-blown adhesive onto DVA (17.9 pounds/inch
versus 5.3 pounds/inch) (table 1). Thus, it is possible to build
tires using DVA without a co-blown adhesive layer by incorpo-
rating minor amounts of HMMM or other similar donors into
Decorative barcode for tire sidewall
Barcodes for tires are generally printed on one side of white
titanium dioxide filled polyester film, and the other side is
coated with pressure sensitive adhesive. These plastic barcodes
are usually applied near the bead region of tires where there is
not enough rubber movement during tire cure and flexing dur-
ing tire use. These barcodes, if applied in a tire sidewall, move
to a different location due to rubber flow at the curing step in
the tire sidewall region. If the barcodes survive the tire cure,
they fail to remain adhered to the tire sidewall during tire use,
as the barcodes do not flex dynamically like tire sidewalls do.
Many groups, like race tire groups, wanted to monitor in
and outgoing vehicles’ tires by scanning the barcodes. Conven-
tional plastic barcodes only work when applied in the bead
area, and are not visible once the tire is mounted. 3D barcodes
can be generated in a tire sidewall by utilizing 3D metal bar-
codes in the tire sidewall and removing them after tire curing.
Figure 1 - cross-section of rubber barcode
layers top to bottom: Transparent film or
coating (partially peeled film shown in
yellow), white cured rubber with barcode
printed on top, black solventless adhesive
and embossed polyethylene film (shown
in red)
46 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
the compound outer liner to the DVA inner liner for better
bonding. The European patent granted in 2013 on the addition
of HMMM to rubber compounds for improving adhesion of
DVA was assigned to Goodyear. It is not in force, effective
April 3, 2020, resulting from First Worldwide Family Litiga-
tion, and hence, this valuable technology for joining DVA to a
tire outer layer in an economically feasible manner is now
available to all companies (ref. 8).
Balancing tires with DVA inner liner
Many tires, particularly aviation tires, need to be weight bal-
anced by attaching a balance pad onto the inner liner. When
aviation tires with a DVA inner liner were balanced using con-
ventional balance pads from Patch Rubber Company or Tech
International, in conjunction with fast dry cement, they fell off
during testing.
Balance pad adhesion from Patch Rubber Company and
Tech International using recommended fast dry cement is ex-
tremely low, and they are, respectively, 0.5 and 0.3 N/inch
(table 2). Apparently, DVA has nylon as a continuous phase,
which does not adhere well to conventional balance pads devel-
oped for rubber-based inner liner.
But such barcodes need more expensive scanners to read rela-
tive to common 2D barcode scanners.
It was generally believed that during inflation and deflation
of tires, the relative gap between the lines of barcode attached
to the tire sidewall would change, thus impairing readability.
However, it was experimentally demonstrated that the relative
gaps between the barcode lines remain the same, whether the
tire is inflated or deflated. Barcodes were consistently and ac-
curately read when applied to sidewall, irrespective of tire infla-
tion pressure, and it was patented (ref. 1).
Fabrication of rubber barcode for tire sidewall
Rubber barcodes for tire sidewall have several layers, as
shown in figure 1. Details of the different layers and their
purpose are described.
Top transparent layer
The barcode should be applied to a green tire sidewall before
the outside black tire paint application. If the barcode is ap-
plied after the black tire paint application, then is does not
adhere well. If the barcode is applied before the tire paint ap-
plication without the top transparent layer, then the barcode
will get masked by curing of the black tire paint on the top. A
transparent mylar top layer is not suitable, as it does not
stretch, and therefore will fall off during tire cure or during tire
use. The top layer is undrawn thermoformable biaxially
stretchable nylon 6,6 film of an approximate thickness of 2
mil, or a spray coated polyurethane, e.g., Sancure 776 with a
thickness of 2 μm to 25.4 μm. In both these layers, tire paint
does not stick, resulting in tires with a clean barcode after cure.
 So new balance pads were custom made by attaching a rub-
ber compound to DVA and then cutting it to the exact weight.
The DVA surface of the custom made balance pad was in-
tended to be joined to the DVA inner liner. This way, both inner
liner and newly created balance pads can be joined by many
commercially available adhesives recommended for joining
nylon to nylon. Three different adhesives from Henkel Corpo-
ration (Loctite 401, Loctite 409 and Loctite 455) were tried as
examples. They all tore the DVA inner liner with no interfacial
separation between DVA surfaces (ref. 9). The light weight
aviation tires passed the airworthiness test.
Other potential applications of DVA film
DVA provides poor bonding with conventional inner liner com-
pounds which normally do not contain HMMM or other similar
donors. Thus, if a tire is built by first applying DVA to the tire
building drum, followed by other layers, then the DVA layer
can be removed after tire curing, thus exposing a clean inner
liner surface free of inside tire paint or bladder lube convention-
ally used for easy release of tires from the mold. This eliminates
the tedious and time-consuming inner liner cleaning steps for
attaching puncture sealant layers, acoustic foam, balance pads,
Cured white rubber layer with printed barcode
A cured or partially cured polyisoprene is filled with titanium
dioxide to impart white color on the top of which the bar code
is printed. The low strain modulus of this layer should be
close to that of the tire sidewall. The printing ink should sur-
vive the tire cure conditions of high temperature and pres-
sure.
Cementless adhesive layer
A green tacky curable cementless adhesive layer bonds well
to cured rubber, as previously described (ref. 2). Low strain
modulus of this adhesive after cure should be similar to the
tire sidewall modulus, and it can be done by adjusting the
carbon black content of the self-adhering cementless adhe-
sive. It should essentially be free of staining ingredients to
prevent staining of the white barcode layer above it.
Bottom adhesive protective layer
A diamond embossed polyethylene film is widely available in
the market in different colors. Embossing helps to remove the
film in one piece while removing it before adhering it to the
green tire sidewall. The purpose of this film is to protect the
tacky adhesive above it from contamination.
Implementation
Rubber barcodes were first implemented in the sidewall of
dirt track race tires to test in the field, as these types of tires
undergo extreme flexing, particularly at the sidewall region
during racing. No barcode separation occurred after imple-
mentation. These rubber barcodes are suitable for cradle-to-
grave identification of race tires.
These barcodes are also used inside tires for internal trace-
ability and to guarantee the originality of the tire.
TPMS device, RFID, antenna, etc., to already cured tires. It is
experimentally found that during the tire curing step, some in-
gredients from DVA transfer to the inner liner, thus priming the
surface for better adhesion of balance pads (ref. 10).
Conclusion
The methods for joining overlapped DVA film by heat or ultra-
sonic welding will eliminate the need for cylindrical DVA film
as an inner liner for tire building.
DVA without the adhesive layer can strongly be bonded to
the outer tire layer by adding a small amount of HMMM or
other similar donors to the outer tire layer.
Conventional balance pads cannot be attached to tires with
a DVA inner liner by using conventional fast dry cement. How-
ever, when new balance pads were designed using a DVA layer
to join to the DVA layer of the tire, many satisfactory commer-
cial adhesives were found.
References
1. F. Herzegh (to B.F. Goodrich), “Pneumatic tire,” U.S. Patent
2,587,470 (1952).
2. R.A. Crawford and R.T. Morrissey (to B.F. Goodrich),
Figure 2 - rubber barcode integrated with
decorative blimp
Decorative barcode
The rubber barcode patent is not in force any longer (ref. 1). So,
any tire company can integrate rubber barcodes with their
decorative label or logo, thus eliminating the need for a separate
plastic bar code near the bead region of the tire. As an example,
figure 2 shows a barcode integrated with a decorative blimp.
Commercial availability
The following are examples of two locations where rubber
barcodes and integration with a decorative label or logo can
be ordered: Veneta Decalcogomme S.r.l., Padova, Italy; or
Transfer Gomma S.r.l., Padova, Italy.
References
1. R.N. Majumdar, L.T. Lukich and M.W. Tipton (to Good-
year), “Cured applique or label with protective film on arcu-
ate sidewall or tread of pneumatic tire,” U.S. Patent 7,153,381
(2006).
2. R.N. Majumdar, “Combating the use of environment pollut-
ing organic solvent during tire retreading operations,” Rub-
ber World, January 2012, p.15.
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 47
“Isoolefin polyolefin interpolymer derivatives and compositions
comprising the same,” U.S. Patent 2,631,984 (1953).
3. D. Patrascu, “Yokohama dB Super E-Spec tires for Canadian
Prius,” Autoevolution, August 2009.
4. H. Takeyama, Y. Soeda, G. Kawaguchi, T. Kawazura, O.
Ozawa, G. Watanabe, N. Kuroda and M. Ikawa (to Yokohama),
“Polymer composition for tire and pneumatic tire using same,”
U.S. Patent 6,334,919 (2002).
5. “ExxonMobil Chemical and Yokohama Rubber Co. Ltd.
achieve winter test qualification for jointly developed advance
tire inner liner,” Business Wire, October 2006.
6. D.S. Tracey and A.H. Tsou, “Dynamically vulcanized alloy
innerliners,” Rubber World, September 2007.
7. R.N. Majumdar and W.P. Francik (to Goodyear), “Tire with
air barrier layer,” DE 602009000598D1 (2011), First World-
wide Family Litigation filed 2011; anticipated expiration, May
6, 2029; EP 2,123,479 B1 (2011); EP revoked on April 1, 2020,
resulting from opposition filed by Yokohama.
8. R.N. Majumdar (to Goodyear), “Pneumatic tire with tire
layer and barrier layer adhered thereto and method of making
the same,” European Patent 2,447,315 B1 (2013); not-in-force
effective April 3, 2020, resulting from First Worldwide Family
Litigation.
9. R.N. Majumdar and L.J. Reiter (to Goodyear), “Balance
pads for balancing pneumatic tires,” U.S. Patent 10,081,221
(2018).
10. R.N. Majumdar (to Goodyear), “Film to keep tire surface
clean and simultaneously prime for better adhesion of balance
pad,” U.S. Patent 8,776,851 (2014); U.S. Patent 9,630,457
(2017); U.S. Patent 10,632,799 (2020).

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compound property. By reviewing the suggestions in this book, the compounder will develop a better "feel" for how
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In today’s uncertain times, our industry must
continually change and adapt in order to survive.
ARP Materials follows this
maxim and has not only
survived, but thrived.
“As Darwin said, it’s not the strongest, but the most
adaptable that survive. We are not the biggest, but
we are the most adaptive,” said Nick Fasolino, presi-
dent of ARP.
For 27 years, ARP Materials Inc. (formerly Alterna-
tive Rubber and Plastics) has provided high quality,
reliable and innovative resources from around the
globe. They are dedicated to providing customers
with cost-competitive alternatives that allow them to
compete on a global level.
“We believe if we help our customers grow their
business, it will help us grow ours,” Fasolino said.
ARP knows that many factors influence a custom-
er’s decision on where to purchase raw materials,
and they are committed to understanding what
drives those decisions. As an ISO 9001:2015 certified
distributor of raw materials to the rubber and plastics
industry, ARP is focused on providing quality and
consistency, both from itself and from its vendors.
“The ISO certification, over the years, has abso-
lutely made us a better company,” Fasolino said. “We
monitor our performance on so many different levels
and we make fewer errors because of it. It’s a certifi-
cation I would recommend all businesses to achieve.”
Obstacles to Opportunity
ARP Materials has been a family-run business since
Jerry Fasolino Sr. founded it in 1993. Now, with second
generation leadership and a growing, diversified team
of industry professionals, ARP continues to expand its
portfolio to meet the market’s ever-changing needs.
In 2008, ARP was hit with two major challenges.
Founder Jerry Sr. had to step down due to serious
health issues. Then ARP lost a key vendor, resulting in
an 80% reduction in sales. This financial crisis forced
Jerry Jr. and his brothers, Nick and Mark, to reevalu-
ate where their company fit in the industry. They
needed to weather the massive reduction in sales
and ensure it would not happen again.
With the support of long-term vendors such as
Parker LORD, the brothers were able to recover and
remain a key player in the rubber industry.
Parker LORD, which like ARP has
continually evolved, develops and
manufactures high-performance
adhesive products. They are the
leaders in rubber-to-substrate ad-
hesives and elastomer bonding.
Parker LORD also supplies Cold-
Bond Adhesives for room tem-
perature rubber bonding com-
monly used for belt repair, belt
splicing and rubber linings.
Over the next several years, the
Fasolino brothers, along with head
salesman Jeff Wiedeman, focused on
diversifying their portfolio and finding From left to right: Mark Fasolino, Jerry Fasolino Sr., Nicholas Fasolino and Jeff Wiedeman they will continue to adapt and evolve.
See a complete list of our products and vendors here: https://www.arpmaterials.com/products/
SPONSORED CONTENT
gaps in the market they could fill. When a major U.S.
producer of CPE exited the market, they knew this
was the opportunity they had been looking for.
To move forward, they needed a partner. Fortu-
nately, Keli Chemical, one of the world’s largest pro-
ducers of CPE, was looking for a U.S. channel partner.
Jerry Jr. traveled to China and convinced Keli execu-
tives that no one would work harder or be more
committed to growing their product line in the U.S.
Keli Chemical manufactures all grades of rubber
CPE for the hose and wire & cable industries,
along with plastic CPE grades to act as impact
modifiers for the siding industry and other plastic
substrates. Keli is the only CPE supplier with two
different manufacturing locations. Both are lo-
cated in government-approved industrial parks in
China with total capacity of 170,000MT/year.
The partnership with Keli Chemical paved the way
for ARP to gain industry expertise and entry into
large markets such as hose, wire & cable and custom
mixing. With the success of the CPE product line,
ARP was able to quickly expand from 3 vendors in
the U.S. to 20 vendors in 8 countries.
In 2018, ARP was hit with another devastating blow.
At the young age of 43, Jerry Jr. lost a hard-fought
battle with cancer. This left Nick with the responsibil-
ity of continuing the business his father started and
implementing the vision Jerry Jr. had imagined.
In the months after Jerry Jr.’s passing, ARP was
handed another obstacle – an unexpected 25% tariff
increase on products sourced from China. Fortu-
nately, at the same time, they began a partnership
with Versalis Americas to promote its EPDM products
in the U.S. market. This allowed ARP to fill the gap
and again adapt to a changing environment.
Versalis Americas is ARP’s primary supplier of
EPDM (copolymers and terpolymers), BR and TPR.
Despite these challenges, ARP has thrived. For the
past decade, ARP has grown an impressive 15-20%
per year. They now operate 11 full-service warehouses
strategically located throughout the U.S., which
translates to JIT deliveries. Fasolino credits the suc-
cess to his family’s commitment to building trust and
understanding their customers’ needs.
“We’re out there, still hustling, continuing to grow
just by doing the right thing,” Fasolino said. “Our
family is big on karma. We believe what you put in is
what you get back.”
Today and Tomorrow
Moving forward, ARP will continue its focus on
specialized customer service and advanced technol-
ogy to meet changes in demand.
“We’ve built up our ERP and CRM systems to allow
us to be flexible in order to accommodate our custom-
ers’ requirements,” said Fasolino. “We listen to how
their systems work, then incorporate that into ours.”
The journey from vendor to customer dock can take
up to 16 weeks, but ARP’s systems are set up to moni-
tor the process from start to finish. The advanced ERP
system forecasts trends and usage so material is or-
dered at the right time and delivered on time.
ARP is focused on developing a strategic portfolio
of suppliers and products to accommodate the
many industries it now serves. To distinguish itself
from the competition, ARP focuses on vendors that
offer a mix of commodity and specialty products.
ARP does not aim to be a jack-of-all-trades, but in-
stead offers a complementary set of products for
the markets it serves.
On the polymer side of the industry, ARP partners
with Nitriflex for their NBR, providing standard, clean,
carboxylated Nitrile/PVC and powder grades. For
high-quality standard grades of SBR, Pampa Energia
has been the chosen supplier for several years. Jilin,
the company that most recently partnered with ARP,
offers a competitive source of CSM to the US.
In response to frequent customer requests, ARP has
started offering selectively sourced complementary
products. These include physical and chemical foam-
ing agents from Dongjin; acrylic and MBS impact
modifiers and process aids from Donglin; highly effec-
tive flame retardant and smoke suppressant additives
from R.J. Marshall; and carbon black from Phillips Car-
bon Black.
Heading into 2021, ARP fully supports going green
for a more sustainable future. The rubber industry
has long been thought to only produce products that
will end up in a landfill, but that is no longer true. ARP
Materials has welcomed partnerships with vendors
who reclaim or recover end-of-life products in the
rubber or plastics industry.
Fishfa is one of the largest manufacturers
of Butyl reclaim in the world. ARP offers
their butyl, whole tire and EPDM reclaim.
Delta-Energy produces recovered carbon
black, which can be substituted for virgin
carbon black in certain formulations.
ARP Materials is constantly looking for
the next generation of leading raw mate-
rials to help its customers separate them-
selves from the competition. ARP will
continue its healthy growth by keeping a
finger on the industry’s pulse and seeking
innovations. They understand that
change is the only constant in this indus-
try, so while adhering to the core values
on which the company was founded,

NEVER STOP LEARNING!
Now is the best time to work on your
professional development and we have
many training opportunities to assist in
reaching your goals. All our courses and
webinars can be taken from the comfort
of your home or office – remotely from
any tablet, laptop or computer.
Visit rubber.org/upcoming-training
for details about these courses,
including full descriptions and pricing.
Upcoming Courses:
September 18, 2020
Electroelastomers: Application, Principles
and Opportunities
September 22, 2020
Regulatory Compliance and Risk Management
in the Rubber Industry
October 19-23, 2020
International Elastomer Conference
Virtual Educational Symposium
November 16-19, 2020
Rubber & Science Fabrication
December 10, 2020
Respiratory Protection Programs
Upcoming Webinars:
September 17, 2020
High-Performance Elastomers in Automotive
Under-Hood Applications
September 24, 2020
Sales & Marketing 101 in the Rubber Industry
November 12, 2020
Personal Protective Equipment
All webinars are FREE for Rubber Division,
ACS Members! Visit rubber.org to learn about
the benefits of membership.
Online Endurica Workshops:
Our members receive $100 OFF these workshops!
November 9-13, 2020
Characterizing Elastomer Fatigue Behavior for Analysis
and Engineering
November 17-19, 2020
Rubber Compounding for Durability
December 1-4, 2020
Application of Rubber Fatigue Analysis with Endurica
Software
December 8-9, 2020
Viscoelastic Effects in Elastomers and Impact on Durability
 Meetings
Rubber Division, ACS, plans virtual IEC
The Rubber Division, ACS, will host
this year's virtual International Elastomer
Conference (IEC), featuring the 198th
Technical Meeting, Educational Sympo-
sium and Company Showcase, October
19-23. Other events will include Women
of Rubber, the Keynote Address, Student
Colloquium and virtual 5K Walk/Run.
The Technical Meeting and Education-
al Symposium will feature the same high
quality content as always, according to
the Division. These components will
include a combination of presentations,
live and on-demand. Live presentations
will be made available on-demand after
24 hours. Attendees will have access to
the virtual platform until January 20,
2021.
General attendee registration provides
attendees free access to the Company
Showcase, Keynote Address, Student
Colloquium and 5K Walk/Run. Technical
Meeting and Educational Symposium
registrations include access to these com-
ponents, as well.
The Company Showcase will be a
section within the virtual platform where
attendees may visit to learn about the
participating companies. It will take place
Monday through Friday, October 19-23,
and will be accessible 24 hours a day.
Every conference attendee will be able
to access the Company Showcase at no
cost. A wide variety of companies will be
featured, such as equipment manufactur-
ers, injection molders, extruders, custom
mixers, providers of processing equip-
ment and hydraulic presses, vacuum
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld
molding suppliers, testing laboratories,
distributors, suppliers and more.
The virtual platform used during the
IEC will provide ways for attendees to
connect and network with other attend-
ees, speakers and Company Showcase
participants. Chat and video meeting
options will be available.
Matt Angell, vice president, logistics
operation for Jarrett Logistics Systems,
will present the keynote address, “Control
what you can control,” at 11 a.m. on
Monday, October 19. So many things
are out of our control in our world that
we often forget to focus on our own core
competencies, according to Angell. Some
simple and effective ways to gain effi-
ciencies, gain visibility and reduce costs
in the supply chain will be discussed.
51
 WWW.RUBBER-EXPO.COM

17-19 March 2021

Bangkok, Thailand

2-3 November 2021

Lagos, Nigeria

TechnoBiz Meeting Points

for Rubber, Latex & Tyre Industries
 Meetings
Women in Rubber will be held on
Wednesday, October 21, from 4-6 p.m.
This event will focus on adapting and
evolving, and will be moderated by Yan
Maschke, strategy and leadership advisor
for the Yan Maschke Group. It will begin
with a panel discussion featuring Laura
Duda, senior vice president and chief
communcations office for Goodyear
Tire & Rubber; Carin Helfer, research
assistant professor, Department of Food,
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
at Ohio State University; and Jessica
Petras, president of ChemRep. The event
will then move to virtual breakout rooms
where topic questions will be asked and
discussed. Active participation to gen-
erate conversation is encouraged. This
event is sponsored by Smithers.
The virtual 5K Walk/Run, sponsored
by H.M. Royal, will be held Monday
through Thursday, October 19-22.
Instructions will be given upon no-cost
registration for the event.
Two Get Involved sessions will be
held, on Tuesday, October 20, and Friday,
October 23 at 11 a.m. These one-hour
sessions will explore the requirements,
expectations and commitment involved
in being a volunteer, serving on a com-
mitee, being an area director, becoming
Rubber Group News
The Bourbon Trail Elastomer Group will
hold its fall technical meeting November
17 in Louisville, KY. Further information
is available at www.bourbontrailelastomer-
group.org.
The Brazilian Association of Rubber
Technology will hold the 18th Brazilian
Congress of Rubber Technology September
23-24 in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Details are
available at www.abtb.com.br.
The Chicago Rubber Group will hold
its fall technical meeting September 17.
Further information is available at www.
chicagorubbergroup.org.
The Energy Polymer Group will hold
its fall technical meeting September 17 at
the Hilton Palacio Del Rio in San Antonio,
TX. Details are available at www.energy-
polymergroup.org.
The Los Angeles Rubber Group is
holding the Basic Rubber Technology
Webinar through December 17. Live webi-
SDUW RI WKH 5XEEHU 'LYLVLRQཚV 6WHHULQJ
Committee, and taking the journey to
become chair of the Division.
The Educational Symposium, spon-
sored by AirBoss Rubber Solutions, will
include the following courses:
Seminar: Primers and Adhesives for
Rubber-to-Substrate Bonding: Selection,
Preparation, Application and Molding
will be held October 19-23 and is avail-
able on-demand. The course instructor
is Cristina DiFranco of Parker Lord.
This course is free for all IEC regis-
tered attendees. This one-hour seminar is
designed for technical employees work-
ing in the rubber industry and highlights
best practices for rubber-to-substrate
bonding.
Rubber Explained will be held
October 19. The course instructor is Erick
Sharp of ACE Products & Consulting.
Registration costs $345 for members and
$445 for non-members, and is free for stu-
dent members. This is a course designed
for sales and executives working in the
rubber industry. Centered around practi-
cal explanations and basic fundamentals,
this is said to be the perfect course for the
non-technical individual.
Soft Skills for Scientific Success will
be held October 19. The course instructor
nars will be scheduled for 6:30 to 8:30 p.m.
Pacific time each Thursday for 15 weeks.
The course will cover designing, formulat-
ing, compounding, fabricating and testing
with rubber. Further information is available
from Rick Ziebell (562) 373-6982 (rick.zie-
bell@rdabbott.com), or at www.tlargi.org.
TLARGI will hold a technical conference,
Oktoberfest and mini expo October 6 at the
Phoenix Club in Anaheim, CA.
The Mexico Rubber Group will
hold a course on Vulcanization of Rubber
Compounds: Curing Systems, instructed
by Jose Gazano, October 8 at the Rubber
Chamber Auditorium in Mexico City,
Mexico. The MRG will hold a course on
Design, Development and Production of
Rubber Compounds, instructed by Luis
Mayorga, November 26 at the same loca-
tion. Further information is available at
www.rubber.org/mexico-rubber-group.
The Michigan Rubber Group has ten-
tatively scheduled a technical meeting to be
held in East Lansing, MI, on November 4.
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld
is Dr. Fred Meadows. Registration costs
$345 for members, $445 for non-mem-
bers, and is free for student members.
This course will highlight soft skills that
are essential for personal development
and success in technical work environ-
ments. This course is for scientists and
engineers who would like to discover soft
skills/enablers to attain success in techni-
cal work environments.
Essentials of Rubber Technology will
be held October 20. The course instructor
is Joe Walker of Elastomer Technologies.
Registration costs $195 for members,
$295 for non-members, and is free for
student members. Participants can expect
to gain fundamental understanding of
rubber materials and processing during
this course.
Fillers: Non-black and Carbon Black
will be held October 20. The course
instructor is Nicki Hershberger of ARDL.
Registration costs $195 for members,
$295 for non-members, and is free for
student members. This half-day course
will review types of fillers commonly
used in rubber compounds and how they
affect rubber properties such as durometer,
tensile, modulus, compression set, etc.
Essentials of Silicone Rubber will be
held October 20. The course instructor is
Details are available at www.michiganrub-
bergroup.com.
The MidAtlantic Rubber and Plastics
Group will hold an educational sympo-
sium November 10 at Lehigh University
in Bethlehem, PA. Details are available at
www.marpg.org.
The New England Rubber & Plastics
Group will hold its fall technical meeting
November 5. Details are available at www.
nerpg.org.
The Ohio Rubber Group will hold
its fall technical meeting September 29 at
the Hilton Garden Inn in Twinsburg, OH.
Further information is available at www.
ohiorubbergroup.org.
The Twin Cities Rubber Group
will hold its Past Presidents social event
September 29 at Top Golf in Minneapolis,
MN. The TCRG will hold a technical ses-
sion November 19 at the Holiday Inn &
Suites Arbor Lakes in Maple Grove, MN.
Details are available at www.twincitiesrub-
bergroup.org.
53
 Meetings
Joe Walker of Elastomer Technologies.
Registration costs $195 for members,
$295 for non-members, and is free for
student members. Silicone rubber is com-
prised of inorganic-organic polymers.
These materials consist of an inorgan-
ic backbone with organic side groups
attached to silicon atoms. This family of
polymers possesses unmatched versatil-
ity, giving the formulator and user mul-
tiple forms and methods to crosslink the
polymers into rubber materials having the
widest service temperature range of any
rubber material. This course is designed
to provide participants with a thorough
understanding of silicone’s engineering
characteristics.
Vulcanization and Curing Chemistry
will be held October 20. The course
instructor is Bonnie Stuck of ARDL.
Registration costs $195 for members,
$295 for non-members, and is free for
student members. This half-day course
gives an overview of the chemistry
behind rubber vulcanization, but focuses
on how different types of curatives and
accelerators affect rubber properties such
as crosslink density, tensile, modulus,
compression set, heat resistance, etc.
Basics of Specialty Elastomers will be
held October 21. Course instructors are
Jacob Jordahl, Mark Welker, Jim Coffey
and Eric Wamsley of ExxonMobil.
Registration costs $195 for members,
$295 for non-members, and is free for
student members. This is a half day
course that will cover manufacturing
through compounding and processing
for applications with EPDM, TPV, butyl
and adhesive polymer technologies, as
well as provide a basic background of
polymer science and chemistry. This is
intended for new entrants into the rubber
industry.
Mixing and Testing for Compound
Consistency will be held October 21.
The course instructor is Joe Walker of
Elastomer Technologies. Registration
costs $195 for members, $295 for non-
members, and is free for student mem-
bers. This course is designed to provide
participants an in-depth understanding
of the influence of the mixing process
54 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
and the characteristics of the mixed com-
pound. The focus of the training will be
on reducing the batch-to-batch variation
commonly associated with batch mixed
rubber compounds. The Association
of Rubber Products Manufacturers
Compound Consistency Guideline will
be used to walk through each aspect of
rubber compound manufacture.
Hazardous Communication will be
held October 22. The course instruc-
tor is Bill Stahl of Rainbow Master
Mixing, LLC. Registration costs $195
for members, $295 for non-members,
and is free for student members. Lack of
a ‘Hazardous Communication Program’
has been one of the top five OSHA vio-
lations for the last several years. Some
people do not realize there have been sev-
eral revisions to the program. This course
will give the participant an understand-
ing of the current HAZCOM Globally
Harmonized System.
Setting Up a Rubber Molding Process
will be held October 22. The course
instructor is Joe Walker of Elastomer
Technologies. Registration costs $195 for
members, $295 for non-members, and is
free for student members. This program
is designed to show how to establish a
rubber molding process based on cross-
link density. The course is designed to
show the influence of crosslink density
on mechanical properties, as well as its
influence on de-molding. The overall
focus is the design of a rubber molding
process that yields the most consistent
properties.
Basic Rubber Compounding will be
held October 23. The course instruc-
tors are Bonnie Stuck and Kylie Knipp
of ARDL. Registration costs $345 for
members, $445 for non-members, and
is free for student members. This course
is an overview of rubber compound-
ing and testing. Compounding subjects
include elastomers, fillers/reinforcement,
plasticizers/process aids, antidegradants
and cure systems. Testing laboratory sub-
jects will include process testing, physi-
cal properties testing, dynamic properties
testing and aging. Processing subjects
will include mixing, milling, molding,
extrusion and calendering.
Compounding Fluoroelastomers will
be held October 23. The course instructor
is Bill Stahl of Rainbow Master Mixing,
LLC. Registration costs $195 for mem-
bers, $295 for non-members, and is free
for student members. Fluoroelastomers
are a class of synthetic elastomers that
exhibit exceptional heat and fluids resis-
tance when compared to other ‘hydro-
carbon’ elastomers. Fluoroelastomers are
used where other elastomers will not
work. This course will give participants a
good understanding of fluoroelastomers,
properties and usage.
The 17th Annual Student Colloquium
will be held on Wednesday, October 21,
from 11 a.m. until 5 p.m. The colloquium
will include oral presentations by gradu-
ate and undergraduate students, as well as
a poster session. All registered attendees
are encouraged to view the student pre-
sentations and posters to help support the
future of the industry.
Student presentations are chaired
by Joel Karczewski II of Delta Energy
Group LLC, and will include the follow-
ing:
Pyrolytic carbon black: Material char-
acteristics and in-rubber performance.
Arqam Anjum, University of Twente,
The Netherlands.
Effects of process parameters on pyro-
lytic products recovered from scrap tires.
Balan Ramani, University of Twente, The
Netherlands.
Multipurpose processing additives for
silica-filled SBR compounds: Synthesis,
characterization and application. Arpan
Datta Sarma, Luxembourg Institute of
Science and Technology.
Nanomechanical and fracture analy-
sis of silica/carbon black filled solution
styrene butadiene rubber: Finite element
analysis and experimental validation.
Mohit Goswami, Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, India.
Fibrous nanofillers in high perfor-
mance tire innerliner. K.P. Surya, Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
India.
Synthesis and characterization of bio-
based tackyfying resin and its application
 Meetings
in rubber. Riya Koley, Indian Institute of mercial compositions. Lucas Kilpatrick, Tire consumption and recycling in
Technology Kharagpur, India. University of Tennessee at Knoxville. Southeast Asia. Andres Munoz Salgado,
Reactive grafting of 3-octanoylthio- 3-D printing of polypropylene (PP) Ohio State University.
1-propyltriethoxysilane in styrene buta- and optimization via FDM. Melanie Optimizing 3D printing of nylon
diene rubber and its effect on silica rein- Moczadlo, University of Tennessee at reinforced with carbon fiber and its
forced green tire composites. Saikat Das, Knoxville. mechanical properties, Reagan Newman,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
India.
A data-driven constitutive theory
to model nonlinear features in elasto-

USING CHEMISTRY
meric materials. Ramin Akbarighochani,
Michigan State University.
Morphology dependent tensile TO SOLVE
deformation behavior of poly(styrene-
b-(ethylene-co-propylene)-b-styrene) MOLDING
thermoplastic elastomer. Khadar Basha CHALLENGES
Shaik, University of Houston.
Preliminary study on additive man-
ufacturing of natural rubber. Myoeum
Kim, University of Akron. CUSTOMER-REALIZED VALUE
Seal and o-ring advancement in
industry. Benjamin Nied, Ferris State
University. Lower Increased Cycles
Scrap Rates Per Application
Atomic-resolution analysis of rubber/
brass adhesive interfaces using trans-
Enhanced
mission electron microscopy. Katsunori Cosmetic Reduced Cleaner Molds
Transfer Reduce Downtime
Shimizu, Tohoku University, Japan. Appearance
Student posters will include the fol-
lowing:
An experimental study on the effect
of thermo-oxidation aging on soft poly-
mers under working environmental con- 100’s of MILLIONS in documented
ditions. Sharif Alazhary, Michigan State
University. savings for the rubber molding
Optimization of 3D printed thermo-
plastic polyurethane elastomers. Michael
Bethell, University of Tennessee at industry. We WILL
Knoxville.
A directional damage constitutive save you $ and TIME.
model for stress-softening in solid pro-
pellant. Yang Chen, Michigan State
University.
Find out how.
Optimization of printing parameters of
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) for
use in additive manufacturing and fused
deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing.
Jason Chung, University of Tennessee at THE PARTNER YOU NEED TO INCREASE CAPACITY
Knoxville. AND GET AHEAD OF THE COMPETITION
Optimizing the 3D printing parameters
of PETG. Gillian Holcomb, University of
Tennessee, Advincula Group.
3D printing of dimensionally accu-
rate silicone parts from formulated com-

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 55

 Meetings
University of Tennessee.
Additive manufacturing and 3D
printing of polylactic acid (PLA):
Optimization and important properties.
Salvador Rohan, University of Tennes-
see.
Functionalized thermoplastic elasto-
mers: Fighting back against highly infec-
tious global pathogens. Jiaqi Yan, North
Carolina State University.
The Technical Meeting, sponsored by
Lianda, will include the following pre-
sentations:
Monday, October 19 - New Commercial
Developments
Chris Napier, ExxonMobil, and Lena
Nguyen, Dow Chemical, co-chairs.
New reactive polymeric esters for
use with bright stock process oils in
low polarity elastomers. Erica Anderson,
Hallstar.
Resin-polymer compatibility and par-
titioning as a tool for optimizing tread
performance. Mark Arigo, Eastman
Chemical.
Crystex Cure Pro: Sustainability ben-
efits from a raw material. Andrew Kosal,
Eastman Chemical.
Driving performance in function-
al solution SBR silica compounds:
Leveraging SureMix CO² and high tem-
perature silanization to achieve standout
performance in hysteresis and process-
ability. Aaron Puhala, Polymer Solutions
Group.
Autonomous optimization of elasto-
mer molds and processes using simula-
tion. Harshal Bhogesra, Sigma Plastic
Services.
Online monitoring of styrene butadi-
ene copolymerization, including a final
coupling reaction. W. Craig Allshouse,
Fluence Analytics.
Introduction to a new heat resistant
acrylic rubber. Mousumi Desarkar,
Denka.
Exxpro specialty elastomer and bro-
mobutyl rubber blends for enhanced per-
formances. Sunny Jacob, ExxonMobil
Chemical.
Improving processing and perfor-
mance properties for various rubber
56 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
applications by using Exxpro specialty
elastomer. Sushil Mandot, ExxonMobil
India Private Limited.
Monday, October 19 - Rubber Com-
pounding for Performance
John Dick, consultant, chair.
Solutions to produce porosity-free
extruded dense profiles with Nordel
EPDM. Greg (Guangming) Li, Dow
Chemical.
New ultra-high Mooney branched
EPDM: Easy to process high filler load-
ing compounds. Xiaosong Wu, Dow
Chemical.
How to select the best process oil
chemistry for EPDM rubber formula-
tions. Mary Ann Abney, Ergon.
Influence of enhanced base stocks
on EPDM compounds. Maxime Katgely,
ExxonMobil Chemical.
Formulating fluoroelastomer (FKM)
with varying levels of metal oxides. Tejas
Upasani, Chemours.
Processing promotors: Additives for
rubber compounds that improve mixing
and processing by increasing the level of
dispersion, reducing viscosity and speed-
ing the flow of the compound through
the production process. Joel Neilsen,
Lanxess.
Carbon black particle size and struc-
ture and its effect on tire compounding,
Revathy Ravendren, Apollo Tyres.
Total value of recovered carbon black
for rubber manufacturers and end prod-
uct producers. Nate Murphy, Bolder
Industries.
Tuesday, October 20 - New Commercial
Developments
Chris Napier, ExxonMobil, and Lena
Nguyen, Dow Chemical, co-chairs.
Multi-sample analysis of cure pro-
cesses with the new Discovery X3 DSC.
Carlton Slough, TA Instruments.
Optimize processing and performance
of extruded profiles with high Mooney
viscosity. Teresita Kashyap, Dow
Chemical.
Friction reduction in elastomeric
dynamic seals. Kevin Dove, W.L. Gore &
Associates.
Hydrin (ECO) DP5245 elastomer for
vibration and acoustic damping. Andrew
Mittermiller, Zeon Chemicals.
Tuesday, October 20 - Machine
Learning for Material Development
Leandro Forciniti, Becton Dickinson, and
Nihat Isitman, Goodyear Tire & Rubber,
co-chairs.
Using multivariate modeling and opti-
mization for rapidly developing new and
improved elastomers. Marlene Cardin,
ProSensus.
Towards designing small organic mol-
ecules using an autonomous synthetic
platform. Semion Saikin, Kebotix.
High-throughput computational
screening of CO2-philic functional
groups for selective CO2/N2 gas separa-
tion. Konstantinos Vogiatzis, University
of Tennessee.
Machine learning for formulation
development. Edward Kim, Citrine
Informatics.
Optimizing rubber compounds using
molecular modeling and machine learn-
ing. Yaroslava Yingling, North Carolina
State University.
Tuesday, October 20 - Advances in
Reinforements for Elastomers
Peter Cameron, Tokai Carbon, and Lewis
Tunnicliffe, Birla Carbon, co-chairs.
Sensitivity of marching modulus of
silica-filled SBR/BR compounds to filler
type and polymer ratio. Wilma Dierkes,
University of Twente, The Netherlands.
Use of NC7000 carbon nanotube
into rubber products: HSE aspects from
matrix containing MWCNT. Alicia Rul,
Nanocyl SA.
Optimization of natural rubber OTR
tread compound with multi-wall car-
bon nanotubes and oil. August Krupp,
Molecular Rebar Design.
The effects of multiple repurposed
materials as reinforcements for stan-
dard rubber compounds. Carl McAfee,
McAfee Consulting.
Dispersion of polyethyelenimine-
coated pulp in rubber matrix. Charles
Kerobo, BASF.
Silica masterbatches produced with
 Meetings
liquid phase mixing, part 3: Quasi-static
stress-softening. Liang Zhong, EVE
Rubber Institute.
Silica masterbatches produced with
liquid phase mixing. part 4: Volume
variation and SEM observation upon
stretching. Hao Zhang, EVE Rubber
Institute.
Silica-filled masterbatches pro-
duced with liquid phase mixing, part 5:
Vulcanization study by torque rate. Zhao
Wenrong, EVE Rubber Institute.
Reinforcement of rubber by lig-
nin coated nanocellulose fibrils. Lewis
Tunnicliffe, Birla Carbon.
Tuesday, October 20 - Elastomers in
Alternate Energy and New Mobility
William Stahl, Rainbow Master Mixing,
chair.
Damping materials based on liquid
polybutadienes: Structure-property rela-
tionships. Olivier Defrain, Total Cray
Valley.
Wednesday, October 21 - Elastomer
Aging, Degradation and Flammability
Richard Pazur, Department of National
Defence (Canada), chair.
Thermal aging of unstabilized and
peroxide-crosslinked HNBR elastomers:
Kinetic modeling of the changes in the
chemical and macromolecular structures.
Xavier Colin, Arts et Métiers Institute of
Technology.
Study of the factors influencing the
hygrothermal aging of silicone o-rings
and the evolution of their compression
set. Haoua Amina Brahami, LRCCP.
Aging of specialty elastomers exposed
to lubricants and additives. Ulrich Giese,
German Institute of Rubber Technology
(DIK), Germany.
Degradation chemistry changes
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld
imply that accelerated aging methods
for nuclear power plant cable materials
recommended in International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) documents have
important shortcomings. Kenneth Gillen,
Sandia National Laboratories (retired).
Incremental analysis of com-
bined aging and fatigue with evolving
crack growth rate behavior. Will Mars,
Endurica, LLC.
Operation envelope prediction of fluo-
roelastomer seals for downhole operation
in oil and gas industry. Alireza Zolfaghari,
Schlumberger Tech.
Examining performance changes in
thermally aged nitrile and hydrogenated
nitrile compounds. Deidre Tucker, SKF
Sealing Solutions.
Damage mechanism in oil and gas
formulations during downhole test-
ing. Edward Terrill, Akron Rubber
Development Laboratory.
57
 ORDER NOW
2020 PRINT EDITION, CD-ROM AND ONLINE - Long regarded as the
industry's single most important reference for technical information, the
Blue Book contains detailed information on every raw material used by
Magazine’s
the rubber industry-including chemical additives, extenders, elastomers
DQGODWH[HV²OOHUVDQGUHLQIRUFLQJPDWHULDOVFDUERQEODFNDQGFRORULQJ
materials, to name a few.

The latest, most current information on more than 10,000 materials and
ingredients is listed. And, to help you locate the best materials at the
lowest possible cost, more ingredients are listed by chemical name as
well as trade name.
2020
Additionally, services for the rubber industry included in the Blue Book: Blue Book
Materials, compounding ingredients and services for the rubber industry
‡ Custom Mixing and Services directory
‡ Independent Testing Laboratories
‡ Instrumentation and Testing Equipment Suppliers
‡ Material and Ingredient Suppliers

We will again be producing a limited number of the 2020 print and CD-
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order form today.
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 Meetings
A physic-informed data-driven consti-
tutive model for thermal induced aging of
elastomers. Aref Ghaderi, Michigan State
University.
Effects of aerobic and anaerobic aging
on the evolution of upper and lower
bounds on tearing energy. Will Mars,
Endurica, LLC.
A micro-mechanical model for consti-
tutive behavior of elastomers in combined
aging conditions. Hamid Mohammadi,
Michigan State University.
Heat aging of a bromobutyl tire inner-
liner under aerobic and anaerobic con-
ditions. Richard Pazur, Department of
National Defence, Canada.
Wednesday, October 21 - Advances in
Materials and Processes of Car and
Truck Tires
Yusheng Chen, Eastman Chemical, and J.
Cal Moreland, Michelin, co-chairs.
Nanosized and single site zinc-based
activators for reducing ZnO in rubber
vulcanization process. Roberto Scotti,
University Milano Bicocca, Italy.
From low-cis to high-cis, to high vinyl
architecture: An insight into polybutadi-
ene rubber. Fabio Bacchelli, Versalis.
Stub resistance of rubber vulcanizates:
Influence of short fiber and resin. Anil
Bhowmick, University of Houston.
High sulfur compounding for highly
durable components in severe service
applications. C. Jeffrey Lin, Eastman
Chemical.
A study on the influential material fac-
tors of tread rubber on wear improvement
of electric vehicle tires. Ji Yeon Kim,
Hyundai Motor.
Silica tread mixing and optimiza-
tion studies using Entex planetary roller
extruder. Edward Terrill, Akron Rubber
Development Laboratory.
Silica-filled masterbatches pro-
duced with liquid phase mixing, part 6:
Rheological behavior. Zhang Yuanhong,
Meng-Jiao Wang.
Using heavy naphthenic process oil
to increase process safety and life of tire
tread balancing the Magic Triangle. Mary
Ann Abney, Ergon.
Functionalized liquid rubber for tire
formulations. Osamu Yoneji, Kuraray
America.
Wednesday, October 21 - Progress in
Elastomer Synthesis
Howard Colvin, Cooper Tire & Rubber,
chair.
Synthesis and properties of ther-
moplastic elastomers based on meth-
acrylates. Luis Rodriguez-Guadarrama,
Dynasol Group.
Self-healable elastomers and their
sealant applications. Pengfei Cao, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory.
Thursday, October 22 - Rubber Testing
and Characterization
Ed Terrill, Akron Rubber Development
Laboratory, chair.
Insights into the microscopic ori-
gins of dynamic mechanical properties
of filled rubber investigated with x-ray
photon correlation spectroscopy. Dillon
Presto, University of Akron.
O-ring extrusions under high pres-
sure, high temperature conditions. Allan
Zhong, Halliburton.
Comparative advantages of different
RPA ASTM methods for detecting rub-
ber compound quality differences. John
Dick, Alpha Technologies.
Evaluating cure kinetics and physical
properties in a model SBR compound.
Paul Pavka, Akron Rubber Development
Laboratory.
Compression stress relaxation (CSR)
testing, considerations in an era of ISO
17025 proficiency testing. Paul Tuckner,
Grace Technology & Development.
PNNL’s advanced testing capabilities
to study rubber materials performance
in high-pressure hydrogen environ-
ments. Wenbin Kuang, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory.
Elastic dissipaters: Highly fatigue-
resistant materials. Zhigang Suo, Harvard
University.
Characterization of Sylgard 184
surface adhesion energy as a function
of temperature and UV treatment by
nanoindentation. Marzyeh Moradi, KLA.
Microscopy investigation of crack
precursors and fracture surfaces. Lewis
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld
Tunnicliffe, Birla Carbon.
Failure analysis of rubber materials
using pyrolysis gas chromatography/
mass-spectrometry/nitrogen phospho-
rus detector (PY-GC/MS/NPD). Rojin
Belganeh, Frontier Lab.
Thursday, October 22 - Sustainability
Carin Helfer and Kristof Molnar, Ohio
State University, co-chairs.
Natural rubber security and high per-
formance biobased materials. Katrina
Cornish, Ohio State University.
The complexities of natural rubber
sustainability. Whitney Luckett, Southland
Rubber.
Ring polymers: A topology to control
properties of elastomeric materials. Carin
Helfer, Ohio State University.
Rings or not? Analysis of disulfide
polymers with liquid chromatography at
critical conditions. Kristof Molnar, Ohio
State University.
The molecular viscoelasticity of circu-
lar macromolecules. Gregory McKenna,
Texas Tech University.
Use of vegetable oils in high polarity
tire and rubber formulations to achieve
unique performance properties. Selim
Erhan, Process Oils.
Utilizing estolides as sustainable syn-
thetic petroleum replacements. Debby
Neubauer, Biosynthetic Technologies.
Effect of soybean oils with various
unsaturation level on carbon black-filled
EPDM rubber. Olena Shafranska, North
Dakota State University.
The use of tire-derived polymer in
tire and non-tire applications. Kathy
Perevosnik, North Shore Rubber.
Crumb rubber: Benefits and optimi-
zation in tire compounding. Partheban
Manoharan, Alliance Tire, A Group
Company of Yokohama.
Friday, October 23 - Rubber Testing
and Characterization
Ed Terrill, Akron Rubber Development
Laboratory, chair.
Understanding eco-friendly rubber
formulations by dynamic mechanical
analysis. Sadegh Behdad, TA Instruments,
Waters LLC.
59
 Meetings
Optimization and characterization of
processing parameters for summer tire
tread compounds using an RPA. Sandeep
Reddy, TA Instruments, Waters LLC.
Investigation of chemical composition
and crosslinks on EPDM elastomer vis-
coelasticity under high frequency using
molecular dynamics simulations. A.O.
Wang, Northwestern University.
Understanding structure and dynam-
ics of polyzwitterionic melts. Rajeev
Kumar, UT Battelle.
DMA for non-tire applications.
Nicki Hershberger, Akron Rubber
Development Laboratory.
Comparison of methods assessing the
dispersion of insoluble sulfur in rubber
compounds. Frederick Ignatz-Hoover,
Eastman Chemical.
Effects from variations in applied
strain in RPA testing on statistical test sen-
sitivity. John Dick, Alpha Technologies.
A proficiency program for rubber test-
ing. Kimberly O’Farrell, Collaborative
Testing Services.
Friday, October 23 - 3D Printing with
Elastomers
Christopher Robertson, Endurica, chair.
Classified
Akron Polymer Training Services now
offers online training courses featuring
instructor John Dick
Sept 8: Understanding Dynamic Properties of
Rubber and Rubber Products
Sept 15: Aircraft Tire Technology
Sept 16: Polyurethane Elastomers: Chemistry,
Applications and Formulations
Sept 17: Rubber and Plastics Failure
Analysis: Physical and Chemical Analysis
Techniques
60 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
Additive manufacturing of rub-
ber based cured elastomer components.
Sebastian Leineweber, Leibniz Universität
Hannover Institut für Transport- und
Automatisierungstechnik, Germany.
3D printing elastomers: Optimized
properties, nanocomposites and test-
ing. Rigoberto Advincula, University of
Tennessee at Knoxville.
3D printing of PDMS-based Vitrimer:
Recyclable, repairable and advanced
mechanical properties, Wei Niu,
University of Tennessee.
Advancements in chemistry for one
part photocurable rubbers processable
by additive manufacturing that deliver
functional performance for end appli-
cations. Benjamin Lund, Adaptive 3D
Technologies.
Predicting durability of 3D printed
elastomeric lattice structures. Christopher
Robertson, Endurica LLC.
Friday, October 23 - Thermoplastic
and Specialty Elastomers
Malik Al-Afyouni, Eastman Chemical,
chair.
Diamine-cured HNBR for improved
long-term compression set on thin
sectioned articles. Paul Smith, Zeon
Chemicals.
Self-disinfecting elastomers designed
to prevent the spread of infectious dis-
eases. Richard Spontak, North Carolina
State University.
Rigid and elastomeric thermoplas-
tic copolyesters with improved thermal,
hydrolytic and ultraviolet stability. Robert
Young, Eastman Chemical.
High performance elastomers through
selective surface fluorination. Siddharth
Athreya, Inhance Technologies.
Further information on the virtual IEC
is available from the Rubber Division
(330) 595-5531; www.rubberiec.org.
Tire Society holds
virtual 2020 meeting
This year’s 39th Tire Society Conference
on Tire Science and Technology, to be
held September 28 through October 2, will
be held entirely virtually due to the safety
imperatives of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The conference will maintain the same
expected content and quality, according to
organizers, with 27 original works of tire
technology presented by the authors, and a
special topic paper on the 40+ year history
of the Tire Society, as well as a keynote
address, plenary address, invited lecture
and panel discussion.
This year’s theme is “Intelligent
Transportation,” and the conference will
include a keynote address by Chris Helsel,
senior vice president and chief technology
officer of Goodyear Tire & Rubber, titled,
“Intelligent transportation: Smart mobility
solutions from the tire industry.”
Dr. Giorigio Rizzoni, the Ford Motor
Company Chair in ElectroMechanical
Systems at Ohio State University, will
present the plenary lecture. Ross Tessien,
principal at Electricwaze LLC, noted tech-
nical writer and a mechanical engineer
with 43 patents, will present the invited
lecture.
Technical presentations will cover
tire performance, such as rolling resis-
tance, noise and traction, experimental
technology, simulation, material constitu-
tive mechanics and multi-scale modeling,
vehicle interactions and intelligent tires.
For more information, contact confer-
ence@tiresociety.org or visit the website
www.tiresociety.org.
Paper call
Rubber Division, American Chemical
Society. A call for abstracts has been
issued for the 199th Technical Meeting
of the Rubber Division, ACS, to be held
April 27-29 at the Embassy Suites by
Hilton in Independence, OH.
Featured topics will include computa-
tional chemistry, elastomers as biomateri-
als, modeling and simulation, structure
and dynamics of polymer nanocompos-
ites and filled rubber, failure of rubber
materials, science of rubber additives,
and advances in rubber processing.
The deadline for receipt of abstracts
is November 6. For more information,
contact Chuck Brady at (330) 595-5543,
or cbrady@rubber.org.
 ORDER NOW From RUBBER WORLD
RUBBER RED BOOK, The industry’s
oldest and most comprehensive buyers The Buyer's Guide for the Rubber Industry
guide has served the industry for over 60
years with industry professionals rely-
ing on it to locate a wealth of sources
and services when making important
purchasing decisions.

RUBBER RED BOOK is a must for indus-

try professionals who need comprehensive
up-to-date purchasing information on the
many products and services available to
the rubber industry.

2020
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RUBBER RED BOOK listings for more A Lippincott & Peto Publication
than 1,200 rubber product manufacturers
grouped by location and products.

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A NEW VIRTUAL EXPERIENCE
October 19 - 23, 2020
We may not be meeting in Knoxville, TN as planned;
however, our virtual conference will continue to be an event
where connections are made, knowledge is shared, new
products, new technology and new ideas are introduced,
business is conducted, developed and gained, fun is had,
encouragement and empowerment happen, and the future
is embraced.
Company Showcase
A wide variety of companies will be represented in the
Company Showcase, such as equipment manufacturers,
injection molders, extruders, custom mixers, processing
equipment, hydraulic presses, vacuum molding, testing
labs, testing equipment, distributors, suppliers and many
more in the industry. All attendees can visit the
Company Showcase to learn about the products and
services these top companies in our industry offer.
Other Events
Keynote Address = Women of Rubber =
Student Colloquium – Presentations & Posters =
Virtual 5K Walk/Run

= Networking Opportunities
Brought to you by:
Learn all the details at rubberiec.org.
198th Technical Meeting
Over 100 presentations will increase your knowledge
on these topics:
= Advances in Reinforcements for Elastomers
= Progress in Elastomer Synthesis
= Elastomers in Alternate Energy & New Mobility
= New Commercial Developments
= Elastomer Aging, Degradation & Flammability
= Sustainability
= Rubber Testing & Characterization
= 3D Printing with Elastomers
= Rubber Testing & Characterization
= Rubber Compounding for Performance
= Advances in Materials & Processes for Car & Truck Tires
= Machine Learning for Material Development
= Elastomers in Alternate Energy & New Mobility
= Thermoplastic & Specialty Elastomers
Educational Symposium
We have developed a great educational symposium
featuring these courses:
= Primers & Adhesives for Rubber-to-Substrate Bonding:
Selection, Preparation, Application and Molding
= Soft Skills for Scientific Success
= Rubber Explained
= Essentials of Rubber Technology
= Fillers: Non-black and Carbon Black
= Vulcanization and Curing Chemistry
= Hazardous Communication
= Essentials of Silicone Rubber
= Basic Rubber Compounding
= Compounding Fluoroelastomers
= Mixing and Testing for Compound Consistency
= Setting Up a Rubber Molding Process
= Basics of Specialty Elastomers
Calendar
Future
Meetings/
Expos
2020
Virtual October 20-22
2021
Pittsburgh October 5-7
www.rubber.org
Brazilian Association of Rubber
Technology, 18th Brazilian Congress of
Rubber Technology, Expo Center Norte,
Sao Paulo, Brazil, www.abtb.com.br -
September 24-25.
Active Communications International,
Future of Surfactants Summit, Boston,
MA, www.wplgroup.com - September
23-24.
TechnoBiz, Reduce Cycle Time and
Eliminate Defects in an Overmolding
Rubber Product webinar, www.technol-
ogytransfer-webinars.com - September
25.
Tire Society, 39th Tire Society Conference
on Tire Science and Technology (virtual),
www.tiresociety.org - September 28 -
October 2.
Ohio Rubber Group, technical meeting,
Hilton Garden Inn, Twinsburg, OH, www.
ohiorubbergroup.org - September 29.
Twin Cities Rubber Group, Past
Presidents social event, Top Golf,
Minneapolis, MN, www.twincitiesrub-
bergroup.org - September 29.
TechnoBiz, Highly Impermeable Tire
Inner Liner: Manufacturing Technology
with Graphene research webinar, www.
researchandinnovations-webinars.com -
September 30.
TechnoBiz, Next Generation TPV Nano-
composites Technology for Automotive
Industry Applications research webinar,
www.researchandinnovations-webinars.
com - September 30.
October
Messe Frankfurt Exhibition GmbH,
Techtextil North America, Georgia World
Congress Center, Atlanta, GA, https://tech-
textil-north-america.us.messefrankfurt.
com/ - October 1-3.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Essentials of Rubber
Science and Technology online course,
https://www.uakron.edu/apts/training/
courses/ - October 5-8.
Los Angeles Rubber Group, technical
conference, Oktoberfest and mini expo,
The Phoenix Club, Anaheim, CA, www.
tlargi.org - October 6.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, An Introduction to
Continuous Vulcanization and CV
Processes course, Akron Polymer Training
Center, Akron, OH, https://www.uakron.
edu/apts/training/courses/ - October 6.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Applications of FTIR
and NMR Spectroscopy in Polymer
Product Development (Problem Solving,
Development and IP Creation) online
course, https://www.uakron.edu/apts/train-
ing/courses/ - October 6-7.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Injection Molding
and 3-D Printing course, Akron Polymer
Training Center, Akron, OH, https://
www.uakron.edu/apts/training/courses/ -
October 6-7.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Rubber Extrusion
Technology online course, https://www.
uakron.edu/apts/training/courses/ - ing/courses/ - October 20-21.
October 6-8.
TechnoBiz, Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC): Applications and
Relationships in Polymer Processing
webinar, www.knowhow-webinars.com -
October 7.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Sponge Rubber 101
course, Akron Polymer Training Center,
Akron, OH, https://www.uakron.edu/apts/
training/courses/ - October 7-8.
Mexico Rubber Group, course on “Vul-
canization of rubber compounds: Curing
systems,” Rubber Chamber Auditorium,
Mexico City, Mexico, www.rubber.org/
mexico-rubber-group - October 8.
TechnoBiz, Technology Transfer Webinar
on Continuous Mixing of Rubber with the
Ring Extruder, www.technologytransfer-
webinars.com - October 8.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Thermoforming and
Vacuum Forming course, Akron Polymer
Training Center, Akron, OH, https://
www.uakron.edu/apts/training/courses/ -
October 8.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Intrusion Molding and
its Recycled Plastics Applications online
course, https://www.uakron.edu/apts/train-
ing/courses/ - October 9-10.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Elastomer Molding
Technology online course, https://www.
uakron.edu/apts/training/courses/ - com - November 2.
October 12-15.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Structure/Property
Relationships in Polyurethanes online
course, https://www.uakron.edu/apts/train-
ing/courses/ - October 13-14.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, ASTM Rubber
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld
For additional calendar
information click here:
Testing: Selecting, Performing and
Interpreting ASTM Rubber Test Methods
course, Akron Polymer Training Center,
Akron, OH, https://www.uakron.edu/apts/
training/courses/ - October 13-14.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Extrusion Com-
pounding and Applications in the Food,
Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical
Industries course, Akron Polymer
Training Center, Akron, OH, https://
www.uakron.edu/apts/training/courses/ -
October 13-14.
Association for Rubber Products Manu-
facturers (ARPM), Virtual Benchmarking
and Best Practices Conference, www.arp-
minc.org - October 19-23.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Applications of
Thermal Analysis Techniques in Polymeric
Materials Science and Engineering online
course, https://www.uakron.edu/apts/train-
Rubber Division, ACS, Virtual Inter-
national Elastomer Conference featuring
the Expo, 198th Technical Meeting and
Educational Symposium, www.rubber.org
- October 20-22.
Plastics Industry Association, 2020
Global Plastics Summit (virtual), www.
plasticsindustry.org - October 21-23.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer
Training Services, Rubber Bushing
Designing for Autmotive and Commercial
Application course, Akron Polymer
Training Center, Akron, OH, https://
www.uakron.edu/apts/training/courses/ -
October 22-23.
TechnoBiz, Polymer Characterization
webinar, www.knowhow-webinars.com -
October 28.
Informa Markets, MD&M (Medical
Design and Manufacturing) Minneapolis,
Minneapolis Convention Center, Minnea-
polis, MN, www.mdmminn.com - October
28-29.
TechnoBiz, Africa Rubber Expo 2020,
Lagos, Nigeria, www.rubber-expo.com -
October 28-29
November
TechnoBiz, Next Generation TPV Nano-
composites Technology for Automotive
Industry Application research webinar,
www.researchandinnovations-webinars.
MidAtlantic Rubber & Plastics
Group, Educational Symposium, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, PA, www.marpg.
org - November 10.
TechnoBiz, Tire Curing Press: Latest
Developments from HF Machinery webi-
nar, www.technologytransfer-webinars.
com - November 12.
63
 Hotlinks Corporate Sponsor
RubberWorld Hotlinks
Starrett-Bytewise (www.starrett.com) offers laser-based measurement sys-
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Bytewise is based in Columbus, GA, with offices in Europe and China, and is
supported by independent sales and service representatives around the world.
Tire industry products include systems for component preparation (extrusion,
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final finish (bulge and depression, inspection), and research and development
(bead-to-bead profile, tire inspection and tread wear measurement).
The Profilometer was developed as an automated, non-contact measurement system to displace checking with hand tools. The
Profilometer is used to verify the accuracy of newly cut dies by checking the extrusion dimensions. Its accuracy and speed helps
reduce the number of die trials needed to approve a new die for production. Once in production, the Profilometer is used to check
each run for overall quality, and to monitor for die wear.
The Profilometer3D is the most advanced tread scanning technology available. It is powered by CrossCheckHD dual-triangulat-
ing sensors to simultaneously acquire 512 tracks of data in each tread or sidewall scan. This high-density data set makes 3DP ideal
for detecting faint die lines needed to qualify new dies.
The bead-to-bead measurement system (B2B) is a non-contact scanning system that provides instantaneous acquisition for tire
profiles from one bead to the other, across both sidewalls and the tread.
The circumferential tread wear imaging system (CTWIST) is a complete measurement system for characterizing tread wear in
passenger and truck tires. CTWIST is used in tire development centers and test tracks to support new tire development programs
since tire designers are challenged to develop new tread patterns and compounds that deliver longer tread life and more uniform
tread wear.
CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT TESTING EQUIPMENT / LABORATORIES
R.D. Abbott 2BA North America Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc.
Akrochem Corporation 2KM North America Inc. Endurica
Akron Dispersions, Inc. Diamond America Hoosier Racing Tire
APV Engineered Coatings French Oil Mill Machinery Co., The Hoto Instruments
Rex Gauge
H.L. Blachford Ltd. Gomaplast Machinery
Seika
R. E. Carroll, Inc. Grieve Corporation
TA Instruments
Eagle Elastomers Guill Tool and Engineering Co.
Ueshima Seisakusho
Elmet Hilma Div. of Carr Lane Roemheld
Goldsmith & Eggleton Hydratecs Injection Equipment CUSTOM MIXING & COMPOUNDING
H&R Group Jing Day Machinery Industrial Co., Ltd. Airboss Rubber Compounding
HallStar Company Maplan Machinery + Planning Eagle Elastomer
Harwick Standard Nol-Tec Hexpol Compounding
INTERBUSINESS USA, INC. Reliable Rubber & Plastic Machinery Co. Hoosier Racing Tire
Kenrich Petrochemicals, inc. Sprinter Marking
Kneader Machinery Starrett-Bytewise CUSTOM SERVICES
McLube Technical Machine Products United Soybean Board
Polymer Valley Chemicals, Inc. Troester Machinery Ltd.
MOLD RELEASES
H.M. Royal Tung Yu Hydraulic Machinery Co. Ltd.
ITW Franklynn
Renkert Oil VMI
McLube
Struktol Corporation Wabash Release Coatings of New York
Tokai Cabon
Wacker CUSTOM CALENDERING RUBBER SHOWS
Zeon Chemicals Hoosier Racing Tire International Elastomer Conference
Rubber Tech India

64 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

@ rubberworld.com
VMI (www.vmi-group.com) is the worldཚs leading supplier
of machinery and services to the manufacturers of radial pas-
senger tires, light truck tires, all steel radial truck tires, bus
tires and off-the-road tires. Main product groups include the
technical rubber industry, the tire industry and tire retreaders.
VMI supplies millroom equipment and a complete line
of tire manufacturing, tire curing and testing systems for
bias and radial tires for cars, trucks, utility and off-the-road
vehicles. VMIཚV VHUYLFHV UDQJH IURP ILQDQFLQJ WKURXJK
engineering and contracting projects. The firm also offers
maintenance contracts and upgrades of existing rubber and
tire equipment.
VMI is known as the leader in millroom equipment and
VLQJOHVWDJH PDFKLQHV IRU UDGLDO FDU DQG WUXFN WLUHV90,ཚV
QHWZRUNRIDJHQWVLVFRQVWDQWO\PRQLWRULQJGHYHORSPHQWVLQORFDOPDUNHWVRQDOOFRQWLQHQWV7KHILUPཚVUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
department collaborates with the leading international rubber research institutes and with key suppliers of commercial components.
 6HUYLFHGHSDUWPHQWVDUHRQFDOOKRXUVDGD\WRSURYLGHUDSLGRQVLWHVHUYLFH90,ཚVJOREDORUJDQL]DWLRQLQFOXGHVVSDUHSDUWV
supply and servicing from plants in The Netherlands, the U.S. and China.
 90,ཚVSURGXFWSRUWIROLRIRUWKHWLUHLQGXVWU\LQFOXGHVPLOOURRPHTXLSPHQWWLUHFRPSRQHQWV\VWHPVEHDGPDNLQJDQGDSH[LQJ
machines, tire assembly systems for passenger and light truck tires, truck and OTR tire assembly systems, flexible tire building cells,
tire building drums, tire testing machines, compound testing systems, tire curing presses and extruders.
For the technical rubber industry, VMI provides millroom equipment, molded products and rubber-to-metal processing systems,
extrusion heads, preformers, straining equipment and airspring building systems.
VMI also provides retread tire curing systems.

Hoosier Racing Tire Custom Manufacturing

(www.hoosiertirecustommfg.com), a division of
Hoosier Racing Tire Corporation, offers custom
textile calendering, gum calendering, rubber mixing
and specialty tire manufacturing. Hoosier has added
Neoprene compounds and expanded its EPDM and
nitrile compound variety in rubber mixing.
Hoosier expanded its Plymouth, IN, manufactur-
ing plant to include Hoosier Custom Manufacturing,
enabling Hoosier Racing Tire to outpace current
production demands and provide ample capacity
for future growth and custom mixing applications.
Multiple mixing lines are available, with each
offering its own opportunities for specific mixing
applications. A variety of equipment is also available for custom calendering. The companyཚVIRXUUROOLQFOLQHG³=´FDOHQGHUKDQGOHV
FDOHQGHUHGIDEULFZLGWKVIURP´WR´1RQUHLQIRUFHGJXPFDOHQGHULQJLVSURYLGHGIURPDQH[WUXVLRQIHGFDOHQGHUOLQH6HYHUDO
engineering/testing services are offered, including multiple test wheel/dynamometers, a tire load deflection machine, tire uniformity
grading, state-of-the-art x-ray capabilities, shearography, and compound development and compound analysis.
Materials mixed include NR, SBR, NBR, nitrile, halobutyl, EPDM, polyisoprene, polychloroprene and others upon request.
High-capacity drying, strips, slabs and custom packaging are available from Hoosier.
 +RRVLHU7LUHZDVIRXQGHGLQE\5REHUWDQG-R\FH1HZWRQZKREHJDQSURGXFLQJUDFLQJWLUHVE\UHWUHDGLQJVWUHHWWLUHVZLWK
softer compounds. The Hoosier Tire business, and reputation for quality race tires, grew from there, and today, Hoosier Racing Tire
Corporation is the largest race tire manufacturer in the world. Over 1,000 different types of race tires are produced, and all tires are
manufactured in the United States.
If you would like your web site featured here contact your sales rep
Dennis Kennelly, dennis@rubberworld.com or Mike Dies, mike@rubberworld.com
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 65
Rubber Testing Solutions
Rubber Testing Solutions
 Suppliers Showcase
Reworking of rubber processing material
Novel technology for reworking material generated in rub-
ber processing, the TRP Reworker system is based on the
companyཚs two-roll plasticizer (TRP) with integrated gear
pump; a system which is said to close a
gap in the processing of rework materials
in the tire industry.
The company’s core competencies are
said to include the Roll-Ex gear pump
technology and innovative fine-mesh
straining solutions. These technologies are
said to enable rubber and tire manufactur-
ers worldwide to meet the challenges of
rubber processing.
This high-performance TRP Reworker system incorporates
new process technology that combines gentle rubber process-
ing, based on an open roll system, with proven methods such
as cracking, homogenizing and discharging. The system is
designed to gently process unvulcanized material generated
Metal detector interface
The Xtreme metal detector utilizes a customizable touchscreen
interface to increase detection accuracy and decrease false trips
when detecting metal objects in rubber compounds containing
different levels of carbon black
material. Most metal detectors
employ a balanced electrical field
to detect metal. This device mea-
sures minute changes caused by
an electrical disturbance, primar-
ily triggered by metal. However,
certain product characteristics may also influence the field, which
can result in false trips. This phenomenon, known as product
effect, is especially relevant with certain rubber compounds that
have high levels of carbon black material. In tire manufacturing,
these units are successfully utilized prior to calendering to detect
tramp metal in rubber strips. Undetected metal can severely dam-
age calender rolls, leading to significant downtime and costs for
surface refinishing or roll replacements. (Eriez)
www.eriez.com
Rubber compounding
Liquid rubber products used in rubber compounding and tire
manufacturing are provided by the company. Isolene and
Kalene can be used as reactive processing aids and as reactive
vehicles for rubber chemicals that must be dustless, pre-dis-
persed and/or pre-measured. The benefit is said to be that liquid
rubber is easy to process and becomes non-fugitive once the
rubber article is cured. Isolene liquid synthetic rubber, Kalene
liquid butyl rubber and Kalar crosslinked butyl rubber are
available from the company. (Royal Elastomers)
www.royalelastomers.com
68 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
Tire Technology
during tire production and return it to the production process.
In just one step, the TRP Reworker automatically and con-
tinuously homogenizes and fine-mesh strains treads, sidewalls,
profiles or sheets at a low temperature. With
possible throughputs of up to 2,500 kg/hour,
this system is said to represent a breakthrough
in terms of efficiency and performance. As a
resource- and space-saving solution, the TRP
Reworker is said to be an economical alterna-
tive to existing processes.
Operating on the international market, this
company specializes in the development of
customer-specific solutions for the rubber
and tire industry. These systems are employed in the different
areas of tire manufacturing; for example, in the mixing line for
the final compound and masterbatch, complete offline straining
cells, and in the extrusion line and rework area. (UTH GmbH)
www.uth-gmbh.com
S-SBR and BR solutions
SSBR (solution polymerization styrene butadiene rubber) pro-
vided by the company to improve tire performance is a type of
SBR with a special molecular structure to provide good process-
ability and dynamic properties in high performance and fuel
efficient tires. BR (butadiene rubber), with the properties of high
abrasion resistance, good dynamic performance, low temperature
performance and good processability, is used for tires, belts and
many other rubber goods. (JSR)
www.jsr.co.jp
Performance additives
Rubber additives from the company are said to help tire compa-
nies by increasing tire performance and lowering the environ-
mental footprint, and include an extensive portfolio of compound
additives, release agents and bladders. High quality tires require
tailored solutions in their production processes. The removal of
the release agents is essential for sealant tires or low-noise tires
because it ensures that the polymers, foams or sensors applied
subsequently will adhere properly. Sensors which transmit
important data such as tire pressure, temperature or tread depth to
the drivers or fleet operators can help prevent damage to the tires
and improve safety considerably. Release agents from traditional
silicone-based products such as Rhenodiv BP-286 and Rhenodiv
BP-2864 which are removed after vulcanization from the tires
with mechanical washing systems or by laser technology, and
silicone-free products such as Rhenodiv BP-166 and Rhenodiv
BP-9500 are offered. The water-based bladder coating Rhenodiv
BC-1700 is said to provide a high-performance release on the
bladder surface while minimizing the environmental effects and
increasing work safety. (Lanxess)
www.lanxess.com
 Suppliers Showcase
Nanocellulose masterbatch
NDC rubber masterbatch is offered for qualification by tire
and rubber companies. The breakthrough in NDC masterbatch
is the result of a three-year joint development program with
GranBio Technologies designed to address growing sustainabil-
ity demands from the tire industry, both in terms of improving
tire rolling resistance and vehicle fuel economy through enabling
the incorporation of sustainable, bio-derived nanocellulose into
commercial rubber compounds. The utilization of nanocellulose
in rubber goods and tires has been an active area of research and
development throughout industry and academia over the past
several years. However, effective dispersion of hydrophilic nano-
cellulose into hydrophobic rubber formulations has been a persis-
tent problem that has previously hindered widespread uptake by
the rubber industry. The NDC masterbatch includes GranBio’s
patented hydrophobic form of nanocellulose. (Birla Carbon)
www.birlacarbon.com
Liquid butadiene rubbers
Polyvest liquid rubbers for enhanced performance are based
on butadiene for application in tires and technical rubber
goods. All Polyvest products are liquid polymers and provide a
stereospecific microstructure with low glass transition temper-
atures. Polyvest grades are said to be perfectly suited as reac-
tive plasticizers in rubber compounds, since they provide an
excellent compatibility with solid rubbers and a high reactiv-
ity towards sulfur vulcanization. Silane and maleic anhydride
functionalized grades of Polyvest are said to improve dispers-
ibility of inorganic fillers in rubber compounds and their adhe-
sion to polar substrates. (Evonik)
www.evonik.com
Low temperature winter tire plasticizers
In a recent study comparing the winter tire properties of
compounds made with several different plasticizers in the
companyཚs Nytex range with those made with traditionally
used grades such as TDAE (treated distil-
late aromatic extract) and MES (mildly
extracted solvate), Nytex oils were shown
to boost performance.
The study showed that Nytex oils
enable traction to be improved both at
low temperatures and in wet conditions,
while a competitive performance can be
achieved for rolling resistance, a finding confirmed by several
previous studies.
Identified in the study as the best performing oil,
Nytex 843 is developed specifically to boost performance.
Compared with TDAE, the oil showed a 27% gain in dynam-
ic stiffness, the property used as an indicator for traction
at low temperatures. For Nytex 4700, the same parameter
showed a gain of 11%, while the oil also provided more
Tire Technology
Functionalized polymers
This global materials solutions provider and manufacturer of
plastics, latex binders and synthetic rubber offers a propri-
etary functionalization platform that is enabling the tire value
chain to produce higher performing, more sustainable tires.
The functionalized SSBRs are said to be making a significant
contribution to the production of more energy-efficient tires,
which enable the reduction of CO2 vehicle emissions in their
use phase. This is said to make them an ideal solution to cur-
rent megatrends and legislation affecting the global tire indus-
try, satisfying demand for synthetic rubber solutions that are
as high performing as they are sustainable. The company’s
functionalized SSBRs are said to push the boundaries of roll-
ing resistance thanks to proprietary functionalization technol-
ogy for better silica and carbon black interaction leading to
considerable improvements in hysteresis properties. They also
contribute to reduced braking distance, while also substantially
reducing abrasion in tires, according to the company. (Trinseo)
www.trinseo.com
Compound straining
The ZX 150/120 and ZX 170/130 are said to meet the demand
for more output and reach up to 4,800 pounds per hour, depend-
ing on construction size. The ZX series gear extruders reach an
output of up to 590 to 4,800 pounds per hour with correspond-
ing rubber density and viscosity. Taking into account the rubber
compound properties of tires and technical rubber goods, the
drive shafts as well as housing and head are designed to be tem-
pered separately. The compact construction features proven gear
shaft technology. (Troester)
www.troester.de
improvement with regard to traction in wet conditions.
Furthermore, Nytex 832 performed on a par with, or slightly
better than MES, according to the company.
Pitted against other plasticizers in a
dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
study, several Nynas Nytex oils displayed
excellent winter tire properties, according
to the company. Compared with other tire
oils, these had: lower E* at -25°C, improv-
ing the flexibility and traction at low tem-
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WUDFWLRQLQZHWFRQGLWLRQVDQGVLPLODUWDQįDWƒ&RIIHULQJ
a competitive performance in rolling resistance.
The results indicate that Nytex 843 is the best performing
oil, closely followed by Nytex 4700, with the performance
of Nytex 832 closely resembling that of MES. The bio-based
1\WH[%LRLVDOVRVDLGWRVKRZDQH[FHOOHQWEDODQFHRI
properties suitable for winter tires. (Nynas Naphthenics)
www.nynas.com
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 69
Looking to Sell? Tire Technology
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70 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
The ASP-T (automated surface preparation for the tire industry)
was developed for the automated cleaning of tire molds, inside
and outside the press, using dry ice particles ranging in size
from 3 mm to 0.3 mm. The system
can be easily integrated into existing
processes, which saves up to 70% of
the cleaning time when compared to
conventional cleaning methods. The
process parameters can be adjusted
to fit the selected cleaning program
according to the requirements of the
winter or summer tire molds, with or
without spring vents. The dry ice particle size can be adjusted
variably from 3 mm to 0.3 mm using the company’s patented
Particle Control System (PCS) to optimize cleaning for all
types of molds (segmented, two-piece, puzzle). The dry ice can
be adjusted to more effectively clean surfaces depending on the
curing cycles. (Cold Jet)
www.coldjet.com
Functionalized SSBR
Two functionalized SSBR grades, Buna FX 5000 and Buna FX
3234A-2, have been tested in comparison to standard SSBR
grades Buna VSL 3038-2HM and VSL 2438-2HM, and are
shown to support the production of tires with improved perfor-
mance and rolling resistance, ultimately leading to reduced fuel
consumption and environmental impact, according to the com-
pany. In the tire sector, the firmཚs high-tech rubber solutions are
said to offer exceptional resilience and grip, reduced rolling
resistance and high durability, ensuring the highest tire perfor-
mance while decreasing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
They are used, for example, in the inner liners (the airtight lay-
ers) of tires, as well as for the tread, side walls and other tire
components. (Arlanxeo)
www.arlanxeo.com
Bio-based tire oil
Nytex Bio 6200 bio-based tire oil, made partly with renewable
feedstock, was primarily developed to help tire manufacturers
meet their sustainability targets when it comes to renewable
raw materials, without having to compromise on performance.
Testing is said to show that the bio-based tire oil also offers per-
formance benefits. Gains in vulcanization speed were observed
by the company, as well as a very good balance of dynamic
properties which are used to predict the resulting tireཚVNH\SHU-
formance in such important areas as traction and fuel economy.
Specially developed to meet the tire industryཚVGHPDQGVSODFHG
on the technical performance of conventional tire oils, Nytex Bio
6200 is said to meet all necessary requirements and expectations
related to tire rubber formations (Nynas Naphthenics)
www.nynas.com
 Suppliers Showcase Tire Technology

Plant-based raw material Tread enhancement

A plant-based raw material variant to the companyཚs Aktiplast
PP product range is offered. These processing promoters for
polymer blends are used in the production of tires and all kinds
of technical rubber articles. Aktiplast PP-veg, which is based
on renewable raw materials, was developed specifically in
response to a customer requirement from Asia. In this way,
the manufacturer aims to enable rubber processors to reduce
their CO2 footprint. Unlike the conventional product, Aktiplast
PP-veg is manufactured only from vegetable oils. The propor-
tion of renewable raw materials in Aktiplast PP-veg is around
90%, so that its CO2 footprint is significantly reduced. The
starting point are raw materials made from the fruits of oil
palms. They are ecologically more sustainable than coconut
palms, rapeseed or sunflowers, as they provide by far the
highest oil yield per hectare of farmland area. The processing
promoter is particularly suitable for polymer blends based on
natural rubber. It reduces the viscosity of rubber compounds
and significantly improves injection and extrusion behavior,
also in combination with functionalized polymers, according
to the company. (Lanxess)
www.lanxess.com
A global producer of styrenic block copolymers, specialty
polymers and high value performance products derived from
pine wood pulping co-products offers the Sylvatraxx 8000
tread enhancement additive series, a second generation poly-
terpene with high bio-based content designed to optimize the
balance between wet traction and rolling resistance in silica-
filled passenger car tire treads, especially in high-performance
all-season tires. The companyཚs latest innovations are said to
be designed to help tire manufacturers meet increasingly strin-
gent criteria for performance and the use of bio-sourced mate-
rials. In addition to the Sylvatraxx 8000 series, the company
offers new concepts on biobased TEA technology. Sylvatraxx
8115 and 8125 polyterpene products have been evaluated in
typical passenger car tread compounds, and data are available
from laboratory compounding studies which have been cor-
related with the productsཚ key characteristics. This company
develops, manufactures and markets bio-based chemicals and
specialty polymers. The firm is a global producer of sty-
renic block copolymers (SBC) and pine chemicals. (Kraton
Polymers LLC)
www.kraton.com

Fatigue y Abrasion y Friction

FT-3132 AB-2012 VR-7130 FR-7225

Leverage a Century of Experience for your Test Needs!

Ueshima Seisakusho Co., Ltd., a leading manufacturer of advanced test equipment for the rubber and plastics industry for over 100
years. See our comprehensive lineup of physical test equipment including one-of-a-kind abrasion and friction testers aimed at the tire
manufacturing space. No other testers can replicate real world road conditions and predict tire tread performance as reliably as Ueshima.
Need help optimizing the testing of your compounds and bring products to market sooner? See for yourself how these extraordinary
test solutions can help you get ahead of the competition.

For more info, please visit our website or contact

SEIKA MACHINERY, INC.
Tel: 770-446-3116
6(,.$ info@seikausa.com
ǁǁǁ͘ƐĞŝŬĂƵƐĂ͘ĐŽŵͬƌƵďďĞƌƚĞƐƟŶŐ

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 71

 Suppliers Showcase Equipment

Rubber processing Extrusion tooling

The Dual Drive concept is said to provide significantly reduced Series 800 two- to six-layer extrusion tooling is designed to
wear and tear of the rotors of the gear pump when handling abra- produce the highest quality, highest material efficient 1/8" to
sive compounds. This is said to increase the long-term produc- 6" OD tubing for automotive, medical, appliance and industrial
tivity of the machines applications. The redesigned Series
by prolonging life- 800 produces flawlessly smooth
time and also cuts extrusion and layer definition of flu-
maintenance and ser- ropolymer and other materials for
vicing costs, accord- all multi-layer, multi-lumen medical
ing to the manufac- tubing, as well as fuel line construc-
turer. The company tions, multi-layer PEX pipe and
offers extended digi- drip irrigation applications, among
tal services, includ- others, according to the manufac-
ing remote service, turer. The design further allows thin layer combinations of
which provides customers with fast and individual technical sup- polymers and adhesives to .02 mm or less. The company offers
port for a high degree of production reliability, according to the its extensive line of crossheads and inline tubing dies in fixed
firm. This company specializes in the development of customer- and adjustable center, for single or co-extrusion applications.
specific solutions for the rubber and tire industry. These are used The tooling is designed to process all compounds, and features
in the different areas of manufacturing; for example, in the mix- the company’s patented, precision Feather Touch concentric-
ing line, complete offline straining cells, and in the extrusion line ity adjustment, the Seal Right system, which combines with the
and rework area. (UTH GmbH) Feather Touch system to eliminate polymer leaking. The firm
www.uth-gmbh.com also offers its unique spiral flow distribution system. All tool-
ing is produced with rigorous computer simulation of the flow
channels using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs,
resulting in optimum uniform flow with no weld lines, accord-
ing to the company. (Guill Tool & Engineering)
www.guill.com

Mobile bag dump station

...
A mobile bag dump station with flexible screw conveyor and bag
compactor allows bulk material transfer from handheld sacks,
pails and boxes into elevated process equipment and storage
vessels throughout the plant. Mounted on a mobile frame with
locking casters and fold-down step, the dust-free system features
a bag disposal chute through the sidewall of the hopper hood,
allowing the operator to pass empty bags directly into the bag
compactor. Dust generated from bag dumping, empty bag pass-
through and bag compaction is drawn away from the operator,
onto the systemཚs two cartridge filters. (Flexicon)
www.flexicon.com

Heat processing truck oven

“ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS THAT MAKE SENSE”
Guill Tool & Engineering is a leading supplier
of rubber and plastic extrusion tooling for
products ranging from 0.005 inch (0.127 mm)
multi-layer medical tubing to 20 inch (508
mm) industrial pipe. We offer single and
multi-layer, multi-lumen extrusion crossheads
backed by engineering support that's
unmatched in the industry.
3D CAD, CFD and FEA software begin our
process and all products are made in our
quality-first production facility.
A 550°F (288°C) customized truck oven from the standard TCH-
We welcome 550 model is currently used for heat processing parts. Workspace
all challenges! dimensions measure 60" wide by 60" deep by 60" high. Incoloy
sheathed tubular heating elements have 30
www.guill.com KW installed, while a 2,000 cfm, 2 hp recir-
culating blower provides horizontal airflow
tooling@guill.com
to the workload. The truck oven has 6" insu-
West Warwick, lated walls, an aluminized steel interior and
Rhode Island aluminized steel exterior with enamel finish.
(USA)
Features include a purge timer, two-position dampers and a 1,200
401-828-7600 pound capacity stainless steel loading truck. (Grieve)
www.grievecorp.com

72 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

 Suppliers Showcase Instruments

Multi-sensor vision system Rotary drum abrader

This global manufacturer of precision hand tools and gages,
metrology systems and more, has introduced the AVX550 multi-
sensor vision system equipped with dual optical systems and
touch-probe capability to measure parts
with a diverse range of feature sizes and
geometries. The large format AVX550
system can be equipped with two cam-
eras and lenses to be used sequentially
in the same program along with touch
probe options, making this system one of
the most versatile multi-sensor platforms,
according to the company. For accuracy, durability and stability,
the AVX550 system features a granite base and bridge design.
The AVX550 multi-sensor system features dual optical systems
that work in tandem to measure a broad range of features. The
primary zoom lens enables small intricate features to be inspect-
ed with high precision and resolution of up to 2 microns. A sec-
ondary large field-of-view camera is equipped with a telecentric
lens that can simultaneously inspect large areas of a part, or an
entire part itself. (L.S. Starrett)
www.starrett.com
The companyཚs high quality rotary drum abrader evaluates
resistance to abrasion of rubber materials through the measure
of the volumetric loss of a specimen exposed to the action of a
normalized abrasive
medium, secured to
a rotating cylinder.
The Model CCS-
RDA rotary drum
abrader is manu-
factured according
to the specifications
and requirements set forth in DIN 53516, ASTM D5963 and ISO
4649, JIS K6369. Features of the rotary drum abrader include a
rotating or fixed specimen holder; adjustable load range of 500
grams to 1 kg load; automatic lock of the rotating drum at the
end of the test cycle; unlockable rotating drum to facilitate easy
replacement of the abrasive media; the specimen holder correctly
positions the specimen for accurate, repeatable tests; a drum
cover with automatic safety interlock; and emergency stop but-
ton. (Corporate Consulting Service & Instruments)
www.ccsi-inc.com

Ueshima Fully AUTOMATIC

Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)
Model VR-7130
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IHDWXUHLVQRWQHHGLQJOLTXLGQLWURJHQ

Key Features:
yExclusive Thermo Jetter technology used for chilling down to -100°C in lieu of liquid nitrogen yAutomatic testing
of 60 samples, or up to 100 samples (option). No need for tech to operate the machine while testing multiple samples
yAccurate temperature measurements by step control method and special designed sensor yCompact footprint to
eliminate influence of resonance on measurement values

For more info, please visit our website or contact

SEIKA MACHINERY, INC.
Tel: 770-446-3116
6(,.$ info@seikausa.com
ǁǁǁ͘ƐĞŝŬĂƵƐĂ͘ĐŽŵͬƌƵďďĞƌƚĞƐƚŝŶŐ

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 73

 Suppliers Showcase
Overmolding products
The StarBond XL series is said to offer outstanding bond
strength for a variety of engineering thermoplastics, such as
polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and
PC/ABS alloys. The StarBond XL series has an initial offering
of 60 through 80 durometer A hardness. The StarBond products
come in natural and black colors. Grades are available both in
filled and unfilled forms. These grades are said to offer superior
tensile properties, elongation and tear properties compared to
several leading competitors, while offering outstanding bond
strength and flow characteristics, according to the company.
The StarBond XL series is said to offer customers an exten-
sion of choice in terms of value addition within the companyཚs
existing StarBond portfolio. Applications include markets
such as consumer, medical, sporting goods and transportation.
The company is a custom solutions provider of thermoplas-
tic elastomers and plastic alloys. The firm has multiple pro-
duction lines, state-of-the-art research and development, and
experienced sales personnel. Key products include DynaStar,
StarBond, StarClear, StarFlex, StarGrip-X, StarMed, StarPet,
StarPrene and StarSoft. (Star Thermoplastics)
www.starthermoplastics.com
74 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020
Materials
Bio-based prepolymers
MDI polyether prepolymers contain renewable, bio-based raw
materials. Marketed under the brand name Adiprene Green, the
products are suitable as replacement for existing fossil based
polyether prepolymers to manufacture highly durable poly-
urethane (PU) elastomers. The overall objective to develop
Adiprene Green was to create a range of bio-based prepolymers
which allow the PU processor to produce components with a
reduced CO2 footprint. Depending on the system, a reduction
of CO2 between 20-30% is possible compared to fossil-based
prepolymers due to the use of polyether polyols based on starch.
The share of bio-based raw materials varies between 30-90%,
dependent on the targeted system hardness. At the same time,
the existing PU processing capabilities would remain applicable
and the properties of the final polyurethane elastomer would be
similar to established elastomers based on fossil based polyether
or even better. Adiprene Green prepolymers are said to be easy
to handle They are processed in an identical manner to conven-
tional prepolymers. No modifications to material handling, pro-
cess temperatures or mixing ratios are necessary, according to the
company. (Lanxess)
www.lanxess.com
 Zhanber HNBR
Performance Elastomers
HNBR CR
When it comes to HNBR
FKM
CPE
CSM
ECO
EPDM you have a choice.
Specialty Chemicals
Active Zinc Oxide Whether your applications are
Composite Zinc Oxide in the automotive, oil and gas
Organic Peroxide or chemical industries, Zhanber
Co-agent HNBR delivers the highest
Specialty Curatives performance. Contact Lianda
AZO Foaming Agent Corporation or visit our website to
Precipitated Silica learn more about the wide range
of HNBR grades available.

Quality products and unsurpassed service to our customers

WWWLIANDACORPCOMsINQUIRY LIANDACORPCOMs0H


 People in the News
USTMA board names two new members
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Sik Shin and Pirelli’s Pietro Berardi
were elected during the board’s virtual
meeting July 29. The board also extended
the term of current board chair, Steve
McClellan SUHVLGHQW $PHULFDV *RRG
year Tire & Rubber, for an additional
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leadership,” said Anne Forristall Luke,
8670$SUHVLGHQWDQG&(2
MANAGEMENT
Conrad Galamgam was named vice
president, product planning and techni
FDOVHUYLFHVIRU7R\R7LUH86$Jared
NormanZDVQDPHGVHQLRUGLUHFWRURI¿
nance, pricing and planning for the com
pany.
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by the end of the year. Members include
Yong-Sik Shin Pietro Berardi
Kumho Tire/USTMA Pirelli/USTMA
Martial Lecat, chair of Myrtil Holding;
Philippe Combette FKDLU RI 6D¿F$O
can; Jean-Michel GuyonFKLHI¿QDQFLDO
R൶FHU Philippe Cenreaud, managing
director for rubber and plastic; Juliette
GamezFKLHIGLJLWDOR൶FHUYann Lissil-
lourPDQDJLQJGLUHFWRU&$6(DQGJose
Lora, managing director, life sciences.
SALES
Ryan Cusick was appointed sales man
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sociates to the company’s sales team at
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Steve McClellan Ryan Cusick
Goodyear/USTMA Magna Tyres Group
sippi and Texas. John Neucere was ap
pointed district sales manager, and Zach-
ary Wells was named technical sales
representative.
RETIREES
James W. Knipp is retiring as Chardon
Custom Polymers’ southern regional
sales manager.
Paul Cooke SUHVLGHQW DQG &(2 RI
%RVFK5H[URWK1RUWK$PHULFDLVUHWLULQJ
after 38 years with the company. His suc
cessor will be Greg Gumbs, most recent
ly vice president and general manager,
HOHFWULFDODXWRPDWLRQVROXWLRQVDW(DWRQ

20”X20” VACUUM PRESS

LABORATORY PRESSES
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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 77

Classifieds
Microwave curing for increased
production of extrusions
203-855-8755
D UROMETERS
Rubber Hardness Testers
Shore A Normal rubber
Asker C Soft rubber & sponge
Shore D Hard rubber & plastics
Shore E Soft rubber & sponge
And More Scales Available
● ASTM D2240 compliant
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● NIST Certificate included
● Optional ISO 17025 Certificate

866-527-4666
cober.com sales@cober.com
l
GEM308 Classified_Ad_2X2_HQ_MB
www.hoto-instruments.com .pdf 1 4/24

CM

MY

CY

CMY
WE ARE STILL HERE FOR YOU

K GEMGRAVURE.COM 781-805-3253

MANAGE or RENEW
ONLINE:
Subscriptions can easily be
renewed online
www.rubberworld.com/subscribe

78 RUBBERWORLD.COM • SEPTEMBER 2020

Classifieds

TOOLING SOLUTIONS THAT WORK!

INJECTION MOLDS
TRANSFER / COMPRESSION MOLDS
EXTRUSION / SPLICE DIES

CONTACT US TODAY!
WWW.MTOOLSCORP.COM SALES@MTOOLSCORP.COM

Custom Textile Treaters/Finishers

RFL Treatments for Nitrile, Neoprene or

Vinyl Pyridine on Cotton, Polyester or Nylon Fabric
Release Treatments for Liners and Leaders
Contact Maxine Terlop Tel: 216-883-7585
or email: jjwhite@jjwhite.com ‡ www.jjwhite.com

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 79

 Index To Advertisers
ACE Products & Consulting LLC (www.aceprodcon.com) .....................14, 15
AGC Chemicals Americas (www.agcchem.com) ............................................78
AirBoss Rubber Compounding (www.airbossofamerica.com) ......... 2nd cover
Akrochem Corporation (www.akrochem.com) ...........................................13, 75
APV Engineered Coatings (www.apvcoatings.com) .................................74, 79
ARP Materials (www.arpmaterials.com) ............................................................49
Cober Microwave (www.cober.com) ......................................................................78
Denka Performance Elastomer LLC (sales@denka-pe.com) ...................... 79
Eriez (www.eriez.com) ......................................................................................... 28
Facts, Inc. (www.facts-inc.com)............................................................................51
Gem Gravure (www.gemgravure.com) ...............................................................78
Gomaplast Machinery, Inc. (www.gomaplast.com)..........................................77
Guill Extrusion Tooling (www.guill.com)............................................................72
H&R Group US, Inc. (www.hur.com) ...................................................... 4th cover
Harwick Standard Distribution (www.harwick.com) .................................. 6, 11
HB Chemical (www.hbchemical.com) ......................................................... 7, 8, 9
Holly Frontier Lubricants & Specialty Products
(www.hollyfrontierlsp.com) ................................................................................ 2
Hoosier Racing Tire Manufacturing
(www.hoosiertirecustommfg.com) ......................................................................65
Hotlinks Directory (www.rubberworld.com) ................................................64, 65
Hoto Instruments (www.hoto-instruments.com) ................................................78
Interbusiness USA, Inc. (www.interbusinessgroup.com) ............................... 79
ITW Pro Brands (www.itwprobrands.com) ......................................................55
Kayton Industry Co., Ltd. (www.tire-machine.com.tw) ..................................43
Kenrich (www.4kenrich.com) ............................................................................79
Kneader Machinery (www.kneadermachinery.com) .............................................79
Lianda (www.liandacorp.com) ...........................................................................76
Madison Tooling Solutions (www.mtoolscorp.com) .......................................79
McLube (www.mclube.com) ...........................................................................57, 79
Mecords India Ltd. (www.mecordsindia.com) ...................................................78
Mesgo Compounding Solutions (www.mesgo.it) ...........................................78
Mitchell Street Capital (www.mitchellstreetcapital.com) ..................................70
MonTech USA (www.montechusa.com) ......................................................66, 67
Polymerics (www.polymerics.com) ....................................................................79
Polymer Valley Chemicals, Inc.
(www.polymervalleychemicals.com)................................................................29
Release Coatings of New York, Inc. (www.rcony.com) ..................................79
Rubber Division, ACS (www.rubber.org) ......................................................50, 62
Rubber Heart (www.therubberheart.com) ........................................................21
Seika USA (www.seikausa.com) ...................................................................71, 73
Sprinter Marking (www.sprintermarking.com) ..................................................79
Starrett-Bytewise (wwwstarrettcom) ...................................................................64
Struktol Company of America (www.struktol.com) ............................................1
TechnoBiz (www.rubber-expo.com) ...................................................................52
Troester (www.troester.de) ................................................................................48
Ueshima Seisakusho, Co., Ltd. (www.seikausa.com) ..................................71, 73
University of Akron (www.uakron.edu/apts/training) ...........................................60
VMI (www.vmi-group.com) ...............................................................................5, 65
J.J. White Products, Inc. (www.jjwhite.com) ......................................................79
Zochem (www.zochem.com) ...............................................................................17

Rubber World
SALES STAFF
DENNIS J. KENNELLY PHILIP CHACKO
Senior VP-Associate Publisher Founder and President
1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd. Pioneer Rubber & Chemical CO.
Akron, OH 44313-5157 409-Solaris II, Saki Vihar Road
Ph: 330-864-2122 - Fx: 330-864-5298 Mumbai - 400072, India
Email: dennis@rubberworld.com Ph: +91-2228574001 - Fx: 67858500
Email: pioneerphilip@gmail.com
MIKE DIES
Sales Representative RINGIER TRADE PUBLISHING
1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd. East China - VIVIAN SHANG
Akron, OH 44313-5157 Phone: +86-21 6289-5533 EXT 169
Ph: 330-864-2122 - Fx: 330-864-5298 vivian@ringiertrade.com
Email: mike@rubberworld.com
North China and South China - MAGGIE LIU
ANDRE JAMAR Phone: +86-20 8732-3316 EXT 9332
International Marketing Consultant maggieliu@ringiertrade.com
Avenue Nicolai 49 A / Bte 4 Hong Kong - MIKE HAY
4802 Heusy Phone: +852 2369 8788 ext 11
Belgium mchhay@ringier.com.hk
Ph: +32(0)-87-225385
Mobile: + 32(0)-496-510513 Taiwan - SYDNEY LAI
Email: andrejamar1@gmail.com 886 4 2329 7318
wangyujung@ringier.com.hk

80 RUBBERWORLD.COM ‡ SEPTEMBER 2020

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Ph: (740) 453-1000
RELEASEAGENTS
FORTHERUBBER
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 Powerful
RPA technology
The RPA elite is part of the new line of rubber testing products from TA Instruments
and is backed by our world-renowned, global, direct support network.

• Proprietary transducer technology for the widest range of

measurements and dramatically improved accuracy

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Rubber World full page 7x10.indd 1 7/9/15 1:39 PM

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CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
GUIDE FOR ELASTOMERS IV
12% NEW DATA, 15,000 NEW COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS AND CORRODENTS.

Chemical Resistance Guide for Elastomers IV - a concise guide to

chemical and environmental resistance of rubber and elastomeric
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with synonyms listed for more than 1,000 chemicals, gases, etc., and
indexed to corresponding page numbers.

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Π3,060+ liquid or dry chemicals, gases, lubricants, household fluids,
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ΠA quick reference summary of chemical resistance for each elastomer compound is provided
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Negozone ®

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Tudalen 5138 US ®

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Industry standard for high

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Hansen & Rosenthal is the Producer of Anti Ozone Waxes and Plasticizers

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E-mail: SALESAMERICA@hur.com
www.hur.com