INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1 Abstract 9

2 Introduction 10

3 Main Content 11 to 18

4 Conclusion 19

5 Reference & Sources Used 20

6 Weekly Progress Report 21

7 Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project 22

1
 Abstract

Waste generation is an intrinsic part of human existence. Waste

materials are usually characterized by their nature, components and
quality. Variations in quality, quantity and composition of solid waste
can be linked to various factors such as cultural, economic, social and
financial status of inhabitants of the particular space being studied.
These distinct factors will also determine the best waste management
practice to adopt. This paper captures the current institutional solid
waste management in a Shivaji Polytechnic Private institution of
higher learning. Using key-informant interview and personal field
observations, the waste generation rate, pattern and characterization
was made. Results showed that between 0.3 and 0.4 kg/capita/day
was generated daily by the students in their respective halls of
residence, with population ranging from 100 - 120 students in each
of the department. All the solid wastes generated were collected using
appropriate waste collection bags and mobile bin positioned at
strategic corners of the institution premises. The waste materials after
collection were segregated into plastics, bottles, nylon and organic
materials by scavengers. After these non-biodegradables were sold in
the secondary market, an estimated total sum of 639,900 naira
(2908.6USD) was realized daily. At this rate a total sum of 230
million Naira (1,045,454.5 USD) is realizable yearly as wealth from
waste. It was concluded that if all the organic waste streams from
kitchens, cafeteria and animal houses are utilized for bio energy and
organic fertilizer, the wealth to be generated would be phenomenal.

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 Introduction

Waste management basically, involves the collection, transportation,

processing, disposal, management and monitoring of waste materials.
The management of waste treats all materials as a single class, be it
solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances. It also strives at
reducing the harmful environmental impacts of each using the most
appropriate methods. Waste management measure to adopt will
depend on the sources, since waste characteristics and composition
differ according to source. The problem associated with solid waste
management in developing nations cannot be over-emphasised. Solid
waste management is an essential public health service, but in many
developing countries it is not provided to the full satisfaction of
residents. This is due to the fact that waste management systems has
not fully considered the users of the management systems. Waste
generation being an intrinsic part of living requires a proper
examination of various sources from which waste is generated.
Sources of solid waste include; industries, markets, schools, churches,
hospitals and other communities where human beings reside or gather
for a period of time. Solid waste generated from each of these sources
differ in terms of composition and volume, based on the prevailing
activities and the demography of individuals in each location. In
order to propose a workable waste management strategy, an extensive
study of the generating source would help in understanding the
characteristics of the waste and its potential for recycling at a
secondary local market. Among the many sources of waste previously
mentioned, schools (including universities) contribute a very
significant amount of solid wastes to the municipal.
Solid waste management and the role of Universities
Universities educate most of the people who develop and manage
society’s institutions . Universities bear a vicarious responsibility in
ensuring that sustainable plans and policies are imbibed in the

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society. Through their expertise, they have the capacity to increase
awareness, knowledge, technology and tools necessary to promote
and sustain best practices within and around the community in which
they are located. Developed countries have made great progress in
terms of waste management both at the university and community
levels. Developing nations with their peculiar challenges are still
trailing behind in this regard. India is a typical developing country
facing similar challenges of waste management just like other
developing nations. Various researchers have identified major
challenges facing solid waste management in developing countries.
The most problematic functional element of solid waste management
in most developing countries has to do with disposal. Also identified
some other challenges associated with SWM, they are: increasing
generation of waste, burden posed on municipal budget as a result of
high costs of waste management, lack of understanding over a
diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste
management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handing
system functioning. Rapid economic development and population
growth, inadequate infrastructure, and expertise have contributed to
the problem of solid waste management in most developing nations.
Studies carried out in Malaysia (Manaf et al,2009), (Saeed et al,
2009), Palestine (Al-khatib et al, 2010) and other similar countries
has shown this.
In India, for instance, the poor state of waste management is
attributable to an inadequately formulated and poorly implemented
environmental policy , neglect of the economic, social, psychological,
political and cultural life of Insians in the formulation and
implementation of waste management programs. Some states also
identified inefficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of
collection system and improper disposal as factors contributing to
poor waste management in India.
In the light of these challenges there is the need to involve
universities in SWM cannot be overemphasised. Institutions of higher

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 learning (universities), being autonomous by nature should be given
utmost attention as regards waste management. Since they by their
very nature have the capacity to accommodate innovative SWM
practices which would trickle to other communities after being
properly institutionalized. These institutions are usually held in high
esteem and are often seen by the communities as model in terms of
adopting best practices.

Background to the case study

  This polytechnic is the first institute established by the RTES in the
year 2009. It offers three years/ six semesters (10+ levels) diploma
courses in engineering and technology in the branches of Civil Engg,
Computer Engineering, and Electronics & Tele Communication Engg. &
Mechanical Engg. It has created legacy of outstanding result and its
march towards excellence is going on with steady speed. Following are
the full time diploma courses offered by the polytechnic with intake
capacity shown against each course.

No Intake Choice
Courses
. Capacity Code

5
 64716121
1 Mechanical Engineering 60 Seats
0
64711911
2 Civil Engineering 60 Seats
0
64712451
3 Computer Engineering 60 Seats
0
Electronics and Telecommunication 64713721
4 60 Seats
Engineering 0

     Shivaji Polytechnic College is fully equipped with modern

infrastructure facilities such as spacious lecture halls with modern audio-
visual aids, fully developed laboratories, library, reading rooms, seminar
hall and computer labs. It has qualified and experienced faculty that
makes the backbone to the institute.

Materials and methods

Materials
The following materials were used for the measurement of wastes: a
weighing balance of capacity up to 120kg, mackintosh polythene
bags for collecting and weighing waste materials, shovels and forks
for collecting and storing wastes in bags, gloves, boots and facemasks
for personal protection.
Methods
This study on solid waste in the SPC campus was done using the
following two methods
(i) Key informant interview and interactions with waste handlers and
scavengers
(ii) Personal field investigation, observation and measurements. The
study estimated the daily waste generation from 10 halls of residence

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and the current management practices as regards the routine and
method of collection, transportation, disposal and also the activities
of scavengers.
Daily solid waste generation from hostel and college
The solid waste from each of the halls were easily accessed and
measured since each of the halls has a rectangular concrete pavement
where all the solid waste generated within the halls are stored in bags
ready for collection by trucks for disposal. The wastes stored in black
mackintosh polythene bags were measured using weighing balance.
This was done for all the halls and the number of bags and average
weight when filled was recorded and used to estimate the daily
amount of waste generated by each respective hall.
The record of the number of students residing in each of the halls
was obtained from the school authority responsible for student
accommodation.
In order to determine the per capita waste generation the following
procedures were followed;
Determination of the net weight of solid waste (w) stored in each of
the makintosh polythene bags at each hall of resident.
Determination of the interval (ts) in days, during which the waste was
stored and the number of people (p) who contributed to the waste
generation.
A tour around SPC premises was taken to determine the type and
number of waste collection materials in each of the halls of residence
and also around the study area in general. The waste collection
facilities were counted manually. The waste collection and disposal
pattern was obtained from the waste handlers.

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 Picture 1. A pavement with waste stored in mackintosh bags

Solid waste management practices

Trees and dead leaves also contribute to the waste stream as
horticultural processes that involve beautification of the flowers and
lawns result in the falling of leaves and vegetal matter that constitute a
waste menace to the environment.
Waste Weight of % by
Categories waste (kg) weight
Paper 998.2 35
Plastics & 342.24 12
nylon
Textile 142.6 5
leather 57.04 2
Metals( tins 285.2 10
& cans)
Sand 57.04 2
Glass & 85.56 3

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 bottles
Organic 827.08 29
(all
biodegradab
les)
Others 57.04 2
Total 2852 100

Figure 1. Composition (% by weight) of solid waste generated in the

hostel and college

Waste collection and transfer schedule

During the investigation of the study area, the inspection of the
waste collection containers was carried and they were manually

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counted and their locations noted. Mobile plastic dump bins are used
for waste collection. The bins are of two designs but still, they
measure up to a capacity of 240 litres (contents only). The bins have
been strategically placed on the side curbs, thoroughfares and
walkways of the University’s access roads. While the methodology
progressed, a manual count of the bins was done in segments to give
a total figure sum. The count was restricted to SPC premises alone.

7 bins (For each department)

The count revealed a total sum of one-hundred and sixteen mobile
dump bins in SPC premises alone. Plate 2 below shows a picture of a
mobile bin used for waste collection and storage.

Picture 2. Mobile bin for waste collection and temporary storage

Sangola’s disposal site operates a flexible system of waste

management. The management system involves the use of
operational vehicles (waste/dump trucks), constructed concrete
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dumps, mobile bins, a pay loader (for waste compaction) and a team
of physical labour (man power) that carry out the physical activities
involved in waste transfer. Some of these activities include; moving
the bin away from and back to its stationary point, lifting the bin to
empty the contents, changing of the bins and in very rare cases,
cleaning the bin.
Waste collection operation is built around a well-structured
programme in a scheduled process that enables timely waste pick-ups
at specified disposal points in and around the study area. After the
specified disposal points have been visited, the waste collected is
taken to its final discharge location.

Waste disposal practice

Disposal of wastes from all the sources already mentioned were done
by: open pit dumping, open land dumping and open air burning.
There exists a large expanse of land somewhere inside SPC away
from one of the students' residential where all the wastes generated in
the study area are disposed off. Erosion in the land area gave rise to a
huge pit formation which serves as the spot where the waste gets
dumped and eventually sorted into their various collectibles. The
sorting process depends entirely on the usefulness of such waste
produced and those wastes that are classified as non-useful will be
burnt off totally. The useful collectibles are usually packed and
bagged into various categories such as carton papers, paper packs,
tetra packs, nylons (paper & elastic), clear (soda) plastics, lighter
plastics, thick plastics, eggshells, soda cans, etc and sold to waste
scavengers. The leave residues, freshly cut from gardening or
withered after falling from trees, are usually set ablaze. The heap is
left to burn completely.

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 Picture 3: waste discharge pit and collection of plastic
bottles, already sorted

Picture 5. A collection of tetra packs, already sorted and collection

of broken plastics

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Picture 7. The waste truck executing a drop-off activity at the discharge
pit ans Waste burning action carried out at the discharge pit.

CONCLUSION

Studies carried in the Shivaji Polytechnic premises have shown the

current waste management practice from the point of view of solid
waste management operators and scavengers who are usually
involved with sorting and sales of non-biodegradables. Furthermore,
the quantity of waste generated by individual hall and the
corresponding student population was also determined.
The non biodegradables, including, metal scraps, carton papers,
paper packs, tetra packs, nylons (paper & elastic), clear (soda)
plastics, lighter plastics, thick plastics, eggshells, soda cans, bottles,
tins, and other parts of electronic waste materials are usually
segregated from the waste disposal pit by the scavengers and sold to
the secondary market. After waste segregation and sorting at the
disposal pit, the remnants of the waste, such as other vegetal matter,
floral cuttings, leaves and other wastes that could not make it to the
secondary market are usually burnt in the open air.
The major sources of these institutional wastes are halls of residence,
cafeteria, residential premises, business premises and religious
premises. Plastic containers are preferred to other types of containers.
This is because, the containers are light, durable and mobile. In
addition, they are not susceptible to rusting after being exposed to the
rain and harsh weather conditions.

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REFERENCE & SOURCES USED:-

● www.google.com
● www.wikipedia
● Solid Waste Management Book
● Diaz, L.F. and C.G. Golueke, “Solid Waste Management in
Developing Countries”,
● Bio Cycle, 26:46-52, September 1985.
● Cal Recovery, Inc., Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study
- Waste Stream
● Characterization, prepared for Ad Hoc Committee, Republic of the
Phil-ippines, May 1982
● Nath, K.J., “Solid Waste Management in the Present Indian
Perspective”, proceedings of ISWA 1993 Annual Conference,
Jönköping, Sweden, Sep-tember 1993.
● Cal Recovery, Inc., Conversion Factor Study - In-Vehicle and In-
Place Waste Densities,
● prepared for California Integrated Waste Management Board,
USA, March 1992.

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