HISTORICAL BUILDING

DOCUMENTATION
SUBMITTED BY: AMNA
ATTIQA ZAFFAR
NADIA MUSHTAQ
RAMSHA ZAHID
RIDA JAFFAR
SUBMITTED TO: AR. ASIA JABEEN
GHULAM RASOOL BUILDING
BRITISH BUILDING
SUBMITTED BY: AMNA
1825103002
 INTRODUCTION
Ghulam Rasool Building is one of the historic monuments
which we should seek to revive and conserve.
It is situated on Mall Road in Lahore. It was constructed during
the great British Raj.

3
GHULAM RASOOL BUILDING
 history
The building was finished in 1916 during the colonial period
embodying inspirations from the Mughuls, Victorian and
Gothic styles.
Named after Haji Ghulam Rasul Tarar, a real estate tycoon and
one of Lahore’s wealthiest men of the times.

5
 Historical Significance
This building has historical significance because of many factors;
• firstly because of the name of the building itself, as Chaudhary Ghulam
Rasool Tarar was one of the richest magnates of that time in Lahore.
He helped the British overcome the uprising of 1857 for which he was
generously rewarded.
• Secondly, it had housed Ferozsons for almost a
century, one of the oldest & largest bookshops and publishers of Lahore
• Thirdly, it has elements of colonial architecture in its front elevation
which depicts Mughul miniature paintings and Mughul architectural
elements

6
 Urban Context:
✣ It is situated on Mall Road in Lahore
✣ The building is surrounded by a commercial area.
✣ A service road of 20’ wide is in front of the
building
✣ It is surrounded by commercial buildings of the
British Era.

7
 • Quaid-i-azam Library
• Jinnah Park
• Punjab Assembly
• Charing Cross
• Panorama Shopping
Center
• Felatties Hotel
• Governer House And
• Al-hamra Arts Center

8
 Present used
✣ Shopping Centre
✣ Mall
✣ Market
✣ Commercial Complex
Ghulam Rasool building is legally a trust property.
Currently, this famous property is rented to lawyers.
It was a building planned to cater to commercial
activities although there were residential facilities

9
 Present status
✣ Despite being an attractive period piece the present
condition of the building is very heart-breaking.
✣ It has been completely neglected
✣ The district management examined the building
and declared the structure not safe and sealed it to
prevent any incident in the near future, before the
necessary repairs.

10
Period of building

✣ Ghulam Rasool Building is a an architectural icon of

the British period.
✣ With the combination of Mughal architecture and
special features of Sikh architecture.
 elements
✣ Domes
✣ Pilasters
✣ Moorish Arches
✣ Crenellated Parapets with Western elements like Turrets,
✣ Spires
✣ Pediments
✣ Cornices
✣ Caves
✣ Roof Truss
✣ Florentine
✣ windows used by Mughuls which was the fusion of Indo European’s
style.
12
 Material

✣ The materials used for construction were Lime

Mortar, Brick Masonry, Brick Tile, Wood (Purlin,
Batten)
✣ Concrete Plate and Marble Chips on the floors.
Architecture features
✣ The building covers 5,000 square yards which are 45000 square feet
or 10 kanals.
✣ The building is an architectural masterpiece having a central dome.
✣ The building is divided into five units with a central staircase located
in the central module connecting all units.
✣ All units are divided by a 36-inch-thick stone wall. The design is
innovative, the building has three portions: basement, ground floor
and first floor.
✣ In that it has five units, each unit with a 36-inch wall separation
between them.
✣ Indo-European, an emerging style as stated.
GROUND
FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
PLAN
INTERMEDIATE
FLOOR PLAN
SECOND FLOOR
PLAN
FRONT VIEW
Panoramic view
 Roof detail
Main Entrance

Central Staircase
Arched door detail Reception Area
 hazards impact
✣ Incident of fire cause many damages to the
architecture of the building.
✣ In July 2012 heavy rains seriously damaged the
building.
✣ The dome almost fell and some part of the dome
was destroyed and some ornaments damaged.
 DAMAGES
✣ Structural cracks can be seen on the front facade
✣ Facial decay and deterioration have occurred due to structural
cracks which are dangerous for the life of the building
✣ An environmental loss, like birds eating the grains has
deformed the structure of the dome.
✣ fungal stained harmful growth of vegetation
✣ erosion of mortar
✣ Negligence of structure
✣ ill-planned tenant history
✣ paint discoloration and cracks in the roof and structure
✣ The whole structure has depreciated due to unchecked
management by the owner and the caretaker.
23
Fallen dome from the roof Damaged window

Damaged Staircase Discoloured Paint Damaged Plaster

 Damaged flooring marble
Damaged column

Collapsed Dome on roof Back view of the building

Rear Side of the building
 interventions

✣ In-appropriate materials such as cement, sand and

gravel are used to support the collapsed dome.
✣ The historical building’s restoration was done in
2013 by Dilkash Lahore, a project aimed at
rehabilitating Lahore’s historical sites and
preserving the city’s heritage.

26
conclusion
Ghulam Rasool Building is a an architectural icon of the British
period. The building has seen many damages through the years. This
wear, tear and vandalism have caused the building to deteriorate in a bad
manner. The dome of the building has collapsed which is supported by
a modern pillar that does not match the old facade. We have to support
the dome with traditional brick coated with Kankar lime plaster. We
should cover the dome with some temporary structure to protect the
dome from birds. After this, we have to restore the dome to its original
state
 Recommendations
✣ The Exterior of the building should be preserved in
its original condition.
✣ The use of new material on the exterior should be
avoided.
✣ The boundary of the site be lined with trees.
✣ Incorporation of Kankar lime plaster for filling.
✣ Planting of trees around the structure to protect it
from traffic pollution.

28
 Recommendations
✣ Enhance the environment of the surroundings by removing
small huts from near the site.
✣ Provide proper seating area for visitors to promote tourism.
✣ Provide proper sitting arrangements for the visitors.
✣ Constuct a water canal along the path for aesthetics and a
peaceful
✣ environment.
✣ Provide colourful flowers for the beauty of the site which
shall be appealing to the visitors
29
Charing Cross
British Period
URBAN SQUARE
Submitted by; Attiqa Zafar
Urban context
• It is one of the busiest intersections of Lahore

• located at the beginning of Mall Road, and is surrounded by some of the oldest and best-preserved buildings of

colonial India.

• It came to be known as Charing Cross, named after the intersection in London, and was a representation of modern

urban infrastructure in a new British colony.

No. of buildings included in square
• British Pavilion

• Masonic Lodge & Shah Din Building

• Punjab Assembly Building

• Alfalah Building & WAPDA House

• Summit Minar
▪ The site of Charing Cross was originally a triangular open
space on the Mall and off center the road linking to Ferozepur
Road (named as Queens Road and renamed as Fatima
Jinnah Road).

▪ The Queen’s statue sat in the center of this triangular space.

▪ The open space was not enclosed by any structure except

that of Rai Mela Ram’s Buildings.
• M. Sullivan Consulting Architect
to the Govt. of the Punjab in
1914 made improvements to the
Charing Cross as indicated in
his plan.
• He conceived the junction of four major roads: Upper Mall, Ferozepur Road, Egerton Road and
Montgomery Road as an urban square.
• His concept was based on creation of a North-South axis by remodeling the Montgomery Road
in direct alignment with the Ferozepur Road.
• With this geometrical arrangement, the junction of the Ferozepur Road with the Mall was
dramatically defined by a semi circular truncation.
• The existing Queens Canopy became escued and had to be relocated in order to achieve focal
emphasis.
• The transformation of the illegible space into a structured square was completed by 1915.
• A well-defined elliptical and semi-circular central
open space punctuated by a radiating node to house
the flanking buildings all in place.
• 2nd Islamic Summit held in 1974 the important urban
node was renamed as Faisal Chowk to pay homage
to King Faisal of Saudi Arabia by Lahore Municipal
Corporation in 1981.
EXISTING PLAN
British Pavilion

• The Charing Cross started assuming its architectural character with the erection of

“Dome Shaped” British Pavilion to mark the Jubilee year of Queen Victoria.

• White marble pavilion was designed by Bhai Ram Singh Mistri.

• The Pavilion was shifted to the centre of the space dividing it into four sections after the

remodeling of the Charing Cross.

 Punjab Assembly Building
• The imposing Punjab Assembly Building (1935- 1938) designed by Sullivan is
occupying one of the most prestigious locations like a head of the square.
• neo-classical style building
• imposing facade in yellow and red sand stone facing the square takes command of
the enclosed space.
• It was completed in 2008 it would add an element of surprise to the Charing Cross.
CONCLUSION
• The most fascinating attribute of the Charing Cross is that masterpieces of five prominent foreign
architects: Basil, M. Sullivan (British), Bhai Ram Singh (Indian), J. Ritchie(Italian), Edward, D. Stone
(American) and Vedat Dalokay (Turkish) are agreeable with a harmonious skyline. Undoubtedly,
Sullivan’s contribution takes the lead as he was the master mind behind the plan that turned the illegible
intersection to a coherent open urban space and designed the elegant buildings of Punjab Assembly,
Freemason Hall and Shah Din.
• It is concluded that the Charing Cross may be ranked as more than simply the junction of roads. It is
imperative to preserve its character as it symbolizes our cultural and architectural heritage.
 PIRZADA MANSION
SIKH ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY: NADIA MUSHTAQ

 URBAN CONTEXT

✣ It is located on fort road and close proximity of Lahore fort,

Badshahi mosque and walled city.
Construction
Constructed in 1930 in the name of Lala Sita ram and late son Gobind
After the subcontinent division in 1947, it is under the Muslims family
and known as the Pirzada mansion.
Pirzada mansion’s (haveli) location plan
 Building is at risk if proper
Present status attention does not give
towards its conservation.

The neighborhod of prizada The owner of this building is

mansion is used as food not more taking interest in
street but previously used this, he wants it to be
as a public place but as a demolished and constructed
residential area. a new building there.
VISUAL SURVEY

✣ Material
✣ Wooden door
✣ Wooden windows
✣ Brick wall of 13” with
kankar lime
✣ Stucco work
✣ Mirror work on the roof of
window
✣ Fresco work
✣ jaali
ELEMENTS
ARCHITECTURAL
SIGNIFICANCE

✣ Elements are from Mughal and

✣
Rajpoot style architecture
Massive columns with plain futed,
column friezes base on vine,
animal, bird and floral motif,
capital have floral motif from sikh

✣
architecture
Bukarachas (bay windows) on
penda or gharvahj in the shape of
bisected lotus from Mughal

✣
architecture

✣
chhatnas(Kiosks)
Central courtyard from Mughal

✣
architecture

✣
Arches from Rajpoot architecture

✣
Floral and foliage pattern
Dawri or porch
✣ Jharokas
✣ carved wooden door
✣ Raised platform
 ventialation

✣So the ventilation and air circulation is from the central courtyard
of the haveli, that is around eighteen feet in width and thirty four feet
in length, with the doors and windows opening into it
✣The peripheral walls, including the mezzanine floor are double
height with each wall having, atleast four to six windows, making
the rooms well lit and having proper ventilation

49
 Electic nature of
architecture design

STYLE
Or in contemporary
style
 MAPPING
• GROUND FLOOR PLAN
MEZZANINE
FLOOR PLAN
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
 SECOND
FLOOR PLAN
MUMTY FLOOR
PLAN
BASEMENT
FLOOR PLAN
ELEVTAION REAR AND FRONT SIDE
SECTION
 damages

✣ Cracks on ceiling , in wall, in lintel, in

slab
✣ Dampness in rooms
✣ Unstability of structure
✣ Plastered removed

59
 At this time, Building is standing Surrounding traffic should be
Intervention at scaffoldings which is threat discouraged because it is one
for the structure. of the reason for its
deterioration
 recommendations
✣ the foundation of the building is highly unstable. In order to enhance the
structural support and to resolve the problem, piling is the immediate
solution.
✣ Furthermore, regular pointing and grouting is necessary
✣ Heavy traffic flow should be discouraged near the haveli, as according to
the Antiquity Act of 1975
✣ no vehicular traffic or construction should be done within 2000 ft of a
historic edifice.
✣ This and similar laws and policies should be enacted to help preserve this
and other such buildings.
62
HISTORIC BUILDING DOCUMENTATION
MUGHAL BUILDING
JAHANGIR TOMB
SUBMITTED TO : AR ASIA JABEEN
SUBMITTED BY : RAMSHA ZAHID
1825103020
 HISTORY
✣ Jehangir original name Nur al-Din
Muhammad Salim, (born August 31,
1569, Fatehpur Sikri [India]—died October
28, 1627, enroute to Lahore [now in
Pakistan])

✣ Mughal emperor of India from 1605 to 1627.

✣ Emperor Jahangir was son of Mughal

Emperor Akbar the Great.

✣ Built in the middle of an enormous garden

on the right bank of River Ravi at
Shahdara town on the north- western
outskirts of Lahore

✣ The monument took ten years for

completion and cost Rs.10 lakhs.
 HISTORY
✣ Jahangir died at Rajauri on his way to Kashmir and according

to his will; his dead body was brought to Lahore and buried in

a beautiful garden called, Dilkusha, owned by his favorite and

celebrated queen Noor Jahan

✣ Jahangir died in 1627 AD and according to his last wish he was

buried at Shahdara, Lahore in the garden of “Dilkusha”

situated on the north-western bank of the River Ravi.

✣ On the death of Jahangir in 1627 his tomb was constructed by

his wife and son Shahjahan.

✣ Now the area of whole Shahdara complex (Jahangir’s tomb,

Noor Jahan tomb, Akbari Serai and Asif Jah’s tomb) is 100

Acres, out of which area of Jahangir tomb is 59 Acres.

 History
✣ The tomb grounds were desecrated under Sikh rule when
they were pillaged in the army of Ranjit Singh.

✣ The pillaged grounds were then converted for use as a

private residence for an officer in the army of Ranjit Singh,
Señor Oms, who was also known as Musa Sahib.

✣ Ranjit Singh further desecrated the mausoleum once more

when he ordered that Musa Sahib be buried on the tomb’s
grounds after dying from cholera in 1828.

✣ By 1880, a rumor had begun circulating which alleged that

the tomb once was topped by a dome or second storey that
was stolen by Ranjit Singh’s army. The tomb was then
repaired by the British between 1889-1890.
ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURES

✣ The tomb is single storey square building

and is set in a luxuriant square garden of
“Chaharbagh” style.

✣ Each corner of the building is

surmounted by an octagonal minaret
which is structurally attached with main
building.

✣ The tomb garden is divided into four

main parterres and further sub divided
into sixteen equal squares by brick paved
walkways with water channels.
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

✣ The tomb was constructed in a Mughal style

influenced by Safavid-style architecture
from Persia, which may have been
introduced into the Mughal Court by Nur
Jahan – who was of Persian origin.

✣ The tomb is a single-storey square building,

measuring 267 feet on each side and
constructed on a high platform.

✣ The mausoleum’s façade is made of red

sandstone inlaid with marble motifs.
 Layout:

✣ The mausoleum is set in a large

quadrangle with gates facing each of
the cardinal directions.

✣ Entry to the quadrangle is via the

western edge through the Akbari
Sarai – a gate featuring a small
mosque.

✣ To the immediate west of the Akbari

Sarai is the Tomb of Asif Khan –
Jahangir’s brother-in-law.
 Exterior
✣ The mausoleum’s perimeter is lined by
arcades.

✣ The square-shaped mausoleum is a 22-foot

tall, single-story plinth with arcades lining
all four sides of the structure.

✣ From the building rise four octagonal

ornamental minarets projecting from each
corner of the building, decorated with
geometric inlaid stone.

✣ The minarets are divided into three sections,

with the tomb forming the base, upon which
the body of the minaret rests, called by
white marble cupolas.

✣ The minarets rise to a height of 100 feet

(30m).
 Interior
✣ The burial chamber contains the Emperor’s
cenotaph.

✣ The mausoleum building is divided into a series of

vaulted compartments which are richly embellished
with Mughal buon fresco.

✣ At the centre of the mausoleum is an octagonal

chamber lined with carved marble in which the
remains of the Mughal Emperor rest in a crypt
below a cenotaph.

✣ The cenotaph is constructed of solid white marble

inlaid with fine pietra dura in a floral pattern.

✣ It also features black-marble inlay with the Names

of ALLAH , a common theme in Islamic mysticism.

✣ Carved jali screens admit light in various patterns

facing toward Mecca.
 Gardens:
✣ The gardens surrounding the tomb are vast,
and laid out in the Persian Chahar Bagh, or
Paradise garden.

✣ The garden is divided into four squares by

paved walkways and two bisecting central
water channels which are designed to reflect
the four rivers that flow in Jannat, the Islamic
concept of paradise.

✣ Each of the four square is further divided

into smaller squares with pathways, creating
into 16 squares in all.

✣ The garden forms a quadrangle measuring

approximately 500 metres on each side.
SURROUNDINGS
SECTION

FRONT ELEVATION
3D MODEL
 CAUSES OF DECAY

Causes, related to geographical location of building,

such as thermal movement, rain and moisture and
natural disasters

2. Causes related to nature of ground.

3. Causes related to materials and techniques used in

original construction.

4. Man-made causes which include willful destruction,

neglect, atmospheric pollution, vibration, wear and
tear by visitors and use of poor conservation
techniques.

5. Biological and Micro-biological causes

 Causes Related to Geographical Location of Building

• The exposed parts of building expand more due to solar

radiation, whereas internal and shaded parts of building stay
relatively cool

• Different materials and even the same material of different

colors have different thermal expansion, due to which
cracks, between the joints of masonry, are developed.

• The building of Jahangir’s tomb has massive masonry

structure.

• The roof, which is decorated with different colored stones,

has also developed cracks between joints at roof; through
these cracks, the rainwater percolates and causes damage to
the interior of building, having fresco painting and mosaic
tile work.
 Rain and Moisture
✣ In the city of Lahore, the average rainfall is 20

inches annually

✣ Rain damages the masonry above the ground and

penetration of rainwater through capillary action

causes decay of structure internally.

✣ The rainwater picks up soluble materials along its

path and destructive crystallization process occurs

when water evaporates

✣ Salt crystallization results in powdering of surface,

cracking in material and sometimes even

complete disintegration of stone masonry.

`
``
 ✣ Jahangir’s tomb, one of the Shahdara monuments, is situated at a
distance of about 1/2 km from the river Ravi, which always remains
a source of serious threat to the monument at the time of flood

Natural ✣ The Shahdara monuments were damaged during the floods of

Disaster 1938, 1955, 1973 and 1988. The flood water remained standing at
Jahangir’s tomb for five days during the flood of 1988 and its level
varied in height from 6 feet to 10 feet

✣ The flood has affected the north-west minaret of building

Natural Disaster
✣ The earth-shaking shocks induce
dynamic movement in all three
dimensions of building. Although,
Lahore is not in serious seismic zone,
even then cracks have developed at the
corner of walls, around openings and
arches at Jahangir’s tomb; which shows
that the structure might have weakened
due to long life span

✣ The dampness has also resulted in the

growth of lichens, fungi and bacteria,
which has blackened the stone surface
and disfigured it
Causes Related to Materials and Techniques
Used in Original Construction
✣ At some places deterioration is due to bad
quality of building material or due to
improper building techniques, which was
applied at the time of construction by
original builders

✣ It is found at many locations in Jahangir’s

tomb, where the stones are not laid along
their bed

✣ The splitting and shattering of stone is very

common at Jahangir’s tomb and at some
places chunks of stone veneering have
disappeared because of rusting & expansion
of iron dowels.
Man Made Causes

✣ Man is a creative artist and a

destructive agent at the same
time. Man-made causes of decay
are complicated and have
widespread implications. These
are by-product of industrial
activity, urbanization and
population pressure.
Wear & Tear by
Visitors

✣
 Willful Destruction

✣ The monument has suffered a lot at hands of the

Sikh rulers, who stripped off most of
ornamentation and marble railing of roof to
décor Golden Temple at Amritsar.

✣ The monument was also used as a residence by

General Amise (a French officer of Sikh Army)
and Sultan Muhammad Khan, who also damaged
its ornamentation by making fireplaces in the hall
of mausoleum.

✣ During British period it was used as coal depot,

which further contributed to its decay
 Neglect:

✣ Neglect and ignorance are possibly the

major causes of destruction by Man

✣ A number of issues such as social,

economical, political and administrative
etc. are the underlying causes of neglect

✣ The boundary wall of Jahangir’s tomb is

badly affected by neglect and ignorance

✣ The absence of pointing and grouting is

resulting in instability of structure.
 Atmospheric
Pollution
✣ Air is polluted primarily by
automobile exhaust emission and
industrial waste products

✣ The tomb is located close to a large

industrial area of Shahdara and
Grand Trunk road. The surface of
stone has become roughened and
pitted due to pollutants of air.

✣ Pollution has greatly affected the

stone especially “sang-e-badal” and
marble, which are calcareous stones
 ✣ Lime mortar and lime plaster is also affected by
pollution, with the change of calcium carbonate
into calcium sulphate, which is water-soluble

Atmospheric ✣ The structure has become weak as the lime

mortar is leached away due to acidic rain. The
Pollution suspended particulates such as dust, fumes, soot
etc. have also disfigured the surface of stone,
especially fresco work of surrounding rooms of
main chamber.
 Vibration

✣ Mechanical vibrations transmitted to the subsoil by

heavy traffic, road and railway, have proved to be
destructive for the historic building. The vibration can
cause loss of foundation strength by affecting subsoil,
and loss of structural strength in super structure.

✣ The railway line was laid during the British period,

which is at a distance of about 400 meters from
Jahangir’s tomb

✣ The highway is also at about 1 km from Jahangir’s tomb

✣ Both provide vibrations to subsoil, which have produced

structural cracks in the building, specifically vaulted roof
of main building and north-west minaret
 ✣ Poor conservation is the result of
lack of technical knowledge,
regarding restoration work.

Poor Conservation ✣ Repairs are often done inexpertly

or using unsuitable materials,
Techniques which react un-favorably with the
original material, causing further
damage.
✣ Altering original design and
detailing and unplanned
conservation activities in wrong
sequence also comes under poor
conservation techniques
✣ The monument is under
extensive attack of poor
conservation techniques.
✣ Restoration work is being carried
out by the Department of
Archaeology and Museums
without any conservation plan
✣ It may damage the originality of
monument. The face lifting of
building is being carried out
without structural bonding
✣ The use of cement is very common for repair
and restoration work at Jahangir’s Tomb;
whereas according to Bernard M. Feilden,
“cement is number one enemy of historic
buildings”

✣ Its use is harmful as it is too strong in

compression, adhesion and tension so it lacks
elasticity and plasticity when compared with
lime mortar used in historic buildings

✣ As such cement is not compatible with lime

mortar. A number of places are seen where a lot
of touching has been done with cement, which
has resulted in further cracks in the adjoining
area

✣ The workmanship is poor; wrong alignment of

pattern and change of design details can be
witnessed at many places
Biological and Micro Biological Causes
✣ Bio-deterioration means any adverse changes in the
material properties due to growth of biological and
micro-biological organisms

✣ Due to extensive dampness the growth of

microorganisms is very common on the surface of stone
façade

✣ Lichens and fungi have blackened the whole surface,

especially the dado panels

✣ The enzymatic activity of micro-organisms has also

resulted in loosening, staining cracking and falling of
building material

✣ The surface of white marble has green, red and brown

spots due to algae.
 Conservation history
✣ The last conservation work was done in 1950s and later in
1980s. “This comprehensive conservation work was started in
2014.

✣ The funds were not provided that’s why no process has been
completed

✣ Formulation of new schemes while previous one were still in

progress created problems

✣ The site is protected by the Federal Antiquities Act 1975,

though stipulations of the law are frequently
neglected, resulting in damage to the site and surrounding
area. The act forbids construction within 200 feet of the site,
though private homes have been built that are located a few
meters from the boundary walls of the site. The site was
inscribed on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage
Site status in 1993
• Conservation works carried out at the tomb during the past few

decades have focused on the following :

• Piecemeal replacement of red stone decoration on the façade of the

building

• Replacement of flooring if the surrounding platform

• Replacement of sections of the white marble jail balustrade around

the platform

• Replacement of broken or damaged individual members

• Pointing and underpinning brick masonry

• Cement patching of cracks and voids

• Restoration of sections of the enclosure wall adjacent to the gate

• Repair of crack in the main dais of the grave with cement grout
According to Punjab Archeology Project Director Naeem
Iqbal, the Archeological Department had also initiated the
site’s restoration work, after partition, in the 1960s, which
is still intermittently going on to-date. “The project’s
priority was to preserve the building from structural
damage.

The towers were too dilapidated and had to be installed

with iron shutters to prevent them from collapsing. So
far, two out of the tomb’s four towers have been secured
and redecoration work will begin as soon as the rest of
them are restored.

There is a lot of red sandstone used in the building’s

construction, which needs to be imported from India. But
the strained relations between the two countries has
halted the process, while small pieces of old, local stones
are being used to fill the gaps
 ✣ The sources said earlier funds
worth Rs10m were released for
the fiscal year 2020-2021 and
with these funds' walkways, red
sandstone minarets and eroded
boundary wall on eastern side of
the tomb got conserved.

✣ “For comprehensive
conservation of the monument
Rs100m are required,” said
Muhammad Naeem Iqbal, the
project director of Shahdara
Complex of Monuments

(Published in Dawn, June 8th, 2021)

 PROBLEMS IN CONSERVATION
• As a result, the recent approach to “conservation” has tended towards:

• Reactive conservation without assessment of need and clear statement of priorities

• Refurbishment without adequate historical research or artisan skill

• Dealing with surface appearance without addressing serious structural issues

• Carrying out interventions without proper study or preparation before hand

• Replacing faded or slightly damaged original elements with new copies in similar
materials

• Partial or full reconstruction of structures on the basis of insufficient research and

without clear identifications of “new” vs. “original”..
 Conclusion and
Recommendations
✣ Mughal Emperor Jahangir’s Tomb at Shahdara needs
urgent and comprehensive conservation costing
around Rs100m to save the monument from further
decay.

✣ The conservation would include decorative work at red

sandstone facade, lawn development, beautification,
fresco work and paintings, sources in the Directorate
General of Archeology and Tourism Department
(told Dawn).

✣ They said the Jahangir’s Tomb could be declared a

monument on World Heritage List but that requires the
mandatory 200-foot buffer zone. The zone could not be
ensured right now owing to massive encroachments
around the monument.
 ✣ The examination and analysis reveals that the

Conclusion and building is in acute need of structural stability,

instead of its face lifting.
Recommendations
✣ The efforts should be shifted from restoration
work to regular maintenance of building

✣ Regular pointing and grouting is necessary to

strengthen the structure. The structural problem
of north-west minaret needs expert’s investigation
before taking any remedial measure.

✣ Prime cause of deterioration is salinity in masonry

due to capillary action, which needs specific
control measure to prolong the life of monument.
It is not only creating structural problems but also
damaging the decoration details of mosaic work
and fresco. Encroachments along boundary wall
also need serious legal action to restore the
surrounding environment of monument.
 Fatehpur Sikri
Mughal Period
URBAN SQUARE

Presented by; RIDA JAFFAR

 “the overall planning was organized based on a system of five axes
and four horizontal axes, which identified the position of meeting
points and volumes. The entire territory is divided into eight super
squares; each was split further into nine smaller squares, with sides
measuring 300 of the above units.
Together with a network of super squares, a grid of nine 29
squares (applied both horizontally and vertically) had established the
form of the city.”
1.NaubatKhana (The Drum House): Near the entry point to the city. The road passes through this building. Probably this was the place that
announcedthe arrival of the emperor.

2.Diwan-i-Am ( Hall of Public Audience ) : The place where the ruler meets the general public. Diwan-i-Am is a typical feature of all the Mughal
palaces. At one end of the court is an elevated pavilion. The pierced stone screens are most noteworthy. Now the open court is converted into a
garden with lawn, where once stood the courtiers in humility.

3.Diwan-i-Khas ( Hall of Private Audience ) : This is where Akbar met his ministers, scholars and generals to discuss religious and courtly matters.

4.. Anup Talao or the peerless pool 29m square tank, now dry most of the year . Anup Talao has a by four bridges to central island linked its sides.

5.The Turkish Sultana’s House : The most elaborately carved building in Fatehpur Sikri. It’s often attributed to the Turkish wife of Akbar.

6.PanchMahal is an extraordinary structure, entirely columnar, consisting of four storeys of decreasing size with a kiosk, disposed
asymmetricallyupon a ground floor that contains 84 columns. The first storey contains 56 columns; the second 20; the third 12; and the top storey
is a single domed kiosk supportedon four pillars.

7.JodhBaí’s Palace: This is a large harem were the women of the palace lived.
THANK YOU