A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

by
J. Gunakar
C.D.O.

UNDER TUNNEL
 INTRODUCTION
TO
CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Introduction
• A structure carrying the discharge of a natural stream across an
irrigation canal is known as a cross drainage work.
• Cross drainage works can be divided mainly into the following
three categories.
1. Those carrying the irrigation canal over the drainage water
i.e., Aqueduct(Flumed) and Under Tunnels.(Non-Flumed)
2. Those carrying the drainage water over the irrigation canal
i.e., Super passage(Flumed) and canal Syphon(mostly Non-
Flumed).
3. Those admitting the drainage water into the irrigation canal
and letting out the surplus waters on the other side at the
same place or after carrying some distance along the canal
i.e., Inlets and Outlets(Level Crossings).
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

UNDER TUNNUL
• DBL  CBL & HFL < FSL
• Also called as “Syphon Aqueduct”, also as “Type-II
Aqueduct”
• Where the stream bed level at the crossing is below or
above CBL. But the HFL of the stream is below the
canal FSL
• Drop on U/S
• Barrel Under Pressure
• Tail channel to meet the ground level
• Outer slopes are partially replaced by head walls on the
barrels.
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

AQUEDUCT
• CBL >> HFL
• also as “Type-III Aqueduct”
• Where the HFL of the stream at the crossing is far below the
CBL
• Canal is flumed and carried in a rectangular RCC trough with
one or more bays supported on piers and abutments

SUPER PASSAGE
• DBL  FSL
• Where the stream bed level at the crossing is above or just
touches the FSL of the canal
• Drain is flumed and carried preferably in a rectangular rcc
trough with one or more bays
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

CANAL SYPHON
FSL<DBL<CBL
• Where the stream bed is falling in the water prism of the canal
• By depressing the canal bed to make head-way for stream.
• prone to silting and choking syphon barrel
 Typical Design Procedure
of
Under Tunnel - Type II
(with Head Walls)

Particulars required to be furnished for the Design:

• Report accompanying the site survey along with HPs of canal &
drain
• Site plan along with flow direction of canal & drain along with net
levels
and contours
• L/s of drain & canal
• C/s of drain on u/s, d/s & @ centre of crossing
• Observed maximum flood discharge and observed max. Flood level
• Toposheet showing the catchment area along with m.f. Discharge.
• Trial pit particulars at salient locations on u/s d/s and @ centre up
to hard strata
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS OF CANAL AT THE CROSSING

• Discharge (Required)
• Bed Width
• F.S.D
• Side Slopes:Inner
• Side Slopes:Outer
• Free board
• Bed fall
• Value of n
• Velocity
• C.B.L
• F.S.L
• T.B.L
• Left Bank Top Width
• Right Bank Top Width
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

HYDROLOGY OF STREAM
• Catchment Area
• Deepest BL @ Crossing
• Value of ‘n’
HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS AT Km.4.730 OF L.M.C.

DESCRIPTION

HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS OF DRAIN:

SPECIFICATIONS

UNDER TUNNEL
(RCC BOX TYPE)

DRG.NO.
SCALE:- DATE
1:100 FEB , 2005 FILE NO:
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

1.Compute Discharge As Per Dickens Formula ():

• Q = C x M^0.75,
• Where m= Catchment area, C= Coefficient depending on
Catchment area
• If m <= 2.5 Then C = 19.5
• If m > 2.5 And m <= 75 Then C = 16.7
• If m > 75 And m <= 1250 Then C = 14.6
• Dickens Discharge = C * m ^ 0.75
2. Compute Discharge As Per Ryves Formula ():
• m = CatchmentArea
• C = 11.25, C= Coefficient depending on discharge,
• Q = C x M^2/3
• If Ryves Discharge > 14.15 Then C = 15.0
• Ryves Discharge = (C * m ^ (2 / 3)
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

3. Compute Average Slope of Stream ():

• Average slope of stream may be Calculated
4. MFL Calculations:
• Using Slope Area Method, MFLs at different locations on U/S &
D/S side may be computed
. Computation of MFL at Tail Channel Section:
• After arriving at the location of Tail Channel, MFL at this section
may be assessed by interpolation.
• DESIGN OF TAIL CHANNEL
• MFL @ Tail Channel
• Inner side Slope (S)
• Bed width(B) = Width at D/S Transition end
• Depth of flow(D)
• Bed Fall (S)= (V^2 x n^2 / R ^4/3)
• or S = 1 in x
• Provide a bed fall of 1 in x for the Tail Channel till it meets its
natural stream of bed level
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

Compute Size of Ventway:

• DESIGN OF VENTWAY
• Area of Ventway = MFD / Velocity
• Number of Vent(s)
• Clear Width of each Vent
• Clear Height
• Thickness of Top, Bottom and Side Slab
• Velocity of Flow in Barrel
• Permissible Velocity
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

7. Design Of Drop Wall

• Unit weight of Material(w)
• Depth of flow over Drop wall(D)
• Height of drop wall(H)
• Wearing coat thickness(wc)
• Top Width Calculation:
• Top Width = D/ sqr(w)
• Bottom Width Calculation:
• Bottom width = (H + D + wc)/sqr(w)
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

10. U/S Transition

• Length of Transition
• Width of Transition at entry
• Provided Splay
• Splay Limit

11. D/S Transition

- do -
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

Compute Total Energy Levels (Flow Conditions):

TYPES OF FLOW IN CHANNELS
Most of the open channel problems involve the study of flow
The flow in channels can be classified into following types depending upon the
change in the depth of flow with respect to space and time.

Steady Flow Unsteady Flow: Flow in a channels is said to be steady if the flow
characteristics at any point do not change with time.
Uniform and Non-uniform(or Varied) Flow: Flow in a channel is said to be
uniform if the depth, slope, cross-section and velocity remain constant over
given length of the channel.
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow:
Subcritical Flow, Critical Flow and Supercritical Flow:
Froude number: The ratio of the Inertia and the Gravity force. Fr = V / (g D)^0.5
is another dimensionless parameter called Fr which is defined as Fr = V ; where
V is the mean velocity of
If Fr < 1  Subcritical or tranquil or streaming
If Fr = 1  Critical flow
If Fr > 1  Supercritical or rapid or shooting or torrential
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

TEL CALCULATIONS
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 1 - 1 -> Tail Channel
Coefficient of Rugosity(n)
Discharge(Q)
Bed Level
Bed Width(B)
Side Slope(s)- H:V
MFL
Flow Depth(D)
Area(A)= (B+sD)D
Velocity(v) = Q/A
Vel. Head = V^2/2g
Perimeter(P)= B+2D((1+s^2)^0.5)
Hydraulic Mean Radius (R) = A/P
Surface Slope(S) = (v^2 x n^2)/R^4/3
TEL wrt MFL = MFL + Vel. Head
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

FLOW CONDITION AT Section 2 - 2 -> End of D/S Transition

Area(A)= (B+sD)D
Velocity(v) = Q/A
Vel. Head = V^2/2g
Perimeter(P)= B+2D((1+s^2)^0.5)
Hydraulic Mean Radius (R) = A/P
Surface Slope(S) = (v^2 x n^2)/R^4/3
Eddy Loss Factor(k)
Eddy Loss(he) = k(v2^2-v1^2)/2g
Average Slope(s) =(slope Prev.+ Current Slope)/2
Friction Loss(hf)= s x L
TEL wrt MFL = MFL + Vel. Head
TEL wrt previous TEL = Pre. TEL + he + hf
Difference in TEL =
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

FLOW CONDITION AT Section 3 - 3 -> Start of D/S Transition

FLOW CONDITION AT Section 4 - 4 -> With In VentWay @ Exit
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 5 - 5 -> With in Ventway @ Entry
Head Loss Cal. With in the barrel
Losses in the Barrel is given by Unwin's formula
hf = (1 + f1 + f2*L/R)V^2/2g
L = Length of Barrel
R = Hydraulic Mean Radius
V = Velocity in the Barrel
f1 = 0.08 for bell mouth entry
f2 = a(1+b/R) a = 0.00316, b = 0.0305 for plastered surface
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 6 - 6 -> Outside the Entry of Barrel
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 7 - 7 -> At D/S of Drop Wall
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

HEAD OVER DROP WALL

Value of C from Malikapur Graph(Drowning Ratio Vs C-value)
Length of Drop Wall (L)
Q = C L H^3/2
HEAD OVER DROP WALL = ? (by Trial & Error)
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 8 - 8 -> On Crest of Drop Wall
FLOW CONDITION AT Section 9 - 9 -> Approach Channel
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

13. US Scour Depth

Normal Scour depth (R = 1.35(q^2/f)^(1/3))
Maximum Scour Depth = (Multiplication Factor x R)
Cutoff Wall Level proposed

14. D/S Scour Depth

15. Design of DropWall

16. Design of HeadWall:

 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

17. Design of RCC Slab Under Earth Bank:

Guiding factor for calculation of wt coming on to the Slab  Ht. of
Earth / Ht. of Head wall
• Slab Design
1. Design for computation of thickness
2. Design for Main Steel
3. Design for Dis. Steel
4. Check For Shear

18. Design of RCC Slab under Canal Trough:

Guiding factor for calculation of wt coming on to the Slab  FSD +
allowance, if any
Slab Design
Design for computation of thickness
Design for Main Steel
Design for Dis. Steel
Check For Shear
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

19. Design of Abutment Under Canal Trough

20. Design of Abutment Under Earth Bank
21. Designof D/S Wing Wall at the Junction with Head Wall
22. Designof U/S Wing Wall at the Junction with Head Wall
23 Design of U/S Return Wall
24. Design of D/S Return Wall
A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
AQUEDUCT
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM
AQUEDUCT

DATUM +158.000 M

CHAINAGE IN KM

GROUND LEVEL IN METERS

HDR LEVEL IN METERS

ROCK LEVEL IN METERS

 AQUEDUCTs

TYPES OF AQUEDUCTS:

Depending on the arrangement of canal passing over the drainage, an

aqueduct may be classified into the three categories as given below

Type-1:- In this type canal continues over the drainage channel in its
normal earthen section including the banks and earthen slopes

Type2:- In this type also the canal continues in its earthen section over
the drainage channel, but the outer slopes of banks are replaced by
retaining walls, thereby reducing the length of drainage culvert to
that extent

Type3:- In this type the earthen banks are discontinued over the
drainage channel and the canal will be flumed and water is carried
in masonry or concrete trough(supported on pier and abutments)
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

CHOICE OF THE TYPE OF AQUEDUCT

The choice of the type of aqueduct should depend on consideration of economy,

which in turn would depend mainly upon the size of the drainage to be
passed in relation to the size of the canal and the foundation strata.
So, wherever an aqueduct is to be actually constructed, comparative costs are to
be worked out.
Type I:
Over a small drainage channel, an aqueduct of type I may be suitable as no canal
transitions would be required. The savings made due to absence of canal
transitions would more than compensable the increased cost due to the
length of drainage culverts, which would have larger length (across the
canal).
Type II:
When the length of the Barrel is required to be reduced for a drainage channel of
medium size, Type-II Aqueduct is preferable. For major drains it will be
uneconomical to go in for a type II aqueduct as the extra cost of barrel with
a large number of vents will be more.
Type III:
Over a large river an aqueduct of type III may be more economical as the length
of drainage culverts across the canal small and the saving made in cost of
drainage culverts would be greater than the increased cost of canal
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

DATA FOR DESIGN:

Canal:
• Canal HPs
• Head Loss provision at the crossing.
• Road way particulars, if any.
Drainage Channel:
• Nature of bed material and value of Manning’s coefficient (n)
• Allowable afflux in view of water spread, upstream of the proposed
work;
• Reported or observed scour depth for any near by structure on the
same drainage channel; and
• Bearing capacity of the foundation strata.
 AQUEDUCT

DESIGN ASPECTS:
Layout: of the aqueduct should be so fixed that it is preferably in a
straight reach of drainage cannel. The canal/carrier channel should
be at right angles to the drainage channel as far as possible.
Bank connections to canal and drainage channel should be provided
depending upon the properties of the soil available in the area.
Wing walls for drainage may be provided with 2:1 and 3:1 splays on U/S
and D/S side; the splay should not be flatter than 3:1 and 4:1
respectively. Drainage wing walls should be suitably connected to
high ground.
Canal transitions: In order to minimize the eddy losses, a suitable Entry
& exit transitions(Straight/Warped) are necessary on either side of
trough. Canal transitions should preferably be provided with 2:1
and 3:1 splays U/S and D/S side, but not flatter than 3:1 and 5:1
respectively however, it should be ensure that the flow follows the
boundaries of the transition.
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

Training Works: The drainage channel shall be directed towards the

structures by suitable training works like training walls, guide
banks, etc. The canal banks adjacent to the cross drainage work
should be protected by suitable protective measures such as turfing,
pitching and launching apron, wherever necessary.
Holding Down Bolts: The bolts fixed on to the pier take care of the uplifts
coming on half the span on either side. The rest half span is taken
care of by the bolts fixed to the abutment.
Super Structure: For the construction of super structure of an aqueduct
prestressed concrete of reinforced cement concrete or masonry or a
combination of these may be used depending upon the desired case
of construction and relative economy.
Sub Structure: A suitable arrangement for supporting the section of the
aqueduct may be decided depending upon the nature of foundation,
difference between HFL of the drain and bed of canal and height
between bed of canal and bottom of stream/drain and the afflux
allowable in the drain.
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

Loads and Forces to be considered in designing aqueducts are as follows:

 Dead load;
 Water load;
 Live load;
 Impact or dynamic effect of the live load;
 Longitudinal forces caused by the tractive effort or by braking force of
vehicles and/or those caused by restraint to free movement of bearings;
 Wind load;
 Horizontal force due to water currents;
 Centrifugal forces – in case the aqueduct and /or the road is curved in plan;
 Buoyancy;
 Forces due to temperature variation;
 Erection loads,
 Seismic load; and
 Water pressure;
Note:- (d) and (e) are applicable only in case a road bridge is provided over the
aqueduct.
 A TALE OF CANAL SEGMENT CROSSING A STREAM

Design Combinations: Generally the following Design Combinations

should be considered:
• canal empty and stream/drain at its low water level – normal
condition without earthquakes;
• canal running full up to its FSL and stream/drain at its low water
level – normal condition without earthquake;
• canal empty and stream/drain at its HFL without earthquake.
• Canal running full up to FSL and stream drain at its HFL without
earthquake.
Construction condition
• pier is constructed and superstructure is not constructed and
stream/drain at it’s HFL (design) without earthquake.
• Superstructure is constructed on one side of a pier and
stream/drain at it’s HFL (design) without earthquake.
* Wind load should not be considered simultaneously with earthquake.
 AQUEDUCT

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
* Hydraulic Calculations:
1 Hydraulic Particulars
2 Discharge Calculation
3 Drain Slope Calculation
4 Lacey's Bed width Calculation
5 Tail channel calculations
6 Vent way fixation
7 Afflux Calculations
8 Scour Depth Calculation in Drian
9 Scour Depth Calculation in Canal
10 Flow Conditions
 AQUEDUCT

* Structural Calculations:
11 Design of Trough Slab
12 Design of Trough Side wall
13 Design of Trough Middle wall
14 Design of Pier
15 Design of Abutment
16 Design of U/S Wing & Return Wall
17 Design of D/S Wing & Return Wall
THAT’s THE END OF THE TALE OF OUR CANAL SEGMENT
CROSSING THAT NAUGHTY STREAM

THANQ