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    45 views30 pages

    Chapter 1: Complex Numbers (CP2)

    Uploaded by

    ewfjehwjf

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 1: Complex Numbers (Year 2) Pee Nu eC eee cos 20 +i sin 20 a e2io If z, and zz are two complex numbers, what happens to ER NCR ru) fz = r(cos0 + isiné), z® =r"(cosnd + isinnd) their moduli when we find 2,23. What happens to their arguments when we find 24? Pe enes Trigonometric Identities “Express cos 30 in terms of powers of cos 6” “Solve z* = 3 + 2i” show that ltztz2? RECAP: Im[z] Gy) Re[z] Then in terms of r and @: x=rcosé y=rsing z=x+iy =rcos@+irsin@d =r(cos@ + isin 6) “Given that z = cos= where nis a positive integer, nt =1+icot(Z) Modulus-Argument Form If z = x + iy (and suppose in this case Z is in the first quadrant), what was: r= |2| = Vx? + y? @ =arg(z) = tan! When 1 < 0 < mits known as the principal argument. This is known as the a modulus-argument form of z. _ @ | Modulus-argument form Exponential Form We've seen the Cartesian form a complex number z = x + yi and the modulus-argument form z = r(cos 6 + isin). But, there’s a third form! Later in Chapter 3 on Taylor expansions, you'll see that you that you can write functions as an infinitely long polynomial: xt cosx = 1 sinx = It looks like the cos x and sin x somehow add to give e*. The one problem is that the signs don’t quite match up. But i changes sign as we raise it to higher powers. oe & Exponential form z=re® You need to be able to convert to and from exponential form. x + iy | Mod-arg form Exp Form 3 iene -1 — This is Euler’s identity. It relates the five 2-31 most fundamental z z constants in maths! 2 (cos + isin— V2 (cos + isinzr) To get Cartesian form, ari be putin modulus- V2e4 argument form first. 23m} _ Notice this isnota principal argument. Use e!? = cos @ + isin @ to show that cos @ = ze? + e7i8) Ex 1A Multiplying and Dividing Complex Numbers If z, = 7(cos, + isin 6.) and z, = r,(cos 4, + isin A.) Then: ZZ, =1412(cos(@, + 8,) + isin(@, + 42)) @,) +isin(@, — 2)) i.e. IF you multiply two complex numbers, you multiply the moduli and add the arguments, and if you divide them, you divide the moduli and subtract the arguments. Similarly if z, = rye! and z, = re? Then: Zap = 1 yrzel(O1+02) som + an") aoe tan) cos in) x 4 (cos + sin) Write in the form re'@: 2(costy+isingy) _ Sr Sm V2 (cos + isin | Se ee eee 2 (cos Te +isinge) x3 cos —isin=) | fosc-o) +tsin(~0) Erlicor meeeke 2=5v3—5i Find (a) || o {b) arg(z) in terms of (2) w =2(cos$+ ising) Find | ay (4) arg || @) Ex 1B De Moivre’s Theorem We sawthat: 2122 = TiT2(cos(@, + 62) +isin(@, + 62) Can you think therefore what 2” is going to be? #\fz=r(cos @+isin@) 2" = r"(cosnd + isinn®) This is known as De Moivre’s Theorem. Polio ntierelers Prove by induction that z" = r"(cosn@ +isinné) | De Moivre’s Theorem for Exponential Form - 7m ifz =re™ thenz” = (re®)" = rvein? Alternative: Using Euler's form z=1r(cosé+isin@) =re® rel)’ xre! = rte xre# (re*y aes TF gine =1*"(cos(k+1)6+isin(k+1)@) k=1_ 2 =F (cosd+isind) True for n= 1 -. rue forall mete Express (1 + V3 i)” in the form x + iy where x,y € R. Edexcel FP2(Old) June 2010 Q4 2278+ (8\3)i (@) Find the modulus of : and the argument of = Using de Moivre’s theorem, (6) find >, @ @ Ex 1 Applications of de Moivre #1: Trig identities | Express cos 34 in terms of powers of cos @ 1) Create a ‘de Moivre’ statement that includes a cos 3@ on RHS 2) Binomial expansion 3) Compare real/imaginary parts Express (a) cos 60 in terms of cos 8. (b) 2° 6 # nz, in terms of cos 8. sind’ Bator (a) Use de Moivre's theorem to show that sin 59 = 16sin5 6 — 20sin® 6 + Ssin@ Hence, given also that sin 3@ = 3 sin @ — 4 sin? 6 (b) Find all the solutions of sin5@ = 5sin3@ in the interval 0 < @ < 2. Give your answers to 3 decimal places. Finding identities for sin” @ and cos” 0 The technique we've seen allows us to write say cos 36 in terms of powers of cos 0 (e.g. cos* 0). Is it possible to do the opposite, to say express cos? @ in terms of a linear combination of cos 30 and cos 6 (with no powers)? Ifz = cos +i sin@, what is z +2 and z— 2? And what is z” +4? 2" — z 2 | Express cos® @ in the form acos 50 + bcos 30 + ccos@ | 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Raise RHS to the required power ~ careful of the ‘2’ or ‘2i” Raise LHS to same power Binomial expansion Use the identities once agai Remember to isolate by di ing by any coefficients on LHS Results you need to use 1 Bt z=2eosd 2" +27 = eosnd =2isin@ — z"—— = 2isinnd Prove that sin? @ = — ¢sin 30+ sin @ 1) Raise RHS to the required power — careful of the ‘2’ or ‘2i” # Results you need to use 2) Raise LHS to same power eG 3) Binomial expansion : 4) Use the identities once again 5) Remember to isolate by dividing by any coefficients on LHS Your Turn (a) Express sin* 0 in the form a cos 40 + bcos 20 +c z (b) Hence find the exact value of f?sin* @ d@ Ex 1D. Sums of Series The formula for the sum of a geometric series also applies to complex numbers: Forw,z EC, z @-1) wr Di wet = wb wet wa? tot watt = MO 3 Dowel = wet wet we? et watt = ms 1-z provided |z| <1 Geometric series (=r) l-r a(1-—r”) 1-r for |r| <1 8 Show that if z = e#, then > = 5 Show that "(1 + iV3)" = -21V3i & Ex1E Q2,3 Some very useful further identities # Results you need to use 1) Rewrite these in exponential form 1 2) Make sinn@ and cos né the subject a+ Poe 2cosn@ Things to note: - Indices are same but negated = cosné goes with + - sin nd goes with — - Hyperbolic connection... 2isinnd Creating expressions in the hyperbolic form PART 1 cosnd =i (e"? + o-? cos = 5 (2? 4°?) ce when there is a 14, 1-, or-1, 2isinnd =e" —e-™® | with coefficient of e”? as 1 1 (enio — gnit sinno = s(en? 0) eu 1 elo es-1 el 41 ee Tricky example using several skills we have learned ee ee, cee outs Given that z = cos + isin, where nis postive integer, show that 7 ig al-r") n alr) Leet ete mtamt a1 + ccot(%) -t In S.= -% for|r| < a Ex1E QL Using mod-arg form to split summation ef + e219 4 318 +... + "9 is a geometric series, e(9(en# 1) 18 4 928 4 9318 4... 4 end = ee eee Converting each exponential term to modulus-argument form would allow us to consider the real and imaginary parts of the series separately: 19 + 6210 4 6310 4... 4 orld = (cos@ +isin0) + (cos 26 + isin20) ++ = (cos 0 + cos20 +++) + i(sin@ + sin20 +++) e'9(e_1) and sin + sin 20 + et Thus cos @ + cos 20 + ~~ is the real part of ++ the imaginary part. S =e! + 029 + 310 +... + e8, for @ # 2nm, where n is an integer. (a) Show that S a Let P = cos @ + cos 20 + cos 30 + -- + cos 80 and Q = sin@ + sin20 +--+ sin8@ (b) Use your answer to part a to show that P = cos2sin 40 cosec®and find similar expressions for Q and 2 Ex1E QS Rev 196 Ex1E Q6 *hard Creating expressions in the hyperbolic form PART 2 1 (gio 4 ernie eee when there is a k+, k-, or -k where k is a constant, or if there is a ke”® instead of e”® 2isinnd = eM!9 — em? 1 (enio — gnit sinno = s(en? 0) ‘multiply by same expression by with power negated et8 +2 3e —1 3— e200 4, The infinite series C and S are defined by 2 1 1 1 C= cos + = cos54 + —c0s90 + — cos 130 + 2 4 8 1 1 1 = sind + 5 sinS0+ —sin90 + >sin130+ S= sind + 5 sino + 351 goint3 Given that the series C and $ are both convergent, (2) show that cre, ar ® (0) Hence show that sind + 2sin30 5 de0s40 Oy Ex1E Q4,7 Mix 1. Q13 Applications of de Moivre #2: Roots z" =r"(cosné + isinné) We have so far used de Moivre’s theorem when n was an integer. It also works however when n is a rational number! (proof not required) Solve z* = 1 Plot these roots on an Argand diagram 2+2v3i Edexcel FP2(Old) June 2012 Q3 a) Express the complex number —2 + (2V3)i in the form r(cos @ + isin @), —1

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