Cellphone display- the glass that used in the cellphone display in the past generation of the

technology are the glass and the ceramic which is most commonly known as ceramic glass.
Ceramic and glass are composed of many properties. The properties of Glass is an amorphous
solid, because it lacks a crystalline structure. The molecules are not in any kind of order but are
arranged more like a liquid, yet they are frozen in place. Because glass does not contain planes
of atoms that can slip past each other, there is no way to relieve stress. Excessive stress forms a
crack, and molecules on the surface of the crack become separated. As the crack grows, the
intensity of the stress increases, more bonds break, and the crack widens until the glass breaks.
In the Ceramics, on the other hand, tend to be crystalline and they are often characterized by
ionic bonds between positive and negative ions, even though they can also contain covalent
bonds. When they form crystals, the strong force of attraction between ions of opposite
charges in the planes of ions makes it difficult for one plane to slip past another. Ceramics are
therefore brittle. They resist compression, but they can break when they are bent. The
combination of glass and ceramic forms a material that is tougher and stronger than each of the
materials by themselves. A glass-ceramic is formed by overheating the glass, so a portion of its
structure is transformed into a fine-grained crystalline material. Glass-ceramics are at least 50%
crystalline, and in some cases, they are more than 95% crystalline.
In the generation of gorilla glass that used in the modern technology especially the smartphone
touchscreen it is very popular that the screen of the phone is a gorilla glass and this glass is
known for being strong. On the Laboratory tests have shown that Gorilla Glass can withstand
100,000 pounds of pressure per square inch!
Gorilla Glass is composed of an oxide of silicon and aluminum—also called aluminosilicate glass
—along with sodium ionsBut Gorilla Glass gains its tremendous strength through one final step,
in which the glass is chemically strengthened. The glass is put into a molten bath of potassium
salt, usually potassium nitrate, at 300 °C. Because the potassium ions are more reactive than
sodium ions, they displace them. Potassium atoms are bigger than sodium atoms, and the same
holds true for ions—potassium ions are much larger than sodium ions. Therefore, these
potassium ions take up more space in the glass than do sodium ions. Gorilla Glass, which is used
in smartphone displays, is a type of glass that is strengthened by the addition of potassium ions,
which replace smaller sodium ions. In the same way, as the larger potassium ions push against
each other, the glass is compressed. Compressed glass is very strong. As a result of this
compression, a lot of elastic potential energy is stored in the glass, much like the elastic
potential energy that you might find in a compressed spring.

Solar cells- are also known as photovoltaic cells, that are found in application used in the
calculators and in the satellites. Special materials are used for the construction of photovoltaic
cells. These materials are called semiconductors. The most commonly used semiconductor
material for the construction of photovoltaic cells is silicon-A number of the earliest
photovoltaic (PV) devices have been manufactured using silicon as the solar cell material and it
is still the most popular material for solar cells today..
Several forms of silicon are used for the construction; they are single-crystalline-The molecular
structure of single-crystal silicon is uniform. This uniformity is ideal for the transfer of electrons
efficiently through the material. However, in order to make an effective photovoltaic cell,
silicon needs to be "doped" with other elements.
, multi-crystalline- Multi-crystalline silicon is normally considered less efficient than single-
crystal silicon. On the other hand, multi-crystalline silicon devices are less expensive to produce.
The casting process is the most common means of producing multi-crystalline silicon on a
commercial scale.
and amorphous-Amorphous silicon can absorb 40 times more solar radiation than single-crystal
silicon. This is one of the main reasons why amorphous silicon can reduce the cost of
photovoltaics. Amorphous silicon can be coated on low-cost substrates such as plastics and
glass. This makes amorphous silicon ideal for building-integrated photovoltaic products. Other
materials used for the construction of photovoltaic cells are polycrystalline thin films such as
copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide.

Space telescope mirrors- Mirrors for space telescopes require special materials. That's where
beryllium comes in. Beryllium is a light metal (atomic symbol: Be) with many features that make
it desirable to be used for the Webb Telescope's mirrors.

Beryllium is steel-gray in color, very strong for its weight and good at holding its shape across a
range of temperatures, which is just what it would encounter in space. Beryllium is also a good
conductor of electricity and heat and is not magnetic. It also has one of the highest melting
points of the light metals.
What's also interesting is that beryllium is a relatively rare element in both the Earth and the
universe, because stable forms of beryllium are not formed either in the atomic reactions inside
stars or in the Big Bang. Instead, when carbon and oxygen atoms in the gas between the stars
collide with each other or are struck by other particles, the nucleus of the atoms will
occasionally break into up into the lighter elements lithium, beryllium and boron.

Here on Earth, most of the beryllium exists in minerals such as beryl and bertrandite. It is also a
component of the precious gems aquamarine, red beryl and emerald. Currently, most industrial
production of beryllium is accomplished by a chemical reaction between beryllium fluoride and
magnesium metal.
Beryllium is used to develop parts for supersonic (faster-than-the-speed-of-sound) airplanes
and the Space Shuttle, because it is both lightweight and strong. It is also used in gyroscopes,
computer equipment, watch springs and instruments where light weight, rigidity and
dimensional stability are needed.

Beryllium is actually highly toxic to plants, animals and humans. It's not necessary or useful for
life. In fact, it has no known role in living organisms. So, during the manufacturing and handling,
special care has to be taken when working with it, because it is unhealthy to breathe in or
swallow beryllium dust.
Military body armor- it can use any of the three materials which are: Kevlar, steel and
Polyethylene (PE) are the most used materials in the manufacture of body armor. Kevlar and PE
are mainly used to make soft body armor, while steel and ceramic are used to make hard body
armor.

PE and Kevlar have revolutionized the development and manufacture of body armor. Body
armor before the introduction of PE and Kevlar was bulky and rather uncomfortable to wear.
Kevlar is way lighter and is said to be up to five times harder and stronger than steel.
PE (Polyethylene) body armor is the best in all fronts. It is lighter than Kevlar, and up to 15
times stronger than steel. PE is a thermoplastic material. PE body armor is manufactured by
bonding Unidirectional UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) fibers over a
high-density PE sheet. PE body armor plates work in a very unique way.

Lightweight bicycle frames- in making a bicycle frames there are four types of materials can be
used which are the steel, titanium, carbon fiber and the aluminum, as being then lightest frame
material even lighter than carbon and titanium. It makes aluminum frames great choices for
racing and time trialing. And, unlike steel, aluminum won't rust and that’s another advantage.