INDEX

 INTRODUCTION

 DEFINITION

 CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGE BASED ON

STREAM WIDTH

 TYPES OF CULVERT

 CULVERT DESIGN ITEMS

 CULVERTS DESIGNING STEP

 TECHNICAL REPORT

 DRAWING OF THREE ROW HP CULVERT

 ESTIMATION & COSTING

 CONCLUSION
3-Row 1-Meter Dia Hume Pipe Culvert
 INTRODUCTION
CULVERT : Culverts are structures used to convey runoff from one
side of the road to another and are usually covered with
embankment and composed of structural material around the entire
perimeter, although some are supported on spread footings with the
streambed serving as the bottom of the culvert. For economy and
hydraulic efficiency, culvert should be designed to operate with the
inlet submerged during the flood flows , if conditions permit. Cross-
drain are those culverts and pipes that are used to convey runoff
from one side of highway to another

ESTIMATION: For all engineering works it is required to know

beforehand the probable cost of construction know as the estimated
cost. If the estimated cost is grater then the money available, then
attempts are made to reduced the cost by reducing the work or
changing the specification. From this the importance of estimate for
engineers may be understood. In preparing in estimate, the quantities
of different items of work are calculated by simple mensuration
method and from these quantities the cost is calculated. The subject
of estimating is simple, nothing much to understand, but knowledge
of drawing is essential. One who understand and can read drawing
may find out the dimension- length, breath, & height etc.
In preparing an estimate one has to go in to details of each
items, big or small, nothing can be left or missed.
Accuracy in estimate is very important, if estimate is
exceeded is becomes a very difficult problem for engineers to
explain to account for and arrange for the additional money.
Inaccuracy in preparing estimate, omission of items, change in
designs improper rates etc.
 DEFINITION
Backwater : Constriction of flow causes a rise in the normal water
surface elevation upstream of the constriction. The magnitude of the
rise, in feet, is called backwater.

Barrel control: Barrel control for culvert hydraulics exists when the rise
of headwater at the culvert inlet is greater than the rise from inlet or
outlet control. This rise in headwater from barrel control can be a
combination of barrel roughness, length, and restriction. Barrel control is
rarely the control of headwater. Since the head loss due to roughness in
the barrel is normally not as great as inlet head loss, the effect of barrel
roughness is included as part of outlet control.

Critical depth :Critical depth can best be illustrated as the depth of

water at the culvert outlet under outlet control at which water flows are
not influenced by backwater forces. Critical depth is the depth at
which specific energy of a given flow rate is at a minimum. For a
given discharge and cross-section geometry, there is only one critical
depth
Energy grade line : The energy grade line represents the total energy
at any point along the culvert barrel.

Free outlets : Free outlets are outlets with a tailwater equal to or

lower than critical depth. For culverts having free outlets, lowering of
the tailwater has no effect on the discharge or the backwater profile
upstream of the tailwater.

Headwater : The vertical distance from the culvert invert (flow line)
at the culvert entrance to the water surface elevation of the upstream
channel.

Hydraulic grade line : The hydraulic grade line is the depth to

which water would rise invertical tubes connected to the sides of a
culvert barrel. In a full flow, the energy grade line and the hydraulic
grade line are parallel lines separated by the velocity head, except at the
inlet and the outlet.
Improved inlets : Flared, improved, or tapered inlets indicate a
special entrance condition that decreases the amount of energy needed to
pass the flow through the inlet and, thus increases the capacity of
culverts at the inlet.
Inlet control : With inlet control, the cross-sectional area of the
culvert barrel, inlet geometry, and the amount of headwater or ponding
at the entrance are the controlling design factors.

Invert : Invert refers to the inside bottom of the culvert.

Normal flow : Normal flow occurs in the channel reach when the
discharge, velocity, and depth of flow do not change throughout the
reach. The water surface profile and channel bottom slope will be
parallel. This type of flow will be approximated in a culvert operating
on a steep slope, provided the
culvert is sufficiently long.

Outlet control : Outlet control involves the additional considerations

over inlet control of the elevation of the tailwater, slope, roughness, and
length of the culvert.

Steep and mild slope:A steep-slope culvert operation is where the

computed critical depth is greater than the computed uniform depth. A
mild-slope culvert operation is where critical depth is less than uniform.

Submerged inlets : Submerged inlets are those inlets having a

headwater greater than 1.2 times the diameter of the culvert or
barrel height.

Submerged outlets : Partially submerged outlets are outlets with

tailwater that is higher than critical depth and lower than the height of
the culvert. Submerged outlets are outlets having tailwater elevation
higher that the soffit (crown) of the culvert.

Tailwater :The water depth from the culvert invert at the outlet to the
water surface in the outlet swale or channel.

Uniform flow : Uniform flow is flow in a prismatic channel of

constant cross-section having a constant discharge, velocity, and depth
of flow throughout the reach. This type of flow will exist in a culvert
operating on a steep slope, provided the culvert is sufficiently long.
Classification of Bridge Based on
Stream Width

• If Stream width is upto 10meter => Culvert

• If Stream width is upto 10-30meter => Minor

Bridge

• If Stream Width is above 30meter => Major

Bridge
 Types of culvert

• Hume Pipe Culvert

• Box Culvert

• Arch Culvert

• Slab Culvert
 # Hume Pipe Culvert

Hume Pipe Culverts provide low clearance,

openings suitable for large waterways, and are
more aesthetic. They may also provide a
greater hydraulic advantage to fishes at low
flows and require less road fill.
# Box Culvert

Box culverts are used to transmit water during

brief runoff periods. These are usually used by
wildlife because they remain dry most of the year.
They can have an artificial floor such as concrete.
Box culverts generally provide more room for
wildlife passage than large pipe culverts. Box
culverts are usually made up of Reinforced
Concrete (RCC
 # Arch Culvert
A pipe arch culvert is a round culvert reshaped to
allow a lower profile while maintaining flow
characteristics. It is good for installations with
shallow cover.
Materials used for arch culverts are RCC,
Corrugated Metal or Stone Masonry.
 # Slab Culvert

Slab culvert are used where the total load acting

on it very large. In this case a slab culvert is used.
It has a very large load carrying capacity
as compared to pipe and box culvert
 Culvert Design Items
The following should be considered for all culvert designs where
applicable:

1. Engineering aspects
a. flood frequency
b. velocity limitations
c. buoyancy protection

2. Site criteria
a. length and slope
b. debris and siltation control
c. culvert barrel bends
d. ice buildup

3. Design limitations
a. headwater limitations(see Section 2A-1)
b. tailwater conditions
c. storage –temporary or permanent

4. Design options
a. culvert inlets
b. inlets with headwalls
c. wingwalls and aprons
d. improved inlets
e. material selection
f. culvert skews
g. culvert sizes and shapes
h. twin pipe separations (vertical and horizontal)
i. culvert clearances

5. Related designs
a. weep holes
b. outlet protection
c. erosion and sediment control
d. environmental considerations
 e. facewall

Culvert Designing Step

1. Determine the Horizontal Distance

2. Determine the Required Pipe Size

3. Determine the Energy Loss Gradient

•
With the full pipe flow impending, the
energy loss gradient can be estimated by
the Manning equation for open-channel flow

4. Determine the Critical Slope

•
For critical flow, the Froude number is equal to unity:

•
For circular pipes, the following definitions apply:

D
5. Determine the Minimum Upstream Pipe Slope

6. Determine the Downstream Pipe Slope

7. Determine the Pipe Lengths

8. Specify Inlet and Outlet Types

9. Specify Collar Placement and Size

 TECHNICAL REPORT of a
CaseStudy on A Construction of Hume Pipe Culvert

1 Name of Work :- A Case Study on C D Works on Gravel

Road Dhoba Khedi To Dhaniya Khedi

2 Village :- Dhobakhedi

3 Gram Panchayat :- Chirholi 2

4 Janpad Panchayat :- Sanchi

5 Estimate Cost :- 6.10 Lakh

6 Technical Sanction :- E.E.R.E.S Raisen

9 Administration Sanction :- Collector Raisen

10 Specification :- As per Estimate

11 Provision :- Three Row Hose Pipe Culvert

12 Rate :- Government of MP Panchayat & Rural

Development RES SOR inforce From
12April2014
Drawing of Three Row HP Culvert
ESTIMATION & COSTING

Detailed Estimation :
Detailed estimate is an accurate estimate and consists
of working out the quantities of each item of works, and working
the cost. The dimensions, length, breadth and height of each item
are taken out correctly from drawing and quantities of each item are
calculated, and abstracting and billing are done.

The detailed estimate is prepared in two stages:

Details of measurement and calculation of quantities.

The details of measurements of each item of work are taken

out correctly from plan and drawing and quantities under each
item are calculated in a tabular form named as details of
measurement form.

Abstract of estimated cost:

The cost of each item of work is calculated in a tabular

form the quantities already computed and total cost is worked out in
abstract estimate form. The rates of different items of work are taken
as per schedule of rates or current workable rates for finished item
of work.

.
 CONCLUSION

• Use culverts as wide as stream width

• Use same gradient as stream channel
• Use same alignment as stream channel
• Single large culvert is better for debris
passage than several small ones
• Flared ends improve efficiency