CH 1 25 3

Mathematics Notes for Class 9th
KPK All Boards
Mathematics
Chapter # 1
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Chapter # 1
Matrices
Exercise# 1.1 Examples
 2 5
Matrix D= 
 1 3
A matrix is a rectangular array
In this example
(arrangements) of real numbers enclosed in
2, 5,1,3 all are the elements of a matrix D.
square brackets. Each number in a matrix
2, 5 and 1, 3 are the rows of a matrix D.
is called an element or entry of the matrix.
2, 1 and 5, 3 are the columns of matrix D.
Matrices are mostly denoted by capital
As No. of Rows= 2
letters.
And No. of Columns= 2
Examples
So order is 2−𝑏𝑦 − 2 (OR) 2 × 2
1 0 0 
 2 3   Equal Matrix
A=  , C= 0 2 0
  When two matrices of the same order and
 0 5 0 0 1  the corresponding elements are same.
Exercise # 1.1
Rows and Columns of a Matrix Page # 6
The rows of a matrix run horizontally, Q1: Which of the following are square and
and the columns of a matrix run vertically. which are rectangular matrices?
Order or Dimension of a Matrix  2 3

(i) A= 
The number of rows and columns that  0 5
a matrix has is called order of a matrix. As No. of Rows = No. of Columns
Order of a matrix is represented by: So it is Square matrix.
Order of matrix = 𝑚 × 𝑛
OR 6 3 −1
B= 
Order of matrix = m-by-n (ii)
1 5 2 
Here “m” represents number of Rows As No. of Rows ≠ No. of Columns
And “n” represents number of columns So it is Rectangular matrix.
Note
Order of a matrix is also called
1 0 0 
dimension or size of a matrix.
(iii) C = 0 2 0 
Examples 0 0 1 
 2 5 As No. of Rows = No. of Columns
D=  So it is Square matrix.
 1 3
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(iv) D =  −5 (v) E =  3 2

As No. of Rows = No. of Columns As No. of Rows= 1
So it is Square matrix. And No. of Columns= 2
So order is 1−𝑏𝑦 − 2 (OR) 1× 2
(v) E =  −3 4
1 2 3 
As No. of Rows ≠ No. of Columns
So it is Rectangular matrix.
(vi) D =  6 5 9 
 0 0 0 
(vi)  −1 As No. of Rows= 3
F = 
7 And No. of Columns= 3
As No. of Rows ≠ No. of Columns So order is 3−𝑏𝑦 − 3 (OR) 3× 3
So it is Rectangular matrix.
3 2 −4 
Q2: List the order of the following matrices.  −2 5 0 
If =  , give the following
1 2 −1 Q3: A
2 1 5
(i) A= 
3 4 2   
 −3 4 6
As No. of Rows= 2
elements.
Solution
So order is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3 (OR) 2 × 3
3 2 −4 
(ii) B =  −4   −2 5 0 
A=
As No. of Rows= 1 2 1 5
And No. of Columns= 1  
 −3 4 6
So order is 1−𝑏𝑦 − 1 (OR) 1× 1
 a11 a12 a13 
 2 3 −1 a a22 a23 
(iii) C= As 
21
  a31 a32
1 2 5  a33 
 
As No. of Rows= 2  a41 a42 a43 
So order is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3 (OR) 2 × 3 Answers:
(i) 𝑎12 = 2
(ii) 𝑎23 = 0
2 1 
(iv) (iii) 𝑎32 = 1
F =  3 2  (iv) 𝑎43 = 6
 4 −1 (v) 𝑎13 = −4
As No. of Rows= 3 (vi) 𝑎43 = 6
So order is 3−𝑏𝑦 − 2(OR) 3× 2
3
Q4: Which of the following matrices are Q6: If

equal?  x + 3 z + 4 2 y − 7  0 6 3 y − 2
 2 5  2 5  −6 a − 1  
0  =  −6 −3 2c + 2 
A= , B= , 
 1 3  4 3  b − 3 −21 0   2b + 4 −21 0 
1 + 1 3 + 2   2 4 + 1 find the values of a, b, c, 𝒙, y and 𝒛.
C= , D=
2 + 1 3 
Solution:
 4 1
As
Solution:  x + 3 z + 4 2 y − 7  0 6 3 y − 2
 −6 a − 1  
0  =  −6 −3 2c + 2 
 2 5  2 5 
As C =   and D =    b − 3 −21 0   2b + 4 −21 0 
 4 3  1 3
So A and D are equal i.e. 𝐴 = 𝐷 Now compare the corresponding elements
And B and C are equal i.e. 𝐵 = 𝐶 𝑥+3 =0
𝑥 = −3
Now
 2 −3 v −3 𝑧+4=6
Q5: Let A =   and B =   , for 𝑧 = 6−4
u 0  5 w 
𝑧=2
what values of 𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘 are when A
Now
and B equal.
2𝑦 − 7 = 3𝑦 − 2
Solution
−7 + 2 = 3𝑦 − 2𝑦
 2 −3 v −3
A=  , B=  −5 = 𝑦
u 0  5 w  𝑦 = −5
As A and B are equal. So Now
 2 −3  v −3 𝑎 − 1 = −3
u 0  = 5 w  𝑎 = −3 + 1
   
𝑎 = −2
Now compare the corresponding Now
elements 0 = 2𝑐 + 2
2=𝑣 0 − 2 = 2𝑐
Or 𝒗 = 𝟐 −2 = 2𝑐 Answers:
𝒖=𝟓 −2 𝑎 = −2
=𝑐
0=𝑤 2
𝑏 = −7
−1 = 𝑐
Or 𝒘 = 𝟎 𝑐 = −1
𝑐 = −1
Now 𝑥 = −3
𝑏 − 3 = 2𝑏 + 4 𝑦 = −5
−3 − 4 = 2𝑏 − 𝑏
𝑧=2
−7 = 𝑏
𝑏 = −7
4
Q7: Solve the following equation for Put 𝑐 = 3 in equ(iii)

𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅. 2(3) + 𝑑 = 8
 a+b b + 2c   −1 4 6+𝑑 = 8
 2c + d =
 2a − d   8 0  𝑑 = 8−6
Solution 𝑑=2
 a+b b + 2c   −1 4 Answers:
 2c + d =
2a − d   8 0 
𝑎=1
 𝑏 = −2
Now compare the corresponding 𝑐=3
elements 𝑑=2
𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1 ------- equ(i)
𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 4 ------- equ(ii)
Ex 1.1 End
2𝑐 + 𝑑 = 8 ------- equ(iii)
2𝑎 − 𝑑 = 0 ------- equ(iv)
Subtract equ(ii) from equ(i) Exercise # 1.2
(𝑎 + 𝑏) − (𝑏 + 2𝑐) = −1 − 4 Types of matrices
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑏 − 2𝑐 = −5 Row matrix
𝑎 − 2𝑐 = −5 ------- equ(v) A matrix having just one row is called row matrix.
Now Add equ(iii) and equ(v) A = 1 3 5 , B = 5
2𝑐 + 𝑑 + (𝑎 − 2𝑐 = 8 + (−5)
2𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 − 2𝑐 = 8 − 5 Column matrix
A matrix having just one column is called column
𝑑 + 𝑎 = 3 ------- equ(vi)
matrix.
Now add equ(iv) and equ(vi)
2𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 = 0 + 3 1 
2𝑎 + 𝑎 = 3 A = 3 , B = 5
3𝑎 = 3 5
3
𝑎=
3 Square matrix
𝑎=1 A matrix in which number of rows and columns are
Put 𝑎 = 1 in equ(i) equal is called square matrix.
1 + 𝑏 = −1  1 3 2
1 2   
𝑏 = −1 − 1 A=  , B =  5  , C = −2 0 4
 
𝑏 = −2 3 5   −1 3 6 
Put 𝑏 = −2 in equ(ii)
−2 + 2𝑐 = 4 Rectangular matrix
2𝑐 = 4 + 2 A matrix in which number of rows and columns are
2𝑐 = 6 not equal is called rectangular matrix.
6 1 
𝑐= 3 5 2
2
A = 3 , D= 
𝑐=3 0 9 8 
5
5
Ex # 1.2 Ex # 1.2
Zero matrix or Null matrix Transpose of a matrix
A matrix in which all the elements are A matrix obtained by interchanging
zero is called Zero or Null matrix. A null all rows and columns with each other is
matrix is generally denoted by O. called transpose of a matrix. The transpose
of a matrix B is written as 𝐵𝑡 .
0 0 0
O =  , O=  , O =  0 0 0 A=
a b 
0 0 0 
c d 
Diagonal matrix
a c 
A square matrix on which all elements At =  
are zero except diagonal elements is known b d 
Symmetric matrix
as diagonal matrix.
In a square matrix, when 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴,
1 0   −2 0  1 0  then A is said to be symmetric matrix.
A= , B=  , I = 
0 3  0 −2  0 1  1 2 3
Scalar matrix
A =  2 4 5 
A matrix in which diagonal elements
 3 5 6 
are same is called scalar matrix.
1 2 3
1 
7 0 0  0 A =  2
t
4 5 
1 0 
I = = 0 7 0 , C =  2
 , A      3 5 6 
0 1   0 0 7  0 1
 2  At = A
Note
Every scalar matrix is a diagonal Skew-Symmetric matrix
matrix but every diagonal matrix is not In a square matrix, when 𝐴𝑡 = −𝐴,
necessarily a scalar matrix. then A is said to be skew-symmetric
Identity or Unit matrix matrix.
A matrix in which the diagonal  0 4
elements are equal to “1” is called identity A= 
matrix. It is generally denoted by “I”.
 −4 0 
 0 −4 
1 0 0  At =  
1 0 
I = , I = 0 1 0  4 0 
0 1  0 0 1   0 4
At = −  
 −4 0 
𝐴𝑡 = −𝐴
6
Ex # 1.2
Exercise # 1.2  −5 1 
S =  −2 1 
Page # 12
(iv)
Q1: Write the transpose of the following
 4 4 
matrices.
1 2  Solution
(i) P=   −5 1 
3 1 
Solution: S =  −2 1 
1 2   4 4 
P= 
3 1  Taking transpose on both sides
 −5
t
Taking transpose on both sides 1
1 2
t
S =  −2
t
1 
P =
t
3 1   4 4 
1 3  −5 −2 4 
Pt =  St = 
2 1 1 1 4 
 l m  6 7 8
(ii) Q=   
n p  (v) T = 13 1 3
Solution:  2 4 5
 l m Solution
Q= 
n p   6 7 8
Taking transpose on both sides T = 13 1 3
t
 l m  2 4 5
Q =
t

n p  Taking transpose on both sides
 l n
t
 6 7 8
Qt =  
m p  T = 13 1 3
t
 2 4 5 
 6 13 2 
(iii) R =  6 T = 7 1 4 
t
Solution 8 3 5 
R =  6
Taking transpose on both sides
R t =  6
t
R t =  6
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Ex # 1.2 Ex # 1.2
Q2: Which of the following matrices are
 −1 2 
transpose of the each other? (ii) B= 
 2 3
a a2  a b1 Solution:
A= 1  ,B = 1
 b1 b2   a2 b2   −1 2 
B= 
 −3 4   2 3
 −3 1 −1   By taking transpose, we get
C=  , D= 1 2
 
4 2 7  −1 7   −1 2
Bt =  
Solution:  2 3
𝑩𝒕 = 𝑩
a b1  Thus B is symmetric matrix
As At =  1 =B
 a2 b2 
 a a2  3 4 
And B t =  1 =A C=
(iii) 
 b1 b2  5 6 
Thus A and B are the transpose of each Solution
other. 3 4 
C= 
 −3 4  5 6 

As C = 1 2 = D
t  By taking transpose, we get
 
 −1 7  3 5
Ct =  
 −3 1 −1 4 6
And D =  =C 𝑪𝒕 ≠ 𝑪
t
4 2 7 Thus C is not symmetric matrix

Thus C and D are the transpose of each
other.
1 2 3
(iv) D= 
Q3: Which of the following are symmetric? 4 5 6
 5 −7  Solution
(i) A=  1 2 3
 −1 5  D= 
Solution: 4 5 6
 5 −7  By taking transpose, we get
A=  1 4
 −1 5 
By taking transpose, we get D t =  2 5 
 5 −1  3 6 
At =   𝑫𝒕 ≠ 𝑫
 −7 5 
𝑨𝒕 ≠ 𝑨 Thus D is not symmetric matrix
Thus A is not symmetric matrix
8
Ex # 1.2 Ex # 1.2
Q4: Which of the following matrices are
 0 −7 
skew-symmetric? Ct = −  
 0 4  −7 0 
(i) A=  𝑪𝒕 ≠ −𝑪
 −4 0  Thus C is not a skew-symmetric matrix
Solution
 0 4
A=   0 3 2
 −4 0  D =  −3 0 1 
(iv)
By taking transpose, we get
 −2 −1 0 
 0 −4 
At =   Solution
4 0   0 3 2
 0 4
At = −   D =  −3 0 1 
 −4 0   −2 −1 0 
𝑨𝒕 = −𝑨
Thus A is a skew-symmetric matrix By taking transpose, we get
 0 −3 −2 
0 −5 D =  3 0 −1
t
(ii) B=   2 1 0 
5 0 
Solution  0 3 2
0 −5 D = −  −3 0 1 
t
B= 
5 0   −2 −1 0 
By taking transpose, we get 𝑫𝒕 = −𝑫
 0 5 Thus D is a skew-symmetric matrix
Bt =  
 −5 0 
0 −5
Bt = −  
5 0 
𝑩𝒕 = −𝑩
Thus B is a skew-symmetric matrix
0 7 
(iii) C= 
7 0 
Solution
0 7 
C= 
7 0 
By taking transpose, we get
0 7 
Ct =  
7 0 
9
Commutative Property w.r.t Addition

Exercise # 1.3 If two matrices of same order then 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + 𝑨
Conformability for Addition or Subtraction is called the Commutative law under addition.
When two matrices have the same order, Associative Property w.r.t Addition
then they are conformability for Addition and If three matrices of same order, then
Subtraction. 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 is called the
Adding and Subtracting of matrices Associative law under addition.
(a) Addition can be obtained by adding the Additive Identity of matrices
corresponding elements of the matrices. Normally zero (0) is called additive identity. Thus
(b) Subtraction can be obtained by subtracting the Zero or Null matrix is additive identity matrix.
corresponding elements of the matrices. Additive Inverse of a matrix
Example When the sum of two matrices is zero (0),
3 8 4 0  then these matrices are called inverse of each
A=  , B= 
 4 6 1 −9  other. 𝐴 = −𝐵 or 𝐵 = −𝐴
3 8 4 0  Exercise # 1.3
A+ B =  + 
 4 6  1 −9  Page # 19, 20
3 + 4 8 + 0  Q1: Let A & B be 𝟐 − 𝒃𝒚 − 𝟑 matrices and let C & D
A+ B =  
 4 + 1 6 − 9 be 𝟐 −square matrices. Which of the following
7 8  matrix operation are defined? For those which
A+ B =   are defined, give the dimension of the resulting
 5 −3 matrix.
3 8 4 0 
A− B =  − 
 4 6  1 −9  (i) 𝑨 + 𝑩
As the order of A is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3
3 − 4 8 − 0 
A− B =   And the order of B is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3
 4 − 1 6 + 9 So 𝑨 + 𝑩 are conformable
 −1 8 
A− B =  
 3 15 (ii) 𝑩 + 𝑫
Multiplication of a matrix by a real number As the order of B is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3
The real number is multiplying to each And the order of D is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 2
element of the matrix. The real number is called So 𝑩 + 𝑫 are not conformable
the scalar multiplication of that matrix i.e. 3 is
(iii) 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟐𝑪
scalar multiplication in the following matrix.
As the order of A is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 3
 6 2 And the order of C is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 2
Multiply A =   by 3 So 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟐𝑪 are not conformable
 −3 1 
 6 2
3A = 3  
(iv) 𝟕𝑪 − 𝟐𝑫
 −3 1  As the order of C is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 2
And the order of D is 2 − 𝑏𝑦 − 2
18 6 
3A =   So 𝟕𝑪 − 𝟐𝑫 are conformable
 −9 3
10
Ex # 1.3 Ex # 1.3
Q2: Multiply the following matrices by real 1
numbers as indicated. Multiply B.S by
4
1  1 2 1
  1 
(i) Multiply A =  2  by 2 3 
1
 4X =   4 2
 3  4 4
 −1 9 7 
Solution:
 1 1 1
1   1 4 2  4 1 
4
A =  2   
X =  4
1 1 1
 3  2 3
 4 4 4
Multiply B.S by 2  1
 −1 1 9  1 7 
1   4 4 4 
2 A = 2  2  1 1 1
 3  4 2 4
 
X = 1
1 3
2  2 4
 −1 7 
2 A =  4   9
 6   4 4 4 
a b c
(ii) Multiply B =  d f 
by p ∈ R
 e 1 2   −3 −2 
   
Q4: If A = 3 4  and B =  1 −5  , then find
Solution:
a b c 5 6   4 3 
B=
d e f 
𝟑𝑨 − 𝑩.
Multiply B.S by p
Solution:
a b c 
pB = p   1 2   −3 −2 
d e f  A = 3 4  , B =  1 −5 
 
 pa pb pc 
pB =   5 6   4 3 
 pd pe pf 
Now
1 2   −3 −2 
 1 2 1
3 A − B = 3 3 4  −  1 −5 
Q3: Find a matrix X such that 4 X =  4 2 3 
  5 6   4 3 
 −1 9 7 
Solution:  3 6   −3 −2 
 1 2 1 3 A − B =  9 12  −  1 −5
4 X =  4 2 3  15 18   4 3 
 −1 9 7 
11
 3+3 6+ 2  Ex # 1.3
3 A − B =  9 − 1 12 + 5
Solution:
15 − 4 18 − 3  2 −2  8 0 

A =  4 2  , B =  4 −2 

6 8 
 −5 1   3 6 
3 A − B =  8 17 
As we have
11 15 
2 A + 3 X = 5B
 2 −2  8 0 
1 2 −3  3 −1 2 

 
2  4 2  + 3 X = 5  4 −2 
Q5: Given A = 5 0 2  and B =  4 2 5  ,

 −5 1   3 6 
1 −1 1   2 3 0 
find the matrix C such that 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑩 = 𝑪
 4 −4   40 0 
 8 
4  + 3 X =  20 −10 
Solution: 
1 2 −3  3 −1 2   −10 2  15 30 

A = 5 0 2  , B =  4 2 5 

 40 0   4 −4 
1 −1 1   2 3 0  3 X =  20 −10  −  8 4 
As A + 2B = C 15 30   −10 2 
0r 𝑪 = 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑩  40 − 4 0+4 
1 2 −3  3 −1 2  
3 X =  20 − 8 −10 − 4 
 
C = 5 0 2  + 2  4 2 5  15 + 10 30 − 2 
1 −1 1   2 3 0 
36 4 
3 X = 12 −14 
1 2 −3  6 −2 4 
 25 28 
C = 5 0 2  + 8 4 10 
1 −1 1   4 6 0  1
Multiply B.S by , we get
3
1 + 6 2 − 2 −3 + 4   1 1 
C = 5 + 8 0 + 4 2 + 10  36  3 4  3 
1 + 4 −1 + 6 1 + 0   
1 
 3 X = 12 
1
−14 
1
7 0 1 3  3 3
 
C = 13 4 12   25  1 28  1 
 5 5 1   3 3 
 4 
 12 3 
 2 −2  8 0   
−14 

Q6: If A = 4 2  and B =  4 −2  , then find
 X = 4
  3 
 −5 1   3 6   
 25 28 
the matrix 𝑿 such that 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟑𝑿 = 𝟓𝑩  3 3 
12
Ex # 1.3 Solution:
Q7: Find 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and 𝒘 if 5 2
x y   x 6   4 x + y X +Y =   ………… equ (i)
3  =  + 0 9 
 z w  −1 2w 3 + w 3 
3 6 
Solution: X −Y =   ………… equ (ii)
0 −1
x y   x 6   4 x + y
3  =  + Add equ (i) and equ (ii)
 z w  −1 2w 3 + w 3 
5 2  3 6 
3 x 3 y   x + 4 6 + x + y X +Y + X −Y =  + 
3z 3w =  −1 + 3 + w 2w + 3  0 9  0 −1
     5 + 3 2 + 6
By comparing their corresponding elements X + X +Y −Y =  
0 + 0 9 − 1 
3𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 4 8 8
2X =  
2𝑥 = 4  0 8
4
𝑥= 1 1 8 8
2  2X =  
𝒙=𝟐 2 2 0 8
Now  1 1
3𝑦 = 6 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 8  2 8  2 
3𝑦 − 𝑦 = 6 + 2 Putting 𝒙 = 𝟐 X = 
0  1 8  1 
2𝑦 = 8  2 2 
8
𝑦= 4 4
2 X =
𝒚=𝟒 
0 4
Now Put the values of X in equ (i)
3𝑤 = 2𝑤 + 3
4 4 5 2 
3𝑤 − 2𝑤 = 3  0 4  + Y = 0 9 
𝒘=𝟑    
Now 5 2   4 4 
3𝑧 = −1 + 3 + 𝑤
Y = − 
0 9   0 4 
3𝑧 = 2 + 3 Putting 𝒘 = 𝟑
5 − 4 2 − 4 
3𝑧 = 5 Y = 
𝟓 0 − 0 9 − 4 
𝒛=
𝟑 1 −2 
Answers: Y = 
𝟓 0 5 
𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟒, 𝒛= and 𝒘 = 𝟑
Thus
𝟑
4 4 1 −2 
X = and Y = 
Q8: Find X and Y if X + Y = 
5 2  
0 9  , 0 4 0 5 
 
 3 6 
X −Y =  
0 −1
13
Ex # 1.3 Ex # 1.3
 2 −3  2 5 3 −1  2 + 2 −3 + 5
Q9: Let A =  = = c( A + B) = 2  
 , B  −1 3 and C 0 4  .  4 −1 5 + 3 
4 5     
If 𝒄 = 𝟐 and 𝒅 = −𝟒 then verify that: 4 2
c( A + B) = 2  
 2 −3  2 5  3 −1 3 8 
A=  ,B =   and C =  
4 5   −1 3 0 4  8 4 
c( A + B) =  
c = 2 , d = −4 6 16 
(𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 = 𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 RHS
(i) Solution:
 2 −3  2 5
L.H.S: cA + cB = 2   + 2  −1 3
(𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 4 5   
 2 −3  4 −6   4 10
(𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 = (2 + (−4))  cA + cB =  + 
 8 10   −2 6 
4 5 
 2 −3  4 + 4 −6 + 10 
(𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 = (2 − 4)  cA + cB =  
  8 − 2 10 + 6 
4 5 
 2 −3 8 4 
(𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 = −2  cA + cB =  
 6 16
4 5 
Hence 𝒄(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝑨 + 𝒄𝑩 Proved
 −4 6 
(𝒄 + 𝒅)𝑨 =  
 −8 −10  (iii) 𝒄𝒅(𝑨) = 𝒄(𝒅𝑨)
RHS Solution:
𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 cd ( A) = c(dA)
 2 −3  2 −3 LHS
𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 = 2   + (−4)   cd ( A)
4 5  4 5 
 2 −3
 4 −6  −8 12  cd ( A) = (2)(−4)  
𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 =  +  4 5 
8 10   −16 −20
 2 −3
 4 − 8 −6 + 12  cd ( A) = −8  
𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 =   4 5 
8 − 16 10 − 20   −16 24 
 −4 6  cd ( A) =  
𝒄𝑨 + 𝒅𝑨 =    −32 −40 
 −8 −10  LHS
Hence (c + d ) A = cA + dA c(dA)
(ii) 𝒄(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝑨 + 𝒄𝑩   2 −3 
c(dA) = 2  −4  
Solution:  4 5  
LHS  −8 12 
c( A + B) c(dA) = 2  
 −16 −20 
  2 −3  2 5 
c( A + B) = 2   +   −16 24 
c(dA) =   Hence cd ( A) = c(dA)
  4 5   −1 3 
 −32 −40 
14
 −1 2 3  3 −1 2 Ex # 1.3
Q10 Let A =  4 
2 0  , B =  −5 3 4  (iii) (𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝑪
 Solution:
 −3 2 5   −3 −4 0 
  −1 2 3  3 −1 2    2 −3 6 
−3 6   
2 ( A + B) − C =   4 2 0  +  −5 3 4   −  0 4 −1

and C = 0 4 −1 . Compute
 the   −3 2 5   −3 −4 0    −5 1 3 
     
 −5 1 3 
 −1 + 3 2 − 1 3 + 2   2 −3 6 
( A + B) − C =  4 − 5 2 + 3 0 + 4  −  0 4 −1
following if possible.
(i) 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑩
Solution:  −3 − 3 2 − 4 5 + 0   −5 1 3 
 −1 2 3   3 −1 2   2 1 5   2 −3 6 
 
A + 2 B =  4 2 0  + 2  −5 3 4  ( A + B) − C =  −1 5 4  −  0 4 −1
 −3 2 5   −3 −4 0   −6 −2 5   −5 1 3 
 −1 2 3  6 −2 4   2 − 2 1 + 3 5 − 6
A + 2 B =  4 2 0  +  −10 6 8  ( A + B) − C =  −1 − 0 5 − 4 4 + 1
 −3 2 5   −6 −8 0   −6 + 5 −2 − 1 5 − 3 
 −1 + 6 2 − 2 3 + 4   0 4 −1
A + 2 B =  4 − 10 2 + 6 0 + 8  ( A + B) − C =  −1 1 5 
 −3 − 6 2 − 8 5 + 0   −1 −3 2 
(iv) 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪)
 5 0 7
A + 2 B =  −6 8 8 
Solution:
 −1 2 3   3 −1 2   2 −3 6  
 −9 −6 5  
A + ( B + C ) =  4 2 0  +   −5 3 4  +  0 4 −1 

 
(ii) 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟒𝑩  −3 2 5    −3 −4 0   −5 1 3  
Solution:
 −1 2 3  3 + 2 −1 − 3 2 + 6
 −1 2 3   3 −1 2 A + ( B + C ) =  4 2 0  +  −5 + 0 3+ 4 4 − 1 
3 A − 4 B = 3  4 2 0  − 4  −5 3
  4   −3 2 5   −3 − 5 −4 + 1 0 + 3 
 −3 2 5   −3 −4 0   −1 2 3  5 −4 8
 −3 6 9   12 −4 8 A + ( B + C ) =  4 2 0  +  −5 7 3
3 A − 4 B = 12 6 0  −  −20 12 16   −3 2 5   −8 −3 3
 −9 6 15  −12 −16 0   −1 + 5 2−4 3 + 8

A + ( B + C ) =  4 − 5 2+7 0 + 3
 −3 − 12 6 + 4 9 − 8 
 −3 − 8 2−3 5 + 3
3 A − 4 B = 12 + 20 6 − 12 0 − 16 
 −9 + 12 6 + 16 15 − 0   4 −2 11
A + ( B + C ) =  −1 9 3 
 −15 10 1 
 −11 −1 8 
3 A − 4 B =  32 −6 −16 

 3 22 15 
15
Ex # 1.3 Ex # 1.3
Q11 Prove that the following matrices commutative RHS
law of addition holds.  −3 −4 5  −3 4 −5
7 1  1 1  D+C =  + 
A=  , B=   1 2 3  2 3 1 
2 4 2 2  −3 − 3 −4 + 4 5 − 5
D+C = 
Solution:
 1+ 2 2 + 3 3 + 1
7 1  1 1 
(i) A=  , B = 2 2  −6 0 0 
2 4   D+C =  
 3 5 4
𝑨+𝑩 = 𝑩+𝑨
Hence C + D = D + C Proved
LHS
7 1  1 1  Verify 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 for the
A+ B =  +  Q12:
2 4 2 2 following matrices.
 7 +1 1+1   2 −3 5 −2  1 7
A+ B =   (i) A=  ,B =   , C= 
2 + 2 4 + 2 4 1  3 6   −6 −3
8 2  Solution:
A+ B =  
4 6  2 −3 5 −2  1 7
A=  ,B =   , C= 
RHS 4 1  3 6   −6 −3
1 1  7 1  𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪
B+ A=  + 
2 2 2 4 LHS: A + ( B + C )
1 + 7 1 + 1  5 −2  1 7 
B+ A=   B+C =  + 
2 + 2 2 + 4 3 6   −6 −3
8 2   5 + 1 −2 + 7 
B+ A=   Hence𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + 𝑨 Proved B+C =  
4 6 3 − 6 6 − 3 
 −3 4 −5  −3 −4 5  6 5
(ii) C=  , D=  B+C =  
2 3 1  1 2 3  −3 3
Solution:  2 −3  6 5
A + (B + C) =  +
C=
 −3 4 −5 ,  −3 −4 5
D=  4 1   −3 3
2 3 1

1 2 3
 2 + 6 −3 + 5
𝑪+𝑫= 𝑫+𝑪 A + (B + C) =  
LHS: 4 − 3 1+ 3 
 −3 4 −5  −3 −4 5 8 2 
C+D= A + (B + C) =  
+  1 4 
 2 3 1   1 2 3
 −3 − 3 4 − 4 −5 + 5 RHS: ( A + B) + C
C+D= 
 2 +1 3 + 2 1+ 3   2 −3 5 −2
A+ B =  + 
 −6 0 0   4 1  3 6 
C+D= 
 3 5 4
16
 2 + 5 −3 − 2  RHS: ( A + B) + C
A+ B =  
4 + 3 1 + 6  a b c   1 2 3
A+ B =  +
7 −5 3 4 5  −2 1 4 
A+ B =  
7 7  a +1 b + 2 c + 3
A+ B = 
3 − 2 4 + 1 5 + 4 
7 −5  1 7 
( A + B) + C =  +   a + 1 b + 2 c + 3
7 7   −6 −3 A+ B = 
 1 5 9 
 7 + 1 −5 + 7 
( A + B) + C =    a + 1 b + 2 c + 3  2 1 −1
7 − 6 7 − 3  ( A + B) + C =  +
 1 5 9   3 1 −2 
8 2 
( A + B) + C =    a + 1 + 2 b + 2 + 1 c + 3 − 1
( A + B) + C = 
1 4 
 1+ 3 5 +1 9 − 2 
Hence A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B) + C Proved
a + 3 b + 3 c + 2
a b c  ,  1 2 3 , ( A + B) + C = 
A=  B=   4 6 7 
(ii)  3 4 5  −2 1 4 
Hence 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 Proved
 2 1 −1
C= 
 3 1 −2  Q13: Find the additive inverse of the following matrices.
Solution 3 4
a b c  ,  1 2 3 ,
(i) A= 
A=  B=  6 2 
 3 4 5  −2 1 4  Additive Inverse:
 2 1 −1  −3 −4 
C=  −A = 
 3 1 −2  
 −6 −2 
𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪
 a −a b 
LHS: A + ( B + C )
(ii) B =  −c a −b 
 1 2 3  2 1 −1
B+C =  +   l m n 
 −2 1 4   3 1 −2  Additive Inverse:
 1 + 2 2 + 1 3 −1   −a a −b 
B+C =  
 −2 + 3 1 + 1 4 − 2  − B =  c −a b 
3 3 2   −l −m −c 
B+C =  
1 2 2  Q14: Show that the following matrices are additive
 a b c  3 3 2  inverse of the each other.
A + (B + C) =  + 
 3 4 5 1 2 2  (i) A = 1 −2 3 , B =  −1 2 −3
a + 3 b + 3 c + 2 A + B = 1 −2 3 +  −1 2 −3
A + (B + C) =  
 3 + 1 4 + 2 5 + 2 A + B = 1 − 1 −2 + 2 3 − 3
a + 3 b + 3 c + 2
A + (B + C) =  A + B =  0 0 0
 4 6 7 
17
Ex # 1.3
Exercise # 1.4
(ii)  a −b   −a b
C=  ,D = 
−d 
Conformability for multiplication of matrices
 −c d  c Two matrices are conformable for
 a −b   −a b multiplication, when number of columns of first
C+D= +
 −c d   c −d  matrix is equal to number of rows of second
matrix.
 a − a −b + b  Multiplication of Matrices
C+D= 
 −c + c d − d  For multiplication, multiply each element
0 0  of a row of first matrix by the corresponding
C+D=  element of column of second matrix and then add
0 0 
these products.
OR
 1 −2 −4   −1 2 4  Multiply first row of the matrix A with
(iii)

E =  2 1 3  , F =  −2 −1 −3
 each corresponding elements of the first column
of the matrix B and then add these products.
 −3 4 −2   3 −4 2 
Commutative Law of Multiplication
 1 −2 −4   −1 2 4  Commutative law of multiplication of
E + F =  2 1 3  +  −2 −1 −3 matrices may or may not be holds.
(i) 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 (Mostly
 −3 4 −2   3 −4 2  (ii) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
 1 − 1 −2 + 2 −4 + 4  Associative Law under Multiplication
E + F =  2 − 2 1 −1 3 − 3  𝐴(𝐵𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 is called Associative law
of matrices under multiplication
 −3 + 3 4 − 4 −2 + 2  Distributive Las of Multiplication over Addition
0 0 0  𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
E + F = 0 0 0 
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
0 0 0  Multiplicative Identity of a Matrix

Any matrix multiplied with Identity matrix
will be the same matrix. e.g. 𝐴. 𝐼 = 𝐼. 𝐴 = 𝐴
Transpose of a Matrix
A matrix obtained by interchanging all
rows and column with each other is called
transpose of a matrix. The transpose of a matrix
B is written as 𝐵𝑡 .
Note:
(𝐴𝐵)𝑡 = 𝐵𝑡 𝐴𝑡
18
(ix) CB
Exercise # 1.4 As number of Columns in matrix 𝐶 =2
Page # 29, 30 And number of Rows in matrix 𝐵 = 1
Q1: Show that which of the following matrices are Thus CB is not conformable for multiplication.
conformable for multiplication.
(x) CD
a 
A =   , B =  p q  , C =  1 −1 D =  p r s As number of Columns in matrix 𝐶 = 2
b   −2 1  And number of Rows in matrix 𝐷 = 1
(i) AB Thus CD is not conformable for multiplication.
As number of Columns in matrix 𝐴 =1
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐵 = 1 (xi) DA
Thus AB is conformable for multiplication. As number of Columns in matrix 𝐷 = 3
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐴 = 2
(ii) AC Thus DA is not conformable for multiplication.
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐶 = 2 xii) DB
Thus AC is not conformable for multiplication. As number of Columns in matrix 𝐷 = 3
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐵 = 1
(iii) AD Thus DB is not conformable for multiplication.
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐷 = 1 xiii) DC
Thus AD is conformable for multiplication. As number of Columns in matrix 𝐷 = 3
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐶 = 2
(iv) BA Thus DC is not conformable for multiplication.
As number of Columns in matrix 𝐵 = 2
 −1 0  3
Thus BA is conformable for multiplication. Q2: If A =   ,B =  
 2 1  −2 
(vi) BC (i) Is it possible to find AB?
As number of Columns in matrix 𝐵 = 2 (ii) Is it possible to find BA?
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐶 = 2 (iii) Find the possible product/ products.
Thus BC is conformable for multiplication. Solution:
 −1 0  3
(vii) BD A=  ,B =  
As number of Columns in matrix 𝐵 = 2  2 1  −2 
And number of Rows in matrix D= 1 (i) AB
Thus BD is not conformable for multiplication. As number of Columns in matrix 𝐴 = 2
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐵 = 2
(viii) CA Thus AB is possible for multiplication.
As number of Columns in matrix 𝐶 = 2
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐴 = 2 (ii) BA
Thus CA is conformable for multiplication. As number of Columns in matrix 𝐵 = 1
Thus BA is not possible for multiplication.
19
Ex # 1.4
 1 −2 
(iii) Now 3 4   
(ii) CD =   − 1 2 
 −1 0   3  1 2 
AB =     2 3
 2 1   −2 
  1  2 
(−1)(3) + (0)(−2)  (3)(1) + (4)  − 2  (3)(−2) + (4)  3  
AB =      
 (2)(3) + (1)(−2)  CD = 
  1  2 
 −3 + 0   (1)(1) + (2)  −  (1)(−2) + (2)   
AB =     2  3 
6 + (−2) 
 8
 −3   3 + (2)( −1) −6 +
AB =  3
 CD =  
6 − 2  1 + (1)(−1) −2 + 4 
 −3  3 
AB =  
4  −18 + 8 
3 − 2 3 
CD =  
 4 1  1 −1 3 4   1 −1 −6 + 4 
Q3: A=  ,B=  ,C =   and 
 3 1  −3 4  1 2  3 
 1 −2   −10 
1 3 
D =  1 2  Find (i) AB and (ii) CD CD =  
− 
 2 3 0 −2 
 3 
Solution:
 4 1  1 −1
(i AB =     2 1
 3 1  −3 4    1 0 
Q4: Given that A = 3 0 , B = 
2 1 
(4)(1) + (1)(−3) (4)(−1) + (1)(4)  (i) Find AB
 
AB =    −1 4  
 (3)(1) + (1)(−3) (3)(−1) + (1)(4) 
(ii) Does BA exist?
 4 + (−3) −4 + 4 
AB =   Solution:
 3 + (−3) −3 + 4 
 2 1
4 − 3 0 1 0
AB =   AB =  3 0  
2 1 
(i)
3 − 3 1  −1 4  
1 0 
AB =  = 𝐼  (2)(1) + (1)(2) (2)(0) + (1)(1) 
0 1 
AB =  (3)(1) + (0)(2) (3)(0) + (0)(1) 

(−1)(1) + (4)(2) ( −1)(0) + (4)(1) 
 2 + 2 0 + 1 4 1
AB =  3 + 0 0 + 0  
→ AB = 3 0



 −1 + 8 0 + 4  7 4 
20
(ii) Does BA exists? Ex # 1.4

BA
1 1 
As number of Columns in matrix 𝐵 = 2 Q6: If A =   , then find 𝐴 × 𝐴
And number of Rows in matrix 𝐴 = 3 0 0 
Thus BA is not possible for multiplication. Solution:
1 1 
A= 
1 1  0 1  0 0 
Q5: If A =   ,B =   then show that
0 0  0 0  1 1  1 1 
AB≠ 𝑩𝑨
A A =   
0 0  0 0 
Solution:
 (1)(1) + (1)(0) (1)(1) + (1)(0) 
1 1  0 1  A A =  
A=  ,B =   (0)(1) + (0)(0) (0)(1) + (0)(0) 
0 0  0 0  1 + 0 1 + 0 
AB≠ 𝑩𝑨 A A =  
0 + 0 0 + 0 
LHS:
1 1   0 1  1 1 
AB =  A A =  
  0 0 
0 0 0 0
 (1)(0) + (1)(0) (1)(1) + (1)(0)   −2 3  1 −1
AB =   Q7: If A =  2 −1 , B =  2 4  . Is 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨
(0)(0) + (0)(0) (0)(1) + (0)(0)     
Solution:
0 + 0 1 + 0 
AB =    −2 3  1 −1
0 + 0 0 + 0  AB =   
 2 −1  2 4 
0 1 
AB =   (−2)(1) + (3)(2) (−2)(−1) + (3)(4) 
0 0 AB =  
(2)(1) + (−1)(2) (2)(−1) + (−1)(4) 
RHS
 −2 + 6 2 + 12 
 0 1  1 1  AB =  
BA =     2 − 2 −2 − 4 
0 0 0 0
 4 14 
0 + 0 0 + 0  AB =  
BA =   0 −6 
0 + 0 0 + 0  Now
0 0 1 −1  −2 3 
BA =   BA = 
0 0  
 2 4   2 −1
Hence (1)(−2) + (−1)(2) (1)(3) + (−1)(−1) 
AB≠ 𝑩𝑨 Proved: BA =  
 (2)(−2) + (4)(2) (2)(3) + (4)(−1) 
 −2 − 2 3 + 1 
BA =  
 −4 + 8 6 − 4 
 −4 4 
BA =  
 4 2
Hence AB is not equal to BA
21
 −1 3 1 Ex # 1.4
Q8: If A =  1  , B = 1 −2 , C =  −1 2  , then (ii) Determine whether (𝑨𝑩)𝑪 = 𝑨(𝑩𝑪)
   
Yes
(i) find (AB)C and A(BC)  −5 3   −5 3 
Solution: ( AB)C =   = A( BC ) =  
 −1  3 1  5 −3  5 −3
A =   , B = 1 −2 , C =  
1  −1 2  (iii) Interpret which law of multiplication this result
shows?
(AB)C:
This shows Associative Property of Multiplication
 −1
AB =   1 −2
1 Q9: Verify that (𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪 for the
following matrices.
(−1)(1) (−1)(−2) 
AB =  1 2  1 0   3 −1
 (1)(1) (1)(−2)  (i) A=  ,B =   ,C =  
3 −1 0 2  0 2 
 −1 2 
AB =   Solution:
 1 −2  1 2  1 0   3 −1
Now A=  ,B =   ,C =  
3 −1 0 2  0 2 
 −1 2   3 1  A( B + C ) = AB + AC
( AB)C =   
 1 −2   −1 2  LHS: 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪)
(−1)(3) + (2)(−1) (−1)(1) + (2)(2)  Now
( AB)C =  
 (1)(3) + (−2)(−1) (1)(1) + (−2)(2)  1 0   3 −1
B+C =  + 
 −3 − 2 −1 + 4  0 2  0 2 
( AB)C =  
 3 + 2 1− 4  1 + 3 0 −1 
B+C =  
 −5 3  0 + 0 2 + 2 
( AB)C =  
 5 −3  4 −1
B+C =  
A(BC): 0 4 
 3 1 Now
BC = 1 −2  
 −1 2  1 2   4 −1
A( B + C ) =   
BC =  (1)(3) + (−2)(−1) (1)(1) + ( −2)(2)  3 −1  0 4 
 (1)(4) + (2)(0) (1)( −1) + (2)(4) 
BC = 3 + 2 1 − 4 A( B + C ) =  
(3)(4) + (−1)(0) (3)(−1) + (−1)(4) 
BC = 5 −3
 4 + 0 −1 + 8 
 −1 A( B + C ) =  
A( BC ) =   5 −3 12 + 0 −3 − 4 
1 4 7 
(−1)(5) (−1)(−3)  A( B + C ) =  
A( BC ) =  12 −7 
 (1)(5) (1)(−3) 
 −5 3 
A( BC ) =  
 5 −3
22
Ex # 1.4 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪
LHS: 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪)
RHS: 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪 Now
Now 1   −1
B+C =  +  
1 2  1 0  2  1 
AB =   
3 −1 0 2 1 − 1 
B+C =  
 (1)(1) + (2)(0) (1)(0) + (2)(2) 
 2 + 1
AB =  
(3)(1) + (−1)(0) (3)(0) + (−1)(2)  0 
B+C =  
1 + 0 0 + 4  3
AB =  
3 + 0 0 − 2  Now
1 4  3 −1 0
AB =   A( B + C ) =   
3 −2  0 2   3
Now (3)(0) + (−1)(3) 
A( B + C ) =  
1 2  3 −1  (0)(0) + (2)(3) 
AC =   
3 −1 0 2   0 − 3
A( B + C ) =  
 (1)(3) + (2)(0) (1)(−1) + (2)(2)  0 + 6 
AC =  
(3)(3) + (−1)(0) (3)(−1) + (−1)(2)   −3
A( B + C ) =  
3 + 0 −1 + 4  6
AC =  
9 + 0 −3 − 2  RHS: 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪
3 3   3 −1 1 
AC =   AB =   
9 −5 0 2   2 
Now (3)(1) + (−1)(2) 
AB =  
1 4  3 3   (0)(1) + (2)(2) 
AB + AC =  + 
3 −2  9 −5 3 − 2 
AB =  
1 + 3 4 + 3  0 + 4 
AB + AC =  
3 + 9 −2 − 5 1 
AB =  
4 7  4
AB + AC =    3 −1  −1
12 −7  AC =   
Hence A( B + C ) = AB + AC Proved: 0 2   1 
(3)(−1) + (−1)(1) 
AC =  
 (0)(−1) + (2)(1) 
 3 −1 1   −1
(ii) A=  , B =   ,C =    −3 − 1
0 2  2 1 AC =  
Solution 0+2
 3 −1 1   −1  −4 
A= , B =   ,C =   AC =  
 2
0 2  2 1
23
Ex # 1.4 Q11: Let A = 3 2 1 , B =  −3 4 2 , then

Now
prove that
1   −4 
AB + AC =   +   (i) (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕
 4  2  LHS: (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒕
1 − 4  A + B = 3 2 1 +  −3 4 2
AB + AC =  
4 + 2
A + B = 3 − 3 2 + 4 1 + 2
 −3
AB + AC =   A + B =  0 6 3
6
Hence A( B + C ) = AB + AC Proved: Now
0 
( A + B )t = 6 
1 0   5 −3  −7 3
Q10: Let I =   ,A=  ,B=   3 
0 1  4 6   2 8
RHS: 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕
(i) 𝑨𝑰
Solution: 3
 
As A = 2
t
 5 −3 1 0   
AI =     1 
 4 6  0 1 
(5)(1) + (−3)(0) (5)(0) + (−3)(1)   −3 
AI =    
 (4)(1) + (6)(0) (4)(0) + (6)(1)  And B = 4
t
 
5 + 0 0 − 3  2 
AI =  
4 + 0 0 + 6 Now
 5 −3  3   −3 
AI =  =𝐴 A + B =  2  +  4 
t t
4 6 
 1   2 
(ii) 𝑩𝑰 3 − 3
Solution: A + B =  2 + 4 
t t
 −7 3 1 0  1 + 2 
BI =   
 2 8  0 1  0
(−7)(1) + (3)(0) (−7)(0) + (3)(1)  A + B = 6 
t t
BI =  
 (2)(1) + (8)(0) (2)(0) + (8)(1)   3
 −7 + 0 0 + 3 Hence (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕 Proved:

BI =   )𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
 2 + 0 0 + 8 (𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 − 𝑩
LHS: (𝑨 − 𝑩)𝒕
 −7 3
BI =  = 𝑩 A − B = 3 2 1 −  −3 4 2
 2 8
A − B = 3 + 3 2 − 4 1 − 2
A − B =  6 −2 −1
24
Ex # 1.4 Now
Now  8 4
(C + D)t =  
6  −2 1 
( A − B ) =  −2 
t
RHS: 𝑪𝒕 + 𝑫𝒕
 −1 7 2
As C t =  
RHS: 𝑨𝒕 − 𝑩𝒕  −3 −1
3 1 2 
  And D t =  
AS A = 2
t
  1 2 
 1  Now
 −3   7 2  1 2
  C t + Dt =  + 
And B = 4  −3 −1 1 2
t
 
 2   7 +1 2 + 2 
C t + Dt =  
Now  −3 + 1 −1 + 2 
 3   −3  8 4
C t + Dt = 
A − B =  2  −  4 
t t
 −2 1 

1   2  Hence (𝑪 + 𝑫)𝒕 = 𝑪𝒕 + 𝑫𝒕 Proved:
3 + 3 (𝑪 − 𝑫)𝒕 = 𝑪𝒕 − 𝑫𝒕
A − B =  2 − 4 
t t Solution:
LHS: (𝑪 − 𝑫)𝒕
1 − 2 
7 −3 1 1 
6 C−D= − 
 2 −1  2 2
A − B =  −2 
t t
 7 − 1 −3 − 1
 −1 C−D= 
 2 − 2 −1 − 2 
Hence (𝑨 − 𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑨𝒕 − 𝑩𝒕 Proved:
6 −4 
C−D= 
0 −3
7 −3 1 1 
(ii) If C =   ,D=  then prove that Now
 2 −1 2 2
6 0
(𝑪 + 𝑫)𝒕 = 𝑪𝒕 + 𝑫𝒕 (C − D)t =  
Solution:  −4 −3
RHS: 𝑪𝒕 + 𝑫𝒕
LHS: (𝑪 + 𝑫)𝒕
7 2
7 −3 1 1  As C = 
t

C+D= +   −3 −1
 2 −1  2 2
1 2 
 7 + 1 −3 + 1 And D = 
t

C+D=  1 2 
 2 + 2 −1 + 2  Now
8 −2   7 2  1 2 
C+D=  C t − Dt =  − 
4 1   −3 −1 1 2 
25
Ex # 1.4  −2 + 10 3 + 8 
B t At =  
 7 −1 2 − 2   2 + 15 −3 + 12 
C t − Dt =  
 −3 − 1 −1 − 2   8 11
Bt At =  
6 0 17 9 
C t − Dt =  
 −4 −3 Hence (𝑨𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑩𝒕 𝑨𝒕 Proved:
Hence (𝑪 − 𝑫 )𝒕 𝒕
= 𝑪 −𝑫 𝒕
Proved:
a b 
, show that ( C t ) = C
t
(ii) If C =  
2 5  −1 1 c d 
Q12: If A =  ,B =  2 3
show that
(i)  −3 4   Solution:
( AB)t = Bt At a b 
C= 
Solution:
c d 
 2 5  −1 1 By taking transpose, we get
A=  , B =  2 3
 −3 4    a c 
(𝑨𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑩𝒕 𝑨𝒕
Ct =  
b d 
LHS: (𝑨𝑩)𝒕
Now again take transpose, so we get
 2 5   −1 1 a b 
AB =  
 −3 4   2 3
 (C )
t t
= 
c d 
 (2)(−1) + (5)(2) (2)(1) + (5)(3) 
AB =    1 7
(−3)(−1) + (4)(2) (−3)(1) + (4)(3)  (iii) If A =  1 0 −1  
 −2 + 10 2 + 15   2 0 6  , B =  −8 4  , show that
AB =     0 1 

 3 + 8 −3 + 12  (𝑨𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑨𝒕 𝑩𝒕
 8 17  Solution:
AB =  
11 9   1 7
1 0 −1  
Now A=  , B = −8 4
 
2 0 6   0 1 
 8 11
( AB)t =  
17 9  ( AB)t = At Bt
RHS: 𝑩𝒕 𝑨𝒕 LHS: (𝑨𝑩)𝒕
 2 −3  1 7
1 0 −1 
As A =  −8 4 
t
 AB =  
5 4  
2 0 6  
 −1 2  0 1 
And B = 
t
 (1)(1) + (0)(−8) + (−1)(0) (1)(7) + (0)(4) + ( −1)(1) 
 1 3 AB =  
Now  (2)(1) + (0)(−8) + (6)(0) (2)(7) + (0)(4) + (6)(1) 
 −1 2   2 −3 1 + 0 + 0 7 + 0 − 1 
Bt At =    AB =  
 1 3 5 4   2 + 0 + 0 14 + 0 + 6 
(−1)(2) + (2)(5) (−1)(−3) + (2)(4)  1 6 
Bt At =  AB =  
 (1)(2) + (3)(5) (1)(−3) + (3)(4)   2 20 
26
Ex # 1.4 Ex # 1.5
Now (i) Singular
If |𝐴| = 0 then A is Singular Matrix.
1 2 
( AB)t =   (ii) Non-Singular Matrix
6 20  If |𝐴| ≠ 0 then A is Non-Singular Matrix.
RHS: 𝑨𝒕 𝑩𝒕
 1 2

As A = 0 0
t  Adjoint of Square Matrix
 
 −1 6  a b 
Let A =  
1 −8 0  c d 
And B t =  
7 4 1  As change the places of 𝑎 and d with each
Now other and change the size of b and c. So
 1 2  d −b 
AdjA =  
1 −8 0   −c a 
A B =  0 0  
t t
 7 4 1 
 −1 6 
Multiplicative Inverse
 (1)(1) + (2)(7) (1)(−8) + (2)(4) (1)(0) + (2)(1) 
A B =  (0)(1) + (0)(7) (0)(−8) + (0)(4) (0)(0) + (0)(1) 
t t If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 then A is the multiplicative
inverse of B
(−1)(1) + (6)(7) (−1)(−8) + (6)(4) (−1)(0) + (6)(1) 
For Non-Singular matrix,
 1 + 14 −8 + 8 0 + 2  1
A −1 =
A B =  0 + 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 
t t
Adj A
A
 −1 + 42 8 + 24 0 + 6 
3 2  3 −2 
15 0 2  Let A =   ,B =  
A B =  0 0 0 
t t 4 3  −4 3 
Now
 41 32 6 
 3 2   3 −2 
AB =   
Hence (𝑨𝑩)𝒕 ≠ 𝑨𝒕 𝑩𝒕  4 3   −4 3 
(3)(3) + (2)(−4) (3)(−2) + (2)(3) 
AB =  
Exercise # 1.5 (4)(3) + (3)(−4) (4)(−2) + (3)(3) 
 9 − 8 −6 + 6 
Determinant of a Square Matrix AB =  
Determinant of A denoted by |𝑨| or det A. 12 − 12 −8 + 9 
a b  1 0 
Let A =  AB =  
 0 1 
c d 
a b Since 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑰 = 𝑩𝑨
A=
c d Therefore, A is the inverse of B.
A = ad − cb
27
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
Verification of 𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑨  −8 3 4 4
 −2 −1 −1
 5 −5 −
5 5
A=  A A= 
3 4  −6 + 6 −3 8 
+
 5 5 5 5 
 −4 −1
5 5 5 
 0
A−1 =   5
 3 2  A−1 A =  
 5 5  0 5
 5 
 −4 −1 1 0 
 −2 −1  5 5  A−1 A =  
AA−1 =    0 1 
 3 4  3 2  Thus 𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑨
 5 5 
  −4  3  −1   2 
Exercise # 1.5
(−2)  5  + (−1)  5  (−2)  5  + (−1)  5   Page # 37, 38
       
AA−1 =  Q1: Find the determinant of the following matrices
  −4  3  −1   2  and evaluate them.
 (3)   + (4)   (3)   + (4)   
 5 5 5 5   5 6
(i) A= 
 −8 3 2 2   −4 1 
−1
 5 −5 5−5 
AA =   Solution:
 −12 + 12 −3 + 8  5 6
 5 5 5 5  A=
 −4 1 
5  5 6
5 0 A=
−1
AA =   −4 1
0 5 A = (5)(1) − (−4)(6)
 5 
A = 5 − (−24)
1 0 
AA−1 =   A = 5 + 24
0 1 
A = 29
Now
 −4 −1  4 −2 
 5 5   −2 −1 (ii) B=  B = (4)(13) − (5)(−2)
A−1 A =    5 13 
 B = 52 − (−10)
 3 2  3 4  Solution:
 5 5  4 −2  B = 52 + 10
B=
 −4  5 13 
 −1   −4   −1   B = 62
 5  (−2) +  5  (3)  5  (−1) +  5  (4)  4 −2
         B=
A−1 A =  5 13
 3 2  3  2 
   ( −2) +   (3)   ( −1) +   (4) 
 5 5 5 5 
28
 11 7  Ex # 1.5
(iii) C= 
 −6 5  1 0 0 
Solution: (vi) F = 0 1 0 
 11 7 0 0 1 
C=
 −6 5  Solution:
1 0 0
11 7
C = F =  0 1 0 
−6 5
 0 0 1 
C = (11)(5) − (−6)(7)
1 0 0
C = 55 − (−42) F =0 1 0
C = 55 + 42 0 0 1
C = 97 Expand by Row 1:
1 0 0 0 0 1
5 6 F =1 −0 +0
(iv) D=  0 1 0 1 0 0
 −8 −9 F = 1(1 − 0) − 0 + 0
Solution:
5 6 F = 1(1)
D= 
 −8 −9 F =1
5 6  1 2 2
D =
−8 −9 (vii) G =  3 2 3 
D = (5)(−9) − (−8)(6)  −2 −3 4 
D = −45 − (−48) Solution:
 1 2 2
D = −45 + 48
G =  3 2 3 
D =3
 −2 −3 4 
 2 p −3q  1 2 2
E=
(V)
r − s  G = 3 2 3
Solution: −2 −3 4
 2 p −3q 
E= 2 3 3 3 3 2
r − s  G =1 −2 +2
−3 4 −2 4 −2 −3
2 p −3q
E = G = 1(8 − (−9)) − 2(12 − (−6)) + 2(−9 − (−4))
r −s
G = 1(8 + 9) − 2(12 + 6) + 2(−9 + 4)
E = (2 p)(− s) − (r )(−3q)
G = 1(17) − 2(18) + 2(−5)
E = −2 ps − (−3qr )
G = 17 − 36 − 10
E = −2 ps + 3qr
G = −29
E = 3qr − 2 ps
29
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
a 0 0 3 −6
(VIii) H =  0 b 0  B=
−2 4
 0 0 c 
B = 12 − 12
Solution:
B =0
a 0 0
H =  0 b 0 
Thus B is a singular matrix.
 0 0 c   3a −2b 
(Iii) C= 
a 0 0  2a b 
H =0 b 0 Solution:
 3a −2b 
0 0 c C= 
b 0 0 0 0 b  2a b 
H =a −0 +0 3a −2b
0 c 0 c 0 0 C =
2a b
H = a(bc − 0) − 0 + 0
C = 3ab − (−4ab)
H = a(bc)
C = 3ab + 4ab
H = abc
C = 7ab  0
Q2: Find which of the following matrices are Thus C is a non-singular matrix.
singular ad which are non-singular.  −3 6 
(iV) D= 
 5 3  2 −4 
(i) A= 
 2 1 Solution:
Solution:  −3 6 
D= 
5 3
 2 −4 
A=
2 1 −3 6
D =
A=
5 3 2 −4
2 1 D = 12 − 12
A = 5−6
D =0
A = −1  0 Thus D is a singular matrix.
Thus A is a non-singular matrix. Q3: Find the adjoint of the following matrices.
1 2 
(i) A= 
 3 −6  3 4 
(ii) B=  Solution:
 −2 4 
1 2 
Solution: A= 
 3 −6  3 4 
B=   4 −2 
 −2 4  Adj A =  
 −3 1 
30
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
 −3 −1 A = 4−3
(ii) B= 
2 3 A = −1  0
Solution:
 1 −1
 −3 −1 Adj A =  
B=   −3 4 
2 3
Put the values in equ (i)
3 1
Adj B =   1  1 −1
 −2 −3 A−1 = 
1  −3 4 
 1 −1
 2 −4 A−1 =  
(iii) C=   −3 4 
3 1 
3 4 
Solution: (ii) B= 
 2 −4 1 2 
C=  Solution:
3 1 
 1 4 3 4 
𝐀𝐝𝐣 𝑪 =  B= 
 1 2 
 −3 2 
1
B −1 = Adj B ……. Equ (i)
B
 −3 6 
(iv) D=  3 4
 2 −4  B =
Solution: 1 2
 −3 6  B = 6−4
D= 
 2 −4  B =20
 −4 −6 
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑫 =    2 −4 
 −2 −3 Adj B =  
 −1 3 
Q4: Find the multiplicative inverse of the following
matrices if they exist. 1  2 −4
B −1 =
 4 1 2  −1 3 
(i)
A= 
 3 1
Solution:  4 −3
(iii) C= 
 4 1  −1 2 
A= 
 3 1 Solution:
1  4 −3
A−1 = Adj A ……. Equ (i) C= 
A  −1 2 
4 1 1
A= C −1 = adj C ……. Equ (i)
3 1 C
31
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
4 −3 1 0
C = I =
−1 2 0 1
C = 8−3 I = 1− 0
C =50 I =1 0
2 3 1 0 
Adj C =  Adj I =  
 0 1 
1 4 
1 1 0
1 2 3 I −1 = 
1 
−1
C = 
5 1 4 
1 0
1 0
 0 −3 I −1 = 
(iv) D=  0 1 
2 4 
Solution:
 2 0  1 −1
 0 −3 Q5: If A =   , B=  , find
D=   −3 1   −1 3 
2 4 
(i) AB
1
D −1 = adj D ……. Equ (i) Solution:
D
 2 0  1 −1
0 −3 A=  , B= 
D =  −3 1   −1 3 
2 4
Now
D = 0 − (−6)  2 0   1 −1
AB =   
D = 0+6  −3 1   −1 3 
D =60  (2)(1) + (0)(−1) (2)(−1) + (0)(3) 
AB =  
 4 3 (−3)(1) + (1)(−1) (−3)(−1) + (1)(3) 
Adj D =    2 + 0 −2 + 0 
 −2 0  AB =  
Put the values in equ (i)  −3 − 1 3 + 3 
1  4 3  2 −2 
D −1 =  AB =  
6  −2 0  −4 6 
(ii) BA
1 0  Solution:
(v) I =   2 0  1 −1
0 1  A=  , B= 
Solution:  −3 1   −1 3 
1 0  Now
I =   1 −1  2 0
0 1  BA =   
1  −1 3   −3 1 
I −1 = adj I ……. Equ (i)
I
32
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
 (1)(2) + (−1)(−3) (1)(0) + (−1)(1)  Put the values in equ (i)
BA =  
(−1)(2) + (3)(−3) (−1)(0) + (3)(1)  1 3 1
B −1 =
 2 + 3 0 − 1 2 1 1
BA =  
 −2 − 9 0 + 3 Show that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
Solution:
 5 −1
BA =   (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
 −11 3  LHS: (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏
 2 −2 
−𝟏 −𝟏 As AB =  
(iii) 𝑨 and 𝑩  −4 6 
Solution: So
𝑨−𝟏 1
 2 0 ( AB) −1 = Adj (AB) ……. Equ (i)
A= AB

 −3 1  Now
1 2 −2
A−1 = adj A ……. Equ (i) AB =
A −4 6
2 0 AB = 12 − 8
A=
−3 1 AB = 4  0
A = 2−0 6 2
Adj (AB) =  
A =20 4 2
1 0  1 6 2
Adj A =   ( AB)−1 =
3 2  4  4 2
Put the values in equ (i) RHS: 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
1 1 0  1 1 0 
A−1 =  −1
As A =
2 3 2  2 3 2 
𝑩−𝟏 −1 1 3 1
And B = 
 1 −1 2 1 1
B= 
 −1 3  Now
1 3 1 1 1 0
1 B −1 A−1 = 
B −1 =
B
Adj B ……. Equ (i) 2 1 1 2 3 2
−1 1 1 3 1 1 0
1 B −1 A−1 =  
B =
−1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2
B = 3 −1 1 3 + 3 0 + 2 
B −1 A−1 = 
4 1 + 3 0 + 2 
B =20
1 6 2
3 1 B −1 A−1 = 
Adj B =   4  4 2 
1 1 Hence (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 Proved:
33
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
Show that (𝑩𝑨)−𝟏 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏
 0 −1  2 3
Q6: If A =   , B = 1 0 
Solution: then show that
(𝑩𝑨)−𝟏 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 (i)  2 1  
(𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
LHS: (𝑩𝑨)−𝟏
Solution:
 5 −1
As BA =    0 −1  2 3
 −11 3  A=  , B= 
So 2 1  1 0 
1 (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
−1
( BA) = Adj (BA) ……. Equ (i) LHS: (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏
BA
Now
5 −1
BA =  0 −1  2 3
−11 3 AB =   
 2 1  1 0
BA = 15 − 11 (0)(2) + (−1)(1) (0)(3) + (−1)(0) 
AB = 
BA = 4  0  (2)(2) + (1)(1) (2)(3) + (1)(0) 
 3 1 0 − 1 0 + 0
Adj (BA) =   AB =  
11 5 4 + 1 6 + 0
Put the values in equ (i)  −1 0 
AB =  
1  3 1  5 6
( BA) −1 =
4 11 5 As we have:
RHS: 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 1
( AB) −1 = Adj (AB) ……. Equ (i)
−1 1 1 0  AB
As A =
2 3 2  −1 0
AB =
−1 1 3 1 5 6
And B = 
2 1 1 AB = −6 − 0
Now
AB = −6  0
1 1 0  1 3 1
A−1 B −1 =  
2 3 2  2 1 1
So solution exists
6 0
1 1 1 0  3 1 Adj (AB) =  
A−1 B −1 =    −5 −1
2 2 3 2  1 1 Put the values in equ (i)
1 3 + 0 1 + 0  1 6 0
A−1 B −1 =  ( AB) −1 =
4 9 + 2 3 + 2  −6  −5 −1
1  3 1 RHS: 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
A−1 B −1 = 
4 11 5 First we find 𝑨−𝟏
 0 −1
Hence (𝑩𝑨)−𝟏 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 Proved: As A =  
2 1 
34
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
As we have 1  0+6 0+0 
B −1 A−1 =
1 −6  −1 − 4 −1 + 0 
A−1 = Adj A ……. Equ (i)
A 1 6 0
B −1 A−1 =
0 −1 −6  −5 −1
A= Hence (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 Proved:
2 1
A = 0 − (−2)
 0 −1  2 3
Q6: If A =   , B = 1 0 
A = 0+2 then show that
(ii)  2 1  
A =20 (𝐵𝐴)−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐵−1
Solution:
 1 1
Adj A =    0 −1  2 3
 −2 0  A=  , B= 
Put the values in equ (i) 2 1  1 0 
(𝐵𝐴)−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐵−1
1  1 1
A−1 =  LHS: (𝐵𝐴)−1
2  −2 0 
 2 3 0 −1
Now we find 𝑩−𝟏 BA =   
1 0   2 1 
 2 3
As B =   (2)(0) + (3)(2) (2)(−1) + (3)(1) 
1 0  BA =  
As we have:  (1)(0) + (0)(2) (1)(−1) + (0)(1) 
1 0 + 6 −2 + 3
B −1 = Adj B ……. Equ (i) BA =  
B 0 + 0 −1 + 0 
2 3 6 1 
B = BA =  
1 0 0 −1
As we have
B = 0−3
1
B = −3  0 ( BA) −1 = Adj (BA) ……. Equ (i)
BA
 0 −3 6 1
Adj B =   BA =
 −1 2  0 −1
BA = −6 − 0
1  0 −3
B −1 = BA = −6  0
−3  −1 2 
Now So solution exists
 −1 −1
1  0 −3 1  1 1 Adj (BA) = 
B −1 A−1 =  6 
−3  −1 2  2  −2 0  0
1 1  0 −3  1 1
B −1 A−1 =   1  −1 −1
−3 2  −1 2   −2 0 ( BA) −1 =
−6  0 6 
35
Ex # 1.5 Ex # 1.5
RHS: 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 1 1  1 1   0 −3
A−1 B −1 =  
2 −3  −2 0  −1 2 
First we find 𝑨−𝟏
 0 −1
As A =   1  0 − 1 −3 + 2 
A−1 B −1 =
2 1  −6 0 + 0 6 + 0 
1
A−1 = Adj A ……. Equ (i) 1  −1 −1
A−1 B −1 =
−6  0 6 
A
0 −1 Hence (𝑩𝑨)−𝟏 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 Proved:
A=
2 1
A = 0 − (−2) Exercise # 1.6
Page # 45
A = 0+2
Q1: Solve the following system of linear equation
A =20 using Inversion Method.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒙−𝒚= 𝟐
 1 1 (i) Solution:
Adj A =  
 −2 0  2 x + 3 y = −1
Put the values in equ (i) x− y =2
1  1 1 In matrix form:
A−1 =
2  −2 0   2 3   x   −1
1 −1  y  =  2 
Now we find 𝑩−𝟏     
 2 3 2 3   x  −1
As B =   Let A =  , X =   ,B =  

1 0  1 −1  y 2
As we have: As AX = B
B −1 =
1
Adj B ……. Equ (i) X = A−1 B
B 1
X= Adj A  B ……. Equ (i)
2 3 A
B =
1 0 2 3
A=
B = 0−3 1 −1
B = −3  0 A = −2 − 3
 0 −3 A = −5  0
Adj B =  
 −1 2  Thus Solution exists
Put the values in equ (i)  −1 −3
Adj A =  
B −1 =
1  0 −3  −1 2 
−3  −1 2  Put the values in equ (i)
Now  x  1  −1 −3  −1
1  1 1  1  0 −3  y  = −5  −1 2    2 
A−1 B −1 =       
2  −2 0  −3  −1 2 
36
Ex # 1.6 Ex # 1.6
 x  1 (−1)(−1) + (−3)(2)  (iii) 2x + 3y =
5
 y  = −5  (−1)(−1) + (2)(2) 
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏,
    2
Solution:
 x  1 1 − 6  First Method
 y  = −5 1 + 4  x + 2y =1
    5
 x  1  −5 2x + 3y =
2
 y  = −5  5 
    In matrix form:
 1 1
−5   1 2  x   
 
x  −5  2 3  y  =  5 
 y =     
   5 1  2
 −5  1
1 2   x  
 x  1  Let A =   , X =  y , B = 5 
 y  =  −1 2 3  
2
   
x =1 As AX = B
y = −1 X = A−1 B
Thus Solution Set= {(𝟏 , −𝟏)} 1
X = Adj A  B ……. Equ (i)
(ii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏 A
Solution: First we find |𝑨|
x + 2 y = −13
1 2
3x + 6 y = 11 A=
2 3
In matrix form:
1 2   x   −13 A = 3− 4
3 6   y  =  11 
     A = −1  0
1 2   x  −13
Let A =   ,X = , B= 
Thus solution exists
3 6   y  11   3 −2 
As AX = B Adj A =  
 −2 1 
X = A−1 B
1 Put the values in equ (i)
X = Adj A  B ……. Equ (i) 1
A  x  1  3 −2  
First we find |𝑨|  y  = −1  −2 1    5 
   
1 2  2
A = 
3 6    5 
 (3)(1) + (−2)   
A = 6−6  x 1   2 
 y  = −1 
A =0    5 
 (−2)(1) + (1)   
  2 
As A = 0
3 + (−1)(5) 
So Solution is not possible.  x 1 
 y  = −1  5 
  −2 +
 2 
37
Ex # 1.6 Ex # 1.6
 3−5  A = 6 −8
 x 1  
 y  = −1  −4 + 5  A = −2  0
 
 2 
 −2 
 x    6 −2 
 y  = −1  1  Adj A =  
   −4 1 
2
 2 
 x    x  1  6 −2 1
 y =  1   y  = −2  −4 1   5
  −      
 2
x=2  x  1 (6)(1) + (−2)(5) 
 y  = −2  (−4)(1) + (1)(5) 
1    
y=−
2  x  1  6 − 10 
1  y  = −2  −4 + 5
Thus Solution Set= {(2 , − )}    
2
 x  1  −4
5  y  = −2  1 
(iii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏, 2x + 3y =    
2
 1
Solution:
 −4  
Second Method  x −2
x + 2y =1  y =  
5    1 1 
2x + 3y =  −2 
2
 2 
Multiply B.S by 2  x  
5  y =  1 
2(2 x + 3 y ) = 2    −
2  2
4x + 6 y = 5 x=2
So write in matrix form: 1
y=−
 1 2   x  1  2
 4 6   y  = 5 1
     Thus Solution Set= {(𝟐 , − )}
2
1 2   x 1 
Let A =   , X = , B=  (iv) 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
4 6  y 5  Solution:
As AX = B x − 2 y −1 = 0
X = A−1 B 2x + y + 3 = 0
1 Hence
X = Adj A  B ……. Equ (i) x − 2y =1
A
2 x + y = −3
First we find |𝑨| In matrix form:
1 2 1 −2   x   1 
A= 2 =
4 6  1   y   −3
38
1 −2   x 1 Ex # 1.6
Let A =   , X = , B=  Q2: Solve the following system of linear equations
2 1   y  −3 using Cramer’s Rule
As AX = B (i) 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟔
X = A−1 B Solution:
1 x − 2y = 5
X = Adj A  B ……. Equ (i) 2x − y = 6
A
In matrix form:
First we find |𝑨|
1 −2  x  5
A=
1 −2  2 −1  y  = 6
    
2 1
1 −2   x 5 
A = 1 − (−4) Let A =   , X =   ,B =  
 2 −1  y 6 
A = 1+ 5 First we find |𝑨|
1 −2
A =50 A=
2 −1
A = −1 − (−4)
 1 2
Adj A =   A = −1 + 4
 −2 1 
Put the values in equ (i) A =30
 x  1  1 2  1  Thus solution exists.
 y  = 5  −2 1    −3 To find the value of 𝒙, Replace the coefficient of
      𝒙 in A by Matrix B.
 x  1  (1)(1) + (2)(−3)  Ax
 y  = 5 (−2)(1) + (1)(−3)  x=
    A
 x  1  1 + (−6)  5 −2
 y  = 5  −2 + (−3)  6 −1
    x=
 x 1  1− 6  3
 y  = 5  −2 − 3 x=
−5 − (−12)
    3
 x  1  −5 −5 + 12
 y  = 5  −5 x=
    3
7
 1 x=
− 5 
 x  5
3
 y =   To find the value of𝒚, Replace the coefficient of
   −5  1  𝒚 in A by Matrix B.
 5  Ay
 x   −1 y=
 y  =  −1
A
    1 5
x = −1 2 6
y = −1 y=
3
Thus Solution Set= {(−𝟏 , −𝟏)}
39
Ex # 1.6 Ex # 1.6
6 − 10 To find the value of𝒚, Replace the coefficient of
y=
3 𝒚 in A by Matrix B.
−4 Ay
y= y=
3 A
7
x= 4 −2
3
1 5
−4 y=
y= −11
3
20 − (−2)
7 −4 y=
Thus Solution Set= {( , )} −11
3 3
20 + 2
y=
(ii) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟐, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 −11
Solution:
22
4 x + 3 y = −2 y=
−11
x − 2y = 5
y = −2
In matrix form:
 4 3   x   −2 x =1
1 −2  y  =  5  y = −2
    
Thus Solution Set= {(𝟏 , − 𝟐)}
4 3   x  −2 
Let A =   , X =  y , B = 5 (iii) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓
1 −2      Solution:
First we find |𝑨| 5x + 7 y = 3
4 3 3x + y = 5
A=
1 −2 In matrix form
A = −8 − 3  5 7   x   3
 3 1   y  = 5
A = −11  0     
Thus solution exists. 5 7   x  3
To find the value of 𝒙, Replace the coefficient of Let A =   , X = , B= 
3 1   y 5 
𝒙 in A by Matrix B.
Ax
x= 5 7
A A=
3 1
−2 3
A = 5 − 21
5 −2
x= A = −16  0
−11
4 − 15 Thus solution exists.
x=
−11 To find the value of 𝒙, Replace the coefficient of
−11 𝒙 in A by Matrix B.
x=
−11 x=
Ax
x =1 A
40
Ex # 1.6 Ex # 1.6
3 7 By Cramer’s Method:
5 1 First we find |𝐴|
x= 1 1
−16 A=
3 − 35 1 −1
x=
−16 A = −1 − 1
−32
x= A = −2  0
−16
x=2 x=
Ax
To find the value of𝒚, Replace the coefficient of A
𝒚 in A by Matrix B.
12 1
Ay 4 −1
y= x=
A −2
5 3 −12 − 4
x=
3 5 −2
y= −16
−16 x=
25 − 9 −2
y= x =8
−16
16 Ay
y= y=
−16 A
y = −1 1 12
x=2 1 4
y = −1 y=
−2
Thus Solution Set= {(𝟐 , −𝟏)}
4 − 12
y=
−2
Q3: Amjad thought of two numbers whose sum is
−8
12 and whose difference is 4. Find the numbers. y=
Solution: −2
Let the one number= 𝑥 y=4
And second number= 𝑦 So one number= 8
According to given condition: And second number= 4
x + y = 12
x− y =4
In matrix form
1 1   x  12
1 −1  y  =  4 
    
1 1   x 12 
Let A =   , X =  ,B =  
1 −1  y 4
41
Ex # 1.6 Ex # 1.6
Q4: The length of a rectangular playground is twice 2 0
its width. The perimeter is 30. Find its
1 15
dimensions. y=
Solution: 3
30 − 0
Let the width = 𝑥 y=
And length = 𝑦 3
30
According to first condition: y=
2𝑥 = 𝑦 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0……. Equ (i) y = 10
As perimeter = 𝟑𝟎 So the width = 𝟓
And length = 𝟏𝟎
As we have
2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑃
Q5: 3 bags and 4 pens together cost 257 rupees
2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 30
whereas 4 bags and 3 pens together cost 324
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15……. Equ (ii)
rupees. Find the cost of a bag and 10 pens.
Equ (i) and Equ (ii) in Matrix form
Solution:
 2 −1  x   0 
1 1   y  = 15 According to condition:
     Let the cost of bag = 𝑥
 2 −1  x 0 And the cost of pen= 𝑦
Let A =   , X = , B= 
1 1   y 15 3x + 4 y = 257
First we find |𝑨| 4 x + 3 y = 324
2 −1  3 4   x   257 
A=  4 3   y  =  324 
1 1     
A = 2 − (−1) 3 4  x  257 
Let A =   , X =  ,B =  
A = 2 +1 4 3  y  324 
By Cramer’s Rule
A =30
Ax 3 4
x= A=
A 4 3
0 −1 A = 9 − 16
15 1
x= A = −7  0
3
0 − (−15) Ax
x= x=
3 A
15 257 4
x=
3 324 3
x=5 x=
−7
Ay 771 − 1296
y= x=
A −7
42
Ex # 1.6 Ex # 1.6
−525 Ax
x= x=
−7 A
x = 75
70 1
Ay
y= x=
95 2
A 3
3 257 140 − 95
x=
4 324 3
y=
−7 x=
45
972 − 1028 3
y= x = 15
−7
−56 Ay
y= y=
−7 A
y =8
2 70
So the cost of bag = 𝑹𝒔. 𝟕𝟓
1 95
And the cost of 10 pens= 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟖 = 𝑹𝒔. 𝟖𝟎 y=
3
Q6: If twice the son’s age in years is added to the
190 − 70
father’s age, the sum is 70. But if the father’s y=
age is added to the son’s age, the sum is 95. 3
Find the ages of father and son. 120
y=
Solution: 3
Let the age of Son= 𝑥 y = 40
And the age of father= 𝑦 The age of Son= 𝟏𝟓
According to condition: And the age of father= 𝟒𝟎
2 x + y = 70
x + 2 y = 95
 2 1   x  70
1 2   y  = 95
    
2 1  x 70 
Let A =   , X = , B= 
1 2   y 95 
By Cramer’s Rule
2 1
A=
1 2
A = 4 −1
A =30
43
 −2 3
REVIEW EXERSICE 1 Adj A=  
 −5 6 
Page # 47
Q2: Find 𝒙 and 𝒚 Put the values in equ (i)
 x −1 4   0 4  1  −2 3
A−1 = 
 y + 3 −7  =  −2 −7  3  −5 6
   
Solution:
Q5: Solve the system: 2 x + 5 y = 9 , 5x − 2 y = 8
 x −1 4   0 4  Solution:
 y + 3 −7  =  −2 −7 
    2x + 5 y = 9
Compare the corresponding elements 5x − 2 y = 8
𝑥−1 =0 In matrix form:
𝑥=1
 2 5   x  9 
𝑦 + 3 = −2 5 −2  y  = 8
𝑦 = −2 − 3     
𝑦 = −5 2 5   x 9 
Let A =   , X = , B= 
Q3: Find the product if possible  5 −2   y 8 
1 AX = B
 −5  −6 5 8 X = A−1 B
   0 4 1
 3   
X=
1
Adj A  B ……. Equ (i)
A
As number of Columns in first matrix = 1
And number of Rows in second matrix = 2 2 5
A=
Thus these are not conformable for 5 −2
multiplication.
A = −4 − 25
6 −3 A = −29  0
Q4: Find the inverse of the matrix A =  
5 −2   −2 −5
Adj A =  
Solution:  −5 2 
6 −3 Put the values in equ (i)
A= 
5 −2   x 1  −2 −5 9
 y  = −29  −5 2   8 
A−1 =
1
Adj A ……. Equ (i)      
A  x 1 (−2)(9) + (−5)(8) 
First we find |𝑨|:  y  = −29  (−5)(9) + (2)(8) 
   
6 −3
A=  x 1  −18 − 40 
5 −2  y  = −29  −45 + 16 
   
A = −12 − (−15)
 x 1  −58
A = −12 + 15  y  = −29  −29 
   
A =30
44
 1 
 −58 
 x −29  3 14
 y =   A=
   −29  1  11 11
 −29  A = 33 − 154
 x   2
 y  = 1  A = −121
   
x=2  11 −14 
Adj A =  
y =1  −11 3 
Thus Solution Set= {(𝟐 , 𝟏)} Put the values in equ (i)
Q6: Qasim and Farzana are selling fruit for a school  x 1  11 −14  203
 y  = −121  −11 3    220
fundraiser. Customers can buy small boxes of      
oranges and large boxes of oranges. Qasim sold  x 1 (11)(203) + (−14)(220) 
3 small boxes of oranges and 14 large boxes of  y  = −121  (−11)(203) + (3)(220) 
   
oranges for a total of Rs. 203. Farzana sold 11
small boxes of oranges ad 11 large boxes of  x 1  2233 − 3080 
 y  = −121  −2233 + 660 
oranges for a total of Rs. 220. Find the cost of    
one small box of oranges and one large box of  x 1  −847 
oranges.  y  = −121  −1573
   
Solution:  1 
−847 
Let small box of oranges = 𝑥  x  −121 
 y =  
And large box of oranges = 𝑦    −1573  1 
According to given condition:  −121 
3x + 14 y = 203 x  7 
11x + 11y = 220  y  = 13
   
In matrix form: x=7
 3 14  x   203 y = 13
11 11  y  =  220
     Thus small box of oranges = 𝑅𝑠. 7
 3 14   x  203 And large box of oranges = 𝑅𝑠. 13
Let A =   , X = , B= 
11 11  y  220 
AX = B
X = A−1 B
1
X= Adj A  B ……. Equ (i)
A
First find |𝐴|

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Mathematics Notes for Class 9th

KPK All Boards

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Order or Dimension of a Matrix  2 3

(iv) D =  −5 (v) E =  3 2

Q4: Which of the following matrices are Q6: If

Q7: Solve the following equation for Put 𝑐 = 3 in equ(iii)

4 2 7 Thus C is not symmetric matrix

Commutative Property w.r.t Addition

 −9 6 15  −12 −16 0   −1 + 5 2−4 3 + 8

0 0 0  Multiplicative Identity of a Matrix

(ii) Does BA exists? Ex # 1.4

Ex # 1.4 Q11: Let A = 3 2 1 , B =  −3 4 2 , then

 −7 + 0 0 + 3 Hence (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒕 = 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕 Proved:

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