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3 - Exercise 8 Page 1 of 1
Exercise 8
Use the noise terms phenomenon to solve the following Volterra integral equations:
ˆ x
2
u(x) = x + cosh x + x sinh x − x cosh x − xtu(t) dt
0
Solution
If we set u0 (x) equal to the function outside the integral, then the rest of the components can be
deduced in a recursive manner.
u0 (x) = x + cosh x + x2 sinh x − x cosh x
ˆ x ˆ x
u1 (x) = x [−tu0 (t)] dt = −x t(t + cosh t + t2 sinh t − t cosh t) dt
0 0
x4
= −x − + x cosh x − 8x2 cosh x − x4 cosh x
3
+ 8x sinh x − x2 sinh x + 4x3 sinh x
..
.
The noise terms, ±x and ±x2 sinh x and ∓x cosh x, appear in both u0 (x) and u1 (x). Cancelling x,
x2 sinh x, and −x cosh x from u0 (x) leaves cosh x. Now we check to see whether u(x) = cosh x
satisfies the integral equation.
ˆ x
?
cosh x = x + cosh x + x2 sinh x − x cosh x − xt cosh t dt
0
? X2XX XX
x − x cosh x − x(1 − X
XX X
cosh x =
x + cosh x +
xsinh
XX XX cosh
XX x +
x sinh
Xx)
cosh x = cosh x
Therefore,
u(x) = cosh x.
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