SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS IN FIELD AND MINE

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

F. M. CHACE

INTRODUCTION

Symbolsand abbreviations
are widelyusedin surfaceand underground
geological
mapping
andnotetaking.A standardsetof symbolshasgradually
evolvedsothat membersof the U.S. GeologicalSurveyand the staffsof many
miningcompanies
andotherorganizations
useessentially
thesameones(1).*
A setof abbreviations,
however,hasneverbeengenerallyadopted. Numerous
textbooks containbrieflistsof suggested
wordcontractions,
andthegeological
staffsof variousminingcompanies haveadoptedabbreviations
for their own
particular
use;butwiththeexception
of a fewcommon
terms,suchas"ss"
for sandstone and "vn" for vein,thereis little uniformityin usage. The first
extensivelist of abbreviationsknown to the writer was compiledfor the use
of the Secondary Enrichment ResearchGroupunderL. C. Graton(circa
1914). Thispertained to minerals
onlyand,although widelyusedby that
group,didnotcomeintogeneral usage.The mostcomprehensive list that
hasbeenpublished wasprepared bya committee
of theAmerican MiningCon-
gressin 1924for usein underground geological
mapping (2). Thislisthas
hadvaryingdegrees of acceptance,
butin generalis notwellknown.
A standardset of abbreviationsof the more commongeologicterms gener-
allyunderstandable
andacceptable toallishighlydesirable.Theaccompany-
inglistshavebeenprepared in thehopethattheirpublication mayresultin
discussionleading
to a standardsetgenerallyacceptable.For several
reasons
thiswill probably
beevenmoredifficult to achieve
thanwasthelistof sym-
bols. Nearlyeveryfieldormining geologist
hasa setoffavorite
abbreviations
thathehasaccumulated
fromhisstudentdaysandwouldgiveup with reluc-
tance;moreover,
it is easyto improvise
as theneedarises.Suchabbrevi-
ations
mayormaynotbeintelligible
toothergeologists,
andin anyevent,
little
uniformityin usagecanbe found.
The following
listsof abbreviations
areincluded
in thiscompilation:
Rocks
Minerals and Metals
Colors
Grain Size
Descriptive
and StructuralTerms
SurveyingandGeneralScience
* References at end of paper.
712
 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNIC,'I TIONS 713

In compilingthe lists, a large number of referenceshas been examined,

and many colleagues on the staffsof mining companies,universities,and the
U.S. GeologicalSurvey have beenconsulted3
The lists preparedby P. D. Wilson for the Committeeof the American
MiningCongress in 1924 (2) andthe mineralabbreviations usedby the Sec-
ondaryEnrichmentResearchGrouphavebeenusedas a basisfor the present
compilationand as establishing
a precedentto be followedin caseof conflicts.
The abbreviationsand symbolsusedin the list entitled"Surveying,Measure-
mentsandGeneralScience" werelargelygatheredfromthe longlist published
by theCommittee onAbbreviations of theAmericanStandardAssociation (3).

FUNDAMENTAL RULES

Abbreviations are normallymadein two ways:

(1) The first letter of the word is given and at any placethereafter
(after oneletter,after two letters,etc.), it is cut shortwith a period;e.g.,
N. = North, syn.= syncline. The full stopis commonlyomittedin mathe-
matical abbreviationssuch as sine = sin, cosine= cos, etc., and between let-
ters such as USGS, NRA, WPB.
(2) A part of themiddlelettersof the wordis droppedout, with the first
and last lettersretainedwith or withoutothersbetween;e.g., wt--weight,
hrs--hours. A periodis not usedas it is usuallyclearthat the lettersare
abbreviations of a full word. A mixedclassis alsousedin whichthe period
at theendindicates thefinallettersof a wordaremissing,
butwithoutimplying
(asin 1) thatall thelettersupto thatpointarepresent;e.g.,cg.: centigram,
avdp.= av(oir)d(u)p(ois) (6).
Thesegeneralruleshavebeenfollowedin thepreparationof theaccompany-
ing lists. However,becauseof lackof precedence
in manyinstancesandthe
very strongpersonalelementinvolved,any list of geologicalabbreviations
must necessarilybe somewhatarbitrary. Moreocer,because of the many
wordsin thegeneralvocabulary andthemanytechnical termsusedin geology,
it is almostimpossible
to avoidconflictsand repetitions. With thesedifficul-
tiesin mind,several
moreor lessobvious rulesandsuggestions for theprepa-
rationandusageof abbreviations of geologicalandtechnical termsare given
below:

1. Abbreviations
should
beasconcise
aspossible.Two lettersareprefer-
ablefor clarityandconciseness; threemaybe necessary to avoidconflicts
and
repetitions. Use of one letter, suchas "p" for porphyry,shouldbe avoided
astooindefinite.To abbreviate a longword,a simplecontraction is possible
by leavingout the vowels. Example:sheeting--"shtg".An acceptable ab-
breviationfor certainmineralsand rocksis obtainedby leavingoff the suffix
-"ite," as "calc" for calcite (caI is not acceptablebecauseit is the standard
abbreviation for calorie).
x I wishparticularlyto thank H. E. McKinstryand K. E. Lohmanfor reviewingthe final
lists and making several helpful suggestions.
714 SCIENTIFIC ½OMMUNI½•ITIONS

2. Abbreviations,insofaras possible,shouldbe recognizablecontractions

of the longerword and shouldbe intelligibleto other geologists.
3. Short words,suchas ton, day and wad, shouldbe spelledout.
4. Useof thesameabbreviation
for morethanoneword,obviously,
should
be avoided.
5. Letters, rather than chemical symbols,should be used for minerals.
This is because
manychemicalsymbols,
suchas FeS, may applyto more
than one mineral.
6. Standard chemicalsymbols(capitalized) shouldalways be used for
the chemicalelements. For example:Fe for iron, Au for gold.
7. Standard,generallyaccepted,abbreviationsthat are in commonusage
shouldalwaysbe used. Most of the largerdictionariescontaina list of stand-
ard abbreviations.Theseshouldbe usedin notetakingrather than thinking
up new ones.
8. Lower caselettersshouldbe used,exceptwhencommonusageor other
rules specificallycall for capital letters; i.e., "C" for Centigrade or for
Cambrian.
9. The same abbreviationis used for both singular and plural, as "ls"
for limestone and limestones.
10. In notetakingor in plottingdata on maps,abbreviations shouldnot be
followedby a period, exceptwhen establishedusageor clarity requiresit.
11. Usually, it is not necessaryto have different abbreviationsfor nouns
and adjectives. The contextwill tell which is intended. Example: "amyg"
--amygdaloid or amygdaloidal;"bas"--basalt or basaltic.
12. Abbreviations,as well as symbols,usedon mapsand sections,should
be includedin the Explanation.
13. The letter symbolsusedon geologicmapsto indicateage and nameof
rock formationsor other rock units, insofar as is practicable,should follow
the practiceestablishedby the U.S. GeologicalSurvey. These usuallycon-
sistof two or moreletters--an initial capitalletter for the nameof the System
and one or more lower caseletters for the name of the rock unit; as "Qt"
for Quaternary, lower terrace deposits;"Cpr" for CarboniferousPottsville
formation.
The standardusageof suchcontractions and symbolsis illustratedon many
of the publishedU.S.G.S. maps and, although there is much flexibility in
practice,a generalstandardizationfor mostterms is apparent.
14. All geologistsin one surveyparty, or in the sameorganization,should
usethe sameabbreviations. A list of standardabbreviations,as well as sym-
bols,shouldbe availablein everymineoffice. When new or unusualabbrevi-
ationsare used,the geologistshouldpreparean explanationto accompanyhis
notes.

The rulesoutlinedabovehavebeenfollowedas closelyas possiblein pre-

paring the accompanyinglists. An attempthas beenmadeto usethosecon-
tractionsthat are commonlyusedby geologists. Even so, conflictsare diffi-
cult to avoid. For example,"en" is usedfor enargiteby mininggeologists,
 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS 715

whereas"en" denotesenstatiteto the petrographer;"fin" is used for both

galena and gneiss. Where conflictsof this nature arise, the abbreviations
usedby field and mining geologists, for whom the standardlists are designed,
have beenchosenrather than the terms used by laboratoryworkers.
Where more than oneabbreviationis in commonusagefor the sameword;
i.e., "qz", "qtz", "q" for quartz; "po", "por", "p" for porphyry,the preferred
oneis givenfirst andis followedby the others. Because of the manyconflicts,
three lettershavebeenadoptedfor colors.

ABBREVIATIONS

ROCK NAMES

Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks

agglomerate magg argillite margl
amygdaloid --amyg arkose --ark, ak
an&site --and asphalt --asph
anorthosite mano banded iron formation --bif
aplite map bitumen --bit

basalt tubas, bt conglomerate ---cg, cong,cgl

breccia mbx, bc, br chert tach, ct
diabase --db claystone
dacite --da, dct edgewiseconglomerate •ewcg
diorite •cli, dio
dolerite •clole diatomire --dtm
dunite --dun dolomite •dol, dolo
graywacke
iron formation
gabbro •gb, ga
granite mgr iron carbonate micarb, ic
granodiorite --grd, gd ironstone --is, ir
hornblendite --hbt
limestone
igneous mig marl --ml
latite --la
mudstone •ms
lava raspell out
phosphate mphos
lamprophyre --lamp
monzonite --monz, moz quartzoseiron formation•qif
norite --nor sedimentary rased
obsidian --ohs
shale rash
peridotite mpd shaly iron formation mshyif
sandstone mss
pegmatite mpeg
phonolite mphon siltstone --sit, st
pillow lava --pl travertine mtrv
porphyry mpo, por, p
pumice mpu
pyroxenite --pyxt
quartz diorite •qd
rhyolite •rhy, ry
syenite rosy
trap mtrp
trachyte mtryt, tyt
tuff raspell out, tu
speruliticpillow lava mspl
716 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS

Metamorphic rocks General

anthracite --anth batholith --bath

amphibolite --amp, amph dike --dk
ellipsoidal greenstone ---el gs lopolith --lopo
gneiss ---gns mineral --min, mnl
greenstone pluton --plut
injection gneiss --inj gns rock
magnetic slate --mag sl specimen --spec
magnetic graywacke --mag gw stock --spell out
marble --mb stone --stn
metamorphic --meta volcano --vol
paragneiss --pagns
orthogneiss --orgns

phyllite mphy
quartzite --qte
schist --sch
serpentine --serp, sert
slate --sl

MINERAL AND METAL ABBREVIATIONS

Acanthite Baddeleyite --bad

Actinolite Barite --ba
Adularia --adu Bauxite --baux
Agnilarite Becquerelite --bec
Aikinite Bementite --bem
Alabandite --abn Biotite --bio
Albite Bismuth --Bi
Algodonite --alg Bismuthinite --bm
Allanite --all Bornite --bn
Alunite Boulangerite --bl
Altaite --at Bournonite --bo
Amalgam --amal Brannerite --bran
Amblygonite --amb Braunite
Bravoite --by
Amphibole --amp
Analcite --anal Breithauptite --btp
Andorite --ad
Calamine --cala
Anglesite --ang
--anh Calaverite --ca, cl
Anhydrite
Animikite --anm Calcite --calc
Ankerite --ank Canfieldite ---can

Carbon --C, cbn, cb

Annabergite --anna

Anorthite --an Carbonate --carb

--Sb Carnotite -•carn
Antimony
Antlerite --ant Carrolite
Cassiterite --cs, ct, cx
Apatite
Celestite --cel
Aragonite •ara

Argentite --arg Cerargyrite -•cer

Cerrusite --ce
Argyrodite
Chalcocite
Arsenopyrite --asp
Arsenic --As Chalcopyrite -•ccp
Atacamite --ata Chalcanthite --chin
Chalcostibite •cb
Augite --aug
Autunite --aut Chalmersite --cm

Azurite Chert --ch

 SCIœNTIFIC
COMMUNIC.,t
TIONS ?17
Chloanthite •dn, d Goethite --goe, gt
Chlorite --ehl Gold --Au
Chromite --or Goldfieldite --glf
Chryscolla -•ehrys Goldschmidtite --glm
Cinnabar Gossan --gos
Clausthalite --ct Graphite --graph
Clay --spell out Greenockite --gk
Cobalt --Co Grunerire --grun
Cobaltite --CO]) Guanajuatite --gt
Coffinite --col Guitermanite
Coloradoite --colo Gummite --gum
Columbite •olu Gypsum --gyps
Coolgardite •ool
Halloysite ---hi
Copper Hausmannite --hs
Corundum --cot
Hematite --hem
Cosalite -•cos
Hessire --hs
Corellite --cv
Hewettite --htt
Crookesite
Histrixite --his
Cubanire --cn
Hornblende --hb
Cuprite --cup
Huebnerite --hub
Cummingtonite --ctlm

Cylindrite ---cy Ilmenite --il

Iron --Fe
Datolite --dat
Itabirite --ita
Descloizite --des
Diaphorite --diap Jalpaite
Dickite --dick
Jamesonite --jm
Diopside --diop Jarosite --jar
Dolomite --dol, dolo Jasper --j as
Domeykite •om
Jasperoid --jasp
Dyscrasite --dy Jordanite
EpibouMngerite --epib Kalgoorlite --klg
Epidote ---ep Kaolinite --kaol
Emplectite --emp Keweenawite --keew
Enargite -•en Kermesite
Enstatite -•ens
Klaprotholite
Erythrozincite ---eryz Kobellite --ko
Erythrite ---ery Krennerite
Euxenite Kyanite
Famatinite --fm Labradorite --lab
Ferberite --ferb Laterite --It
Fergusonite --ferg Laumontite --laum
Feldspar --fs, felds Lead --Pb
Fluorite --fl Lepidolite --lep
Franckeite --fc, {r Limonite --lim, lm
Franklinite Linnaeite --ln
Freieslebenite --freis Livingstonire --liv
Loellingite --lo
Galena Luzonite --lz
Gangue --G
Garnet --gar Magnetite --mag, mg
Garnierite --garn Malachite --mala, mc
Geocronite Manganite --man, rang
Gersdorffite --gœ Marcasite --mar, ms
Gibbsite --gibb Matildite
GMucodot --gld Melonite --melon
 718 SCIENTIFICCOMMUNICATIONS
Meneghinite --mene Silicate --sil
Metacinnabarite Silver ---Ag
Miargyrite --my Sillmanite --sill
Millerite --ml Skutterudite --sk
Mineral --rain, mnl Smaltite --sm
Mohawkite --mk Smithite --smtt
Molybdenite --mo Smithsonite --smith
Muscovite --mus, my Specularite --specul
Nagyagite --rig
Sperrylite --sperry
Naumannite --rim
Sphalerite --sp
Nephelite Sphene --sph
--neph Stannite --start
Niccolite --rlC
Stephanire --stp
Oligoclase --ol Stibnite --stib
Olivine --OV Stilpnomelane --stilp
Orthoclase --or Stromeyerite --strom
Orpiment ---orp Stutzite --stut
Oxide •OX Stylotypite --sty
Sulfide --sulf
Patronire --pat Sulfur --S
Pearcite --pc
Pentlandire Sylvanite
•pn, pent
Petzite --pet Talc
Phosphate --phos Tantalite --tan
Pitchblende --pthb Teallite --teal
Plagionite Telluride --tell
Platinum --Pt Tellurium --T
Plumbojarosite --pbi Temiskamite
Polyargyrite --plgy Tennantite --tn
Polybasite --plb Tenorite
Polydymite Tetrahedrite
Polyhalite --pyh Tetradymite
Prehenite --prh Thomsonite --thom
Proustite --pu, pru Thorite --thor
Psilomelane --psi Thucolite --thuc
Pyrargyrite Tiemannite --tie
Pyrite Tin --Sn
Pyrodore --pyl Titanire --tit
Pyrolusite --pyrl Topaz --tz
Pyromorphite --pymp Torbernite --torb
Pyroxene --px, pyx Tourmaline --tl
Pyrrhotite --po, pyrr Tremolite
Troilite
Quartz --qz, qtz, q
Quicksilver --Hg Tungsten --W
Turquoise --turq
Rammelsbergite --rm Turgite --turg
Realgat Tyuyamunite --tyuy
Rhodochrosite --rhod
Rhodonite --rho Ullmannite --ul
Rutile Umangite --um
Uraninite --uran
Safilorite
Uranophane --urp
Scheelite --shee ß

Semseyite --sems Vanadinite --van

Sericite --set, sr Vein quartz --vqz
Serpentine --serp, sert Vermiculite --verm
Siderite --sid, sd Violarite --vl
Siegenite Voltzite --VO
 SCIœNTIPlC COMMUNICATIONS 719

Warrenire mwa Zeolite •zeo

Whitneyite --wh Zinc --Zn

Willyamite --wy Zincite --znc
Wolframite mwf Zinkenite •zk
Wollastonite --woll Zippeite •zip
Wulfenite --wulf Zircon --zr

Wurtzite --wurt Zunyite •zun

COLOR ABBREVIATIONS

black blk, bk, bl light lgt, It

blue blu, bl, bu
bright brt orange oran
brown brn, br, bn purple purp, pp
buff buf, bf
red red, rd
chocolate choc,cho
steel stl
dark drk
violet rio
drab drb
white wht
gray gry, gy
green grn yellow yel, yw, yl

GRAIN AND TEXTURAL SIZES

Quantitative measurementsare always desirableand shouldbe recordedwhen-

ever possible. However, it is frequentlydifficultto be precisein geologicalfield
work and, therefore, qualitative terms are commonlyused and are acceptable,par-
ticularly if the qualitativeterms are given quantitativelimits. In specificdistricts,
after considerableexperienceand many measurements, it is possibleto placequanti-
tative limits on various expressions. For example, on the Colorado Plateau the
U.S. GeologicalSurvey usesthe following terms for recordinggrain size during
field mapping and logging core.

Wentworth Scale Millimeters Abbreviations *

Very fine 0.060-0.125 vf

Fine 0.125-0.210 fn
Medium fine 0.210-0.300 mfn
Medium 0.300-0.420 md
Medium coarse 0.420-0.600 mcse
Coarse 0.600-1.000 cse
Very coarse 1.000-2.000 vcse
ß Abbreviations suggestedby writer.

A good,practicalfield classification
of sizesis the following:
Very fine grained Grains not observedby nakedeye• vfg
i.e., microcrystalline cherts
Fine grained Less than 1 mm fng
Medium grained 1-10 mm mdg
Coarse grained 1-2 cm csg

Very coarse grained 2 cm+ vcsg

720 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS

Terms used by U.S.G.S. on Colorado Plateau:

pebbles More than 4 mm + or 0.15 in peb
granules Less than 4 mm or 0.15 in and more gran
than 2 mm or 0.08 in
flakes Paper thin, with two long dimensions fks
seams Less than 0.1 ft. thick sms

films Usually along lamination or cross- fms

lamination planes

DESCRIPTIVE AND STRUCTURAL TERMS

abundant --abun crushed ---crsd

altered --alt crystalline --xln
alteration --altn crystalline, coarsely --xln-c
angular --ang crystalline, finely --xln-f
arenaceous --aren crystallized --xld
argillaceous --argill
dark •rk
asphaltic --asph dense •ns
band --bnd dike •k
banded --bndd discard --dscd
disseminated •dissm
banding --bndg
bed --bd distributed •distr
bedded --bdd dragfold --dfld
bedded, thick --tkbd
--tnbd ellipsoidal •lp
bedded, thin enriched ---enr
bedding --bdg extrusive --extr
below --blw
between --btwn fault --fit
bentonitic --bent favorable --fay
bitumin --bitum --ferr
ferruginous
bleb --blb fine ---fn
border --bor fissle --fss, fsl
bottom --bot fissure --riss, fisr
break --brk flakes --fks
broken --bkn
flow cleavage ---flclvg
fold ---fid
calcareous ---calc foliation ---foli
carbonaceous •rb, carbon foot wall --FNC
cement •mt formation --frm
cherry --chty fossil --loss
cindery --cndy fracture --frac
cleavage --clvg fracture cleavage --frac cleav
clear ---clr
fragmental --fragl
coarse •se
fragments --frag
compact •pt friable --fri
composition •omp
concentration --conc glass --gls
concretion -•concr gouge --go
condense --spell out grade --grad
condition •ond gradational --gradl
conductivity ---conduct grain --grn or
considerable --consid spell out
cross-bedded --x-bdd, xb grained --grn, grnd
crumpled --crump granular --gran
 SCIENTIFICCOMMUNI½,'tTIONS 721
residue --res
ground --gro
Mresd
gneissosity --gny residual
rock
hanging wall --H N• r . rocks
hard --hd round Mrnd
heterogeneous --here
high grade --h.g. sand Msd
sandy --sdy
igneous scarce --sear
impregnated Mimpreg schistosity Msehis
inclined Mincl sediment --sed
inclusions --inclus Mshrd
sheared
indurated Mindur
sheeting Mshtg
irregular Mirreg siliceous Msilic
interbedded Mintbd --slick
slickensides
intrusive Mintr
slightly --sly
soft Msft
joint
jointing Mjotg specimen Mspec
sticky --stky
lamination --lain stock --spell out
lean stone --stn
linearion --lin straie --spell out
location Mloc strained --spell out
low grade streak Mstrk
strike Mstr
magnetic mmag
strong Mstrg
massive --roSY
mstruc
structure
material --mat
medium --reed tarnished Mtnshd
metamorphic Mmeta thick
mineral Mmin, mnl thick bedded --tkbd
mineralized --minz thin bedded Mtnbd
mixed --mxd
mottled --mot undulating Mund
unfavorable --unfav
o61itic --ooi unoxidized --unox

opaque --opq
variable --var
outcrop ---otp• OCtotc
oxidized •X
vein
veined Mvnd
pebble --peb veinlet --vnlt
phenocrysts --phen very
porphyry --por volcanic --vol
predominantly --pred wash --spell out
proportion Mprop
weathered --wth
rare Mspell out weak Mwk
refractory --r fry with

ABBREVIATIONS FOR SURVEYING AND GENERAL SCIENCE

acre Mspell out barometer Mbar

adit --spell out barrel --bbl
angle base --spell out
atmosphere Matm bench mark
atomic weight Mat wt back sight
average --avg boiling point --bp
avoirdupois --avdp bushel Mbu
azimuth --az
?22 SCIENTIFICCOMMUNIC.xlTION$
calorie --cal lessthan
candle •n
liquid --liq
cent
liter --spell out
center --cent longitude --long
center line low pressure
Centigrade --C
centimeter -•-cm
manhole
chemical •hem mass -•spell out
chemicallypure maximum --max
churn drill hole --cdh meltingpoint
circular •ir meter --m
concentrate •onc
mile --mi
constant •onst millimeter
cord •d minimum --min
cubic minute (angular
cubic foot --ft s measurement) --min or '
cubic centimeter CC• cm s minute (time) --spell out
molecular weight --mol wt
day --spell out month --spell out
degree •cleg or ø monument --mort
diamond drill hole •cldh
diameter --diam nail --na
outside diam
inside diam ounce
--i.d.
dozen --doz
drill hole --dh parallel --//
parts per million --ppm
elevation ---elev penny •d
equation •q
pennyweight •clwt
external point of intersection --P.I.
point of tangency
Fahrenheit •F point --pt
foot •ft pound --lb
fore sight •F.S.
freezing point •p railway --ry
railroad
frequency •req
range
gallon raise
•gal
gram road
•g
grain •grn or
section
spell out
greater than second (time)
second (angular
height of instrument •H.I. measurement) --//sec
high pressure •h-p specific gravity --sp gr
horsepower square ---sq
hour •hr square foot --sq ft or if:
standard --std
inch •in stadia station
internal •int stake --stk
interval •invl
tack --spell out
kilogram •kg temperature --temp
kilometer ton --spell out
kilowatt township --twp
latitude •lat turning point •(D or T.P.
 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNIC•ITION$ ?25

tunnel --tun winze •wz

triangulation station __A weight

traverse.point --© or tp
yard
vertical --vert or _1_ year

3950 LANGLEYCOURT,N.W.,
WASHINGTON16, D.C.,
May 1, 1956

REFERENCES

1. New List of Map Symbols,Map Symbol Committee (Ernst Cloos,Lewis B. Pusey, W. W.

Rubey, E. N. Goddard): U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D.C.
2. Wilson, P. D., 1925, Report on methods of mine sampling, recording underground geological
data and estimation of ore reserves: American Mining Congress, report of the proceed-
ings of the 27th annual convention, Sacramento, Calif., p. 332-351.
3. American Standard Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms, March, 1941 (List
adopted by Executive Committee on Dec. 6, 1950, for use in U.S. Geological Survey
reports).
4. Stratigraphic Nomenclature in Reports of the lJ. S. Geological Survey, 1953, Geologic
Names Committee. (For official use within the Geological Survey.)
5. Form of Abbreviations and Bibliographic References Commonly Used in Geological Publi-
cations. Published by the U.S. Geological Survey for the guidance of its staff members.
6. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 4th Edition, Reprinted and Revised
1954, Oxford University Press, Amen House, London, E.C. 4.