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Tonnage Measurement for Fishing Vessel in Malaysia

Thesis · December 2008

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2330.6003/1

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TONNAGE MEASUREMENT FOR FISHING VESSEL IN MALAYSIA

RIDWAN SAPUTRA BIN NURSAL

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical - Marine Technology)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER, 2008
 vi

ABSTRACT

Tonnage measurement of vessel plays an important role in marine industry.

Through many centuries tonnage is widely used for registration, licensing, taxes, freight
and port charges. The internationally accepted method of determining tonnage is based
on the Regulation of the International Conference on Tonnage Measurement of ship,
known as ITC ‘69. However, most of fishing vessel in Malaysia is traditionally built
without any drawing, hence determining the vessel’s tonnage using ITC ‘69 becomes
impractical. Presently, the Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DoFM) is utilising a
simplified tonnage method but it may not be fully representing the accurate tonnage
value as it does not take into account the shape of the hull form and deck house. Hence,
there is an immediate need to establish a more practical and accurate solution to deal
with this problem. Using data and drawings of several fishing vessels collected from
various agencies, calculation of tonnage has been performed using all existing simplified
tonnage calculation methods. The result of tonnage measurement that was obtained was
then used in derivation of the new simplified formula. This study proposed the use of a
simple yet more accurate formula on estimating and verifying the tonnage of fishing
vessel. Using the proposed formula, the fishing vessel’s tonnage could be estimated
easily within short period of time with requires only few pieces of information.
 viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
LIST OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 3
1.3 Objective of Study 3
1.4 Scope 3
1.5 Research Methodology 4
1.6 Expected Outcome 5
1.7 Project Schedule 6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Introduction of Tonnage 8
 ix

2.3 Volume as Fundamental of Tonnage 9

2.4 Tonnage Measurement 10
2.5 International Tonnage Measurement Method – ITC’69
Procedures and Method 12
2.6 Tonnage Measurement Adopted by Department of
Fisheries Malaysia 13
2.7 Simplified Tonnage Measurement Used In Other
Countries 15
2.7.1 British Detail Method – Rule I 15
2.7.2 British Simplified Method – Rule II 16
2.7.3 British Sea Fishing Boats Simplified Method 17
2.7.4 Indonesian Simplified Method 18
2.7.5 USA Simplified Method 19
2.7.6 Canadian Simplified Method 24
2.7.7 Canada Small Fishing Vessels Approximation
Method 29
2.7.8 Tabular Method 30
2.7.9 Iran Simplified Method 32
2.8 Research Done By Malaysians 35
2.8.1 Simplified Method for Tonnage Calculation for
Non-Conventional Tug/Crew Boat 35
2.8.2 Tonnage Measurement for Vessel Less Than
24m-Local Application 36
2.9 Summary of the Overall Simplified Method 37
2.10 Summarize Of All Available Methods To Calculate
Tonnage Of Fishing Vessel 38
2.11 Conclusion 50

3 DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLIFIED TONNAGE

MEASUREMENT 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Overall Development Process 52
3.3 Data Collection 54
3.4 Tonnage Calculation Using ITC’69 Method 55
 x

3.4.1 Main Dimension and Particulars 56

3.4.2 Calculation Of Mid-Sectional Area 57
3.4.3 Calculation Of Under Deck Volume, Vu 60
3.4.4 Calculation Of Fish Hold Volume, Vf 62
3.4.5 Calculation Of Deck House Volume, Vh 67
3.4.6 Calculation Of Gross Tonnage 68
3.4.7 Calculation Of Net Tonnage 69
3.5 Deriving the New Simplified Method 71
3.5.1 New Simplified Gross Tonnage (GT) Formula 73
3.5.2 New Simplified Net Tonnage (NT) Formula 75
3.6 Comparing the New Simplified Method with Other
Simplified Method 76

4 RESULT OF ANALYSIS 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 GT and NT Calculated Using ITC 69 78
4.3 Determination Of Coefficient C2 78
4.4 Determination Of Coefficient C3 80
4.5 Determination Of Coefficient C1 82
4.6 Determination Of Gross Tonnage Coefficient, K1 82
4.7 The New Simplified Method 84

5 COMPARATIVE STUDY 85
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Comparative Study 85
5.3 Recommendation 91

6 CONCLUSION 92
6.1. Conclusion 92

REFERENCES 93
Appendices A-E 96-136
 xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Schedule of Undergraduate Project 1 and 2 6

2.1 Gross Tonnage coefficient based on the type of vessel

designed 25

2.2 Net Tonnage coefficient based on the type of vessel 29

2.3 LOA vs. Tabular Gross and Net Tonnages 31

2.4 Summary of all tonnage measurement methods 38

3.1 Principle particulars of 22m trawler 56

3.2 Example of calculation template for mid-sectional area

for station 2.5. 57

3.3 Example of calculation template for under deck volume

measurement 61

3.4 Example of calculation template for fish hold volume from

station 0 to 8. 64

3.5 Example of calculation template for fish hold volume from

station 5.558 to station 6 65

3.6 Example of calculation template of fish hold volume from

station 8 to station 8.243 66
 xii

3.7 Measurement requirements for calculation of GT 68

3.8 Measurement requirements for calculation of NT 69

3.9 Condition for Calculating NT 70

4.1 Summarize of calculated data 78

4.2 Determination of coefficient C2 80

4.3 Determination of coefficient C3 81

4.4 Determination of coefficient C1 82

4.5 Determination of constant K1 83

5.1 Result of Gross Tonnage calculations 86

5.2 Result of Net Tonnage calculations 86

5.3 The error percentage for GT and NT 90

 xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Measurement of TL, TB and TD 14

2.2 Overall depth of Monohull Vessel 20

2.3 Measurement of L, B, and D of Ship 21

2.4 Shape factor of hull form 21

2.5 Keel factor for hull form 21

2.6 Deck Structure of vessel 22

2.7 Machinery factor 24

2.8(a) Tonnage Measurement Depth (TMD) 26

2.8(b) Tonnage Measurement Depth (TMD) 27

2.9 Measurement of Spaces above the Upper Deck 28

2.10 Length Overall (LOA) for Tabular Method 30

3.1 Overall Development Process 53

3.2 Classification of Malaysian’s fishing vessel 54

3.3 Body plan - Mid-sectional area of station 2.5 58

3.4 Cross-sectional area of 22m trawler 60

3.5 Measurement of fish hold compartment 63

 xiv

3.6 Measurement of tonnage L, B and D 72

4.1 Graph of coefficient C2 79

4.2 Graph of coefficient C3 81

5.1 Gross Tonnage Comparison Graph 87

5.2 Net Tonnage Comparison Graph 88

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Tonnage is one of the important particular of vehicles that indicates volume or

internal capacity. The registration of vessel, licensing, taxes, freight and port charges
will depend on the tonnage of the vessel. Besides, tonnage also reflects the size of
the vessel. Hence, all-seagoing merchant vessels that are operating on lakes, bays,
rivers and sea must provide the measurement of Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage.
The Gross Tonnage, GT represents the entire volume of enclosed space of the vessel
while the Net Tonnage, NT represents the amount of volume meant for cargo volume
and passengers on board.

Presently, the tonnage measurement is governed by the International Tonnage

Convention, namely ITC’69 [1] that was first introduced in 27th May 1969 and later
came into force in 18th. July 1982. This method actually was developed mainly for
seagoing vessel having length 24 m and above. Thus, the implementation of the rule
to obtain the tonnage of vessel has produced accurate and reasonable values.
However, if the same rule and procedure is to be applied for local fishing vessel
which mostly having length less than 24 m and without detail plan (lines plan and
general arrangement drawing), the application turn to be not practical. The main
 2

reason is that the ITC ’69 method require tedious and detail calculation of area and
volume that mainly based on vessel lines plan and GA drawing. On the other hand
most of the local fishing vessels are built traditionally without any plans or drawings
and thus making the ITC ’69 method difficult to be applied.

Presently, for fishing vessel tonnage measurement, the Department of

Fisheries Malaysia has adopted a simplified method that only required the main
dimension of the vessel. Referring on the Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317), this
TL  TB  TD  0.8
simplified formula, GT  is used to measure tonnage of local
2.83
fishing vessel [2]. Even though this method is simple and quick to be used, its still
has some weakness since the formula does not take into account of different hull
shape, types and material used.

Owing to the difficult of using ITC ’69 for small vessel, many nations have
used approximate or simplified formula to determine the tonnage for vessel less than
24 m length. Malaysia has also long been referring to The British Government - Rule
II, Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulation, 1982 [3]. Then include UK, Indonesia,
Canada, America, Australia, Singapore in which approximate or simplified formula
to determine the tonnage fishing and other small vessel has been adopted. Although
this rule can be used for determining the tonnage of fishing vessel, but the accuracy
and reliability of the measurement produced by this method has never been properly
examined. Some of these methods provide the coefficient of different such shapes,
deck house, wheelhouse compartments etc.

Thus, this project intends to examine the possibility of adopting some of the
method used in order to obtain a simple and quick but more accurate way of
determining the tonnage of a Malaysian’s fishing vessel with as little information
needed and avoids complex calculation procedure. The ultimate aim is to introduce a
more reliable and fairer tonnage measurement both to the fishing vessel’s owner and
to the authorities.
 3

1.2 Statement of Problem

1. From the various simplified method, which method will be selected to be

adopted

2. How practical/suitable are the methods to be applied locally

3. How the selected method can be modified intelligently

4. How accurate are the simplified methods as compare to ITC ’69

1.3 Objective of Study

The objective of the study is to develop a simplified tonnage measurement

and calculation method that is more suitable (simple, more accurate, and fairer) for
Malaysia fishing vessel.

1.4 Scope

The scopes of work in performing the research are:

1. Background study on the present tonnage measurement for local

fishing vessel

2. Literature study on various tonnage measurements methods available

internationally and for local application
 4

3. Collection of data of fishing vessel in Malaysia

4. Development of simplified tonnage formula and measurement methods

for local fishing vessel

5. Comparative study on the results of tonnage

6. Verification of the proposed methods / formula

1.5 Research Methodology

This research begins with collecting the information of the standard rules of
tonnage measurement i.e. ITC ‘69 Method and Procedure and understanding how it
can be applied. The understanding of ITC ’69 Method and Procedure is essential due
to the fact that this is the international accepted standard and due must accurate way
of determining the vessel tonnage.

The study was followed by a literature study in order to search as much as

possible of the simplified methods of tonnage measurement used in nations such as
from UK, USA, Canada, Indonesia and other countries. These tasks have been done
by referring to previous theses and searching the related information from journal and
report of study and from the internet sources.

The research continued by collecting related data of fishing vessel i.e. lines
plan and GA drawing and then followed by extracting the off set data from the lines
plan. These information/data is important in order to ensure the calculation of
tonnage can be performed using the ITC ’69 method and using the all simplified
methods that collected. Calculation template due to measurement of area, volume
and tonnage was developed in able to ease the calculation work.
 5

Development of new simplified method was done by taking the ITC ’69
formula as the basic formula to be adopted. The relation between under deck volume
and upper deck volume with cuboids volume of vessel is studied in order to gain the
coefficient for estimating the approximation value of volume. Tonnage result from
calculation using ITC ’69 is representing the standard/actual value that need to be
exceed by simplified method that want to be developed. Hence, in deriving the new
formula, result from the Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage calculation of each vessel
using ITC ’69 is used.

Next, a comparative study is performed upon completion of the development

of a simplified method. Tonnage was calculated using the new simplified method
and the existing method. The result of the measurement is then compared to each
other in order to identify the reliable and accuracy of that new simplified formula.
Modification of the simplified formula is then needed if necessary to refine the
formula.

1.6 Expected Outcome

It is expected that this research work will leads to the development of a better
and fairer tonnage measurement both to the fishing vessel’s owner and to the
authorities.
 6
1.7 Project Schedule

Table 1.1: Schedule of Undergraduate Project 1 and 2

WEEK
NO TASK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Undergraduate Project 1
1. UNDERSTANDING THE OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
3. BACKGROUND STUDY ON PRESENT METHOD
4. LITERATURE STUDY ON VARIOUS METHOD
5. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Undergraduate Project 2

1. COLLECTING DATA FROM VARIOUS AGENCIES

2. FORMULATE AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

3. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SIMPLIFIED METHOD

4. COMPARATIVE STUDY

5. MODIFICATION AND VERIFICATION

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter explains about the literature finding which mainly focusing on
various simplified tonnage measurement methods that are currently being practiced in
many countries. Apart from the definition and historical de of tonnage, this literature
study also include the study on the standard/international accepted method, current
practice by Department of Fisheries Malaysia, all existing simplified methods that used
by other countries and other simplified method developed by researcher locally. Also
short explanation of standard tonnage measurement methods (ITC ’69) and for local
application is discussed briefly in this chapter. This study is carried out in order to
provide a clear idea about which formula that suitable to be adopted.
 8

2.2 Introduction of Tonnage

Many people in many countries, including those professional people working in

maritime industries for many years or even in their lifetime, often confuse "Tonnage"
and "Ton". Technically "Tonnage" refers to the unit of a ship's volume in measurement
for registration and "Ton" refers to the unit of weight. They are totally different each
other in concept.

Tonnage is a measure of the size or cargo capacity of a ship. The term derives
from the taxation paid on tuns of wine, and was later used in reference to the weight of a
ship's cargo. However, in modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a
calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. The term is still sometimes
incorrectly used to refer to the weight of a loaded or empty vessel [4]. Measurement of
tonnage can be less than straight-forward, not least because it is used to assess fees on
commercial shipping.

Historically, tonnage was the tax on tuns (casks) of wine that held approximately
252 gallons of wine and weighed approximately 2,240 pounds. This suggests that the
unit of weight measurement, long tons (also 2,240 lb) and tonnage both share the same
etymology. The confusion between weight based terms (deadweight and displacement)
stems from this common source and the eventual decision to assess dues based on a
ship's deadweight rather than counting the tuns of wine. In 1720 the Builder's Old
Measurement Rule was adopted to estimate deadweight from the length of keel and
maximum breadth or beam of a ship. This overly simplistic system was replaced by the
Moorsom System in 1854 and calculated internal volume, not weight. This system
evolved into the current set of internationally accepted rules and regulations.

When steamships came into being, they could carry less cargo, size for size, than
sailing ships. As well as spaces taken up by boilers and steam engines, steamships
carried extra fresh water for the boilers as well as coal for the engines. Thus, to move
 9

the same volume of cargo as a sailing ship, a steamship would be considerably larger
than a sailing ship. "Harbour Dues" are based on tonnage. In order to prevent
steamships operating at a disadvantage, various tonnage calculations were established to
minimize the disadvantage that the extra space requirements of steamships presented.
Rather than charging by length or displacement etc, charges were calculated on the
viable cargo space. As commercial cargo sailing ships are now largely extinct, Gross
Tonnage is becoming the universal method of calculating ships dues, and it also a more
straight-forward and transparent method of assessment [4].

2.3 Volume as Fundamental of Tonnage

Tonnage is a measure of volume, not the weight of a vessel. So, the fundamental
or basic concept of tonnage is about the measurement of volume. As the definition,
volume of a solid object is the three-dimensional concept of how much space it
occupies, often quantified numerically [5]. One-dimensional figures (such as lines) and
two-dimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three-
dimensional space.

Volumes of straight-edged and circular shapes are calculated using arithmetic

formula. Volumes of other curved shapes are calculated using integral calculus, by
approximating the given body with a large amount of small cubes or concentric
cylindrical shells, and adding the individual volumes of those shapes. The volume of
irregularly shaped objects can be determined by displacement. If an irregularly shaped
object is less dense than the fluid, you will need a weight to attach to the floating object.
A sufficient weight will cause the object to sink. The final volume of the unknown
object can be found by subtracting the volume of the attached heavy object and the total
fluid volume displaced.
 10

The generalization of volume to arbitrarily many dimensions is called content. In

differential geometry, volume is expressed by means of the volume form. Volume and
Capacity are sometimes distinguished, with capacity being used for how much a
container can hold (with contents measured commonly in liters or its derived units), and
volume being how much space an object displaces (commonly measured in cubic meters
or its derived units). Volume and capacity are also distinguished in a capacity
management setting, where capacity is defined as volume over a specified time period
[5].

There is another simplified method to calculate the volume which has been
produced by a great mathematician named Simpson known as Simpson’s Rule. The
Simpson's Rule [6] is a fundamental mathematical principle. It is based on the idea that
the volume of an object can be determined by "cutting" the object into thin "slices", thus
measuring the volume of each slice and summing the volumes of all slices. This rule is
applicable to calculate the volume of vessels and has been lectured in many universities
over the world. The only matter is in order to measure the volume of vessels, it is
important to have the lines plan drawing of the ship that we interested and also the
drawing should have the proper scale. Thus, the area of the ship for each waterline can
be determined then followed by calculation on her volume.

2.4 Tonnage Measurement

Tonnage measurements are now governed by an IMO Convention (International

Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (London-Rules)), which applies to
all ships built after July 1982. In accordance with the Convention, the correct term to
use now is GT, which is a function of the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the
ship. A commonly defined measurement system is important; since a ship’s registration
 11

fee, harbour dues, safety and manning rules etc, are based on its gross tonnage, GT, or
net tonnage, NT.

Gross Register Tonnage (GRT) represents the total internal volume of a vessel,
with some exemptions for non-productive spaces such as crew quarters; 1 gross register
ton is equal to a volume of 100 cubic feet (2.83 m³), which volume, if filled with water,
would weigh around 2,800 kg or 2.8 tonnes [7]. This calculation is complex; a hold can,
for instance, be assessed for grain (accounting for all the air space in the hold) or for
bales (exempting the spaces between structural frames). Gross register tonnage was
replaced by gross tonnage in 1994 under the Tonnage Measurement Convention of 1969,
but is still a widely used term in the industry. Gross Tonnage (GT) refers to the volume
of all ship's enclosed spaces (from keel to funnel) measured to the outside of the hull
framing. It is always larger than gross register tonnage, though by how much depends
on the vessel design. It was a measurement of the enclosed spaces within a ship
expressed in "tons" – a unit which was actually equivalent to 100 cubic feet.

Net Register Tonnage (NRT) is the volume of cargo the vessel can carry; i.e. the
Gross Register Tonnage less the volume of spaces that will not hold cargo (e.g. engine
compartment, helm station, crew spaces, etc., again with differences depending on
which port or country is doing the calculations). It represents the volume of the ship
available for transporting freight or passengers. It was replaced by net tonnage in 1994,
under the Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969. Net tonnage (NT) is based on a
calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the ship. It indicates a vessel’s earning
space and is a function of the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship [4].

The Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) [8] is based on

net tonnage, modified for Panama Canal purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical
formula to calculate a vessel's total volume; a PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100
cubic feet of capacity. Thames measurement tonnage [9] is another volumetric system,
generally used for small vessels such as TTTT yachts, it uses a formula based on the
vessel's length and beam.
 12

2.5 International Tonnage Measurement Method – ITC’69 Procedures

and Method

All nations have adopted the ITC’69 as the standard practices for determining the
tonnage for seagoing vessels. Regulation 3 and regulation 4 in the ITC’69 [1] requires
that the Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage of a ship shall be determined using the
following formula:-

Gross Tonnage,

GT  K 1V

Where:

K 1  0.2  0.2 log 10 V (or in tabulated form)

V = VU + VH (Total enclosed volume of the ship)

VU = Volume of under deck
VH = Volume of houses or enclosed space above the weather deck
Δ = displacement cubic meters
D = moulded depth amidships in meters
T = moulded draught amidships in meters

Net Tonnage,

2
 4d   N2 
NT  K 2VC    K 3  N1  
 3D   10 
 13

Where:

K 2  0.2  0.2 log 10 V C

VC = Total volume of cargo spaces in cubic meters
 GT  10,000  
K 3  1.25 
 10,000 
D = moulded depth amidships in meters
d = moulded draught amidships in meters
N1 = number of passengers in cabins with not more than 8 berths
N2 = number of other passengers
N1 + N2 = total number of passengers the ship is permitted to carry as indicated in
the ship's passenger certificate; when N1 + N2 is less than 13, N1 and N2 shall be
taken as zero

The tonnage of the ship was determined by multiplying the volume of either
enclosed space or cargo space with the appropriate multiplier K1, K2 or K3. These
multipliers were derived from statistical data of ships having length 24 m and above.
The tonnage measurement procedure requires detail calculation of cross sectional areas
and volume of under deck (hull), upper deck, cargo space and other compartments. All
calculation shall be carried out based on the lines plan and general arrangement
drawings of the ship.

2.6 Tonnage Measurement Adopted by Department of Fisheries Malaysia

The present simplified method of tonnage measurement for fishing vessel [2] that
has been used by DoFM is simple and quick to be used. The formula to measure Gross
Tonnage and Net Tonnage only require basic vessel dimension as follow;
 14

TL  TB  TD  0.8
GT 
2.83

NT  0.3  GT

Where:
TL = Tonnage Length; length of main deck measured from fwd to aft of
main deck in meters
TB = Tonnage Breadth; moulded breadth measured from internal port to
starboard breadth in meters
TD = Tonnage Depth; measured inside moulded depth amidship in meters

These basic dimensions are illustrated in Figure 2.1 below

TB

TD

TL

Figure 2.1: Measurement of TL, TB and TD.

 CHAPTER 3

DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLIFIED TONNAGE MEASUREMENT

3.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses to the step by step procedure taken in developing the new
simplified method that could be more suitable for fishing vessel in Malaysia. Based on
summary made in the previous chapter, it was decided to develop the new method based
on ITC ‘69 method. The approach is to determine the factor that can be used for
determining the tonnage value. The process begins with the detail calculation of the
tonnage based on the data of all fishing vessels using ITC ’69 method. Then the
determination of several coefficients will be carried out that lead to a single overall
coefficient. It is hope that a suitable formula to calculate the local fishing vessels
tonnage can be developed.
 52

3.2 Overall Development Process

Having collected all the necessary data/drawing of the fishing vessels, the
tonnage measurement using ITC ’69 was carried out. The standard calculation
procedures and method are performed to gain a better understanding and to identify the
difficulties involved when measuring tonnage of local fishing vessel. Based on the
result of calculation, the derivation of the new simplified formula is carried out. The
results of calculation were then compared with other simplified method as follow;

1. Malaysia Simplified Method

2. Indonesia Simplified Method
3. British Simplified Method – Rule II
4. Canada Small Fishing Vessels Approximation Method
5. USA Simplified Method

The overall process is shown in Figure 3.1.

Finally, analysis is done with all the 4 sample of fishing vessel using the new
derived simplified method which was explained in chapter 4. With the new simplified
method i.e. new GT and NT formula which has been developed, a comparative study on
tonnage measurement was carried out with the results from measurement using all the
selected simplified method. Comparison graph was drawn and discussion was done on
the accuracy of the measurement using the new simplified method. Finally, conclusion
and recommendation were provided in chapter 5.
 53

Ship’s Data
Ship’s Data
Basic
Basic
Dimension
Dimension British
New ITC ’69 British
New ITC ’69 Simplified
Simplified Method Simplified GT
Simplified Method Method GT
Method Method
Method - Rule II
- Rule II
Lines Plan
Derivation Lines Plan
Derivation & GA Canadian
of GT & GA Canadian
of GT Simplified GT
Simplified GT
Method
Sectional Method
Derivation Sectional
Derivation Area
of NT Area
of NT
Under Deck Malaysian Indonesian USA
Determine Under Deck Malaysian Indonesian USA
Determine Volume Simplified Simplified Simplified
C 2 , C3 , C1 Volume Simplified Simplified Simplified
C2 , C3 , C1 Method Method Method
Method Method Method
Fish Holds
Fish Holds
Determine Volume
Determine Volume
Constant K1
Constant K1
Wheelhouse GT & NT GT & NT GT & NT
Wheelhouse GT & NT GT & NT GT & NT
Volume
Volume
New Formula
New Formula
Developed
Developed GT & NT
GT & NT

GT & NT
GT & NT
Results Comparative Study
Results Comparative Study

Figure 3.1: Overall Development Process

 54

3.3 Data Collection

The early stage of methodology is collecting all data and information that was
required for this project. The data and information are including General Arrangement
drawing (GA) and Lines Plan drawing (LP) or off set data of local fishing vessel. The
data and information are very important because it will be used in calculating tonnage using
ITC ’69 method, calculating tonnage using selected simplified methods and later determine
the new simplified method. Hence, in able to make the appropriate measurement and
comparison, it is better to acquire information and data each class of local fishing vessel.
The classifications of Malaysian’s fishing vessel are shown as in Figure 3.2 below;

Lines plan, GA
Drawing

West Coast East Cost

Fishing Vessel Fishing Vessel

Trawler Purse Seine Trawler Purse Seine

1) Class A 5) Class A 9) Class A 13) Class A

2) Class B 6) Class B 10) Class B 14) Class B

3) Class C1 7) Class C1 11) Class C1 15) Class C1

4) Class C2 8) Class C2 12) Class C2 16) Class C2

Figure 3.2: Classification of Malaysian’s fishing vessel.

 55

In the early, the researcher was plan to collect as much as possible the data and
information probably about 20 to 30 sample of fishing vessel or at least 16 sample based
on the classification as stated above. The researcher managed to obtain the information
and data needed from various agencies such as Asas Ombak Sdn. Bhd. located in
Kuantan, Pahang, Maju Ikan Sdn. Bhd. located in Bandar Tasek Selatan, Kuala Lumpur
and Department of Fisheries Malaysia located in Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur.

However, it is quite hard to get the required data because there are none local
ship builders are making fishing vessel with Lines Plan and GA and moreover it is very
difficult to get cooperation with the agency which has the information. Hence only
sample of 4 vessels with details information can be gathered. Those vessels are:

1. 15m trawler
2. 22m trawler
3. 26m purse seine
4. 29m trawler

3.4 Tonnage Calculation Using ITC’69 Method

To calculate tonnage of a vessel, it is necessary to understand and learn the

method of calculating tonnage using ITC ‘69. The tonnage calculation involves a lot of
steps and the stages are as below:-

1. Gathering the lines plan, GA drawing and all principle particular of vessel.
2. Extracting the offset data from lines plan of the vessel.
3. Integrating of mid-sectional curve ship to calculate area for each station of ship.
4. Draw a sectional area curve of the vessel to ensure either the measurement of
sectional area is correct or wrong.
 56

5. Calculating the hull or under deck volume of vessel, Vu.

6. Calculating the fish holds compartment.
7. Calculate the deck house volume of vessel directly using the average length,
breadth and height of deck house.
8. Determine the coefficient of K1 and thus calculating the Gross Tonnage.
9. Identifying the total number of passengers permitted to be carried i.e number of
passengers in cabins with not more than 8 berths and other passengers, N1 + N2.
10. Determination of the coefficient of K2 and K3 and thus calculation for the Net
Tonnage of the vessel.
11. Checking the conditions provided by ITC ’69 and refines the NT value.

3.4.1 Main Dimension and Particulars

The information and principle particular of a fishing vessel which has been
showed in the example of calculation is given as in Table 3.1 below. In addition, the
lines plan, off set data and GA drawing for all vessels is attached in Appendix A.
Example of calculation discussed in the following section is based on the 22 m trawler.

Table 3.1: Principle particulars of 22m trawler.

Principle Particulars
Length Overall (LOA) 22.62 m
Length Between Perpendicular (LBP) 15.85 m
Maximum Breadth (Moulded) 6.45 m
Depth (Moulded) 2.35 m
Draught (Designed) 1.57 m
Water Line Apart 0.30 m
Station Apart 2.26 m
 57

3.4.2 Calculation of Mid-Sectional Area

The offset data is required useful in calculating the mid-sectional area.

Simpson’s First Rule integration method [20] was applied for this task. Meanwhile to
calculate the area between the highest water line i.e water line 10 for this example to
deck has been applied the trapezoidal method. The purpose of calculating the mid-
sectional area of vessel is to performed an integration of that area with length of vessel
to obtain the under deck volume. The calculations of mid-sectional area are conducted
for each station of the vessel. For the purpose of showing an example of calculation,
one station curve (St.2.5) of the body plan shown in Figure 3.3 is used. The calculation
of area is as shown in Table 3.2.

Figure 3.3: Body plan - Mid-sectional area of station 2.5

 58

Table 3.2: Example of calculation template for mid-sectional area for station 2.5

MIDSHIP SECTIONAL AREA AT STATION 2.5

WL NO. SM OFFSET FN. OF AREA
0 1 0 0
1 4 0 0
2 2 0.143 0.286
3 4 0.15 0.6
4 2 0.173 0.346
5 4 0.246 0.984
6 2 0.413 0.826
7 4 2.695 10.78
8 2 3.226 6.452
9 4 3.307 13.228
10 1 3.316 3.316
TOTAL = 36.818
2
AREA (m ) = 7.3636
AREA BETWEEN WL10 TO DECK
WL10 (A) DECK (B) HEIGHT (C)
3.316 3.316 0.201
2
AREA (m ) = 0.667
2
TOTAL AREA (m ) = 8.030

1
1. Area   H  2   fn. Area
3

where H is water line spacing which is 0.3 m.

Example:
1
Area   0.3  2  36.818
3
= 7.3636 m3
 76

3.6 Comparing the New Simplified Method with Other Simplified Method

The new simplified method which is easy to be applied by vessel’s owner or

authorities because it required only the tonnage length, breadth and depth in the formula
as stated in equation (9) is developed. The way to measure the tonnage length, breadth
and depth is mentioned in the Figure 3.6 previously. However, in order to verify the
effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed method, a comparative study need to be
carried out as to ensure that while the proposed method maintained its simplicity, the
accuracy of the result is improved.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT OF ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter is discussing about determination of the factor that will be include
in the proposed simplified formula. This factor could be used to calculate the tonnage
for various size of fishing vessels in the future. In order to obtain this factor, the
correction of under deck and wheel house volume will be made. Hence, based on the
derivation process discussed in previous chapter, the proposed simplified method is then
applied to the data collected from 4 fishing vessels. The result of calculation will be
analysed in order to determine the appropriate value for the desired coefficient C2, C3
and C1.
 84

4.7 The New Simplified Method

After performing tedious calculation and analysis, a new simplified formula of

tonnage measurement for fishing vessel in Malaysia has been developed. The formula is
then finalized and required the simple measurement of tonnage length, breadth and depth
as follows:

GT = LBD x K1

NT = GT x K2

Where;

L = Tonnage Length in meter

B = Tonnage Breadth in meter
D = Tonnage Depth in meter
K1 = 0.185
K2 = 0.3
 CHAPTER 5

COMPARATIVE STUDY

5.1 Introduction

Upon completion of the development of a new simplified method, this study is

continued by calculating the tonnage for all fishing vessels using the proposed and
existing methods. Based on the result of calculation, a comparative study was carried
out in order to determine the accuracy of the proposed tonnage formula.

5.2 Comparative Study

The comparative study has been conducted after obtaining the tonnage of all
fishing vessel using new simplified method, ITC ’69 method and all selected simplified
methods. As mentioned before, the ITC’69 method was taken as the reference or
standard measurement for the comparison being made. The result of Gross Tonnage and
 86

Net Tonnage for each vessel that has been calculated is shown in the Table 5.1 and 5.2.
below.

Table 5.1: Result of Gross Tonnage calculations

ITC'69 Malaysia Indonesia British Canada USA Proposed

Vessel
Method S.M. S.M. S.M. S.M. S.M. Method
15m trawler 19.40 34.66 56.29 47.69 30.70 35.90 20.44
22m trawler 66.73 64.75 111.46 138.39 83.86 98.39 63.43
25m purse seine 78.59 121.21 215.16 154.06 119.31 137.48 79.33
29m trawler 135.98 194.13 288.96 267.04 157.96 187.84 127.04

Table 5.2: Result of Net Tonnage calculations

ITC'69 Malaysia Indonesia Proposed

Vessel USA S.M.
Method S.M. S.M. Method
15m trawler 8.26 10.40 33.78 28.72 6.13
22m trawler 35.74 19.43 66.88 78.71 19.03
25m purse seine 25.65 36.36 129.10 109.98 23.80
29m trawler 40.80 58.24 173.37 150.27 38.11

The comparison of Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage has been made by plotting
graphs which represent the tonnage measurement value against the product of the main
dimension of the fishing vessel. These comparisons are shown graphically in Figure 5.1
and Figure 5.2 respectively.

So, in order to ensure the new proposed simplified formula can be utilised by
Department of Fisheries Malaysia wisely, the result of tonnage measurement using the
proposed method supposed to be closer to the standard measurement and should be more
accurate than measurement by present method which was used by Department of
Fisheries Malaysia and has smallest error. Thus, the summary of Gross Tonnage and
Net Tonnage value calculated using all the existing methods are shown in Appendix C.
 87

Gross Tonnage Comparison Graph

320
ITC'69
Malaysia
280
Indonesia
British
240 Canada
USA
200 New Simpl. Method
GT (Ton)

160

120

80

40

0
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750

3
LBD (m )

Figure 5.1: Gross Tonnage Comparison Graph

 88

Net Tonnage Comparison Graph

200
ITC'69
Malaysia
Indonesia
160
USA
New Simpl. Method

120
NT (Ton)

80

40

0
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750
3
LBD (m )

Figure 5.2: Net Tonnage Comparison Graph

 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion

A simplified method for tonnage measurement for fishing vessel in Malaysia has
been developed as an alternative to the present method used by Department of Fisheries
Malaysia. The proposed method, despite maintaining its simplicity (only required the
tonnage length, breadth and depth) has proven to have highest accuracy as compare to
the existing simplified formula used locally and in other nations. The coefficient used in
the proposed method does include hull form factor, wheel house factor and gross
tonnage factor in within its formulation. However, it is suggested that for the future
work, the study to be extended to provide a more flexible method which could include
the effect of Girth Length and fish hold volume for Net Tonnage. Also more fishing
vessel data need to be collected in order to ensure that the versatility of the proposed
method. It is hope that this research work will lead to a better and fairer tonnage
measurement both for the fishing vessel’s owner and authorities in the near future.
 93

REFERENCES

1. International Maritime Organization (IMO). International Conference on

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3. Government of Malaysia, “The Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulations

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4. Tonnage
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 94

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(Time: 22:27; Date: 02/01/2008)

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 95

17. Ports and Shipping Organization (PSO). Safety and Survey Regulations for
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