Circuit Breakers Gyanendra Sharma NPTI Delhi

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 1
SUPPLY SYSTEM

FUNCTION OF SUBSTATION
• Protection of transmission system

• Controlling the exchange of energy
• Ensuring steady state and transient stability
• Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism
• Voltage control and reactive power compensation
• Securing the supply by providing adequate line capacity and facility for changing
transmission paths

• Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network monitoring,control and
protection
• Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines and tie lines
• Fault analysis and pin pointing the cause and subsequent improvements
• Establishing economic load distribution

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION
Based on service:
• Static substations
• Converting substations
• Switching substations
• Power factor correction substation
• Frequency changing substations
Based on service voltage:
EHV substations,primary substations,secondary
substations,distribution substations,industrial substations

Based on type of mounting
 Indoor type substation
 Outdoor type substation
Switchyard / main station
Sub station
Based on configuration:
 Conventional open terminal substations
 Gas insulated substation(GIS)
 Composite substations having combination of the above

SWITCHGEARS
• Isolate or connect the electrical circuit between source to load

• Making & breaking an electrical circuit under abnormal
conditions
• It is also a safety device, which provided protection against
abnormal conditions. All electrical machines like generator or
transformer, motors & transmission line
SwitchGears like load break switch, earth
switch,isolators(disconnecting switch, circuit breakers)

ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITION
 Insulation failure
 Phase to phase fault(2 phase or 3 phase)
 Variations in load like unbalanced load
 System instability like frequency and voltage variation
 Power swings and reverse power
 Temperature Rise

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• Basically, an AC circuit breaker is a piece of switchgear that can

• withstand the momentary short-circuit current
• interrupt the short-circuit current at the current zero following contact parting
• withstand the transient recovery voltage across its open contacts

CIRCUIT BREAKER
Based upon current interruption & arc quenching Types

 Air Circuit Breaker(ACB)
 Air blast Circuit Breaker(ABCB)
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker(BOCB)
 Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker(MOCB)
 Sulphur Hexa Fluoride(SF6)
 Ultra Vacuum Breaker(VCB)

COMPARISON OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Sl.N Type Medium Voltage- Design Remarks
o. breaking Features
Capacity
1 Air break Air at 430-600 V, 5- Arc runners, Used for medium

CB atmospher 35 MVA arc splitters, low voltages AC, DC
ic recently 3.6- magnetic industrial CBs. Have
pressure 12 kV,500 coils current limiting
MVA features
2 Miniature Air at 430-600 V small size, Used for low and

CB atmospher current medium voltages
ic limiting
pressure feature
3 Bulk oil Dielectric 12 kV, 3.6 kV One tank up Getting obsolete.

CB oil to 36 kV, 3 Used up to 12 kV,
tanks above 500 MVA
36 kV fitted
with arc
control
devices
03/27/2021 GYANENDRA SHARMA 11

Capacity
4 Minimum Dielectric Preferred for The circuit Used for metal

oil CB oil 3.6 kV to145 kV breaking enclosed switchgear
chamber is up to 36 kV. Out door
separate from type between 36 and
supporting 245 kV. Now
chamber. superseded by SF6
Small size arc CB
control device
is used
5 Air - blast Compresse 245 kV, Unit type Suitable for EHV
d air(20-30 35000MVA up construction. applications, fast
kg/sq cm) to 1100 kV, Several units opening, closing. Also
50000 MVA per pole. for arc furnace duty.
Auxiliary Now superseded by
compressed SF6 CB for 145 kV and
air system above.
required.

Capacity
6 SF6 CB SF6 gas (5 145kv,7500 One Suitable for SF6,
kg/ sq.cm) MVA interrupter switchgear and
SF6 Gas (3 245 kV, per pole up medium voltage
kg/ sqcm) 10000MVA to 245 kV switchgear. EHV CB
2 kV,1000MVA Maintenance free
36kV, 2000
MVA
420 kV, 40 kA
7 Vacuum Vacuum Preferred for Variety of Suitable for variety of
CB indoor switch designs, long applications from 3.6
gear rated up life, modest kV to 36 kV
to36 kV, 750 maintenance
MVA
8 HVDC Oil or Air 33kV, 2kA Artificial Used for metallic
CB blast current zero return Transfer
by switching breaker
in capacitors.

Present trends in Choice of Circuit Breakers
Rated Voltage Preferred Type Remarks
Below 1 kV (Low Air Break CB Metal enclosed Switch gear

Voltage) Metal enclosed control gear

3.6 kV to 12 kV Vacuum Circuit Breakers Metal enclosed Switch gear

SF6 CB for Indoor use
Vacuum switch gear
Single pressure SF6 referred
36 kV Minimum oil CB Out door type or in Kiosk

Vacuum CB MOCB becoming obsolete
SF6 CB
145 kV and 245 kV Minimum oil CB outdoor SF6 CB preferred

SF6 out door puffer type MOCB becoming obsolete

420 kV SF6 out door type SF6 CB preferred


LOAD BREAK SWITCH
• LBS is an interrupting device, which can break the circuit at 7 to 8 times of the rated
current
• Breaking the load current
• Installed in the same circuit or back up by CB’S

EARTH SWITCH
• ES is connected between the line conductor and earth

• Normally open
• When the line is disconnected, the ES is closed , to
discharge the voltage trapped in the line
• ES is mounted on the frame of isolator
• To avoid Accident
Before proceeding to the maintenance work this voltage
is discharged to the earth by closing the earth switch

ISOLATORS(DISCONNECTING SWITCH)
o Isolators Operate Under No Load Condition

o Isolators are used for Breaking, Charging the Transmission line
o Isolators are provided on both side of the CB in order to ensure
Isolation(disconnection) of the CB from the main parts for the purpose of
Maintenance
o Generally 3- Pole Isolators( 3 Identical Pole) are Used
o Simultaneous operation Is obtained By Interlocking Of The 3 Poles(all The 3
Pole,there Is A Common Operating Mechanism)
Operating Mechanism – Electrical Motor/Pneumatic System
Isolators Types
 Single Break Switch,
 centre Break Or Double Break Type
 Pantograph Type
INTERLOCK BETWEEN CB& ISOLATOR
• Isolators can not operate unless the CB is open

• Bus-I& bus-II isolator can not be closed
simultaneously
• Isolator can not operate when earth switch on
• Only one bay(one feeder load) can be taken on by-
pass or transfer bus

BUS COUPLER
• Interconnecting the two buses

• It prevents the over loading of of any bus
• BC in service, Excess power will flow from one bus to the other

BASIC REQUIREMENT OF A BUS BAR
SYSTEM
• Capacity
• High degree of flexibility in operation
• Reliability
• Safety
• Desired freedom from total shutdown
• Simplicity
• Provision for extension
• Selective protective zone
• Easy maintenance
• Switching sequence with minimum outage under normal
operation,emergency,faulty operation and post fault operation

DESIGN OF BUS BARS
• Current density
• Electrical adequacy
• Mechanical adequacy
• Economy

SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGMENT

SINGLE BUS BAR WITH SECTIONALIZER

BREAKER AND A HALF SCHEME

DOUBLE BUS WITH TRANSFER BUS

Lines Lines
Lines Lines
Main Bus1
Main Bus
Transfer
Bus Main Bus2
Transformer Transformer Transformer Transformer

Line Line
Main Bus1
Main Bus2
Transfer Bus

Transformer Transformer
PROTECTIVE FUSE &RELAYS
• An automatic device and it senses the abnormal conditions (Detect the fault)in the
power system and gives alarm intern isolate the unhealthy system
• Supply the information to the CB for Circuit interruption

RELAY CIRCUIT

D.C.SYSTEM
• Battery plays a vital role in the substation.Not only during

emergencies for backups and during normal working conditions
such as tripping of circuit breakers.
• Battery are one which stores electrical energy in the form of
chemical energy
• Depending on substations it can be 110V, or 220V DC. The
number of cells connected in series
• Most commonly used cells are LEAD ACID BATTERIES
• Each lead acid cell is two volts.
• Depending on the system, 55 cells or 110cells are connected in
series

Interrupting time
Contact parting time
Tripping Opening Arcing
delay time time
t
Initiation Trip Primary Arc on

of short circuit contacts primary
circuit energized part contacts
extinguished
Sequence of events in AC circuit breaking: after relays
detect fault and energize trip coil, breaker contacts open,
arc is established and then extinguished at a current zero

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
o Low voltage (less than 1000 V) or medium and high voltage Molded case or power
circuit breakers
o Operating medium
o Low-voltage circuit breakers use air
o Higher-voltage circuit breakers can use oil, SF6 gas, or a vacuum

WAYS TO CONTROL ARCING
 Arc chutes
 Parallel plates placed above the contacts to divert the arc
 Arc forced into the arc chutes
 Small arcs travel up the chutes Use other mediums
 Medium and high voltage

Other Mediums
Open contacts in a vacuum
Arc cannot exist in a vacuum
Current chopping
 Air blast
Force air between the contacts to
lengthen the arc
SF6 or oil
Quenches the arc

ARCING PROBLEMS
 Inductive loads will cause substantial arcs when knife switches are used
 Arcs consist of ionized air through which currents flow
 Arcs are extinguished when the contacts are far apart

WAYS TO LIMIT ARCING
• Speed
• Springs to quickly force the contacts apart
• Limits the duration and severity Arcing contacts
• Arcing leads to pitting of the contacts
• Two sets of contacts
• Main contacts with good conduction
• Arcing contacts with heavy-duty surface

Principle:
Arc interruption process is based on natural
DEIONISATION of gases by COOLING ACTION
VARIOUS TYPES OF ACB

PLAIN BREAK TYPE
MAGNETIC BLOW-OUT TYPE
ARC SPLITTER TYPE

PLAIN BREAK TYPE:
• The circuit breaker contacts are made in shape of

horn.
• Arc strikes across the shortest distance between
horns.
• As contacts go on separating, gap between them
increases.
• when horns are fully separated arc is lengthened
and cooled arc is extinguished.

DIS ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
• SLOWNESS OF PROCESS
• ARC IS SPREADING TO ADJACENT METAL WORK
• APPLICATION:
• VOLTAGE IS 500V, APPLICABLE TO LOW POWER

CIRCUITS

MAGNETIC BLOW-OUT TYPE
 Extinction of arc is carried out by means of magnetic

blast.
 The arc is subjected to the magnetic field set up by coils
connected in series with circuit being interrupted.
 The magnetic blow out coils help the arc being magnetically
blown out.
 Arc is blown magnetically into arc chutes- arc is
lengthened, cooled and extinguished.
 Arc shield prevents spreading of arc to adjacent metal
work.

ARC CHUTE
 It confines the arc within a restricted space.

 It provides magnetic control of the movement of arc, so that extinction occurs within the
device.
 Provides rapid cooling of gases to ensure extinction by DEIONISATION.

circuit-breaker-release[1].swf

ARC SPLITTER TYPE
o The blow out consists of steel inserts in the arching chutes

o It is arranged so that the magnetic field induced in them by the current in the arc moves
upwards still faster.
o Steel plates divide the arc into number of short arc in series.

ARC SPLITTER TYPE(CONT..)
o Distribution of voltage along length of arc across plates are not linear and have large
voltage drop.
o Voltage drop helps for quick extinction.
o Arc come in contact with cool surface are of steel plates, it gets rapidly and effectively
cooled.

AIR BLAST
CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Used on 11 kV to 1100 kV
• Also called compressed air CB
• high-pressure air is forced on the arc through a nozzle at the instant of contact separation.
• The ionised particles between the contacts are blown away by the blast of the compressed air.
• After the arc extinction, the chamber is filled with high-pressure air, which prevents restrike
• High-pressure air, at a pressure of 20 to 30 kg/cm 2 is stored in the Air reservoir

TYPICAL RATINGS OF AIR BLAST CB
• 12 kV, 40 kA
• 22 kV, 40 kA
• 145 kV, 40 kA, 3 cycle
• 245 kV, 40 kA, 50 kA, 2 ½ cycle
• 420 kV, 40 kA, 50 kA, 63.5 kA, 2 cycle

DOUBLE ARC EXTINCTION CHAMBER

PRINCIPLE OF ARC QUENCHING

RESISTANCE SWITCHING
• Post zero resistance of contact space is high
• The contact clearance space is filled with high-pressure air
after final current zero and also the high-pressure air has high
dielectric strength
• The high restriking voltage appearing across the contacts
does not damp out through the contact gap because of the
high post zero resistance
• If these voltages are not allowed to discharge, they may
cause break down of insulation of the circuit breaker or the
neighbouring equipment
• To overcome this difficulty, “Resistance switching” is adopted.
The usual procedure is to connect a resistance across the arc

RESISTANCE SWITCHING
• During the opening operation air is admitted in the arc-

extinguishing chamber
• It separates main contacts and pushes the auxiliary
contacts.
• The auxiliary contacts close, thereby the resistors are
connected a cross the arc for a short time
• Immediately after arc extinction, the pressure on either
side of the piston of auxiliary contacts gets so
adjusted that the auxiliary contacts open and resistor
circuit is interrupted

SWITCHING RESISTORS

HIGH SPEED OF OPERATION
• The compressed air moves very fast for opening operation.

• The arcing time is also short. Hence total breaking time is
short.
• Operating mechanism is pneumatic.
• The arcing time is around 10 milli-seconds, i.e. ½ cycle for
operating the contacts.
• Hence breaker speed of the order of 2 cycles can be
achieved.
• This makes suitable for auto re-closure duty also.

MERTIS OF ABCB
o Can be used at high pressure.

o Reliable operation due to external source of extinguishing
energy.
o Free from decomposition.
o Freely available everywhere.
o At high pressure, small contact travel is enough.
o Same air serves the purpose of moving the contact and
arc extinction.

DEMERITS OF ABCB
 Complex design of arc extinction champer and OM

 Problems due to switching over voltages (reduced by
inserting pre-closing resistors).
 Auxiliary Hi-pressure air system is necessary.
 Cost increases with several breakers in the switch yard.
 Problem arising out of compressed air system.(leakages,O-
rings, leakages at joints, dryers)

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
 Absorption of Arc energy by DECOMPOSITION.

 Arc cooling by hydrogen gas- has high diffusion rate and good heat absorption in
changing from diatomic to non atomic state.
 Ability of cold oil of high electric strength to flow into the arc space after current zero.

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (CONTN..)
 Natural insulation value of oil enabling clearness to be minimized.

 Demerits:
 Flammability
 Possible formation of explosive due to air-gas mixture.
 Maintenance (change of oil sludge, purifying)

MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
• Bulk oil circuit breaker-large quantity of oil
• small quantity is necessary for arc extinction.
• The large quantity is necessary to provide insulation
between the live parts and the earthed steel tank.
• The entire oil in the tank is likely to get deteriorated
due to sludge formation in the proximity of arc.
• entire oil needs replacement.
• For HV, tank type oil circuit breaker looses its
simplicity.
• Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker.
• requires less oil.
CONSTRUCTION
• Breaker pole
• Base frame
• Operating mechanism
• Support structure

BREAKER POLE
· Interrupter unit

• · Support insulator
• · Operating insulator

INTERRUPTER UNIT
• The top half of the pole filled completely with oil and is
supported by the support insulators.
• Interrupter unit mainly consists of two terminals,
extinguishing chamber, etc.
• The fixed contact is a socket type, mounted at the top
of the interrupting chamber.
• The fixed contact consists of a set of spring loaded
contact fingers providing necessary contact pressure
• The moving contact is a plug type which initiates
making and breaking of the currents and moves
vertically up wards and downwards

SUPPORT INSULATOR
• Bottom half of the breaker pole.

• This is of solid core or hollow porcelain
• The support insulator provides the necessary insulation between the lower terminal and
the earthed base frame
• provides support to the interrupter chamber.

OPERATING INSULATOR
• The operating force to the moving contact is transmitted

by means of a solid core porcelain-operating insulator.
• This rotary or operating insulator is coupled to the
moving contact in the interrupting chambers
• The operating force to the moving contact is transmitted
by fibreglass pull rod housed in the hollow support
insulator

BASE FRAME
• The support and operating insulators are mounted on each base frame.
• The number of base frames per phase may be one or more.
• The base frame essentially consists of an operating arm to connect the pull rods

OPERATING MECHANISM
• This is a motor operated spring closing type

• The operating mechanism mainly consists of a set of
closing springs to close the breaker at the required
speed,
• Spring charging motor for charging of the closing
springs.
• Limit switch is mainly to break and make the power
supply to the motor depending upon the position of the
closing spring.

SUPPORT STRUCTURE
• The base frame, on which the breaker poles rest will be supported at an elevation from
the ground on the support structure.
• The support structure shall be mounted on concrete foundations.

MODE OF OPERATION
• Operating duty
O-0.3Sec-CO-3Min-CO.

CLOSING OPERATION
• Closing command to the closing coil
• The catch system gets released
• Closing force by discharging of closing springs is
transmitted to the operating rod by link system.
• The operating rod connecting the mechanism and breaker
moves in a vertical plane.
• This motion is transmitted to the operating axle in the base
frame and from there to the operating lever to which the
fibre glass rod along with the moving contact is connected.

OPENING OPERATION
• The opening spring in the base frame at the end of the

pull rod system
• This will be charged during the closing operation
• This always exerts force on the operating rod
connected to the operating mechanism
• in turn on the moving contact system to pull them to
“OFF” position. (This is prevented by the tripping catch
system.)
• When trip coil is supplied with operating voltage, the
catch system gets released and the moving contact is
brought back to “OFF” position.
PRINCIPLE OF ARC EXTINCTION(1)
• The extinguishing chamber - employing the principle

of axial blast.
• The pressure of the gases generated at the initiation
of arc is used on a differential piston to force high
pressure oil on the gas envelope of the arc to contact
it and maintain a high pressure and high speed gas
flow along with the arc path.
• Thus the insulation is again reinstated in the arc path
• the current is broken around its natural current zero.

PRINCIPLE OF ARC EXTINCTION(2)
• The extinguishing chamber is based on the cross-blast

type design with no moving parts.
• The gases (mainly hydrogen) evolving from the
decomposition of the oil by the arc, flow out through a
number of slots, which are opened one by one as the
moving contact moves downwards.
• The gases are thus forced to pass through the arc,
which is cooled.
• When the current passes through zero, no further
energy is generated for a brief instant.

PRINCIPLE OF ARC
EXTINCTION(2)CONTD…
• A very rapid temperature drop occurs in the arc column, which de-ionises the gases.
• A high dielectric strength is therefore built up very rapidly between the two contacts
and re-ignition of the arc is prevented.
• The interrupters are pressurised with nitrogen to achieve restrike free operation while
interrupting capacitive currents.

COMPARISON OF CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
Sl.N
o.
Type Medium Voltage-
breaking
Design
Features
Remarks
Capacity
1 Air break Air at 430-600 V, 5- Arc runners, Used for medium

CB atmospher 35 MVA arc splitters, low voltages AC, DC
ic recently 3.6- magnetic industrial CBs. Have
pressure 12 kV,500 coils current limiting
MVA features
2 Miniature Air at 430-600 V small size, Used for low and

CB atmospher current medium voltages
ic limiting
pressure feature
3 Bulk oil Dielectric 12 kV, 3.6 kV One tank up Getting obsolete.

CB oil to 36 kV, 3 Used up to 12 kV,
tanks above 500 MVA
36 kV fitted
with arc
control
devices

Capacity
4 Minimum Dielectric Preferred for The circuit Used for metal

oil CB oil 3.6 kV to145 kV breaking enclosed switchgear
chamber is up to 36 kV. Out door
separate from type between 36 and
supporting 245 kV. Now
chamber. superseded by SF6
Small size arc CB
control device
is used
5 Air - blast Compresse 245 kV, Unit type Suitable for EHV
d air(20-30 35000MVA up construction. applications, fast
kg/sq cm) to 1100 kV, Several units opening, closing. Also
50000 MVA per pole. for arc furnace duty.
Auxiliary Now superseded by
compressed SF6 CB for 145 kV and
air system above.
required.

Capacity
6 SF6 CB SF6 gas (5 145kv,7500 One Suitable for SF6,
kg/ sq.cm) MVA interrupter switchgear and
SF6 Gas (3 245 kV, per pole up medium voltage
kg/ sqcm) 10000MVA to 245 kV switchgear. EHV CB
2 kV,1000MVA Maintenance free
36kV, 2000
MVA
420 kV, 40 kA
7 Vacuum Vacuum Preferred for Variety of Suitable for variety of
CB indoor switch designs, long applications from 3.6
gear rated up life, modest kV to 36 kV
to36 kV, 750 maintenance
MVA
8 HVDC Oil or Air 33kV, 2kA Artificial Used for metallic
CB blast current zero return Transfer
by switching breaker
in capacitors.

Present trends in Choice of Circuit Breakers
Rated Voltage Preferred Type Remarks
Below 1 kV (Low Air Break CB Metal enclosed Switch gear

Voltage) Metal enclosed control gear

3.6 kV to 12 kV Vacuum Circuit Breakers Metal enclosed Switch gear

SF6 CB for Indoor use
Vacuum switch gear
Single pressure SF6 referred
36 kV Minimum oil CB Out door type or in Kiosk

Vacuum CB MOCB becoming obsolete
SF6 CB
145 kV and 245 kV Minimum oil CB outdoor SF6 CB preferred

SF6 out door puffer type MOCB becoming obsolete

420 kV SF6 out door type SF6 CB preferred



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Circuit Breakers Gyanendra Sharma NPTI Delhi

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GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 1

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 2

• Protection of transmission system

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 3

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 4

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 5

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 6

• Isolate or connect the electrical circuit between source to load

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 7

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 8

• Basically, an AC circuit breaker is a piece of switchgear that can

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 9

Based upon current interruption & arc quenching Types

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 10

1 Air break Air at 430-600 V, 5- Arc runners, Used for medium

2 Miniature Air at 430-600 V small size, Used for low and

3 Bulk oil Dielectric 12 kV, 3.6 kV One tank up Getting obsolete.

03/27/2021 GYANENDRA SHARMA 11

4 Minimum Dielectric Preferred for The circuit Used for metal

03/27/2021 GYANENDRA SHARMA 12

03/27/2021 GYANENDRA SHARMA 13

Below 1 kV (Low Air Break CB Metal enclosed Switch gear

3.6 kV to 12 kV Vacuum Circuit Breakers Metal enclosed Switch gear

36 kV Minimum oil CB Out door type or in Kiosk

145 kV and 245 kV Minimum oil CB outdoor SF6 CB preferred

420 kV SF6 out door type SF6 CB preferred

GYANENDRA SHARMA 03/27/2021 14

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• ES is connected between the line conductor and earth

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o Isolators Operate Under No Load Condition

• Isolators can not operate unless the CB is open

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• Interconnecting the two buses

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Transformer Transformer Transformer Transformer

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• Battery plays a vital role in the substation.Not only during

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Initiation Trip Primary Arc on

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VARIOUS TYPES OF ACB

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• The circuit breaker contacts are made in shape of

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• VOLTAGE IS 500V, APPLICABLE TO LOW POWER

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 Extinction of arc is carried out by means of magnetic

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 It confines the arc within a restricted space.