Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort

NAME : LAL MUHAMMAD

D-19-AR-52

NAME : MASOOD ALI

D-19-AR-45

LAHORE FORT REPORT

i
 Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND SELECTION OF SHISH MAHAL FOR THE

STUDY: Lahore is second largest city of Pakistan and provincial capital of

Punjab. A number of dynasties ruled over Lahore. Those were Hindus, Greeks,

Buddhist, Sikhs, Muslims and British. The oldest were Hindus who lived in the

vicinity of Lahore called Ichhra village which is now part of Lahore city.

Mahmood Ghazanvi established it as a part of Muslim Empire [1]. Many

historians agree that Lahore was founded during first and seventh century most

probably at the start of second century.

Lahore Fort is situated in north-west corner of Lahore city near famous Azadi chowk and

Minar-e-Pakistan. This fort is an important monument is Pakistan. It has more than 20 big

and small monuments, most of them are towards northern side. Shish Mahal is one of

them and was built in 1631-1632 by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan [2]. It is also known as

palace of mirrors and is most beautiful royal residence.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Shish Mahal has faced serious problems throughout the ages. It has faced dead load

problems in Sikh and British period. Temperature changes, heavy rains, lightning and

termite effect were serious causes of decays for Shish Mahal. With the passage of time

remedial works were proposed for Shish Mahal and were implemented accordingly.

Some major steps were taken by Archaeological Survey of India for the restoration and

preservation of damaged structure of Shish Mahal in 1904-05 . Remedial works were

1
successfully done for saving the ceiling of Shish Mahal with all its mirror work. The

ceiling of main verandah of Shish Mahal has been repaired many times, which is 1904,

1905, 1922, 1963-64 and still on. Since then this false ceiling remained under observation

of the Department of Archaeology [3].

In 1991-92 serious cracks were observed in the ceiling. On the recommendations of

experts the conservation of ceiling of Shish Mahal was carried out from 2003-2005.

It is seen that most of the restoration is done for ceiling of shish Mahal, roof, glass work,

its plaster, side rooms, Naulakha pavilion and its main courtyard. But nothing is done for

its masonry walls on which Shish Mahal is standing. Shish Mahal is approximately a

four storey high building, having two basements which are visible from outside towards

north. From outside the poor condition of its walls which is also known as pictured wall

can easily be seen. Patches of bricks have been deteriorated from walls; plaster and

mortar is removed due to effect of various causes mainly due to weather conditions.

Below pictures show condition of walls of Shish Mahal:

Figure 1.1 Deteriorated Bricks Figure 1.2 Overall Condition of Wall

Figure 1.3 Deteriorated Patches of Bricks Figure 1.4 Removed Plaster

Figures.1.1, 1.2, 1.3 & 1.4 show deteriorated bricks & plaster from north-west walls of

shish mahal.

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY:

About 387 years old walls of Shish Mahal have deteriorated and long term conservation

plan is needed for these to stop further deterioration and to maintain it as long as possible

for present and future generations. Main objective of study is analysis/evaluation of the

overall existing condition of the Shish Mahal particularly causes of decays of its masonry

walls and proposing remedial solutions for them.

It’s now required to refit the removed brick patches with same size historic bricks. After

fixing bricks walls need to be plastered with kankar lime plaster which was used by

Mughals.
 METHDOLOGY:

A methodology is formulated for this study. Site surveys were conducted for selected

Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort. The study focus on conservation, repairs, ceilings, structures,

architecture, condition of masonry walls and materials used in shish Mahal which was

constructed during Mughal Period. Several visits have been conducted to study and

examine the causes of decay of Shish Mahal. A number of photographs of shish Mahal

have been taken for the study. Some photographs are present in this thesis. Some other

sources e.g thesis, journal articles, books, encyclopedias, discussions and photographs

have been consulted for this study.

Literature Review

“Shish Mahal” or the “Palace of Mirrors” was built by Shah Jahan in A.D. 1631-32 for

the residence of the empress when she stayed in Lahore [2]. It is one of the most beautiful

royal residences in the world. It is a unique palace, containing beautifully executed

inlayed stonework, interesting glass mosaic work, and stucco tracery. There is also very

fine carved marble jali work along outer openings and the whole area is paved out in

beautiful white marble. On plan, it has a square shape, which opens towards an arcade of

double pillars carrying multi-cusped arches inlaid with vine and flowers patterns in semi-

precious stones.
Figure 1.5: Main Veranda of Shish Mahal Figure 1.6: Palace of Mirrors

The interior of the hall has a marble dado, roof and walls are decorated with mosaic of

convex glass inlaid in white plaster.

Original Mughal Structural System of False Ceiling Support

The main hall of the Shish Mahal, built about 387-years ago, is about 26.5 feet wide and

67.5 feet long. The roof of Shish Mahal was originally made of massive wooden beams

approximately 14”x14” in cross-section and spaced about 28” spanning

from the front wall to the back wall. [3]

Figure 1.7: Mughal Wooden Beams [3]

On top there was a traditional wooden roof covered with mud. Below, a bamboo lath was

fastened to the beams, and covered by a layer of plaster varying from two to more than

six inches in thickness. Mirrors were attached in this plaster. The plaster of the false

ceiling is hung by a latticework made of bamboo sticks and nailed to the underside of the

wooden beams [3].

Conservation of Shish Mahal During British Period

In 1904-05 it was observed that the false ceiling of main verandah of Shish Mahal is

affected due to addition of heavy dead weights during the Sikh and British period. The

condition of the ceiling was very serious and an operation was commenced by the

Archaeological survey of India for its strengthening. A portion of concrete roof and

filling was removed successfully.

Figure 1.8: Mughal Beams with Bamboo Laths [3]

During 1906 to 1910, temporary arrangements were done to support the ceiling.
 Figure 1.9: British Structure to Support Mughal Beams [3]

In the year 1910-1911, the old wooden beams carrying the ornamental lathe and plaster

ceiling of the Shish Mahal were strengthened

Conservation of Shish Mahal After Independence

The roof of the main hall of Shish Mahal was in a very bad state of preservation. The roof

was, therefore, skillfully secured in its position and other large scale repairs were also

undertaken on this monument.

In the year 1952-53, it was observed that a number of mirrors set in the ceiling and the

walls have fallen during the rainy season. Leakage of water was also observed in the roof

and it was necessary to make it watertight. G.I corrugated sheets were spread over roof.

To ensure complete water tightening, the old position of the screws was changed and

existing overlapping of the sheets was increased.

The Government of Pakistan also took measures for preservation of Shish Mahal. The

Sikh period structures on top of Shish Mahal were removed to reduce the dead load. In

1984-85, it was decided to repair the roof by replacing decayed wooden beams and

battens. All beams and battens were made free from termites by using wood

preservatives. To drain out the rainwater, drainage system was improved and new drains

were constructed. By adopting these measures, the danger of percolation of water was

removed [3].

In 2003-2005 successful restoration of roof was done and that was to protect the roof

from rain water. Below photograph shows the connection through hangers between steel

girders and historic roof.

Figure 1.10: Conservation of Roof of Shish Mahal

Condition of Basement Walls

Restoration of ceiling, roof and mirror work remained in progress throughout the years,

but walls of Shish Mahal remained unnoticed. These are masonry walls of Shish Mahal

and surrounding structures and are made of burnt bricks.

Figure 1.11: Walls Condition Figure 1.12: Poor Condition of Walls

Inside basements the condition of walls is better but outside condition is very poor due to

direct weather conditions. Patches of bricks have been removed and condition of plaster

is very pathetic. There is plantation, birds, dampness and holes in the walls. This

condition is getting more serious day by day specially during rainy season.

Analysis and Evaluation of Structural Condition of Walls

It will include analysis and evaluation of the existing structural condition of the Shish

Mahal, particularly its masonry walls. It will also include proposal for the conservation

and restoration of walls and overall condition of Shish Mahal.

There is a need to make an analysis/study of entire walls, associated areas and to propose

appropriate remedial works details keeping in view the historicity of Shish Mahal. The

stability of the mirror hall ceiling also needs to be restored again.

References:

[1] Chaudhry, A.N. A Short History of Lahore and Some of its Monuments, Sang-e-

Meel Publications, Lahore, 2000, pp-9-12.

[2] Khan, W.M. Lahore and its Important Monuments, department of archaeology

Government of Pakintan, Lahore, 1959, pp-26.

[3] Rauf, A. Structural Rehabilitation of Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort, Unpublished, MSc

Thesis, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 2006, pp-7-10.

 CHAPTER 2

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAHORE FORT AND SHISH MAHAL:

INTRODUCTION TO LAHORE FORT

Lahore Fort is as old as the city itself. The Fort is irregular in plan, which is 427 meters

from east to west and 335 meters from north to south having a strong fortification walls

which were built with small burnt bricks [1]. Access to the Fort through this strong

fortification wall is through main gates located in the middle of East and West sides; and

second access is in the North West corner towards Badshahi Mosque.

Figure 2.1: Map of Lahore Fort

This Fort represents a complete history of Mughal Architecture. The architecture of

Emperor Akbar’s period shows the extensive use of red sandstone and burnt bricks.

Mostly, the same style was adopted during Jahangir’s period. Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb

used white marble and took Persian motives, pietradura and mosaic work. These were the

main features added by Shah Jahan.

Figure 2.2: Aerial View of Lahore Fort

The Fort has about 21 monuments in it; most of them are on the northern side. The most

beautiful of them are Shish Mahal (Mirror Palace), Naulakha Pavilion, Diwan-e-Aam,

Diwan-e-Khas, Jehangir’s Quadrants, Moti Masjid, Masti and Alamgiri Gates etc.

SHISH MAHAL:

Shish Mahal is the most prominent, beautiful and precious palace in Lahore Fort. It is

situated in north-west side in the Fort. It is also known as palace of mirrors because of

extensive use of mirror work over its walls and ceilings.

 Figure 2.3: Shish Mahal Lahore Fort

Period of Construction:

Shish Mahal was built by Shah Jahan in 1631-32 A.D [2].

Historical Association:

It was formed as a harem (private) portion of the Fort. The hall was reserved for personal

use by the imperial family and close aides.

Ownership of Shish Mahal:

Sheesh Mahal was listed as a protected monument under the Antiquities Act by Pakistan's

Department of Archaeology in 1975. Now recently it has become under the Walled City

of Lahore Authority.
 Listing Status:

Lahore Fort was protected under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904 and its

Notification numbers was 2524 dated: 27-01-1920. Its historical and architectural

significance was acknowledged and was listed in 1981 on the World Heritage List. The

Fort was put on the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger on 2-12-2000 due to serious

damage to the mirrored ceiling of the Shish Mahal [3].

Architecture of Shish Mahal:

 Style/Shape:

Shish Mahal has a rectangular main hall with several rooms on both sides as well as on

the back side. From front it looks like a linear building. Main veranda of Shish Mahal is

26.5 ft wide and 67.5 ft long. At back there is 30.5 ft x 15 ft room and 15.5 ft x 15.5 ft

hexagonal chambers on its both sides. Overall area of Shish Mahal is in square form.

 Vertical Arrangement of Shish Mahal

The roof of the central hall rises up to two storeys. Side rooms at front are double

storeyed. Below Shish Mahal there are basement chambers.

 Horizonal Arrangement of Shish Mahal

The façade of main varanda, comprising of five cusped marble arches supported by

coupled columns, opens into the courtyard.

 Figure 2.4: Front Elevation of Shish Mahal Lahore Fort

 Decorative Features & Material Used

The main decorative features of Shish Mahal are as follows:

(i) The Aina Kari or mirror work with stucco tracery

(ii) Gild work, placing of pure gold..

(iii) Pietra dura work, specially in the spandrels of the arches and on the

bases of the double columns which carries multi-cusp arches. This is inlay of precious

stones into the white marble.

Figure 2.5: Mirror work and Paintings Figure 2.6: Back Room Interior Details
 Figure 2.7: Mirror work in Main Varanda of Shish Mahal

Figure 2.8: Back Room Interior Figure 2.9: Entrance Showing 3 Feet Thick Wall

(iv) Perforated marble screens (jalis) used as parapet walls as well as as for covering

window openings.

(v) Use of Mughal lime plaster on side room.

(vi) Paint work on ceiling curves (niches and naves).

(vii) Masonry walls are made of burnt bricks which are 3 feet wide and have more

width upto 15 feet in basement chambers. The wall thickness in basement chambers

varies from 12 feet to 15 feet.

Figure 2.10: Niches and Painting in ceiling Figure 2.11: Wood work in Ceiling

Figure 2.12: Double Columns Figure 2.13: Opening Showing Perforated Jali

(viii) Basement roofs are in curved forms (semicircular)

(ix) A variety of marble is used specially in courtyard like sang-e-badal, sang-e-abri

and sang-e- musa.

(x) Red sand stone is used at front of side rooms of main veranda of Shish Mahal.
(xi) Wood work is used in ceilings of adjacent rooms of Shish Mahal.

 Basements of Shish Mahal:

There are two basements under Shish Mahal. The first basement was constructed by his

father Jahangir. Shah Jahan constructed Shish Mahal and Naulakha Pavillion on the top

of basement chambers.

Before construction of Shish Mahal there was need to stabilize the lower basement walls

which were deteriorating rapidly. A proper & stable solution was proposed and that was

to add new heavy wall along with the old wall. This wall in also known as pictured wall

and was built by Shah Jahan towards noth west sides of basements. The dimensions of

this wall are as follows:

Length = 1500 feet

Height = 47 to 55 feet

Width = 12 feet

Its foundation was 15 feet deep and 25 feet wide [4].

Figure 2.14: Map of Lahore Fort showing pictured wall in red, basement chambers of

Shish Mahal in yellow, & chambers under Kala Burj in green [4].

This pictured wall provided support to basement chambers like buttress controlling the

outward pressure and also saved the eroded foundation of the fort.

Figure 2.15: Basement Chambers towards West

Figure 2.16: Paint and Patterns Figure 2.17: Long Opening For Compressed Air

Figure 2.18: Stair Case in Basement Figure 2.19: Basement Chambers towards East

Materials Used in Construction:

Following materials were used:

 Burnt bricks for walls

 Marble for columns and marble jalis in Shish Mehal

 Stone pieces
  Mughal lime plaster on walls

 Paint work on walls

 Wood work for roof of Shish Mahal

 Mirror work for ceiling and walls

 Lime in ceilings to paste decorative features.

Building Usage:

Old Use:

Shish Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his beloved wife Mumtaz & was formed as a

harem (private) portion of the Fort. It was reserved by the imperial family.

The chamber was exclusively used for private council meetings as part of the daily

routine of the emperor, whereas the whole block was only accessible to the imperial

princes, the vizier, and selected courtiers.

Present Use:

It is a visitor’s place but presently closed for its safety and conservation. This is opened

for the foreigner delegations and for the students for their study research.

Surrounding of Shish Mahal:

North: On north there was circular road which is demolished for new developments and

parks of Minar-e-Pakistan.

Now the Fort, Badshahi Mosque & Minar-e-Pakistan will share the same green area.

South: On south there is walled city of Lahore.

East: On east there is newly constructed road, Kashmiri gate and area of badami bagh

Lahore.

West: On west there is Badshahi Mosque of Lahore.

References:

[1] Rauf, A. Structural Rehabilitation of Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort, Unpublished, MSc

Thesis, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 2006, pp-1.

[2] Khan, W.M. Lahore and its Important Monuments, department of archaeology

Government of Pakistan, Lahore, 1959, pp-26.

[3] Cultural Tourism in Lahore and Peshawar, Government of Pakistan, United

Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations, Educational, scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

[4] Khan, R. Archaeology below Lahore Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Pakistan:

The Mughal Underground Chambers, For Global Heritage Fund Preservation Fellowship

2011.pp-4, 7.
 CHAPTER 3

HISTORY OF CONSERVATION OF SHISH MAHAL

INTRODUCTION:

Conservation of Shish Mahal is carried out throughout before partition and after

independence. In this chapter history of conservation and repairs carried out after the

Mughals is reviewed.

PRE-PARTITION:

During1904 and 1905 it was observed that the false ceiling of main front hall of Shish

Mahal is being affected due to heavy dead loads which were added on it during the Sikh

and British period as shown in Figure 3.2. It was also badly affected by lightning in 1904

and the condition of the ceiling became very serious. An operation was commenced by

the Archaeology Survey of India for its strengthening. Part of the decorative plaster has

already collapsed exposing two wooden beams in an advance stage of decay and it was

further observed that most of these wooden beams were too rotten even to be support [1].

Mirror Work

Later on there were numerous losses in mirror work and much of the gilding of plaster

had been loosed or damaged due to water seepage from roof top.
 During 1904-05 the Archaeological Survey of India took some major steps to restore and

preserve the damaged structure of Shish Mahal. Although the problems of saving the

ceiling of Shish Mahal with all its gilt and mirror work from the collapse was actual

difficult task but was successfully done at that time. Concrete top roof was also removed

to give relief to the wooden beams and ceiling.

Ceiling of Main Veranda

The ceiling of main veranda of Shish Mahal (Shah Burj) has been repaired more than

once and still on. Since then this false ceiling remained under observation of the

Department of Archaeology but the position is going bad day by day.

The Department of Archaeology has been aware of the importance as well as magnitude

of conserving preserving and presenting the Lahore Fort as one of the leading monument

in Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan has done its best to preserve it by adopting the

traditional and classical methods of conservation. Other than the routine maintenance and

special repairs, some useful conservation work has been carried out under the Annual

Development Programme.

POST-PARTITION

The first Master Plan, prepared in 1973 and the Department of Archaeology and

Museums did its level best to maintain and keep up this unique palace of Mughal era.

Maximum possible additions and alterations made in the past after the downfall of the

Mughal dynasty which were serious threat to it were removed to regain the lost glory of

the palace of mirrors. Its tessellated marble flooring in the main veranda and adjoining
rooms have been restored according to the original pattern Naulakha pavilion, tasbih

khana in the south west and south-east corner have also been attended for its flooring and

marble screen to replace the Sikh period additions.

The main courtyard of the Shish Mahal was also attended for its Sang-e-Badal flooring as

per its requirement. The roofs of the entire building were made water tightened along

with kankar lime plaster applied to the wall etc. Some of the Ainakari along with gilding

work was carried to the exiling of the main veranda. The original niches/panels in one of

the main verandah were also opened by removing the later period addition to exposure

the paintings underneath.

Figure 3.1: View of Aath Dara Figure 3.2: Additional Rooms Over Shish Mahal

(Sikh Period Additions)

In 1991-92 some serious cracks in the ceiling were observed. This problem was getting

more serious day by day, and for the immediate conservation and to avoid the serious

danger the Department of Archaeology tried its level best to preserve such architectural

jewels to maintain it for present and future generations. The Federal Ministry of Culture

constituted a Technical Committee in 1997 to advise there Department of Archaeology

for arresting the further deterioration of the ceiling and to suggest remedial measures to

revive its original grandeurs.

Sir Bernard Feilden, Director Emeritus, ICCROM renowned conservation architect also

visited Pakistan on the request of Government of Pakistan and UNESCO. In accordance

with his recommendations, the Department of Archaeology and Museums propped up the

sagged portion of ceiling on foam scaffolding on Hydraulic jacks temporarily and also an

additional temporary roof has been provided to open the roof top of British period for

study and Investigation purposes. Another mission from UNESCO visited Shish Mahal

and submitted their investigations Report on various materials in 1999.

Against this backdrop and with the demolition of the unique hydraulic works of the

Shalimar Gardens and Lahore Fort were placed on the list of World Heritage Site in

Danger in December 2000. In response to a call for emergency assistance from the

Government of Pakistan, UNESCO and the Government of Norway offered technical and

financial support for the conservation and preservation of the Lahore Fort and the

conservation of the Shish Mahal being taken up as top most priority.

The first and second meetings of experts in May and August 2003, on the conservation of

Shish Mahal was a sincere move by UNESCO, the Norwegian Government and

Government of Pakistan to acknowledge the fact that the proficiency of architects,

archaeological engineers, archaeological chemists, planners and other specialists in the

field of conservation and exchange of other expertise provided a sustainable conservation

strategy for Shish Mahal and on the recommendations of the experts the conservation of

Shish Mahal ceiling was carried out from 2003-2005 [2].

Since protection of the Fort, the following works of preventive conservation were carried

out in the Shish Mahal and surrounding chambers.

Detail of Repair Works

1. The restoration of mirror work and Stucco Tracery work at the Shish Mahal

ceiling was carried out. This diligent work was of very deliberate nature and

need full commitment and assimilation consists of first aid to the damaged

portion of the decorative work.

Figure 3.3: Ceiling Treatment

2. The cleaning of entire Shish Mahal was carried out including removal of

grime, dirt and soiling is being undertaken by the female cleaning squad.

3. The scientific cleaning of marble elements in the Shish Mahal.

4. In order to get available the trained hands for the execution of different

decorative arts and crafts in the Shish Mahal, workshops for the training of

various arts and crafts like Pietra Dura work, Stucco work, Fresco work

and tile mosaic work were established in the courtyard of Shish Mahal.

5. The Tarseem Bandi of ceiling of south eastern verandah of Shish Mahal

was conserved including the replacement of deteriorated and worn-out

wooden battens/beams.

6. The Tarseen Bandi of ceiling of north-western verandah of mezzanine

floor of Shish Mahal was conserved including the replacement of

deteriorated and worn-out wooden battens/beams.

7. The roof of the Sikh period chambers on the northern side of Shish

Mahal’s present new roof was restored by the government of the Punjab in

2008.

8. The Roof top and Tarseem bandi of the Aath dara outside Shish Mahal has

also been restored by the Government of the Punjab in 2008.

9. The Façade of the Entrance gateway to fore court of the Shish Mahal has

also been restored by the Punjab Archaeology in 2009. The Brick

imitation and Fresco painting on Façade has also been done.

10. The joints of the entire red sand floor around the Main Mirror hall and

southern verandah were treated with stained lime mortar and marble Dado
 panels of summer and winter pavilions were preserved with new marble

motives to check further deterioration.

11. The roof top of North east pavilion was also restored and all the termite

eaten beams were replaced by new ones after termite treatment.

Below Pictures from figure 3.4 to figure 3.17 show past preventive conservation

carried out at Shish Mahal.

Figure 3.4: Floor Repairing Figure 3.5: Filling of Joints

Figure 3.6: Wall Finishing Figure 3.7: Mirror Placing

Figure 3.8: Roof Treatment Figure 3.9: Pietra Dura Work

Figure 3.10: Wall Paint Figure 3.11: Preparing Floor Elements

Figure 3.12: Providing Ceiling Support Figure 3.13: Inserting Floor Elements

Figure 3.14: Finished Floor and Marble Jali Figure 3.15: Finished Chamber
 Figure 3.16: Roof Covered With copper Sheet

Figure 3.17: Double Roof with Supporting Hangers

All conservation continued for Shish Mahal and surrounding chambers but nothing was

done properly for its masonry walls.

References:

[1] Rauf, A. Structural Rehabilitation of Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort, Unpublished, MSc

Thesis, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 2006, pp-7-8

[2] Rogers P. and Lari Y. Lahore Fort Master Plan 2006-2011, Published by

UNESCO Islamabad, 2006.

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENT CONDITION OF SHISH MAHAL

INTRODUCTION:

Overall condition of Shish Mahal, surrounding rooms, corridors, courtyard and pavilions

are in better condition due to continuous repairs throughout the years. Major and minor

cracks are visible in the side rooms but the condition of masonry walls (pictured wall) is

in decayed condition.

Ceiling of main veranda of Shish Mahal is also in state of bad preservation and holes are

visible in the ceiling. In this chapter existing condition of Shish Mahal is reviewed.

MASONRY WALLS:

Basement walls (pictured wall) of shish mahal are in decayed condition. These walls are

towards north and west sides. Following are the damages:

 Patches of bricks deteriorated from walls as shown in figure 4.1

 Decay of bricks

 Plaster is also removed

 Erosion of mortar is easily visible as shown in figure 4.5

 Plantation in walls as shown in figure 4.4

 Holes in walls

 Effect of water/rains
 Figure 4.1: Deteriorated Patches of Bricks

Figure 4.2: Deteriorated Bricks Figure 4.3: Removed Plaster

Figure 4.4: Plantation Figure 4.5: Erosion of Mortar

Figure 4.6: No Bond Between wall & plaster Figure 4.7: Garbage Along Wall

Above photographs are showing the condition of outer walls towards north and west

sides, this condition is due to weather conditions, poor maintenance and bad repairs, poor

drainage and neglect. Bricks, mortar and plaster has been deteriorted from everywhere.

The condition of basement walls from inside is better but at some places paint and plaster

is removed only.
CEILING OF SHISH MAHAL:

In shish mahal termite effect, removal of glass work and holes in the ceiling can easily be

seen as shown in figure 4.8 and figure 4.9. Although the roof has been restored properly

but the ceiling requires proper restoration.

Below pictures shows condition of main hall of shish mahal ceiling:

Figure 4.8: Hole in the Ceiling Figure 4.9: Removal of Finishes

Ceilings of surrounding rooms are in better condition. At some places in surrounding

rooms finish work is removed.

FACADES AND DECORATIONS:

At front of Shish Mahal there is main hall consisting of 5 double columns carrying superb

multi-cusp arches. On sides there are double storey verandas.

 Figure 4.10: Double Columns Supporting Main Hall of Shish Mahal

Figure 4.11: Peitra Dura Work Figure 4.12: Marble Jali

Mostly the decorations on walls like mirror work are in better condition. But at some

places paint is removed and cracks are also visible on the edges of outer walls as shown

in figure 3.16. These cracks are on outer walls due to weather conditions.
 Figure 4.13:Wall Finishes (Glass Work) Figure 4.14:Better Condition of Rear

Chamber

Figure 4.15: Cracks in wall (Towards North) Figure 4.16: Removed Paint

MAIN GATEWAY:

At main gateway fresco plaster and decoration works are visible. During master plan of

1974, red sandstone was inlaid. The fresco works repaired are not purely according to the

methods of applying fresco. It is applied only on the surface without following the

Mughal methodology (Source: Department of Archaeology Lahore Fort).

 Figure 4.17: Newly restored brick imitation work

Figure 4.18: Deteriorated fresco paintings inside gateway to forecourt

FORECOURT:

In the forecourt presently cement concrete floor exists without any top finish and there is

a well in the eastern half.

On the Eastern Side original Mughal wall having half domed arches and niches with

partial repairs from time to time is visible. At some areas naked brick work without

plaster is existing.

On the West Wall almost in the middle once the original entrance of the Shish Mahal

existed. Now the Ath Dara which acted as thrown of the Ranjeet Singh. At front there

still exists Mughal period platform which was sometimes used as a landing place and has

red sandstone arcades on both sides. Its ceiling is newly restored by the Govt. of Punjab

in the year 2008.

Figure 4.19: Efflorescence visible on Exposed Brick Work in the Fore Court

On the North Side there is a parapet wall with small and large panels having terracotta

jails which are rising approximately 2m.

 Figure 4.20: Parapet Wall Towards North

Figure 4.21: Ath Dara in Fore Court Figure 4.22: Graffiti (Human Intervention)

SOTHERN DALANS:

Southern dalans are having marble pillars carrying the red sand stone shades (eaves). This

eave is thoroughly restored and only few original elements like brackets, lintels exist at

site. Floor is tessellated (resembling mosaic) flooring and was restored in 1996 (Source:

Department of Archaeology Lahore Fort).

Figure 4.23: Southern Dalans Figure 4.24: Tessellated Floor

Inside VIP rooms are locked. The structure is sound. All four side walls of the southern

pavilion are roughly plastered without any finish. Tarseem bandi or wooden decoration

on the ceiling is partially restored/conserved. Its roof top is also conserved by replacing

the damaged wooden beams and battens.

Central portion of southern dalan is in stable condition. Sikh and original Mughal period

paintings on the southern wall are visible. In the Centre of the southern wall Mughal

period cascade in zigzag pattern with water tub exists.

Figure 4.25: Marble Pillars With

Cantilever Shade Figure 4.26: Ceiling in Southern Dalans

 In the ceiling plane wooden strips have been used. Sikh period paintings with human

figures and geometric designs on the walls are available. In 1996 flooring was replaced

with red sandstone slabs (Source: Department of Archaeology Lahore Fort).

South west ceiling is not in a good state of conservation and needs to be studied for its

proper conservation/retreatment. Walls are plastered from Sikh period. On Dado level

lime plaster with three layers of yellow and black paint is an imitation to give it marble

looks.

WESTERN SUITES:

South western pavilion of the western wall was closed before 1995. Since Sikh period

similar to the pavilion on north western side this was revived as per Mughal design.

Ceiling was restored with oil paints. It’s an example of hasty conservation. It’s

completely restored without following the principles of conservation. It was a political

decision to open it for Lady Diana in the 1990s (Source: Department of Archaeology

Lahore Fort).

Naulakha pavilion and Jalis on the south side are in a good state of conservation. All the

pieces seem to be original except small repairs.

Figure 4.27: Naulakha Pavillion Figure 4.28: Southern Suits

 Few original panels and pietra dura works exist on the facades of Naulakha pavilion. The

remaining facades have been covered with simple marble slabs. Eaves are clamped by

iron strips which is a good example of reversible conservation. On the top parapet partial

original features are still surviving and the remaining have been finished with simple

marble slabs. Interior flooring was done in 1996. It’s restored upto the door level.

At Dado and above panel frame decoration with pietra dura works still exist.

North western pavilion was in the use of ladies. It carries all sikh period additions except

eastern side marble façade. Remaining three sides are Sikh period additions including the

ceiling work. Central portion of the ceiling is in poor condition, needs to be repaired.

Wooden beams and visible termite need to be studied and repaired.

COURTYARD:

North East and South Western floors have been comprehensively restored with Sang e

Badal (Jesper stone) but in south eastern and north western parts of the courtyard,

original Mughal period flooring is available with certain repairs and preventive measures

of conservation applied from time to time. Sang e Badal expands in summers and

contracts in winters so there used to be water channels beneath the floor at the intervals of

3 feet.
 Figure 4.29: Courtyard of Shish Mahal

On the Mehtabi or the central platform there is a tank in the basement for which the

hydraulic system needs to be repaired. Here the water penetrates due to the cracks in the

floor.

Figure 4.30: Removed Tiles in Courtyard Figure 4.31 Cracks in Tiles of Courtyard
 CHAPTER 5

CAUSES OF DECAY OF SHISH MAHAL

INTRODUCTION:

Examinations of the building show that there is not a single cause of deterioration. There

are many internal and external causes of decay and deterioration of Shish Mahal. Causes

of decay of Shish Mahal are given in the following sections.

NATURAL CAUSES:

Natural causes having prolonged action are:

Gravity: Extra dead loads added during Sikh and British period.

Age: With the passage of time every structure has to decay.

Heavy Rain falls and floods

Humidity: It causes dampness in the masonry structures.

Climatic effects like extreme thermal variations and severe wind storms.

Fire caused by lightning: Shish Mahal was badly affected by lightning in 1904

Earthquakes: The masonry structures are the most vulnerable during an earth

quake. Masonry has adequate compressive strength and is designed for vertical loads.

Masonry structure behave well as long as vertical loads are concerned. But it is not strong

against lateral inertial loads during earthquake; shear and flexural stresses develop in the

masonry wall. The strength of masonry in this condition depends upon the bond between
 masonry and mortar, which is quite poor. This masonry joint is also poor when lime

mortar is used.

Shear failure in the form of diagonal cracks is observed due to this. At many places in

Lahore Fort cracks have been developed in masonry due to earthquake forces.

Throughout the history, all above mentioned factors have destructive effect on Lahore

Fort and thereby on Shish Mahal [1].

WATER:

The presence of water in any form accelerates the decay of buildings. The rain

penetration of brick work has always been a problem of great importance for countries

where brick masonry is the normal method of constructing a building. In most of the

areas of Pakistan brick is the chief material used for construction. The rainwater is more

destructive in monsoon season.

In Shish Mahal brick facades are exposed to rain in rainy season towards North-West

sides and major brick deterioration is observed there. Storm water disposal system is

inefficient causing water penetration into the structure resulting deterioration of

structures. Some of the later period addition has also disturbed the drainage system of

Mughal period buildings.

TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS:

In Lahore the temperature varies from Zero C in winter and up to 48 C in summer. As all

the building materials expand and contract with temperature variations, this thermal

expansion and contraction causes thermal movements in the structures, causing stresses
 in various components of the buildings. These thermal movements are serious cause of

deterioration in the structures of Lahore Fort.

INSECT ATTACKS:

Materials used in most of structures in Shish Mahal are vulnerable to insect attack and

causes tremendous amount of damages by weakening the wooden structures. The harm

by termites like white ants is not externally visible until too late to be repaired. In country

like Pakistan where all sorts of climate is found round the year, a wide range of wood

eating boring insects are found. The monsoon is the best season for termite to flourish

and attack the various portions of Shish Mahal.

Insects include Termites wood worms, fungi and white ants which have caused immense

damage to both wooden structures and decorative works in Shish Mahal.

The damage can easily be seen in wooden roofs and ceilings of Main Hall of Shish

Mahal, north-eastern, south-eastern, north western, and the mezzanine floor’s ceiling of

north eastern chamber, and the roof tops of northern side rooms on top floor etc.

CHEMICALS:

This includes chemical actions by following:

 Water

 Atmosphere

 Environmental pollution

All these factors weakens the structure.

BOTANICAL CAUSES:

The growth of autonomous plants in the immediate vicinity of the monument. They

causes moisture penetration into the structure.

They develop cracks in the structure. Ivy, creepers and other forms of plant life can

cause damage if allowed to grow freely.

The roots of trees and bushes can cause blockages and local ground dampness by finding

their way into rainwater drains. In extreme cases, when roots break rainwater drains, the

leaking water can cause sandy types of soil to wash away from below foundations.

Conversely in clay soils there is the well-known fact that trees, particularly poplars, can

damage foundations by excessive withdrawal of ground moisture in summer, resulting in

ground shrinkage and foundation movement with subsequent cracking of walls and

partitions.

ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS & INTERVENTIONS:

One of the major factors of decay for Shish Mahal are the additional constructions carried

out mostly during the Sikh & British rulers of Punjab on the top of the original structure

which add to the dead load that made the structure vulnerable to collapse as shown in

figure 5.1.

In 1904-05, the plaster fell apart from the ceiling of main veranda of Shiah Mahal. It

exposed the decayed wooden beams and the corroding roof. At this stage, the building

was listed by the department of archaeology of British India in 1927 and the repair work

was carried out. Similar problems arose in 1960s and were resolved through minor

repairs [2].
 Figure 5.1: Additional Rooms Over Shish Mahal

HUMAN INTERVENTIONS:

Due to lack of defined visitors plan or rout, a large number of unorganized visitors every

day visit the Shish Mahal and inadequate number of watch and ward staff, are very

common reasons of wear and tear of the precious monuments and its elements. The

visitors often damage the monument by inscribing on walls, climbing into forbidden

portions of the building, littering the area etc. Now general visitors are not allowed to go

inside main hall of Shish Mahal for its conservation and to save this as long as possible.
Figure 5.2: Human Intervention Figure 5.3: Wear and Tear By Visitors

GENERAL CAUSES OF DECAY:

 Environmental pollution

 Encroachments / Additions

 Drainage & water supply

 Poor maintenance

 Lack of Monitoring and management

 Lack of Awareness

 Causes related to nature of ground

 Causes related to materials and techniques used in original construction.

 Poor conservation in an unplanned way.

 Damage from movements

 Frost

 Fire

 Soluble salts

 Efflorescence
  Vegetation

 Neglect and ignorance are possibly the major causes of destruction by man.

HAZARDS AFFECTING THE SHISH MAHAL:

AGING WEATHERING
LACK OF PREPARATIO N FOR DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE

LACK OF MANAGEMEN T
HEAVY RAINS SYSTEM
SHISH MAHAL LAHORE FORT

LIGHTNING & FIRES IMPACT OF TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY

NATURAL VEGETATION GRAVITY

References:

[1] Scheme for the Preservation and Restoration of the Shish Mahal inside Lahore

Fort Lahore, Department of Archaeology Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Supports,

Government of Pakistan, 1986, pp-27

[2] Khan, A. N. (1997) Studies in Islamic Archaeology of Pakistan. Sang-e-Meel

Publications.
 CHAPTER 6

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION OF MASONRY WALLS OF

SHISH MAHAL

INTRODUCTION:

Deterioration is not only because of poor construction or neglect, it may be through water

penetration through small holes, openings of the bricks, mortar joints, dampness caused

through foundation in case of not having damp proof course and process of smoke caused

by polluted atmosphere. Brick may deteriorate due to harmful vegetation which

accumulates on brick surface. Brick may deteriorate by cracks caused through structural

movements and such movements may be because of foundation settlement through

decays.

Causes of deterioration of loading bearing walls are as follows:

DAMPNESS:

Dampness is unwanted water or moisture in the building structures. Dampness can create

serious damages in building structures which are close to water bodies. Dampness not

only damages building structure but also finishes and contents as well. Main cause of

dampness is water which may enter through different routes. Water generally enters

through walls exposed to prevailing rain or wet wind. Dampness can easily be seen in

figure 6.1.
 Figure 6.1: Dampness on Brick Wall

Due to gravity water penetrates through capillaries or cracks bricks and mortar joints. In

Shish Mahal walls dampness is due to direct exposure to weather conditions. This

dampness is due to direct rains over this wall and defective drainage system.

EROSION OF MORTAR FROM MASONRY JOINTS:

The function of mortar is to bind the bricks in a regular way; it provides adhesion

between the bricks. Mortar is eroded from the masonry walls of Shish Mahal which can

easily be seen in figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Erosion of Mortar from Brick Wall

 Due to erosion of mortar bricks have also been deteriorated from walls. Reason for this

erosion of mortar is water penetration leading to the concentration of moisture, dampness,

plants growing on this wall and presence of salt crystallization.

FUNGAL STAIN AND PLANTATION:

Fungus occurs where there is presence of water or high moisture content in masonry

walls. Plantation can easily be seen on masonry walls of Shish Mahal as sown in figure

6.3 & figure 6.4. It can easily be flourished in environmental conditions of high humidity

and lack of ventilation. It has also flourished in water disposal areas of Shish Mahal

walls. Plantation may be due to seeds present in the fecal dropping of birds specially

pigeons. Mortar joint and holes in wall provide shelter and a suitable ground for any

seeds to grow. Roots can go deeper into the walls causing deterioration, cracks and water

penetration.

Figure 6.3: Fungal Stain and Plantation Figure 6.4: Fungal Stain on Water Disposal
USE OF IMPROPER MATERIALS FOR RESTORATION WORKS:

Use of improper materials is another cause of deterioration for restoration of historical

buildings. Material used for restoration should be according to the Mughal standards.

There should be proper workmanship behind preparation of construction materials. But

due to financial problems and shortage of time hasty kind of restoration is seen.

DEFECTIVE PLASTER RENDERING:

Defective plaster rendering is observed at many places in the Fort as well as on walls of

Shish MAHAL. In hot climate these defects of rendering are caused by evaporation, air

pollution, condensation, thermal stresses, dehydration and biological attacks arising from

penetration of rain. Other causes may be harmful growth, animals, insects and traffic

vibration. Plaster rendering may become cracked due to shrinkage or movement in

substrate itself. The figure 6.5 shows defective plaster rendering.

Figure 6.5: Defective Plaster Rendering

 BAD REPAIR WORKS:

Proper restoration is never been done for Shish Mahal walls, repairs were done time to

time but not in an effective manner. Restoration is not something, which can be done by

any technician or lover of antiquity but only by experienced and qualified experts. It

demands supervision by the competent authorities and work of skilled craftsmen. Poor

conservation is one of the main concerns to masonry walls. The use of wrong material

and incompetence of staff has made the situation more serious.

Figure 6.6: Bad Repair Works Figure 6.7: Bad Plaster Rendering

NEGLECT:

Neglect is major cause of deterioration of bricks in masonry walls of Shish Mahal. A

number of issues like economic, political, social and awareness are the underlying causes

of neglect. Neglect may be due to an individual, a community, an agency or state itself.

This may be conscious or unconscious reasons for neglect.

In third world countries economic priorities are major factors that determine conservation

policies. This unawareness results in weakening of structures and allows other causes of

decay like dust, dirt, growth of vegetation and dampness.

 Figure 6.8: Neglect at Wall Figure 6.9: Bricks Decay

POOR DRAINAGE:

Drainage is important element of any structure. Proper drainage system saves the

structure from dampness and other side effects due to accumulation of water. Poor

drainage is main cause of deterioration of bricks. The drainage system is very poor inside

and outside the Lahore Fort. The drainage system along fortification wall is very poor.

In rainy season water collects along the Shish Mahal walls. Along the walls there is

unwanted plantation and garbage collection due to this water collects there and causes

dampness.

Figure 6.10: Plantation Along Water Disposal Figure 6.11: Garbage Along Wall
 PIGEONS:

Pigeons can also create problems in building structures especially in city centers. They

can force up loose roof coverings as well as block up gutters and down pipes with

feathers causing water penetration and consequent decay.

Figure 6.11: Destruction Due to Pigeons

These pigeons are also responsible for bringing seed and eventually causing unwanted

plantation.
 CHAPTER 7

PROPOSED MEASURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSERVATION

OF SHISH MAHAL

An attempt has been made to describe different causes of decay of Shish Mahal, specially

its masonry walls. The causes of deteriorated bricks have been reported. Present

condition of Shish Mahal and its conservation before partition and after partition is being

discussed in detail.

The essence of research shows that appropriate conservation with appropriate materials

used by the Mughals is very important. Conservation, restoration and repair works must

be done by the skilled staff including architects. engineers and craftsmen who knows the

importance of these historical monuments.

Research shows that main causes of deterioration of brick walls of Shish Mahal are:

 Natural

 Neglect

 Bad repair and faulty restoration

 Dampness through walls and poor drainage system

An appropriate conservation plan for Shish Mahal specially for its brick walls is

discussed below:
BASEMENT WALLS OF SHISH MAHAL:

Long term conservation plan is needed for masonry walls of Shish Mahal. These can be

tackled through indigenous resources without raising financial issues.

Figure 7.1 and figure 7.2 shows deteriorated bricks & removed plaster. Remedial works

required for these conditions as mentioned below.

i. Existing surface and bricks should be cleaned properly

ii. All the removed brick patches need to be refixed with lime mortar.

iii. Bricks should have the same size and strength as used by Mughals. Brick sizes

detail used by Mughals is given in Table 7.1, strength in Table 7.2 and chemical

analysis in Table 7.3.

iv. Preparation of the bricks is very important; as discussed and analytically proved

that the presence of salts in the bricks reduces the strength and ultimately life of

the structure. Hence it is required that the choice of the raw material and process

of the burning are very important in manufacturing. The extraction of salts makes

a brick more stable against natural and man-made causes of deterioration.

v. Strength of lime mortar should be equal to the strength of bricks for equal

distribution of stresses as analytically discussed by different authors. Mortar of

high strength than bricks causes unequal distribution of stress and causes

deterioration which is example of bad repair and faulty restoration.

vi. After fixing bricks walls need to be plastered with original kankar lime plaster

which was used by Mughals.

 Figure 7.1: Deteriorated Bricks

Figure 7.2: Removed Plaster

For appropriate conservation above mentioned procedure should be followed

accordingly. All works must be done by the professional and trained experts. There are

many structures in the Lahore Fort where bricks have been deteriorated badly and need to

be rechecked without wasting any time. These structures are Royal Kitchen, Khilwat

Khana, back side of library, Pain Bagh, basements, fort walls, Ahata Shah Jehani ect.
Table 7.1 Sizes of Bricks Used in Shah Jahan’s Period.

Sr.no Structure Size (inches) Picture

Shish Mahal Length = 7 inches

Walls

(1631-1632 AD)

Figure 7.3: Length of Brick

Shish Mahal Width=5-1/2

1
Walls inches

(1631-1632 AD)

Figure 7.4: Width of Brick

Shish Mahal Thickness=1 inch

Walls

(1631-1632 AD)

Figure 7.5: Thickness of Brick

 Shish Mahal Width =4-1/2

Walls inches

(1631-1632 AD)

Figure 7.6: Width at Corner

Sleeping 7x6x1(Floors)

Chambers of 4x5x1(Path Way)

2 Shah Jahan 6-1/2x5x1

(1633 AD) (Path Way Side

Wall)
Figure 7.7: Path Way

Moti Masjid 8x4-1/2x1

(Pearl Mosque) Width 5-1/2

3 (1630-1635 AD) inched as well

Figure 7.8: Mosque Floor

 Hamam-e-Shahi 8”x4”x1”

4 (Royal Baths) 7”x4”x1”

(1633 AD) 7”x5-1/2”x1”

(Path Ways)
Figure 7.9: Elevation and Width of

Brick

Hati 8”x4”x1-1/4”

5 Paer(Elephant 8”x4”x1”

Stairs)

(1631-1632 AD) Figure 7.10: Elephant Stairs

Khilwat

Khana(Place of 8”x5”x1”

6 Isolation)

(1633 AD)

Figure 7.11: Floor(Khilwat Khana)

 Diwan-e-

Aam(Hall of

7 Public 7”x4”x1”

Audience)

(1642 AD)
Figure 7.12: Floor (Diwan-e-Aam)

Diwan-e-

8 Khas(Hall of 8”x4-1/2”x1”

Special 5”x4-1/2”x1”

Audience)

(1645 AD)
Figure 7.13: Floor (Diwan-e-Khas)

Table 7.2 Strength of Bricks Used in Lahore Fort [1].

Sr. no Structure Average Strength (psi)

1 Akbar Period 9640

2 Jahangir Period 7871

3 Shah Jahan Period 12566

Table 7.3 Chemical Analysis of Bricks Used in Lahore Fort [1].

Sr. no Structure Total dissolved Sulphates Chlorides

solids %age %age %age

1 Akbar Period 0.03 Nil Nil

2 Jahangir Period 0.05 Nil Traces

3 Shah Jahan Period 0.03 Nil Nil

Table 7.2 shows very high strength of bricks, it shows the good and controlled

manufacturing process of bricks. This also shows that strength is not directly proportional

to age of bricks.

Table 7.3 shows traces of chlorides in Jahangir period and strength of these bricks is less.

Traces of chlorides in bricks of Jahangir Period and again strength of bricks are less. It

concludes that salts, sulphates and chlorides reduce the strength of bricks. To avoid this

selection of raw material and manufacturing process is very important.

Table 7.2 shows that strength of bricks used in Mughal Period is very high.

The bricks used for conservation of masonry walls of Shish Mahal should have the same

strength as used in Shah Jahan period to save the historical structure as long as possible.
 KANKAR LIME PLASTER:

Lime plaster must have following contents:

i. Lime: Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, is an inorganic

compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white

powder and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed,

or "slaked" with water. It has many names including hydrated lime, builders'

lime, slack lime, cal, or pickling lime.

ii. Kankar: Smallest particles of crush found in river beds and are formed after

dissolving with the moving water. These are hardest particles, after grinding this

is used in powder form.

iii. Fiber of jute: It stops cracks. It is very fine fiber and hardly visible.

iv. Gur (Raw Sugar): To bind all the material.

v. Yoghurt: To add smoothness.

vi. Daal mash: To add smoothness.

HOW TO CONTROL CAUSES OF DETERIORATION OF BRICK WALLS:

Dampness:

 Brick joints should be filled with lime mortar properly.

 Gutters and down pipes should be rechecked for leaks and cracks. Their joints

should be sealed properly. Check blockage in pipes if any.

 Proper raised plinth protection must be provided to avoid penetration of water.

 Any kind of water body should be away from historic building.

 Ventilation should be proper existing ventilation in walls should not be blocked.

  Mughal lime plaster with all ingredients should be used.

 Disposal of rain water on brick walls should be avoided.

 Avoid stay of rain water, sewerage system should work properly.

Erosion of Mortar:

If proper materials are used for mortar and lime plaster with skilled hands then erosion

can be avoided.

Fungal Stain and Plantation:

 If moisture and dampness is controlled then fungus problem can easily be

controlled.

 There should be no room in walls for growth of seed which come through birds.

 Walls should be examined time to time, if any plantation found should be

removed immediately.

Bad Repair Works:

To avoid bad repair works skilled staff should be appointed who knows the worth of

historical antiquities. Skilled architects, engineers and craftsmen should be appointed to

avoid bad repair works. Material used should also be according to the desired standards.

Pigeons:

Spaces can be formed for pigeons or other birds in the nearby vicinity. Take measures to

keep them away from historic monuments.

Human Interventions:

There should be proper security arrangements to avoid wear and tear by general visitors.

There should be sign boards for visitors to create awareness for these historic monuments

and visitors who do not bother should be treated, punished or fined as per law.

MAIN HALL OF SHISH MAHAL:

i. The newly restored roof top of Shish Mahal covered with copper sheet urgently

required to be provided the Lightning proof arrangements to avoid any natural

disaster like 1904 incident (Lightning incident).

ii. The restoration of mirror work and Stucco Tracery work at the Shish Mahal

ceiling must be carried out wherever required. This soft work is of very deliberate

nature and need full commitment and assimilation and consists of first aid to the

damaged portion of the decorative work.

iii. An anti-termite treatment for all the wooden structures needs to be done

periodically and monitored. Cleaning of all fresco, mirror work and other

decorative element needs to be carried out continuously.

iv. Drainage system should be made more effective and must be monitored during

heavy rains especially monsoon period. The most important of all is effective

monitoring and management.

v. The roof on Northern side of Main hall of Shish Mahal added during Sikh period

has recently been restored in 2008-09. The wooden logs have been replaced and

roof top has been covered by brick tiles. The laying of brick tiles has not been
 properly done and the surface is uneven and causing water accumulation and

water seepage. This needs to be redone at the earliest.

SOUTHERN VERANDA:

i. Hydraulic systems needs to be studied and revived, Cascade to be examined.

Careful removal of later whitewash to be undertaken by experts.

ii. All the stone members like lintel brackets, etc., of the façade/verandah having

serious cracks need to be attended immediately and thorough examination of

south western roof for its proper water proofing and prevention of leaks causing

damage to wood beams and Tarseem Bandi. The Tarseem Bandi of missing

portions needs to be restored.

iii. Water supply system for fountains on wall of veranda needs repairs and should be

attended to. The Flooring also needed to be treated.

WESTERN SUITES:

Both the suits on west side i.e. on either side of Naulakha pavilion are mostly stable. But

after visual inspection of the beams which are visible due to missing of Tarseem Bandi

are decayed due to termite attack. Roof has wooden structure which needs immediate

attention, including termite treatment to avoid further damage.

NAULAKHA PAVILION:

Restoration of pietra-dura needs to be undertaken and this will not only source of

attraction for tourist but also will be helpful for the revival of this dying craft in Pakistan.
Water proofing and water tightening of the roof. Steps to avoid rain water penetration

from openings to be taken for temporary Safeguard during the rainy season. This will

help in protecting from moisture penetration on painting work on ceiling.

NORTHWEST SUMMER PAVILION:

i. British/Sikh period iron rings are affecting the structure. All roofs require

examination, waterproofing and water tightening to avoid seepage and humidity.

ii. Flooring is damaged and some parts are missing. Repairs to be carried out after

investigation regarding original flooring material. Aina Kari: Some parts are

missing; cleaning of Aina Kari is needed.

COURTYARD:

i. Hydraulic system to be carefully examined and repaired where required.

Rainwater seepage from joints of flooring has been noticed; surface drainage

system should be studied; original drainage system to be restored in order to

prevent seepage.

ii. Removed stone pieces in courtyard floor need to be laid properly with skilled

laborers.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is need to develop a conservation plan for Shish Mahal especially for its masonry

walls on which it’s standing. Conservation and maintenance of brick is necessary because

it is the main structural element for all monuments in the Fort.

Systematic documentation of deterioration of bricks is required along with present

condition surveys and history of interventions. There is also need to deploy a permanent

restoration team.

Shish Mahal and all structures in Lahore Fort need to be further explored for various

other aspects.

There is need to involve educational institutions like NCA, PU, UET, tourism

department, professional architects, civil engineers and skilled craftsmen along with

walled city of Lahore authority and archaeology department to preserve Shish Mahal and

all other national/international monuments in Lahore fort for our coming generations.
References:

[1] Arshad, M. The Causes of Deterioration of Bricks Used in Historic Buildings (Case

Study: The Lahore Fort, Lahore) , Unpublished, M. Arch Thesis, School of Architecture

and Design, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 2003, pp-55-57

FUTURE CONCERNS:

The precious heritage needs our attention for the long term survival. This research is an

effort to initiate the first step based on technical data collection towards conservation of

these irreplaceable assets.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Arshad, M. The Causes of Deterioration of Bricks Used in Historic Buildings

(Case Study: The Lahore Fort, Lahore) , Unpublished, M. Arch Thesis, School of

Architecture and Design, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore,

2003.

2. Chaudhry, A.N. A Short History of Lahore and Some of its Monuments, Sang-

e- Meel Publications, Lahore, 2000.

3. Chaudhry, A.N. A Short History of Lahore and Some of its Monuments, Sang-

e- Meel Publications, Lahore, 2000.

4. Chaudhry, A.N. Lahore Fort a Witness to History, Sang-e-Meel

Publications, Lahore, 1996.

5. Cultural Tourism in Lahore and Peshawar, Government of Pakistan, United

Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations,

Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

6. Ihsan H. N. Lahore a Glorious Heritage, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1996.

7. Khan, N.A Islamic Architecture of Pakistan, Department of Archaeology

and Museum, Govt. of Pakistan, 1992.

8. Khan, N.A Lahore Fort, Department of Archaeology and Museum, Govt. of

Pakistan, Lahore.

9. Khan, R. Archaeology below Lahore Fort, UNESCO World Heritage

Site, Pakistan: The Mughal Underground Chambers, For Global Heritage

Fund Preservation Fellowship 2011.

10. Khan, W.M. Lahore and its Important Monuments, department of archaeology

Government of Pakintan, Lahore, 1959.

11. Rauf A. Structural Rehabilitation of Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort, Unpublished, MSc

Thesis, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.

12. Rogers P. and Lari Y. Lahore Fort Master Plan 2006-2011, Published

by UNESCO Islamabad, 2006.

13. Scheme for the Preservation and Restoration of the Shish Mahal inside

Lahore Fort Lahore, Department of Archaeology Ministry of Culture,

Tourism and Supports, Government of Pakistan, 1986.

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AT SIDCS OF ’SHEESH MAHAL NEW ROOF

OWEP rMD LIPPER FND

SFCTON-B
STEP —3 TYP. CU T PROFILE OF COPPER SHEET

AMIN TARIQ ASSOCIATE PROJECT: TITLE DATE:

CONSULTING ENGINEERS ARCHITECTS 13IN£ 2005
APABTMENT NO 10,Srd FLOOR.LEED5 CENTER RESTORATION OF (GLASS V0Rr) COPPER COVER
JO 4 Iñooi st0’te. Shroe Foisol Karochi—75350 BOULEVAR D;GULBERG II LAHORE
PfIOlJL: 92-21-455-4t SJ. F4X. 92-21-454-7092 . 57 I 41 22-3. ShEESH VAHAL AT LAHORE DE1A!L SKE
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E-moil: mondb0rculti.nét.pk
FORT
 INTERIOR ELEVATION SECTION A—A

TERIOR ELEVATION
ADVANCE COPY
ENGINEER PROJECT: TITLE DATE: JOB NO.
S
AMIN TARIQ ASSOCIATES
CONSULTHG ENGNEERS SEP, 2005
3PARflWENT NO 10.3rd Ft0OR.UEEOS SHEESH MAHAL SlDE
CENTER 0PENlNG SCALE: SKETCH NO.
AT LAHORE FORT
DETALS
 DETAIL-C
MUGHAL BEAM PLAN

SECTION-A
SECTION-B
 NAILS

LAYER —2
LAYER — 1 LAYER — 2
DE — BONDING OF LAYER 2&FINI SHING LAYER — 1 DE —BONDING OF LAYER 1&2
D YAR WOOD STRIPS
LAYER D YAR WOOD STRIPS

"A"-DEBONDING OF LAYER 2 & FINISHING LAYER "A"-DEBONDING OF LAYER 1 & 2

 Y/TO D E N B EAk

Y/tJ0 D E N B RAC K

ET

WOLJ D E N RAFTER 3 ” x2 ”
REFER TI.J DETAI L: — 3
M . S RAL I N B ETWEE N TWO TRUSS E S

30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 2 11 10 9 8 7 6 3 4 S 2 1

"t !›‘ ‘ !t ,! ’
EX PE CTE D WALL LIN E AT TO P 0 F BRITIS H BEAM

M . S RAI L
. (ABOVE B RITIS H B EAM)
— 4’ c/c (TYP CAL)
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