Wazwaz Integral Equations: Section 3.2.

3 - Exercise 8 Page 1 of 1

Exercise 8
Use the noise terms phenomenon to solve the following Volterra integral equations:
ˆ x
2
u(x) = x + cosh x + x sinh x − x cosh x − xtu(t) dt
0

Solution

Assume that u(x) can be decomposed into an infinite number of components.

∞
X
u(x) = un (x)
n=0

Substitute this series into the integral equation.

∞
X ˆ x ∞
X
2
un (x) = x + cosh x + x sinh x − x cosh x − xt un (t) dt
n=0 0 n=0
ˆ x
u0 (x) + u1 (x) + u2 (x) + · · · = x + cosh x + x2 sinh x − x cosh x − xt[u0 (t) + u1 (t) + · · · ] dt
0
ˆ x
2
u0 (x) + u1 (x) + u2 (x) + · · · = x + cosh x + x sinh x − x cosh x + x [−tu0 (t)] dt
0
| {z }
u0 (x) | {z }
u1 (x)
ˆ x
+x [−tu1 (t)] dt + · · ·
0
| {z }
u2 (x)

If we set u0 (x) equal to the function outside the integral, then the rest of the components can be
deduced in a recursive manner.
u0 (x) = x + cosh x + x2 sinh x − x cosh x
ˆ x ˆ x
u1 (x) = x [−tu0 (t)] dt = −x t(t + cosh t + t2 sinh t − t cosh t) dt
0 0
x4
= −x − + x cosh x − 8x2 cosh x − x4 cosh x
3
+ 8x sinh x − x2 sinh x + 4x3 sinh x
..
.
The noise terms, ±x and ±x2 sinh x and ∓x cosh x, appear in both u0 (x) and u1 (x). Cancelling x,
x2 sinh x, and −x cosh x from u0 (x) leaves cosh x. Now we check to see whether u(x) = cosh x
satisfies the integral equation.
ˆ x
?
cosh x = x + cosh x + x2 sinh x − x cosh x − xt cosh t dt
0
? X2XX XX
x − x cosh x − x(1
− X
XX X
cosh x = 
x + cosh x + 
xsinh
XX XX cosh
XX x +
x sinh
 Xx)
cosh x = cosh x
Therefore,
u(x) = cosh x.

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